Methods and compositions for prime editing nucleotide sequences

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods are provided herein for conducting prime editing of a target DNA molecule (e.g., a genome) that enables the incorporation of a nucleotide change and/or targeted mutagenesis. The compositions include fusion proteins comprising nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins (napDNAbp) and a polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase), which is guided to a specific DNA sequence by a modified guide RNA, named an PEgRNA. The PEgRNA has been altered (relative to a standard guide RNA) to comprise an extended portion that provides a DNA synthesis template sequence which encodes a single strand DNA flap which is synthesized by the polymerase of the fusion protein and which becomes incorporated into the target DNA molecule.

RELATED APPLICATIONS AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §§ 120 and 365(c) to and is a continuation of International PCT Application PCT/US2020/023730, filed Mar. 19, 2020, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/820,813, filed Mar. 19, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/858,958, filed Jun. 7, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/889,996, filed Aug. 21, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/922,654, filed Aug. 21, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/913,553, filed Oct. 10, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/973,558, filed Oct. 10, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/931,195, filed Nov. 5, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/944,231, filed Dec. 5, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/974,537, filed Dec. 5, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/991,069, filed Mar. 17, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/100,548, filed Mar. 17, 2020, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant numbers U01AI142756, RM1HG009490, R01EB022376, and R35GM118062 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS A TEXT FILE VIA EFS-WEB

This application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Oct. 22, 2021, is named B119570096US00-SUBSEQ-GJM.txt and is 2,890,242 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pathogenic single nucleotide mutations contribute to approximately 50% of human diseases for which there is a genetic component,⁷ according to some estimates. Unfortunately, treatment options for patients with these genetic disorders remain extremely limited, despite decades of gene therapy exploration⁸. Perhaps the most parsimonious solution to this therapeutic challenge is direct correction of single nucleotide mutations in patient genomes, which would address the root cause of disease and would likely provide lasting benefit. Although such a strategy was previously unthinkable, recent improvements in genome editing capabilities brought about by the advent of the CRISPR/Cas system⁹ have now brought this therapeutic approach within reach. By straightforward design of a guide RNA (gRNA) sequence that contains ˜20 nucleotides complementary to the target DNA sequence, nearly any conceivable genomic site can be specifically accessed by CRISPR associated (Cas) nucleases^(1,2). To date, several monomeric bacterial Cas nuclease systems have been identified and adapted for genome editing applications¹⁰. This natural diversity of Cas nucleases, along with a growing collection of engineered variants¹¹⁻¹⁴, offers fertile ground for developing new genome editing technologies.

While gene disruption with CRISPR is now a mature technique, precision editing of single base pairs in the human genome remains a major challenge³. Homology directed repair (HDR) has long been used in human cells and other organisms to insert, correct, or exchange DNA sequences at sites of double strand breaks (DSBs) using donor DNA repair templates that encode the desired edits¹⁵. However, traditional HDR has very low efficiency in most human cell types, particularly in non-dividing cells, and competing non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) leads predominantly to insertion-deletion (indel) byproducts¹⁶. Other issues relate to the generation of DSBs, which can give rise to large chromosomal rearrangements and deletions at target loci¹⁷, or activate the p53 axis leading to growth arrest and apoptosis^(18,19).

Several approaches have been explored to address these drawbacks of HDR. For example, repair of single-stranded DNA breaks (nicks) with oligonucleotide donors has been shown to reduce indel formation, but yields of desired repair products remain low²⁰. Other strategies attempt to bias repair toward HDR over NHEJ using small molecule and biologic reagents²¹⁻²³. However, the effectiveness of these methods is likely cell-type dependent, and perturbation of the normal cell state could lead to undesirable and unforeseeable effects.

Recently, the inventors, led by Prof. David Liu et al., developed base editing as a technology that edits target nucleotides without creating DSBs or relying on HDR^(4-6,24-27). Direct modification of DNA bases by Cas-fused deaminase enzymes allows for C•G to T•A, or A•T to G•C, base pair conversions in a short target window (˜5-7 bases) with very high efficiency. As a result, base editors have been rapidly adopted by the scientific community. However, the following factors limit their generality for precision genome editing: (1) “bystander editing” of non-target C or A bases within the target window are observed; (2) target nucleotide product mixtures are observed; (3) target bases must be located 15±2 nucleotides upstream of a PAM sequence; and (5) repair of small insertion and deletion mutations is not possible.

Therefore, the development of programmable editors that are flexibly capable of introducing any desired single nucleotide change and/or which could install base pair insertions or deletions (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or more base pair insertions or deletions) and/or which could alter or modify the nucleotide sequence at a target site with high specificity and efficiency would substantially expand the scope and therapeutic potential of genome editing technologies based on CRISPR.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes an entirely new platform for genome editing called “prime editing.” Prime editing is a versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (“napDNAbp”) working in association with a polymerase (i.e., in the form of a fusion protein or otherwise provided in trans with the napDNAbp), wherein the prime editing system is programmed with a prime editing (PE) guide RNA (“PEgRNA”) that both specifies the target site and templates the synthesis of the desired edit in the form of a replacement DNA strand by way of an extension (either DNA or RNA) engineered onto a guide RNA (e.g., at the 5′ or 3′ end, or at an internal portion of a guide RNA). The replacement strand containing the desired edit (e.g., a single nucleobase substitution) shares the same sequence as the endogenous strand of the target site to be edited (with the exception that it includes the desired edit). Through DNA repair and/or replication machinery, the endogenous strand of the target site is replaced by the newly synthesized replacement strand containing the desired edit. In some cases, prime editing may be thought of as a “search-and-replace” genome editing technology since the prime editors, as described herein, not only search and locate the desired target site to be edited, but at the same time, encode a replacement strand containing a desired edit which is installed in place of the corresponding target site endogenous DNA strand.

The prime editors of the present disclosure relate, in part, to the discovery that the mechanism of target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) or “prime editing” can be leveraged or adapted for conducting precision CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing with high efficiency and genetic flexibility (e.g., as depicted in various embodiments of FIGS. 1A-1F). TPRT is naturally used by mobile DNA elements, such as mammalian non-LTR retrotransposons and bacterial Group II introns^(28,29). The inventors have herein used Cas protein-reverse transcriptase fusions or related systems to target a specific DNA sequence with a guide RNA, generate a single strand nick at the target site, and use the nicked DNA as a primer for reverse transcription of an engineered reverse transcriptase template that is integrated with the guide RNA. However, while the concept begins with prime editors that use reverse transcriptases as the DNA polymerase component, the prime editors described herein are not limited to reverse transcriptases but may include the use of virtually and DNA polymerase. Indeed, while the application throughout may refer to prime editors with “reverse transcriptases,” it is set forth here that reverse transcriptases are only one type of DNA polymerase that may work with prime editing. Thus, wherever the specification mentions “reverse transcriptases,” the person having ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that any suitable DNA polymerase may be used in place of the reverse transcriptase. Thus, in one aspect, the prime editors may comprise Cas9 (or an equivalent napDNAbp) which is programmed to target a DNA sequence by associating it with a specialized guide RNA (i.e., PEgRNA) containing a spacer sequence that anneals to a complementary protospacer in the target DNA. The specialized guide RNA also contains new genetic information in the form of an extension that encodes a replacement strand of DNA containing a desired genetic alteration which is used to replace a corresponding endogenous DNA strand at the target site. To transfer information from the PEgRNA to the target DNA, the mechanism of prime editing involves nicking the target site in one strand of the DNA to expose a 3′-hydroxyl group. The exposed 3′-hydroxyl group can then be used to prime the DNA polymerization of the edit-encoding extension on PEgRNA directly into the target site. In various embodiments, the extension—which provides the template for polymerization of the replacement strand containing the edit—can be formed from RNA or DNA. In the case of an RNA extension, the polymerase of the prime editor can be an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (such as, a reverse transcriptase). In the case of a DNA extension, the polymerase of the prime editor may be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

The newly synthesized strand (i.e., the replacement DNA strand containing the desired edit) that is formed by the herein disclosed prime editors would be homologous to the genomic target sequence (i.e., have the same sequence as) except for the inclusion of a desired nucleotide change (e.g., a single nucleotide change, a deletion, or an insertion, or a combination thereof). The newly synthesized (or replacement) strand of DNA may also be referred to as a single strand DNA flap, which would compete for hybridization with the complementary homologous endogenous DNA strand, thereby displacing the corresponding endogenous strand. In certain embodiments, the system can be combined with the use of an error-prone reverse transcriptase enzyme (e.g., provided as a fusion protein with the Cas9 domain, or provided in trans to the Cas9 domain). The error-prone reverse transcriptase enzyme can introduce alterations during synthesis of the single strand DNA flap. Thus, in certain embodiments, error-prone reverse transcriptase can be utilized to introduce nucleotide changes to the target DNA. Depending on the error-prone reverse transcriptase that is used with the system, the changes can be random or non-random.

Resolution of the hybridized intermediate (comprising the single strand DNA flap synthesized by the reverse transcriptase hybridized to the endogenous DNA strand) can include removal of the resulting displaced flap of endogenous DNA (e.g., with a 5′ end DNA flap endonuclease, FEN1), ligation of the synthesized single strand DNA flap to the target DNA, and assimilation of the desired nucleotide change as a result of cellular DNA repair and/or replication processes. Because templated DNA synthesis offers single nucleotide precision for the modification of any nucleotide, including insertions and deletions, the scope of this approach is very broad and could foreseeably be used for myriad applications in basic science and therapeutics.

In one aspect, the specification provides a fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase. In various embodiments, the fusion protein is capable of carrying out genome editing by target-primed reverse transcription in the presence of an extended guide RNA.

In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp has a nickase activity. The napDNAbp may also be a Cas9 protein or functional equivalent thereof, such as a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

In other embodiments, the fusion protein when complexed with an extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a target DNA sequence.

In still other embodiments, the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

In other embodiments, the binding of the fusion protein complexed to the extended guide RNA forms an R-loop. The R-loop can comprise (i) an RNA-DNA hybrid comprising the extended guide RNA and the target strand, and (ii) the complementary non-target strand.

In still other embodiments, the complementary non-target strand is nicked to form a reverse transcriptase priming sequence having a free 3′ end.

In various embodiments, the extended guide RNA comprises (a) a guide RNA and (b) an RNA extension at the 5′ or the 3′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA. The RNA extension can comprise (i) a reverse transcription template sequence comprising a desired nucleotide change, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally, a linker sequence. In various embodiments, the reverse transcription template sequence may encode a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises the desired nucleotide change.

In various embodiments, the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

In still other embodiments, the single-strand DNA flap may hybridize to the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change. In still other embodiments, the single-stranded DNA flap displaces the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site and which has a free 5′ end. In certain embodiments, the displaced endogenous DNA having the 5′ end is excised by the cell.

In various embodiments, the cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

In various other embodiments, the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −4 to +10 of the PAM sequence.

In still other embodiments, the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −5 to +5 of the nick site, or between about −10 to +10 of the nick site, or between about −20 to +20 of the nick site, or between about −30 to +30 of the nick site, or between about −40 to +40 of the nick site, or between about −50 to +50 of the nick site, or between about −60 to +60 of the nick site, or between about −70 to +70 of the nick site, or between about −80 to +80 of the nick site, or between about −90 to +90 of the nick site, or between about −100 to +100 of the nick site, or between about −200 to +200 of the nick site.

In various embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In various other embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 26-39, 42-61, 75-76, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487 (Cas9); (SpCas9); SEQ ID NO: 77-86 (CP-Cas9); SEQ ID NO: 18-25 and 87-88 (SpCas9); and SEQ ID NOs: 62-72(Cas12)

In other embodiments, the reverse transcriptase of the disclosed fusion proteins and/or compositions may comprise any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700-716, 739-742, and 766. In still other embodiments, the reverse transcriptase may comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700-716, 739-742, and 766. These sequences may be naturally occurring reverse transcriptase sequences, e.g., from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon, of the sequences may be recombinant.

In various other embodiments, the fusion proteins herein disclosed may comprise various structural configurations. For example, the fusion proteins may comprise the structure NH₂-[napDNAbp]-[reverse transcriptase]-COOH; or NH₂-[reverse transcriptase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

In various embodiments, the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769, or an amino acid sequence that this at least 80%, 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to any one of the linker amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

In various embodiments, the desired nucleotide change that is incorporated into the target DNA can be a single nucleotide change (e.g., a transition or transversion), an insertion of one or more nucleotides, or a deletion of one or more nucleotides.

In certain cases, the insertion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In certain other cases, the deletion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an extended guide RNA comprising a guide RNA and at least one RNA extension. The RNA extension can be positioned at the 3′ end of the guide RNA. In other embodiments, the RNA extension can be positioned at the 5′ of the guide RNA. In still other embodiments, the RNA extension can be positioned at an intramolecular position within the guide RNA, however, preferable, the intramolecular positioning of the extended portion does not disrupt the functioning of the protospacer.

In various embodiments, the extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence. The target DNA sequence can comprise a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

In various embodiments of the extended guide RNA, the at least one RNA extension can comprise a reverse transcription template sequence. In various other embodiment, the RNA extension may further comprises a reverse transcription primer binding site. In still further embodiments, the RNA extension may comprise a linker or spacer sequence that joins the RNA extension to the guide RNA.

In various embodiments, the RNA extension can be at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, at least 25 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 150 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In other embodiments, the reverse transcription template sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In still other embodiments, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In other embodiments, the optional linker or spacer sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In various embodiments of the extended guide RNAs, the reverse transcription template sequence may encode a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change. The single-stranded DNA flap may displace an endogenous single-strand DNA at the nick site. The displaced endogenous single-strand DNA at the nick site can have a 5′ end and form an endogenous flap, which can be excised by the cell. In various embodiments, excision of the 5′ end endogenous flap can help drive product formation since removing the 5′ end endogenous flap encourages hybridization of the single-strand 3′ DNA flap to the corresponding complementary DNA strand, and the incorporation or assimilation of the desired nucleotide change carried by the single-strand 3′ DNA flap into the target DNA.

In various embodiments of the extended guide RNAs, the cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

In certain embodiments, the PEgRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, and 3972-3989, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, and 3972-3989.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the specification provides for complexes comprising a fusion protein described herein and any extended guide RNA described above.

In still other aspects of the invention, the specification provides a complex comprising a napDNAbp and an extended guide RNA. The napDNAbp can be a Cas9 nickase, or can be an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 42-57 (Cas9 nickase) and 65 (AsCas12a nickase), or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 42-57 (Cas9 nickase) and 65 (AsCas12a nickase).

In various embodiments involving a complex, the extended guide RNA is capable of directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence. In various embodiments, a reverse transcriptase may be provided in trans, i.e., provided from a different source than the complex itself. For example, a reverse transcriptase could be provided to the same cell having the complex by introducing a separate vector separately encoding the reverse transcriptase.

In yet another aspect, the specification provides polynucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotides may encode any of the fusion proteins disclosed herein. In certain other embodiments, the polynucleotides may encode any of the napDNAbps disclosed herein. In still further embodiments, the polynucleotides may encode any of the reverse transcriptases disclosed herein. In yet other embodiments, the polynucleotides may encode any of the extended guide RNAs disclosed herein, any of the reverse transcription template sequences, or any of the reverse transcription primer sites, or any of the optional linker sequences.

In still other aspects, the specification provides vectors comprising the polynucleotides described herein. Thus, in certain embodiments, the vectors comprise polynucleotides for encoding the fusion proteins comprising a napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase. In other embodiments, the vectors comprise polynucleotides that separately encode a napDNAbp and reverse transcriptase. In still other embodiments, the vectors may comprise polynucleotides that encode the extended guide RNAs. In various embodiments, the vectors may comprise one or more polynucleotides that encode napDNAbps, reverse transcriptase, and extended guide RNAs on the same or separate vectors.

In still other aspects, the specification provides cells comprising a fusion protein as described herein and an extended guide RNA. The cells may be transformed with the vectors comprising the fusion proteins, napDNAbps, reverse transcriptase, and extended guide RNAs. These genetic elements may be comprised on the same vectors or on different vectors.

In yet another aspect, the specification provides pharmaceutical compositions. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more of a napDNAbp, a fusion protein, a reverse transcriptase, and an extended guide RNA. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise any extend guide RNA described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In still other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise any extend guide RNA described herein in combination with any fusion protein described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In yet other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise any polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more of a napDNAbp, a fusion protein, a reverse transcriptase, and an extended guide RNA. In still other embodiments, the various components disclosed herein may be separated into one or more pharmaceutical compositions. For example, a first pharmaceutical composition may comprise a fusion protein or a napDNAbp, a second pharmaceutical compositions may comprise a reverse transcriptase, and a third pharmaceutical composition may comprise an extended guide RNA.

In still a further aspect, the present disclosure provides kits. In one embodiment, the kit comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components, including a fusion protein, a napDNAbp, a reverse transcriptase, and an extended guide RNA. The kits may also comprise vectors, cells, and isolated preparations of polypeptides, including any fusion protein, napDNAbp, or reverse transcriptase disclosed herein.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides for methods of using the disclosed compositions of matter.

In one embodiment, the methods relate to a method for installing a desired nucleotide change in a double-stranded DNA sequence. The method first comprises contacting the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex comprising a fusion protein and an extended guide RNA, wherein the fusion protein comprises a napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase and wherein the extended guide RNA comprises a reverse transcription template sequence comprising the desired nucleotide change. Next, the method involves nicking the double-stranded DNA sequence on the non-target strand, thereby generating a free single-strand DNA having a 3′ end. The method then involves hybridizing the 3′ end of the free single-strand DNA to the reverse transcription template sequence, thereby priming the reverse transcriptase domain. The method then involves polymerizing a strand of DNA from the 3′ end, thereby generating a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired nucleotide change. Then, the method involves replacing an endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site with the single-strand DNA flap, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change in the double-stranded DNA sequence.

In other embodiments, the disclosure provides for a method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus, comprising contacting the DNA molecule with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a guide RNA which targets the napDNAbp to the target locus, wherein the guide RNA comprises a reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence comprising at least one desired nucleotide change. Next, the method involves forming an exposed 3′ end in a DNA strand at the target locus and then hybridizing the exposed 3′ end to the RT template sequence to prime reverse transcription. Next, a single strand DNA flap comprising the at least one desired nucleotide change based on the RT template sequence is synthesized or polymerized by reverse transcriptase. Lastly, the at least one desired nucleotide change is incorporated into the corresponding endogenous DNA, thereby introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule at the target locus.

In still other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the desired nucleotide change; and (c) incorporating the desired nucleotide change into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

In certain embodiments, the step of replacing the endogenous DNA strand comprises: (i) hybridizing the single-strand DNA flap to the endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site to create a sequence mismatch; (ii) excising the endogenous DNA strand; and (iii) repairing the mismatch to form the desired product comprising the desired nucleotide change in both strands of DNA.

In various embodiments, the desired nucleotide change can be a single nucleotide substitution (e.g., and transition or a transversion change), a deletion, or an insertion. For example, the desired nucleotide change can be (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

In other embodiments, the desired nucleoid change can convert (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

In still other embodiments, the method introduces a desired nucleotide change that is an insertion. In certain cases, the insertion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In other embodiments, the method introduces a desired nucleotide change that is a deletion. In certain other cases, the deletion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In various embodiments, the desired nucleotide change corrects a disease-associated gene. The disease-associated gene can be associated with a monogenetic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; and Tay-Sachs Disease. In other embodiments, the disease-associated gene can be associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

The methods disclosed herein may involve fusion proteins having a napDNAbp that is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9. In other embodiments, a napDNAbp and reverse transcriptase are not encoded as a single fusion protein, but rather can be provided in separate constructs. Thus, in some embodiments, the reverse transcriptase can be provided in trans relative to the napDNAbp (rather than by way of a fusion protein).

In various embodiments involving methods, the napDNAbp may comprise an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 26-61, 75-76, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487 (Cas9); (SpCas9); SEQ ID NO: 77-86 (CP-Cas9); SEQ ID NO: 18-25 and 87-88 (SpCas9); and SEQ ID NOs: 62-72(Cas12). The napDNAbp may also comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 26-61, 75-76, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487 (Cas9); (SpCas9); SEQ ID NO: 77-86 (CP-Cas9); SEQ ID NO: 18-25 and 87-88 (SpCas9); and SEQ ID NOs: 62-72(Cas12).

In various embodiments involving methods, the reverse transcriptase may comprise any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700-716, 739-742, and 766. The reverse transcriptase may also comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700-716, 739-742, and 766.

The methods may involve the use of a PEgRNA comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, and 3972-3989, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto The methods may comprise the use of extended guide RNAs that comprise an RNA extension at the 3′ end, wherein the RNA extension comprises the reverse transcription template sequence.

The methods may comprise the use of extended guide RNAs that comprise an RNA extension at the 5′ end, wherein the RNA extension comprises the reverse transcription template sequence.

The methods may comprise the use of extended guide RNAs that comprise an RNA extension at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA, wherein the RNA extension comprises the reverse transcription template sequence.

The methods may comprise the use of extended guide RNAs having one or more RNA extensions that are at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

It should be appreciated that the foregoing concepts, and additional concepts discussed below, may be arranged in any suitable combination, as the present disclosure is not limited in this respect. Further, other advantages and novel features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting embodiments when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, which can be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 1A provides a schematic of an exemplary process for introducing a single nucleotide change, and/or insertion, and/or deletion into a DNA molecule (e.g., a genome) using a fusion protein comprising a reverse transcriptase fused to a Cas9 protein in complex with an extended guide RNA molecule. In this embodiment, the guide RNA is extended at the 3′ end to include a reverse transcriptase template sequence. The schematic shows how a reverse transcriptase (RT) fused to a Cas9 nickase, in a complex with a guide RNA (gRNA), binds the DNA target site and nicks the PAM-containing DNA strand adjacent to the target nucleotide. The RT enzyme uses the nicked DNA as a primer for DNA synthesis from the gRNA, which is used as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand that encodes the desired edit. The editing process shown may be referred to as target-primed reverse transcription editing (TRT editing) or equivalently, “prime editing.”

FIG. 1B provides the same representation as in FIG. 1A, except that the prime editor complex is represented more generally as [napDNAbp]-[P]:PEgRNA or [P]-[napDNAbp]:PEgRNA, wherein “P” refers to any polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase), “napDNAbp” refers to a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (e.g., SpCas9), and “PEgRNA” refers to a prime editing guide RNA, and “]-[” refers to an optional linker. As described elsewhere, e.g., FIGS. 3A-3G, the PEgRNA comprises an 5′ extension arm comprising a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template. Although not shown, it is contemplated that the extension arm of the PEgRNA (i.e., which comprises a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template) can be DNA or RNA. The particular polymerase contemplated in this configuration will depend upon the nature of the DNA synthesis template. For instance, if the DNA synthesis template is RNA, then the polymerase case be an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase). If the DNA synthesis template is DNA, then the polymerase can be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

FIG. 1C provides a schematic of an exemplary process for introducing a single nucleotide change, and/or insertion, and/or deletion into a DNA molecule (e.g., a genome) using a fusion protein comprising a reverse transcriptase fused to a Cas9 protein in complex with an extended guide RNA molecule. In this embodiment, the guide RNA is extended at the 5′ end to include a reverse transcriptase template sequence. The schematic shows how a reverse transcriptase (RT) fused to a Cas9 nickase, in a complex with a guide RNA (gRNA), binds the DNA target site and nicks the PAM-containing DNA strand adjacent to the target nucleotide. The RT enzyme uses the nicked DNA as a primer for DNA synthesis from the gRNA, which is used as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand that encodes the desired edit. The editing process shown may be referred to as target-primed reverse transcription editing (TRT editing) or equivalently, “prime editing.”

FIG. 1D provides the same representation as in FIG. 1C, except that the prime editor complex is represented more generally as [napDNAbp]-[P]:PEgRNA or [P]-[napDNAbp]:PEgRNA, wherein “P” refers to any polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase), “napDNAbp” refers to a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (e.g., SpCas9), and “PEgRNA” refers to a prime editing guide RNA, and “]-[” refers to an optional linker. As described elsewhere, e.g., FIGS. 3A-3G, the PEgRNA comprises an 3′ extension arm comprising a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template. Although not shown, it is contemplated that the extension arm of the PEgRNA (i.e., which comprises a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template) can be DNA or RNA. The particular polymerase contemplated in this configuration will depend upon the nature of the DNA synthesis template. For instance, if the DNA synthesis template is RNA, then the polymerase case be an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase). If the DNA synthesis template is DNA, then the polymerase can be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. In various embodiments, the PEgRNA can be engineered or synthesized to incorporate a DNA-based DNA synthesis template.

FIG. 1E is a schematic depicting an exemplary process of how the synthesized single strand of DNA (which comprises the desired nucleotide change) becomes resolved such that the desired nucleotide change is incorporated into the DNA. As shown, following synthesis of the edited strand (or “mutagenic strand”), equilibration with the endogenous strand, flap cleavage of the endogenous strand, and ligation leads to incorporation of the DNA edit after resolution of the mismatched DNA duplex through the action of endogenous DNA repair and/or replication processes.

FIG. 1F is a schematic showing that “opposite strand nicking” can be incorporated into the resolution method of FIG. 1E to help drive the formation of the desired product versus the reversion product. In opposite strand nicking, a second Cas9/gRNA complex is used to introduce a second nick on the opposite strand from the initial nicked strand. This induces the endogenous cellular DNA repair and/or replication processes to preferentially replace the unedited strand (i.e., the strand containing the second nick site).

FIG. 1G provides another schematic of an exemplary process for introducing a single nucleotide change, and/or insertion, and/or deletion into a DNA molecule (e.g., a genome) of a target locus using a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) complexed with an extended guide RNA. This process may be referred to as an embodiment of prime editing. The extended guide RNA comprises an extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA. In step (a), the napDNAbp/gRNA complex contacts the DNA molecule and the gRNA guides the napDNAbp to bind to the target locus. In step (b), a nick in one of the strands of DNA (the R-loop strand, or the PAM-containing strand, or the non-target DNA strand, or the protospacer strand) of the target locus is introduced (e.g., by a nuclease or chemical agent), thereby creating an available 3′ end in one of the strands of the target locus. In certain embodiments, the nick is created in the strand of DNA that corresponds to the R-loop strand, i.e., the strand that is not hybridized to the guide RNA sequence. In step (c), the 3′ end DNA strand interacts with the extended portion of the guide RNA in order to prime reverse transcription. In certain embodiments, the 3′ ended DNA strand hybridizes to a specific RT priming sequence on the extended portion of the guide RNA. In step (d), a reverse transcriptase is introduced which synthesizes a single strand of DNA from the 3′ end of the primed site towards the 3′ end of the guide RNA. This forms a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired nucleotide change (e.g., the single base change, insertion, or deletion, or a combination thereof). In step (e), the napDNAbp and guide RNA are released. Steps (f) and (g) relate to the resolution of the single strand DNA flap such that the desired nucleotide change becomes incorporated into the target locus. This process can be driven towards the desired product formation by removing the corresponding 5′ endogenous DNA flap that forms once the 3′ single strand DNA flap invades and hybridizes to the complementary sequence on the other strand. The process can also be driven towards product formation with second strand nicking, as exemplified in FIG. 1F. This process may introduce at least one or more of the following genetic changes: transversions, transitions, deletions, and insertions.

FIG. 1H is a schematic depicting the types of genetic changes that are possible with the prime editing processes described herein. The types of nucleotide changes achievable by prime editing include deletions (including short and long deletions), single-nucleotide changes (including transitions and transversions), inversions, and insertions (including short and long deletions).

FIG. 1I is a schematic depicting temporal second strand nicking exemplified by PE3b (PE3b=PE2 prime editor fusion protein+PEgRNA+second strand nicking guide RNA). Temporal second strand nicking is a variant of second strand nicking in order to facilitate the formation of the desired edited product. The “temporal” term refers to the fact that the second-strand nick to the unedited strand occurs only after the desired edit is installed in the edited strand. This avoids concurrent nicks on both strands to lead to double-stranded DNA breaks.

FIGS. 1J-1K depict a variation of prime editing contemplated herein that replaces the napDNAbp (e.g., SpCas9 nickase) with any programmable nuclease domain, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN). As such, it is contemplated that suitable nucleases do not necessarily need to be “programmed” by a nucleic acid targeting molecule (such as a guide RNA), but rather, may be programmed by defining the specificity of a DNA-binding domain, such as and in particular, a nuclease. Just as in prime editing with napDNAbp moieties, it is preferable that such alternative programmable nucleases be modified such that only one strand of a target DNA is cut. In other words, the programmable nucleases should function as nickases, preferably. Once a programmable nuclease is selected (e.g., a ZFN or a TALEN), then additional functionalities may be engineered into the system to allow it to operate in accordance with a prime editing-like mechanism. For example, the programmable nucleases may be modified by coupling (e.g., via a chemical linker) an RNA or DNA extension arm thereto, wherein the extension arm comprises a primer binding site (PBS) and a DNA synthesis template. The programmable nuclease may also be coupled (e.g., via a chemical or amino acid linker) to a polymerase, the nature of which will depend upon whether the extension arm is DNA or RNA. In the case of an RNA extension arm, the polymerase can be an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase). In the case of a DNA extension arm, the polymerase can be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., a prokaryotic polymerase, including Pol I, Pol II, or Pol III, or a eukaryotic polymerase, including Pol a, Pol b, Pol g, Pol d, Pol e, or Pol z). The system may also include other functionalities added as fusions to the programmable nucleases, or added in trans to facilitate the reaction as a whole (e.g., (a) a helicase to unwind the DNA at the cut site to make the cut strand with the 3′ end available as a primer, (b) a flap endonuclease (e.g., FEN1) to help remove the endogenous strand on the cut strand to drive the reaction towards replacement of the endogenous strand with the synthesized strand, or (c) a nCas9:gRNA complex to create a second site nick on the opposite strand, which may help drive the integration of the synthesize repair through favored cellular repair of the non-edited strand). In an analogous manner to prime editing with a napDNAbp, such a complex with an otherwise programmable nuclease could be used to synthesize and then install a newly synthesized replacement strand of DNA carrying an edit of interest permanently into a target site of DNA.

FIG. 1L depicts, in one embodiment, the anatomical features of a target DNA that may be edited by prime editing. The target DNA comprises a “non-target strand” and a “target strand.” The target-strand is the strand that becomes annealed to the spacer of a PEgRNA of a prime editor complex that recognizes the PAM site (in this case, NGG, which is recognized by the canonical SpCas9-based prime editors) The target strand may also be referred to as the “non-PAM strand” or the “non-edit strand.” By contrast, the non-target strand (i.e., the strand containing the protospacer and the PAM sequence of NGG) may be referred to as the “PAM-strand” or the “edit strand.” In various embodiments, the nick site of the PE complex will be in the protospacer on the PAM-strand (e.g., with the SpCas9-based PE). The location of the nick will be characteristic of the particular Cas9 that forms the PE. For example, with an SpCas9-based PE, the nick site in the phosphodiester bond between bases three (“−3” position relative to the position 1 of the PAM sequence) and four (“−4” position relative to position 1 of the PAM sequence). The nick site in the protospacer forms a free 3′ hydroxyl group, which as seen in the following figures, complexes with the primer binding site of the extension arm of the PEgRNA and provides the substrate to begin polymerization of a single strand of DNA code for by the DNA synthesis template of the extension arm of the PEgRNA. This polymerization reaction is catalyzed by the polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) of the PE fusion protein in the 5′ to 3′ direction. Polymerization terminates before reaching the gRNA core (e.g., by inclusion of a polymerization termination signal, or secondary structure, which functions to terminate the polymerization activity of PE), producing a single strand DNA flap that is extended from the original 3′ hydroxyl group of the nicked PAM strand. The DNA synthesis template codes for a single strand DNA that is homologous to the endogenous 5′-ended single strand of DNA that immediately follows the nick site on the PAM strand and incorporates the desired nucleotide change (e.g., single base substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion). The position of the desired edit can be in any position following downstream of the nick site on the PAM strand, which can include position+1, +2, +3, +4 (the start of the PAM site), +5 (position 2 of the PAM site), +6 (position 3 of the PAM site), +7, +8, +9, +10, +11, +12, +13, +14, +15, +16, +17, +18, +19, +20, +21, +22, +23, +24, +25, +26, +27, +28, +29, +30, +31, +32, +33, +34, +35, +36, +37, +38, +39, +40, +41, +42, +43, +44, +45, +46, +47, +48, +49, +50, +51, +52, +53, +54, +55, +56, +57, +58, +59, +60, +61, +62, +63, +64, +65, +66, +67, +68, +69, +70, +71, +72, +73, +74, +75, +76, +77, +78, +79, +80, +81, +82, +83, +84, +85, +86, +87, +88, +89, +90, +91, +92, +93, +94, +95, +96, +97, +98, +99, +100, +101, +102, +103, +104, +105, +106, +107, +108, +109, +110, +111, +112, +113, +114, +115, +116, +117, +118, +119, +120, +121, +122, +123, +124, +125, +126, +127, +128, +129, +130, +131, +132, +133, +134, +135, +136, +137, +138, +139, +140, +141, +142, +143, +144, +145, +146, +147, +148, +149, or +150, or more (relative to the downstream position of the nick site). Once the 3′ end single stranded DNA (containing the edit of interest) replaces the endogenous 5′ end single stranded DNA, the DNA repair and replication processes will result in permanent installation of the edit site on the PAM strand, and then correction of the mismatch on the non-PAM strand that will exist at the edit site. In this way, the edit will extend to both strands of DNA on the target DNA site. It will be appreciated that reference to “edited strand” and “non-edited” strand only intends to delineate the strands of DNA involved in the PE mechanism. The “edited strand” is the strand that first becomes edited by replacement of the 5′ ended single strand DNA immediately downstream of the nick site with the synthesized 3′ ended single stranded DNA containing the desired edit. The “non-edited” strand is the strand pair with the edited strand, but which itself also becomes edited through repair and/or replication to be complementary to the edited strand, and in particular, the edit of interest.

FIG. 1M depicts the mechanism of prime editing showing the anatomical features of the target DNA, prime editor complex, and the interaction between the PEgRNA and the target DNA. First, a prime editor comprising a fusion protein having a polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) and a napDNAbp (e.g., SpCas9 nickase, e.g., a SpCas9 having a deactivating mutation in an HNH nuclease domain (e.g., H840A) or a deactivating mutation in a RuvC nuclease domain (D10A)) is complexed with a PEgRNA and DNA having a target DNA to be edited. The PEgRNA comprises a spacer, gRNA core (aka gRNA scaffold or gRNA backbone) (which binds to the napDNAbp), and an extension arm. The extension arm can be at the 3′ end, the 5′ end, or somewhere within the PEgRNA molecule. As shown, the extension arm is at the 3′ end of the PEgRNA. The extension arm comprises in the 3′ to 5′ direction a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template (comprising both an edit of interest and regions of homology (i.e., homology arms) that are homologous with the 5′ ended single stranded DNA immediately following the nick site on the PAM strand. As shown, once the nick is introduced thereby producing a free 3′ hydroxyl group immediately upstream of the nick site, the region immediately upstream of the nick site on the PAM strand anneals to a complementary sequence at the 3′ end of the extension arm referred to as the “primer binding site,” creating a short double-stranded region with an available 3′ hydroxyl end, which forms a substrate for the polymerase of the prime editor complex. The polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) then polymerase as strand of DNA from the 3′ hydroxyl end to the end of the extension arm. The sequence of the single stranded DNA is coded for by the DNA synthesis template, which is the portion of the extension arm (i.e., excluding the primer binding site) that is “read” by the polymerase to synthesize new DNA. This polymerization effectively extends the sequence of the original 3′ hydroxyl end of the initial nick site. The DNA synthesis template encodes a single strand of DNA that comprises not only the desired edit, but also regions that are homologous to the endogenous single strand of DNA immediately downstream of the nick site on the PAM strand. Next, the encoded 3′ ended single strand of DNA (i.e., the 3′ single strand DNA flap) displaces the corresponding homologous endogenous 5′-ended single strand of DNA immediately downstream of the nick site on the PAM strand, forming a DNA intermediate having a 5′-ended single strand DNA flap, which is removed by the cell (e.g., by a flap endonuclease). The 3′-ended single strand DNA flap, which anneals to the complement of the endogenous 5′-ended single strand DNA flap, is ligated to the endogenous strand after the 5′ DNA flap is removed. The desired edit in the 3′ ended single strand DNA flap, now annealed and ligate, forms a mismatch with the complement strand, which undergoes DNA repair and/or a round of replication, thereby permanently installing the desired edit on both strands.

FIG. 2 shows three Cas complexes (SpCas9, SaCas9, and LbCas12a) that can be used in the herein described prime editors and their PAM, gRNA, and DNA cleavage features. The figure shows designs for complexes involving SpCas9, SaCas9, and LbCas12a.

FIGS. 3A-3F show designs for engineered 5′ prime editor gRNA (FIG. 3A), 3′ prime editor gRNA (FIG. 3B), and an intramolecular extension (FIG. 3C). The extended guide RNA (or extended gRNA) may also be referred to herein as PEgRNA or “prime editing guide RNA.” FIG. 3D and FIG. 3E provide additional embodiments of 3′ and 5′ prime editor gRNAs (PEgRNAs), respectively. FIG. 3F illustrates the interaction between a 3′ end prime editor guide RNA with a target DNA sequence. The embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3C depict exemplary arrangements of the reverse transcription template sequence (i.e., or more broadly referred to as a DNA synthesis template, as indicated, since the RT is only one type of polymerase that may be used in the context of prime editors), the primer binding site, and an optional linker sequence in the extended portions of the 3′, 5′, and intramolecular versions, as well as the general arrangements of the spacer and core regions. The disclosed prime editing process is not limited to these configurations of extended guide RNAs. The embodiment of FIG. 3D provides the structure of an exemplary PEgRNA contemplated herein. The PEgRNA comprises three main component elements ordered in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm at the 3′ end. The extension arm may further be divided into the following structural elements in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a primer binding site (A), an edit template (B), and a homology arm (C). In addition, the PEgRNA may comprise an optional 3′ end modifier region (e1) and an optional 5′ end modifier region (e2). Still further, the PEgRNA may comprise a transcriptional termination signal at the 3′ end of the PEgRNA (not depicted). These structural elements are further defined herein. The depiction of the structure of the PEgRNA is not meant to be limiting and embraces variations in the arrangement of the elements. For example, the optional sequence modifiers (e1) and (e2) could be positioned within or between any of the other regions shown, and not limited to being located at the 3′ and 5′ ends. The PEgRNA could comprise, in certain embodiments, secondary RNA structure, such as, but not limited to, hairpins, stem/loops, toe loops, RNA-binding protein recruitment domains (e.g., the MS2 aptamer which recruits and binds to the MS2cp protein). For instance, such secondary structures could be position within the spacer, the gRNA core, or the extension arm, and in particular, within the e1 and/or e2 modifier regions. In addition to secondary RNA structures, the PEgRNAs could comprise (e.g., within the e1 and/or e2 modifier regions) a chemical linker or a poly(N) linker or tail, where “N” can be any nucleobase. In some embodiments (e.g., as shown in FIG. 72(c)), the chemical linker may function to prevent reverse transcription of the sgRNA scaffold or core. In addition, in certain embodiments (e.g., see FIG. 72(c)), the extension arm (3) could be comprised of RNA or DNA, and/or could include one or more nucleobase analogs (e.g., which might add functionality, such as temperature resilience). Still further, the orientation of the extension arm (3) can be in the natural 5′-to-3′ direction, or synthesized in the opposite orientation in the 3′-to-5′ direction (relative to the orientation of the PEgRNA molecule overall). It is also noted that one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select an appropriate DNA polymerase, depending on the nature of the nucleic acid materials of the extension arm (i.e., DNA or RNA), for use in prime editing that may be implemented either as a fusion with the napDNAbp or as provided in trans as a separate moiety to synthesize the desired template-encoded 3′ single-strand DNA flap that includes the desired edit. For example, if the extension arm is RNA, then the DNA polymerase could be a reverse transcriptase or any other suitable RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. However, if the extension arm is DNA, then the DNA polymerase could be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. In various embodiments, provision of the DNA polymerase could be in trans, e.g., through the use of an RNA-protein recruitment domain (e.g., an MS2 hairpin installed on the PEgRNA (e.g., in the e1 or e2 region, or elsewhere and an MS2cp protein fused to the DNA polymerase, thereby co-localizing the DNA polymerase to the PEgRNA). It is also noted that the primer binding site does not generally form a part of the template that is used by the DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) to encode the resulting 3′ single-strand DNA flap that includes the desired edit. Thus, the designation of the “DNA synthesis template” refers to the region or portion of the extension arm (3) that is used as a template by the DNA polymerase to encode the desired 3′ single-strand DNA flap containing the edit and regions of homology to the 5′ endogenous single strand DNA flap that is replaced by the 3′ single strand DNA strand product of prime editing DNA synthesis. In some embodiments, the DNA synthesis template includes the “edit template” and the “homology arm”, or one or more homology arms, e.g., before and after the edit template. The edit template can be as small as a single nucleotide substitution, or it may be an insertion, or an inversion of DNA. In addition, the edit template may also include a deletion, which can be engineered by encoding homology arm that contains a desired deletion. In other embodiments, the DNA synthesis template may also include the e2 region or a portion thereof. For instance, if the e2 region comprises a secondary structure that causes termination of DNA polymerase activity, then it is possible that DNA polymerase function will be terminated before any portion of the e2 region is actual encoded into DNA. It is also possible that some or even all of the e2 region will be encoded into DNA. How much of e2 is actually used as a template will depend on its constitution and whether that constitution interrupts DNA polymerase function.

The embodiment of FIG. 3E provides the structure of another PEgRNA contemplated herein. The PEgRNA comprises three main component elements ordered in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm at the 3′ end. The extension arm may further be divided into the following structural elements in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a primer binding site (A), an edit template (B), and a homology arm (C). In addition, the PEgRNA may comprise an optional 3′ end modifier region (e1) and an optional 5′ end modifier region (e2). Still further, the PEgRNA may comprise a transcriptional termination signal on the 3′ end of the PEgRNA (not depicted). These structural elements are further defined herein. The depiction of the structure of the PEgRNA is not meant to be limiting and embraces variations in the arrangement of the elements. For example, the optional sequence modifiers (e1) and (e2) could be positioned within or between any of the other regions shown, and not limited to being located at the 3′ and 5′ ends. The PEgRNA could comprise, in certain embodiments, secondary RNA structures, such as, but not limited to, hairpins, stem/loops, toe loops, RNA-binding protein recruitment domains (e.g., the MS2 aptamer which recruits and binds to the MS2cp protein). These secondary structures could be positioned anywhere in the PEgRNA molecule. For instance, such secondary structures could be position within the spacer, the gRNA core, or the extension arm, and in particular, within the e1 and/or e2 modifier regions. In addition to secondary RNA structures, the PEgRNAs could comprise (e.g., within the e1 and/or e2 modifier regions) a chemical linker or a poly(N) linker or tail, where “N” can be any nucleobase. In some embodiments (e.g., as shown in FIG. 72(c)), the chemical linker may function to prevent reverse transcription of the sgRNA scaffold or core. In addition, in certain embodiments (e.g., see FIG. 72(c)), the extension arm (3) could be comprised of RNA or DNA, and/or could include one or more nucleobase analogs (e.g., which might add functionality, such as temperature resilience). Still further, the orientation of the extension arm (3) can be in the natural 5′-to-3′ direction, or synthesized in the opposite orientation in the 3′-to-5′ direction (relative to the orientation of the PEgRNA molecule overall). It is also noted that one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select an appropriate DNA polymerase, depending on the nature of the nucleic acid materials of the extension arm (i.e., DNA or RNA), for use in prime editing that may be implemented either as a fusion with the napDNAbp or as provided in trans as a separate moiety to synthesize the desired template-encoded 3′ single-strand DNA flap that includes the desired edit. For example, if the extension arm is RNA, then the DNA polymerase could be a reverse transcriptase or any other suitable RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. However, if the extension arm is DNA, then the DNA polymerase could be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. In various embodiments, provision of the DNA polymerase could be in trans, e.g., through the use of an RNA-protein recruitment domain (e.g., an MS2 hairpin installed on the PEgRNA (e.g., in the e1 or e2 region, or elsewhere and an MS2cp protein fused to the DNA polymerase, thereby co-localizing the DNA polymerase to the PEgRNA). It is also noted that the primer binding site does not generally form a part of the template that is used by the DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) to encode the resulting 3′ single-strand DNA flap that includes the desired edit. Thus, the designation of the “DNA synthesis template” refers to the region or portion of the extension arm (3) that is used as a template by the DNA polymerase to encode the desired 3′ single-strand DNA flap containing the edit and regions of homology to the 5′ endogenous single strand DNA flap that is replaced by the 3′ single strand DNA strand product of prime editing DNA synthesis. In some embodiments, the DNA synthesis template includes the “edit template” and the “homology arm”, or one or more homology arms, e.g., before and after the edit template. The edit template can be as small as a single nucleotide substitution, or it may be an insertion, or an inversion of DNA. In addition, the edit template may also include a deletion, which can be engineered by encoding homology arm that contains a desired deletion. In other embodiments, the DNA synthesis template may also include the e2 region or a portion thereof. For instance, if the e2 region comprises a secondary structure that causes termination of DNA polymerase activity, then it is possible that DNA polymerase function will be terminated before any portion of the e2 region is actual encoded into DNA. It is also possible that some or even all of the e2 region will be encoded into DNA. How much of e2 is actually used as a template will depend on its constitution and whether that constitution interrupts DNA polymerase function.

The schematic of FIG. 3F depicts the interaction of a typical PEgRNA with a target site of a double stranded DNA and the concomitant production of a 3′ single stranded DNA flap containing the genetic change of interest. The double strand DNA is shown with the top strand (i.e., the target strand) in the 3′ to 5′ orientation and the lower strand (i.e., the PAM strand or non-target strand) in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The top strand comprises the complement of the “protospacer” and the complement of the PAM sequence and is referred to as the “target strand” because it is the strand that is target by and anneals to the spacer of the PEgRNA. The complementary lower strand is referred to as the “non-target strand” or the “PAM strand” or the “protospacer strand” since it contains the PAM sequence (e.g., NGG) and the protospacer. Although not shown, the PEgRNA depicted would be complexed with a Cas9 or equivalent domain of a prime editor fusion protein. As shown in the schematic, the spacer of the PEgRNA anneals to the complementary region of the protospacer on the target strand. This interaction forms as DNA/RNA hybrid between the spacer RNA and the complement of the proto spacer DNA, and induces the formation of an R loop in the protospacer. As taught elsewhere herein, the Cas9 protein (not shown) then induces a nick in the non-target strand, as shown. This then leads to the formation of the 3′ ssDNA flap region immediately upstream of the nick site which, in accordance with *z*, interacts with the 3′ end of the PEgRNA at the primer binding site. The 3′ end of the ssDNA flap (i.e., the reverse transcriptase primer sequence) anneals to the primer binding site (A) on the PEgRNA, thereby priming reverse transcriptase. Next, reverse transcriptase (e.g., provided in trans or provided cis as a fusion protein, attached to the Cas9 construct) then polymerizes a single strand of DNA which is coded for by the DNA synthesis template (including the edit template (B) and homology arm (C)). The polymerization continues towards the 5′ end of the extension arm. The polymerized strand of ssDNA forms a ssDNA 3′ end flap which, as describe elsewhere (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1G), invades the endogenous DNA, displacing the corresponding endogenous strand (which is removed as a 5′ ended DNA flap of endogenous DNA), and installing the desired nucleotide edit (single nucleotide base pair change, deletions, insertions (including whole genes) through naturally occurring DNA repair/replication rounds.

FIG. 3G depicts yet another embodiment of prime editing contemplated herein. In particular, the top schematic depicts one embodiment of a prime editor (PE), which comprises a fusion protein of a napDNAbp (e.g., SpCas9) and a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase), which are joined by a linker. The PE forms a complex with a PEgRNA by binding to the gRNA core of the PEgRNA. In the embodiment shown, the PEgRNA is equipped with a 3′ extension arm that comprises, beginning at the 3′ end, a primer binding site (PBS) followed by a DNA synthesis template. The bottom schematic depicts a variant of a prime editor, referred to as a “trans prime editor (tPE).” In this embodiment, the DNA synthesis template and PBS are decoupled from the PEgRNA and presented on a separate molecule, referred to as a trans prime editor RNA template (“tPERT”), which comprises an RNA-protein recruitment domain (e.g., a MS2 hairpin). The PE itself is further modified to comprise a fusion to a rPERT recruiting protein (“RP”), which is a protein which specifically recognizes and binds to the RNA-protein recruitment domain. In the example where the RNA-protein recruitment domain is an MS2 hairpin, the corresponding rPERT recruiting protein can be MS2cp of the MS2 tagging system. The MS2 tagging system is based on the natural interaction of the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (“MCP” or “MS2cp”) with a stem-loop or hairpin structure present in the genome of the phage, i.e., the “MS2 hairpin” or “MS2 aptamer.” In the case of trans prime editing, the RP-PE:gRNA complex “recruits” a tPERT having the appropriate RNA-protein recruitment domain to co-localize with the PE:gRNA complex, thereby providing the PBS and DNA synthesis template in trans for use in prime editing, as shown in the example depicted in FIG. 3H.

FIG. 3H depicts the process of trans prime editing. In this embodiment, the trans prime editor comprises a “PE2” prime editor (i.e., a fusion of a Cas9(H840A) and a variant MMLV RT) fused to an MS2cp protein (i.e., a type of recruiting protein that recognizes and binds to an MS2 aptamer) and which is complexed with an sgRNA (i.e., a standard guide RNA as opposed to a PEgRNA). The trans prime editor binds to the target DNA and nicks the nontarget strand. The MS2cp protein recruits a tPERT in trans through the specific interaction with the RNA-protein recruitment domain on the tPERT molecule. The tPERT becomes co-localized with the trans prime editor, thereby providing the PBS and DNA synthesis template functions in trans for use by the reverse transcriptase polymerase to synthesize a single strand DNA flap having a 3′ end and containing the desired genetic information encoded by the DNA synthesis template.

FIGS. 4A-4E demonstrate in vitro TPRT assays (i.e., prime editing assays). FIG. 4A is a schematic of fluorescently labeled DNA substrates gRNA templated extension by an RT enzyme, PAGE. FIG. 4B shows TPRT (i.e., prime editing) with pre-nicked substrates, dCas9, and 5′-extended gRNAs of differing synthesis template length. FIG. 4C shows the RT reaction with pre-nicked DNA substrates in the absence of Cas9. FIG. 4D shows TPRT (i.e., prime editing) on full dsDNA substrates with Cas9(H840A) and 5′-extended gRNAs. FIG. 4E shows a 3′-extended gRNA template with pre-nicked and full dsDNA substrates. All reactions are with M-MLV RT.

FIG. 5 shows in vitro validations using 5′-extended gRNAs with varying length synthesis templates. Fluorescently labeled (Cy5) DNA targets were used as substrates, and were pre-nicked in this set of experiments. The Cas9 used in these experiments is catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9), and the RT used is Superscript III, a commercial RT derived from the Moloney-Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV). dCas9:gRNA complexes were formed from purified components. Then, the fluorescently labeled DNA substrate was added along with dNTPs and the RT enzyme. After 1 hour of incubation at 37° C., the reaction products were analyzed by denaturing urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The gel image shows extension of the original DNA strand to lengths that are consistent with the length of the reverse transcription template.

FIG. 6 shows in vitro validations using 5′-extended gRNAs with varying length synthesis templates, which closely parallels those shown in FIG. 5 . However, the DNA substrates are not pre-nicked in this set of experiments. The Cas9 used in these experiments is a Cas9 nickase (SpyCas9 H840A mutant) and the RT used is Superscript III, a commercial RT derived from the Moloney-Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV). The reaction products were analyzed by denaturing urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). As shown in the gel, the nickase efficiently cleaves the DNA strand when the standard gRNA is used (gRNA_0, lane 3).

FIG. 7 demonstrates that 3′ extensions support DNA synthesis and do not significantly effect Cas9 nickase activity. Pre-nicked substrates (black arrow) are near-quantitatively converted to RT products when either dCas9 or Cas9 nickase is used (lanes 4 and 5). Greater than 50% conversion to the RT product (white arrow) is observed with full substrates (lane 3). Cas9 nickase (SpyCas9 H840A mutant), catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) and Superscript III, a commercial RT derived from the Moloney-Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) are used.

FIG. 8 demonstrates dual color experiments that were used to determine if the RT reaction preferentially occurs with the gRNA in cis (bound in the same complex). Two separate experiments were conducted for 5′-extended and 3′-extended gRNAs. Products were analyzed by PAGE. Product ratio calculated as (Cy3cis/Cy3trans)/(Cy5trans/Cy5cis).

FIGS. 9A-9D demonstrates a flap model substrate. FIG. 9A shows a dual-FP reporter for flap-directed mutagenesis. FIG. 9B shows stop codon repair in HEK cells. FIG. 9C shows sequenced yeast clones after flap repair. FIG. 9D shows testing of different flap features in human cells.

FIG. 10 demonstrates prime editing on plasmid substrates. A dual-fluorescent reporter plasmid was constructed for yeast (S. cerevisiae) expression. Expression of this construct in yeast produces only GFP. The in vitro prime editing reaction introduces a point mutation, and transforms the parent plasmid or an in vitro Cas9(H840A) nicked plasmid into yeast. The colonies are visualized by fluorescence imaging. Yeast dual-FP plasmid transformants are shown. Transforming the parent plasmid or an in vitro Cas9(H840A) nicked plasmid results in only GFP expressing colonies. The prime editing reaction with 5′-extended or 3′-extended gRNAs produces a mix of colonies. The latter express both GFP and mCherry. More colonies are observed with the 3′-extended gRNA. A positive control that contains no stop codon is shown as well.

FIG. 11 shows prime editing on plasmid substrates similar to the experiment in FIG. 10 , but instead of installing a point mutation in the stop codon, prime editing installs a single nucleotide insertion (left) or deletion (right) that repairs a frameshift mutation and allows for synthesis of downstream mCherry. Both experiments used 3′ extended gRNAs.

FIG. 12 shows editing products of prime editing on plasmid substrates, characterized by Sanger sequencing. Individually colonies from the TRT transformations were selected and analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Precise edits were observed by sequencing select colonies. Colonies contained plasmids with the original DNA sequence, while colonies contained the precise mutation designed by the prime editing gRNA. No other point mutations or indels were observed.

FIG. 13 shows the potential scope for the new prime editing technology is shown and compared to deaminase-mediated base editor technologies.

FIG. 14 shows a schematic of editing in human cells.

FIG. 15 demonstrates the extension of the primer binding site in gRNA.

FIG. 16 shows truncated gRNAs for adjacent targeting.

FIGS. 17A-17C are graphs displaying the % T to A conversion at the target nucleotide after transfection of components in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. FIG. 17A shows data, which presents results using an N-terminal fusion of wild type MLV reverse transcriptase to Cas9(H840A) nickase (32-amino acid linker). FIG. 17B is similar to FIG. 17A, but for C-terminal fusion of the RT enzyme. FIG. 17C is similar to FIG. 17A but the linker between the MLV RT and Cas9 is 60 amino acids long instead of 32 amino acids.

FIG. 18 shows high purity T to A editing at HEK3 site by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The output of sequencing analysis displays the most abundant genotypes of edited cells.

FIG. 19 shows editing efficiency at the target nucleotide (hatched bars) alongside indel rates (white bars). WT refers to the wild type MLV RT enzyme. The mutant enzymes (M1 through M4) contain the mutations listed to the right. Editing rates were quantified by high throughput sequencing of genomic DNA amplicons.

FIG. 20 shows editing efficiency of the target nucleotide when a single strand nick is introduced in the complementary DNA strand in proximity to the target nucleotide. Nicking at various distances from the target nucleotide was tested (triangles). Editing efficiency at the target base pair (hatched bars) is shown alongside the indel formation rate (white bars). The “none” example does not contain a complementary strand nicking guide RNA. Editing rates were quantified by high throughput sequencing of genomic DNA amplicons.

FIG. 21 demonstrates processed high throughput sequencing data showing the desired T to A transversion mutation and general absence of other major genome editing byproducts.

FIG. 22 provides a schematic of an exemplary process for conducting targeted mutagenesis with an error-prone reverse transcriptase on a target locus using a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) complexed with an extended guide RNA, i.e., prime editing with an error-prone RT. This process may be referred to as an embodiment of prime editing for targeted mutagenesis. The extended guide RNA comprises an extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA. In step (a), the napDNAbp/gRNA complex contacts the DNA molecule and the gRNA guides the napDNAbp to bind to the target locus to be mutagenized. In step (b), a nick in one of the strands of DNA of the target locus is introduced (e.g., by a nuclease or chemical agent), thereby creating an available 3′ end in one of the strands of the target locus. In certain embodiments, the nick is created in the strand of DNA that corresponds to the R-loop strand, i.e., the strand that is not hybridized to the guide RNA sequence. In step (c), the 3′ end DNA strand interacts with the extended portion of the guide RNA in order to prime reverse transcription. In certain embodiments, the 3′ ended DNA strand hybridizes to a specific RT priming sequence on the extended portion of the guide RNA. In step (d), an error-prone reverse transcriptase is introduced which synthesizes a mutagenized single strand of DNA from the 3′ end of the primed site towards the 3′ end of the guide RNA. Exemplary mutations are indicated with an asterisk “*”. This forms a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired mutagenized region. In step (e), the napDNAbp and guide RNA are released. Steps (f) and (g) relate to the resolution of the single strand DNA flap (comprising the mutagenized region) such that the desired mutagenized region becomes incorporated into the target locus. This process can be driven towards the desired product formation by removing the corresponding 5′ endogenous DNA flap that forms once the 3′ single strand DNA flap invades and hybridizes to the complementary sequence on the other strand. The process can also be driven towards product formation with second strand nicking, as exemplified in FIG. 1F. Following endogenous DNA repair and/or replication processes, the mutagenized region becomes incorporated into both strands of DNA of the DNA locus.

FIG. 23 is a schematic of gRNA design for contracting trinucleotide repeat sequences and trinucleotide repeat contraction with TPRT genome editing (i.e., prime editing). Trinucleotide repeat expansion is associated with a number of human diseases, including Huntington's disease, Fragile X syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia. The most common trinucleotide repeat contains CAG triplets, though GAA triplets (Friedreich's ataxia) and CGG triplets (Fragile X syndrome) also occur. Inheriting a predisposition to expansion, or acquiring an already expanded parental allele, increases the likelihood of acquiring the disease. Pathogenic expansions of trinucleotide repeats could hypothetically be corrected using prime editing. A region upstream of the repeat region can be nicked by an RNA-guided nuclease, then used to prime synthesis of a new DNA strand that contains a healthy number of repeats (which depends on the particular gene and disease). After the repeat sequence, a short stretch of homology is added that matches the identity of the sequence adjacent to the other end of the repeat (bold strand). Invasion of the newly synthesized strand, and subsequent replacement of the endogenous DNA with the newly synthesized flap, leads to a contracted repeat allele.

FIG. 24 is a schematic showing precise 10-nucleotide deletion with prime editing. A guide RNA targeting the HEK3 locus was designed with a reverse transcription template that encodes a 10-nucleotide deletion after the nick site. Editing efficiency in transfected HEK cells was assessed using amplicon sequencing.

FIG. 25 is a schematic showing gRNA design for peptide tagging genes at endogenous genomic loci and peptide tagging with TPRT genome editing (i.e., prime editing). The FlAsH and ReAsH tagging systems comprise two parts: (1) a fluorophore-biarsenical probe, and (2) a genetically encoded peptide containing a tetracysteine motif, exemplified by the sequence FLNCCPGCCMEP (SEQ ID NO: 1). When expressed within cells, proteins containing the tetracysteine motif can be fluorescently labeled with fluorophore-arsenic probes (see ref: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124 (21), pp 6063-6076. DOI: 10.1021/ja017687n). The “sortagging” system employs bacterial sortase enzymes that covalently conjugate labeled peptide probes to proteins containing suitable peptide substrates (see ref: Nat. Chem. Biol. 2007 November; 3(11):707-8. DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2007.31). The FLAG-tag (DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO: 2)), V5-tag (GKPIPNPLLGLDST (SEQ ID NO: 3)), GCN4-tag (EELLSKNYHLENEVARLKK (SEQ ID NO: 4)), HA-tag (YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 5)), and Myc-tag (EQKLISEEDL (SEQ ID NO: 6)) are commonly employed as epitope tags for immunoassays. The pi-clamp encodes a peptide sequence (FCPF (SEQ ID NO: 622)) that can by labeled with a pentafluoro-aromatic substrates (ref: Nat. Chem. 2016 February; 8(2):120-8. doi: 10.1038/nchem.2413).

FIG. 26A shows precise installation of a His6-tag and a FLAG-tag into genomic DNA. A guide RNA targeting the HEK3 locus was designed with a reverse transcription template that encodes either an 18-nt His-tag insertion or a 24-nt FLAG-tag insertion. Editing efficiency in transfected HEK cells was assessed using amplicon sequencing. Note that the full 24-nt sequence of the FLAG-tag is outside of the viewing frame (sequencing confirmed full and precise insertion). FIG. 26B shows a schematic outlining various applications involving protein/peptide tagging, including (a) rendering proteins soluble or insoluble, (b) changing or tracking the cellular localization of a protein, (c) extending the half-life of a protein, (d) facilitating protein purification, and (e) facilitating the detection of proteins.

FIG. 27 shows an overview of prime editing by installing a protective mutation in PRNP that prevents or halts the progression of prion disease. The PEgRNA sequences correspond to residue numbers 1-20 of SEQ ID NO: 810 on the left (i.e., 5′ of the sgRNA scaffold) and residue numbers 21-43 of SEQ ID NO 810 on the right (i.e., 3′ of the sgRNA scaffold).

FIG. 28A is a schematic of PE-based insertion of sequences encoding RNA motifs.

FIG. 28B is a list (not exhaustive) of some example motifs that could potentially be inserted, and their functions.

FIG. 29A is a depiction of a prime editor. FIG. 29B shows possible modifications to genomic, plasmid, or viral DNA directed by a PE. FIG. 29C shows an example scheme for insertion of a library of peptide loops into a specified protein (in this case GFP) via a library of PEgRNAs. FIG. 29D shows an example of possible programmable deletions of codons or N-, or C-terminal truncations of a protein using different PEgRNAs. Deletions would be predicted to occur with minimal generation of frameshift mutations.

FIG. 30 shows a possible scheme for iterative insertion of codons in a continual evolution system, such as PACE.

FIG. 31 is an illustration of an engineered gRNA showing the gRNA core, ˜20nt spacer matching the sequence of the targeted gene, the reverse transcription template with immunogenic epitope nucleotide sequence and the primer binding site matching the sequence of the targeted gene.

FIG. 32 is a schematic showing using prime editing as a means to insert known immunogenicity epitopes into endogenous or foreign genomic DNA, resulting in modification of the corresponding proteins.

FIG. 33 is a schematic showing PEgRNA design for primer binding sequence insertions and primer binding insertion into genomic DNA using prime editing for determining off-target editing. In this embodiment, prime editing is conducted inside a living cell, a tissue, or an animal model. As a first step, an appropriate PEgRNA is designed. The top schematic shows an exemplary PEgRNA that may be used in this aspect. The spacer in the PEgRNA (labeled “protospacer”) is complementary to one of the strands of the genomic target. The PE:PEgRNA complex (i.e., the PE complex) installs a single stranded 3′ end flap at the nick site which contains the encoded primer binding sequence and the region of homology (coded by the homology arm of the PEgRNA) that is complementary to the region just downstream of the cut site (striped). Through flap invasion and DNA repair/replication processes, the synthesized strand becomes incorporated into the DNA, thereby installing the primer binding site. This process can occur at the desired genomic target, but also at other genomic sites that might interact with the PEgRNA in an off-target manner (i.e., the PEgRNA guides the PE complex to other off-target sites due to the complementarity of the spacer region to other genomic sites that are not the intended genomic site). Thus, the primer binding sequence may be installed not only at the desired genomic target, but at off-target genomic sites elsewhere in the genome. In order to detect the insertion of these primer binding sites at both the intended genomic target sites and the off-target genomic sites, the genomic DNA (post-PE) can be isolated, fragmented, and ligated to adapter nucleotides (striped). Next, PCR may be carried out with PCR oligonucleotides that anneal to the adapters and to the inserted primer binding sequence to amplify on-target and off-target genomic DNA regions into which the primer binding site was inserted by PE. High throughput sequencing then me be conducted to and sequence alignments to identify the insertion points of PE-inserted primer binding sequences at either the on-target site or at off-target sites.

FIG. 34 is a schematic showing the precise insertion of a gene with PE.

FIG. 35A is a schematic showing the natural insulin signaling pathway. FIG. 35B is a schematic showing FKBP12-tagged insulin receptor activation controlled by FK1012.

FIG. 36 shows small-molecule monomers. References: humped FK506 mimic (2)¹⁰⁷

FIGS. 37A-37B show small-molecule dimers. References: FK1012 4^(95,96); FK1012 5¹⁰⁸; FK1012 6¹⁰⁷; AP1903 7¹⁰⁷; cyclosporin A dimer 8⁹⁸; FK506—cyclosporin A dimer (FkCsA) 9 ¹⁰⁰.

FIGS. 38A-38F provide an overview of prime editing and feasibility studies in vitro and in yeast cells. FIG. 38A shows the 75,122 known pathogenic human genetic variants in ClinVar (accessed July, 2019), classified by type. FIG. 38B shows that a prime editing complex consists of a prime editor (PE) protein containing an RNA-guided DNA-nicking domain, such as Cas9 nickase, fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase domain and complexed with a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA). The PE:PEgRNA complex binds the target DNA site and enables a large variety of precise DNA edits at a wide range of DNA positions before or after the target site's protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). FIG. 38C shows that upon DNA target binding, the PE:PEgRNA complex nicks the PAM-containing DNA strand. The resulting free 3′ end hybridizes to the primer-binding site of the PEgRNA. The reverse transcriptase domain catalyzes primer extension using the RT template of the PEgRNA, resulting in a newly synthesized DNA strand containing the desired edit (the 3′ flap). Equilibration between the edited 3′ flap and the unedited 5′ flap containing the original DNA, followed by cellular 5′ flap cleavage and ligation, and DNA repair or replication to resolve the heteroduplex DNA, results in stably edited DNA. FIG. 38D shows in vitro 5′-extended PEgRNA primer extension assays with pre-nicked dsDNA substrates containing 5′-Cy5 labeled PAM strands, dCas9, and a commercial M-MLV RT variant (RT, Superscript III). dCas9 was complexed with PEgRNAs containing RT template of varying lengths, then added to DNA substrates along with the indicated components. Reactions were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour, then analyzed by denaturing urea PAGE and visualized for Cy5 fluorescence. FIG. 38E shows primer extension assays performed as in FIG. 38D using 3′-extended PEgRNAs pre-complexed with dCas9 or Cas9 H840A nickase, and pre-nicked or non-nicked 5′-Cy5-labeled dsDNA substrates. FIG. 38F shows yeast colonies transformed with GFP—mCherry fusion reporter plasmids edited in vitro with PEgRNAs, Cas9 nickase, and RT. Plasmids containing nonsense or frameshift mutations between GFP and mCherry were edited with 5′-extended or 3′-extended PEgRNAs that restore mCherry translation via transversion mutation, 1-bp insertion, or 1-bp deletion. GFP and mCherry double-positive cells reflect successful editing.

FIGS. 39A-39D show prime editing of genomic DNA in human cells by PE1 and PE2. FIG. 39A shows PEgRNAs contain a spacer sequence, a sgRNA scaffold, and a 3′ extension containing a primer-binding site (bold, underlined italics) and a reverse transcription (RT) template (bold italics), which contains the edited base(s) (bold). The primer-binding site hybridizes to the PAM-containing DNA strand immediately upstream of the site of nicking. The RT template is homologous to the DNA sequence downstream of the nick, with the exception of the encoded edit. FIG. 39B shows an installation of a T•A-to-A•T transversion edit at the HEK3 site in HEK293T cells using Cas9 H840A nickase fused to wild-type M-MLV reverse transcriptase (PE1) and PEgRNAs of varying primer-binding site lengths. FIG. 39C shows the use of an engineered pentamutant M-MLV reverse transcriptase (D200N, L603W, T306K, W313F, T330P) in PE2 substantially improves prime editing transversion efficiencies at five genomic sites in HEK293T cells, and small insertion and small deletion edits at HEK3. FIG. 39D is a comparison of PE2 editing efficiencies with varying RT template lengths at five genomic sites in HEK293T cells. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 40A-40C show PE3 and PE3b systems nick the non-edited strand to increase prime editing efficiency. FIG. 40A is an overview of the prime editing by PE3. After initial synthesis of the edited strand, DNA repair will remove either the newly synthesized strand containing the edit (3′ flap excision) or the original genomic DNA strand (5′ flap excision). 5′ flap excision leaves behind a DNA heteroduplex containing one edited strand and one non-edited strand. Mismatch repair machinery or DNA replication could resolve the heteroduplex to give either edited or non-edited products. Nicking the non-edited strand favors repair of that strand, resulting in preferential generation of stable duplex DNA containing the desired edit. FIG. 40B shows the effect of complementary strand nicking on PE3-mediated prime editing efficiency and indel formation. “None” refers to PE2 controls, which do not nick the complementary strand. FIG. 40C is a comparison of editing efficiencies with PE2 (no complementary strand nick), PE3 (general complementary strand nick), and PE3b (edit-specific complementary strand nick). All editing yields reflect the percentage of total sequencing reads that contain the intended edit and do not contain indels among all treated cells, with no sorting. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 41A-41K show targeted insertions, deletions, and all 12 types of point mutations with PE3 at seven endogenous human genomic loci in HEK293T cells. FIG. 41A is a graph showing all 12 types of single-nucleotide transition and transversion edits from position+1 to +8 (counting the location of the PEgRNA-induced nick as between position+1 and −1) of the HEK3 site using a 10-nt RT template. FIG. 41B is a graph showing long-range PE3 transversion edits at the HEK3 site using a 34-nt RT template. FIGS. 41C-41H are graphs showing all 12 types of transition and transversion edits at various positions in the prime editing window for (FIG. 41C) RNF2, (FIG. 41D) FANCF, (FIG. 41E) EMX1, (FIG. 41F) RUNX1, (FIG. 41G) VEGFA, and (FIG. 41H) DNMT1. FIG. 41I is a graph showing targeted 1- and 3-bp insertions, and 1- and 3-bp deletions with PE3 at seven endogenous genomic loci. FIG. 41J is a graph showing the targeted precise deletions of 5 to 80 bp at the HEK3 target site. FIG. 41K is a graph showing a combination edits of insertions and deletions, insertions and point mutations, deletions and point mutations, and double point mutations at three endogenous genomic loci. All editing yields reflect the percentage of total sequencing reads that contain the intended edit and do not contain indels among all treated cells, with no sorting. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 42A-42H show the comparison of prime editing and base editing, and off-target editing by Cas9 and PE3 at known Cas9 off-target sites. FIG. 42A shows total CG-to-TA editing efficiency at the same target nucleotides for PE2, PE3, BE2max, and BE4max at endogenous HEK3, FANCF, and EMX1 sites in HEK293T cells. FIG. 42B shows indel frequency from treatments in FIG. 42A. FIG. 42C shows the editing efficiency of precise C•G-to-T•A edits (without bystander edits or indels) for PE2, PE3, BE2max, and BE4max at HEK3, FANCF, and EMX1. For EMX1, precise PE combination edits of all possible combinations of C•G-to-T•A conversion at the three targeted nucleotides are also shown.

FIG. 42D shows the total A•T-to-G•C editing efficiency for PE2, PE3, ABEdmax, and ABEmax at HEK3 and FANCF. FIG. 42E shows the precise A•T-to-G•C editing efficiency without bystander edits or indels for at HEK3 and FANCF. FIG. 42F shows indel frequency from treatments in FIG. 42D. FIG. 42G shows the average triplicate editing efficiencies (percentage sequencing reads with indels) in HEK293T cells for Cas9 nuclease at four on-target and 16 known off-target sites. The 16 off-target sites examined were the top four previously reported off-target sites^(118,159) for each of the four on-target sites. For each on-target site, Cas9 was paired with a sgRNA or with each of four PEgRNAs that recognize the same protospacer. FIG. 42H shows the average triplicate on-target and off-target editing efficiencies and indel efficiencies (below in parentheses) in HEK293T cells for PE2 or PE3 paired with each PEgRNA in (FIG. 42G). On-target editing yields reflect the percentage of total sequencing reads that contain the intended edit and do not contain indels among all treated cells, with no sorting. Off-target editing yields reflect off-target locus modification consistent with prime editing. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 43A-43I show prime editing in various human cell lines and primary mouse cortical neurons, installation and correction of pathogenic transversion, insertion, or deletion mutations, and comparison of prime editing and HDR. FIG. 43A is a graph showing the installation (via T•A-to-A•T transversion) and correction (via A•T-to-T•A transversion) of the pathogenic E6V mutation in HBB in HEK293T cells. Correction either to wild-type HBB, or to HBB containing a silent mutation that disrupts the PEgRNA PAM, is shown. FIG. 43B is a graph showing the installation (via 4-bp insertion) and correction (via 4-bp deletion) of the pathogenic HEXA 1278+TATC allele in HEK293T cells. Correction either to wild-type HEXA, or to HEXA containing a silent mutation that disrupts the PEgRNA PAM, is shown.

FIG. 43C is a graph showing the installation of the protective G127V variant in PRNP in HEK293T cells via G•C-to-T•A transversion. FIG. 43D is a graph showing prime editing in other human cell lines including K562 (leukemic bone marrow cells), U2OS (osteosarcoma cells), and HeLa (cervical cancer cells). FIG. 43E is a graph showing the installation of a G•C-to-T•A transversion mutation in DNMT1 of mouse primary cortical neurons using a dual split-intein PE3 lentivirus system, in which the N-terminal half is Cas9 (1-573) fused to N-intein and through a P2A self-cleaving peptide to GFP—KASH, and the C-terminal half is the C-intein fused to the remainder of PE2. PE2 halves are expressed from a human synapsin promoter that is highly specific for mature neurons. Sorted values reflect editing or indels from GFP-positive nuclei, while unsorted values are from all nuclei. FIG. 43F is a comparison of PE3 and Cas9-mediated HDR editing efficiencies at endogenous genomic loci in HEK293T cells. FIG. 43G is a comparison of PE3 and Cas9-mediated HDR editing efficiencies at endogenous genomic loci in K562, U2OS, and HeLa cells. FIG. 43H is a comparison of PE3 and Cas9-mediated HDR indel byproduct generation in HEK293T, K562, U2OS, and HeLa cells. FIG. 43I shows targeted insertion of a His6 tag (18 bp), FLAG epitope tag (24 bp), or extended LoxP site (44 bp) in HEK293T cells by PE3. All editing yields reflect the percentage of total sequencing reads that contain the intended edit and do not contain indels among all treated cells. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 44A-44G show in vitro prime editing validation studies with fluorescently labeled DNA substrates. FIG. 44A shows electrophoretic mobility shift assays with dCas9, 5′-extended PEgRNAs and 5′-Cy5-labeled DNA substrates. PEgRNAs 1 through 5 contain a 15-nt linker sequence (linker A for PEgRNA 1, linker B for PEgRNAs 2 through 5) between the spacer and the PBS, a 5-nt PBS sequence, and RT templates of 7 nt (PEgRNAs 1 and 2), 8 nt (PEgRNA 3), 15 nt (PEgRNA 4), and 22 nt (PEgRNA 5). PEgRNAs are those used in FIGS. 44E and 44F; full sequences are listed in Tables 2A-2C. FIG. 44B shows in vitro nicking assays of Cas9 H840A using 5′-extended and 3′-extended PEgRNAs. FIG. 44C shows Cas9-mediated indel formation in HEK293T cells at HEK3 using 5′-extended and 3′-extended PEgRNAs. FIG. 44D shows an overview of prime editing in vitro biochemical assays. 5′-Cy5-labeled pre-nicked and non-nicked dsDNA substrates were tested. sgRNAs, 5′-extended PEgRNAs, or 3′-extended PEgRNAs were pre-complexed with dCas9 or Cas9 H840A nickase, then combined with dsDNA substrate, M-MLV RT, and dNTPs. Reactions were allowed to proceed at 37° C. for 1 hour prior to separation by denaturing urea PAGE and visualization by Cy5 fluorescence. FIG. 44E shows primer extension reactions using 5′-extended PEgRNAs, pre-nicked DNA substrates, and dCas9 lead to significant conversion to RT products. FIG. 44F shows primer extension reactions using 5′-extended PEgRNAs as in FIG. 44B, with non-nicked DNA substrate and Cas9 H840A nickase. Product yields are greatly reduced by comparison to pre-nicked substrate. FIG. 44G shows an in vitro primer extension reaction using a 3′-PEgRNA generates a single apparent product by denaturing urea PAGE. The RT product band was excised, eluted from the gel, then subjected to homopolymer tailing with terminal transferase (TdT) using either dGTP or dATP. Tailed products were extended by poly-T or poly-C primers, and the resulting DNA was sequenced. Sanger traces indicate that three nucleotides derived from the gRNA scaffold were reverse transcribed (added as the final 3′ nucleotides to the DNA product). Note that in mammalian cell prime editing experiments, PEgRNA scaffold insertion is much rarer than in vitro (FIGS. 56A-56D), potentially due to the inability of the tethered reverse transcriptase to access the Cas9-bound guide RNA scaffold, and/or cellular excision of mismatched 3′ ends of 3′ flaps containing PEgRNA scaffold sequences.

FIGS. 45A-45G show cellular repair in yeast of 3′ DNA flaps from in vitro prime editing reactions. FIG. 45A shows that dual fluorescent protein reporter plasmids contain GFP and mCherry open reading frames separated by a target site encoding an in-frame stop codon, a +1 frameshift, or a −1 frameshift. Prime editing reactions were carried out in vitro with Cas9 H840A nickase, PEgRNA, dNTPs, and M-MLV reverse transcriptase, and then transformed into yeast. Colonies that contain unedited plasmids produce GFP but not mCherry. Yeast colonies containing edited plasmids produce both GFP and mCherry as a fusion protein. FIG. 45B shows an overlay of GFP and mCherry fluorescence for yeast colonies transformed with reporter plasmids containing a stop codon between GFP and mCherry (unedited negative control, top), or containing no stop codon or frameshift between GFP and mCherry (pre-edited positive control, bottom). FIGS. 45C-45F show a visualization of mCherry and GFP fluorescence from yeast colonies transformed with in vitro prime editing reaction products. FIG. 45C shows a stop codon correction via T•A-to-A•T transversion using a 3′-extended PEgRNA, or a 5′-extended PEgRNA, as shown in FIG. 45D. FIG. 45E shows a +1 frameshift correction via a 1-bp deletion using a 3′-extended PEgRNA. FIG. 45F shows a −1 frameshift correction via a 1-bp insertion using a 3′-extended PEgRNA. FIG. 45G shows Sanger DNA sequencing traces from plasmids isolated from GFP-only colonies in FIG. 45B and GFP and mCherry double-positive colonies in FIG. 45C.

FIGS. 46A-46F show correct editing versus indel generation with PE1. FIG. 46A shows T•A-to-A•T transversion editing efficiency and indel generation by PE1 at the +1 position of HEK3 using PEgRNAs containing 10-nt RT templates and a PBS sequences ranging from 8-17 nt. FIG. 46B shows G•C-to-T•A transversion editing efficiency and indel generation by PE1 at the +5 position of EMX1 using PEgRNAs containing 13-nt RT templates and a PBS sequences ranging from 9-17 nt. FIG. 46C shows G•C-to-T•A transversion editing efficiency and indel generation by PE1 at the +5 position of FANCF using PEgRNAs containing 17-nt RT templates and a PBS sequences ranging from 8-17 nt. FIG. 46D shows C•G-to-A•T transversion editing efficiency and indel generation by PE1 at the +1 position of RNF2 using PEgRNAs containing 11-nt RT templates and a PBS sequences ranging from 9-17 nt. FIG. 46E shows G•C-to-T•A transversion editing efficiency and indel generation by PE1 at the +2 position of HEK4 using PEgRNAs containing 13-nt RT templates and a PBS sequences ranging from 7-15 nt. FIG. 46F shows PE1-mediated+1 T deletion, +1 A insertion, and +1 CTT insertion at the HEK3 site using a 13-nt PBS and 10-nt RT template. Sequences of PEgRNAs are those used in FIG. 39C (see Tables 3A-3R). Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 47A-47S show the evaluation of M-MLV RT variants for prime editing. FIG. 47A shows the abbreviations for prime editor variants used in this figure. FIG. 47B shows targeted insertion and deletion edits with PE1 at the HEK3 locus. FIGS. 47C-47H show a comparison of 18 prime editor constructs containing M-MLV RT variants for their ability to install a +2 GC-to-CG transversion edit at HEK3 as shown in FIG. 47C, a 24-bp FLAG insertion at HEK3 as shown in FIG. 47D, a +1 C•G-to-A•T transversion edit at RNF2 as shown in FIG. 47E, a +1 GC-to-CG transversion edit at EMX1 as shown in FIG. 47F, a +2 T•A-to-A•T transversion edit at HBB as shown in FIG. 47G, and a +1 GC-to-CG transversion edit at FANCF as shown in FIG. 47H. FIGS. 47I-47N show a comparison of four prime editor constructs containing M-MLV variants for their ability to install the edits shown in FIGS. 47C-47H in a second round of independent experiments. FIGS. 47O-47S show PE2 editing efficiency at five genomic loci with varying PBS lengths. FIG. 47O shows a +1 T•A-to-A•T variation at HEK3. FIG. 47P shows a +5 G•C-to-T•A variation at EMX1.

FIG. 47Q shows a +5 G•C-to-T•A variation at FANCF. FIG. 47R shows a +1 C•G-to-A•T variation at RNF2. FIG. 47S shows a +2 G•C-to-T•A variation at HEK4. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 48A-48C show design features of PEgRNA PBS and RT template sequences. FIG. 48A shows PE2-mediated+5 G•C-to-T•A transversion editing efficiency (solid line) at VEGFA in HEK293T cells as a function of RT template length. Indels (dashed line) are plotted for comparison. The sequence below the graph shows the last nucleotide templated for synthesis by the PEgRNA. G nucleotides (templated by a C in the PEgRNA) are highlighted; RT templates that end in C should be avoided during PEgRNA design to maximize prime editing efficiencies. FIG. 48B shows +5 G•C-to-T•A transversion editing and indels for DNMT1 as in FIG. 48A. FIG. 48C shows +5 G•C-to-T•A transversion editing and indels for RUNX1 as in FIG. 48A. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 49A-49B show the effects of PE2, PE2 R110S K103L, Cas9 H840A nickase, and dCas9 on cell viability. HEK293T cells were transfected with plasmids encoding PE2, PE2 R110S K103L, Cas9 H840A nickase, or dCas9, together with a HEK3-targeting PEgRNA plasmid. Cell viability was measured every 24 hours post-transfection for 3 days using the CellTiter-Glo 2.0 assay (Promega). FIG. 49A shows viability, as measured by luminescence, at 1, 2, or 3 days post-transfection. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.e.m. of three independent biological replicates each performed in technical triplicate. FIG. 49B shows percent editing and indels for PE2, PE2 R110S K103L, Cas9 H840A nickase, or dCas9, together with a HEK3-targeting PEgRNA plasmid that encodes a +5 G to A edit. Editing efficiencies were measured on day 3 post-transfection from cells treated alongside of those used for assaying viability in FIG. 49A. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 50A-50B show PE3-mediated HBB E6V correction and HEXA 1278+TATC correction by various PEgRNAs. FIG. 50A shows a screen of 14 PEgRNAs for correction of the HBB E6V allele in HEK293T cells with PE3. All PEgRNAs evaluated convert the HBB E6V allele back to wild-type HBB without the introduction of any silent PAM mutation. FIG. 50B shows a screen of 41 PEgRNAs for correction of the HEXA 1278+TATC allele in HEK293T cells with PE3 or PE3b. Those PEgRNAs labeled HEXAs correct the pathogenic allele by a shifted 4-bp deletion that disrupts the PAM and leaves a silent mutation. Those PEgRNAs labeled HEXA correct the pathogenic allele back to wild-type. Entries ending in “b” use an edit-specific nicking sgRNA in combination with the PEgRNA (the PE3b system). Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 51A-51G show a PE3 activity in human cell lines and a comparison of PE3 and Cas9-initiated HDR. Efficiency of generating the correct edit (without indels) and indel frequency for PE3 and Cas9-initiated HDR in HEK293T cells as shown in FIG. 51A, K562 cells as shown in FIG. 51B, U2OS cells as shown in FIG. 51C, and HeLa cells as shown in FIG. 51D. Each bracketed editing comparison installs identical edits with PE3 and Cas9-initiated HDR. Non-targeting controls are PE3 and a PEgRNA that targets a non-target locus.

FIG. 51E shows control experiments with non-targeting PEgRNA+PE3, and with dCas9+sgRNA, compared with wild-type Cas9 HDR experiments confirming that ssDNA donor HDR template, a common contaminant that artificially elevates apparent HDR efficiencies, does not contribute to the HDR measurements in FIGS. 51A-51D. FIGS. 51F-51G show example HEK3 site allele tables from genomic DNA samples isolated from K562 cells after editing with PE3 or with Cas9-initiated HDR. Alleles were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq and analyzed with CRISPResso2¹⁷⁸. The reference HEK3 sequence from this region is at the top. Allele tables are shown for a non-targeting PEgRNA negative control, a +1 CTT insertion at HEK3 using PE3, and a +1 CTT insertion at HEK3 using Cas9-initiated HDR. Allele frequencies and corresponding Illumina sequencing read counts are shown for each allele. All alleles observed with frequency >0.20% are shown. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 52A-52D show distribution by length of pathogenic insertions, duplications, deletions, and indels in the ClinVar database. The ClinVar variant summary was downloaded from NCBI Jul. 15, 2019. The lengths of reported insertions, deletions, and duplications were calculated using reference and alternate alleles, variant start and stop positions, or appropriate identifying information in the variant name. Variants that did not report any of the above information were excluded from the analysis. The lengths of reported indels (single variants that include both insertions and deletions relative to the reference genome) were calculated by determining the number of mismatches or gaps in the best pairwise alignment between the reference and alternate alleles.

FIGS. 53A-53E show FACS gating examples for GFP-positive cell sorting. Below are examples of original batch analysis files outlining the sorting strategy used for generating HEXA 1278+TATC and HBB E6V HEK293T cell lines. The image data was generated on a Sony LE-MA900 cytometer using Cell Sorter Software v. 3.0.5. Graphic 1 shows gating plots for cells that do not express GFP. Graphic 2 shows an example sort of P2A-GFP-expressing cells used for isolating the HBB E6V HEK293T cell lines. HEK293T cells were initially gated on population using FSC-A/BSC-A (Gate A), then sorted for singlets using FSC-A/FSC-H (Gate B). Live cells were sorted for by gating DAPI-negative cells (Gate C). Cells with GFP fluorescence levels that were above those of the negative-control cells were sorted for using EGFP as the fluorochrome (Gate D). FIG. 53A shows HEK293T cells (GFP-negative). FIG. 53B shows a representative plot of FACS gating for cells expressing PE2—P2A-GFP. FIG. 53C shows the genotypes for HEXA 1278+TATC homozygote HEK293T cells. FIGS. 53D-53E show allele tables for HBB E6V homozygote HEK293T cell lines.

FIG. 54 is a schematic which summarizes the PEgRNA cloning procedure.

FIGS. 55A-55G are schematics of PEgRNA designs. FIG. 55A shows a simple diagram of PEgRNA with domains labeled (left) and bound to nCas9 at a genomic site (right). FIG. 55B shows various types of modifications to PEgRNA which are anticipated to increase activity. FIG. 55C shows modifications to PEgRNA to increase transcription of longer RNAs via promoter choice and 5′, 3′ processing and termination. FIG. 55D shows the lengthening of the P1 system, which is an example of a scaffold modification. FIG. 55E shows that the incorporation of synthetic modifications within the template region, or elsewhere within the PEgRNA, could increase activity. FIG. 55F shows that a designed incorporation of minimal secondary structure within the template could prevent formation of longer, more inhibitory, secondary structure. FIG. 55G shows a split PEgRNA with a second template sequence anchored by an RNA element at the 3′ end of the PEgRNA (left). Incorporation of elements at the 5′ or 3′ ends of the PEgRNA could enhance RT binding.

FIGS. 56A-56D show the incorporation of PEgRNA scaffold sequence into target loci. HTS data were analyzed for PEgRNA scaffold sequence insertion as described in FIGS. 60A-60B. FIG. 56A shows an analysis for the EMX1 locus. Shown is the % of total sequencing reads containing one or more PEgRNA scaffold sequence nucleotides within an insertion adjacent to the RT template (left); the percentage of total sequencing reads containing a PEgRNA scaffold sequence insertion of the specified length (middle); and the cumulative total percentage of PEgRNA insertion up to and including the length specified on the X axis. FIG. 56B shows the same as FIG. 56A, but for FANCF. FIG. 56C shows the same as in FIG. 56A but for HEK3. FIG. 56D shows the same as FIG. 56A but for RNF2. Values and error bars reflect the mean and s.d. of three independent biological replicates.

FIGS. 57A-57I show the effects of PE2, PE2-dRT, and Cas9 H840A nickase on transcriptome-wide RNA abundance. Analysis of cellular RNA, depleted for ribosomal RNA, isolated from HEK293T cells expressing PE2, PE2-dRT, or Cas9 H840A nickase and a PRNP-targeting or HEXA-targeting PEgRNA. RNAs corresponding to 14,410 genes and 14,368 genes were detected in PRNP and HEXA samples, respectively. FIGS. 57A-57F show Volcano plot displaying the −log 10 FDR-adjusted p-value vs. log2-fold change in transcript abundance for Aeach RNA, comparing (FIG. 57A) PE2 vs. PE2-dRT with PRNP-targeting PEgRNA, (FIG. 57B) PE2 vs. Cas9 H840A with PRNP-targeting PEgRNA, (FIG. 57C) PE2-dRT vs. Cas9 H840A with PRNP-targeting PEgRNA, (FIG. 57D) PE2 vs. PE2-dRT with HEXA-targeting PEgRNA, (FIG. 57E) PE2 vs. Cas9 H840A with HEXA-targeting PEgRNA, (FIG. 57F) PE2-dRT vs. Cas9 H840A with HEXA-targeting PEgRNA. Light gray dots indicate genes that show ≥2-fold change in relative abundance that are statistically significant (FDR-adjusted p<0.05). FIGS. 57G-57I are Venn diagrams of upregulated and downregulated transcripts (≥2-fold change) comparing PRNP and HEXA samples for (FIG. 57G) PE2 vs PE2-dRT, (FIG. 57H) PE2 vs. Cas9 H840A, and (FIG. 57I) PE2-dRT vs. Cas9 H840A.

FIGS. 58A-58B show representative FACS gating for neuronal nuclei sorting. Nuclei were sequentially gated on the basis of DyeCycle Ruby signal, FSC/SSC ratio, SSC-Width/SSC-height ratio, and GFP/DyeCycle ratio.

FIGS. 59A-59G show the protocol for cloning 3′-extended PEgRNAs into mammalian U6 expression vectors by Golden Gate assembly. FIG. 59A shows the cloning overview. FIG. 59B shows ‘Step 1: Digest pU6-PEgRNA-GG-Vector plasmid (component 1)’. FIG. 59C shows ‘Steps 2 and 3: Order and anneal oligonucleotide parts (components 2, 3, and 4)’. FIG. 59D shows ‘Step 2.b.ii.: sgRNA scaffold phosphorylation (unnecessary if oligonucleotides were purchased phosphorylated)’. FIG. 59E shows ‘Step 4: PEgRNA assembly’. FIG. 59F shows ‘Steps 5 and 6: Transformation of assembled plasmids’. FIG. 59G shows a diagram summarizing the PEgRNA cloning protocol.

FIGS. 60A-60B show the Python script for quantifying PEgRNA scaffold integration. A custom python script was generated to characterize and quantify PEgRNA insertions at target genomic loci. The script iteratively matches text strings of increasing length taken from a reference sequence (guide RNA scaffold sequence) to the sequencing reads within fastq files, and counts the number of sequencing reads that match the search query. Each successive text string corresponds to an additional nucleotide of the guide RNA scaffold sequence. Exact length integrations and cumulative integrations up to a specified length were calculated in this manner. At the start of the reference sequence, 5 to 6 bases of the 3′ end of the new DNA strand synthesized by the reverse transcriptase are included to ensure alignment and accurate counting of short slices of the sgRNA.

FIG. 61 is a graph showing the percent of total sequencing reads with the specified edit for SaCas9(N580A)-MMLV RT HEK3+6 C>A. The values for the correct edits as well as indels are shown.

FIGS. 62A-62B show the importance of the protospacer for efficient installation of a desired edit at a precise location with prime editing. FIG. 62A is a graph showing the percent of total sequencing reads with target T•A base pairs converted to A•T for various HEK3 loci. FIG. 62B is a sequence analysis showing the same.

FIG. 63 is a graph showing SpCas9 PAM variants in PAM editing (N=3). The percent of total sequencing reads with the targeted PAM edit is shown for SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR-MMLV RT, where NGA>NTA, and for SpCas9(H840A)-VRER-MMLV RT, where NGCG>NTCG. The PEgRNA primer binding site (PBS) length, RT template (RT) length, and PE system used are listed.

FIGS. 64A-64F depict a schematic showing the introduction of various site-specific recombinase (SSR) targets into the genome using PE. FIG. 64A provides a general schematic of the insertion of a recombinase target sequence by a prime editor. FIG. 64B shows how a single SSR target inserted by PE can be used as a site for genomic integration of a DNA donor template. FIG. 64C shows how a tandem insertion of SSR target sites can be used to delete a portion of the genome. FIG. 64D shows how a tandem insertion of SSR target sites can be used to invert a portion of the genome. FIG. 64E shows how the insertion of two SSR target sites at two distal chromosomal regions can result in chromosomal translocation. FIG. 64F shows how the insertion of two different SSR target sites in the genome can be used to exchange a cassette from a DNA donor template. See Example 17 for further details.

FIG. 65 shows in 1) the PE-mediated synthesis of a SSR target site in a human cell genome and 2) the use of that SSR target site to integrate a DNA donor template comprising a GFP expression marker. Once successfully integrated, the GFP causes the cell to fluoresce. See Example 17 for further details.

FIG. 66 depicts one embodiment of a prime editor being provided as two PE half proteins which regenerate as whole prime editor through the self-splicing action of the split-intein halves located at the end or beginning of each of the prime editor half proteins.

FIGS. 67A-67B depict the mechanism of intein removal from a polypeptide sequence and the reformation of a peptide bond between the N-terminal and the C-terminal extein sequences. FIG. 67A depicts the general mechanism of two half proteins each containing half of an intein sequence, which when in contact within a cell result in a fully-functional intein which then undergoes self-spicing and excision. The process of excision results in the formation of a peptide bond between the N-terminal protein half (or the “N extein”) and the C-terminal protein half (or the “C extein”) to form a whole, single polypeptide comprising the N extein and the C extein portions. In various embodiments, the N extein may correspond to the N-terminal half of a split prime editor fusion protein and the C extein may correspond to the C-terminal half of a split prime editor. FIG. 67B shows a chemical mechanism of intein excision and the reformation of a peptide bond that joins the N extein half and the C extein half. Excision of the split inteins (i.e., the N intein and the C intein in the split intein configuration) may also be referred to as “trans splicing” as it involves the splicing action of two separate components provided in trans.

FIG. 68A demonstrates that delivery of both split intein halves of SpPE (SEQ ID NOs: 3875, 3876) at the linker maintains activity at three test loci when co-transfected into HEK293T cells.

FIG. 68B demonstrates that delivery of both split intein halves of SaPE2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 443 and SEQ ID NO: 450) recapitulate activity of full length SaPE2 (SEQ ID NO: 134) when co-transfected into HEK293T cells. Residues indicated in quotes are the sequence of amino acids 741-743 in SaCas9 (first residues of the C-terminal extein) which are important for the intein trans splicing reaction. ‘SMP’ are the native residues, which we also mutated to the ‘CFN’ consensus splicing sequence. The consensus sequence is shown to yield the highest reconstitution as measured by prime editing percentage.

FIG. 68C provides data showing that various disclosed PE ribonucleoprotein complexes (PE2 at high concentration, PE3 at high concentration and PE3 at low concentration) can be delivered in this manner.

FIG. 69 shows a bacteriophage plaque assay to determine PE effectiveness in PANCE. Plaques (dark circles) indicate phage able to successfully infect E. coli. Increasing concentration of L-rhamnose results in increased expression of PE and an increase in plaque formation. Sequencing of plaques revealed the presence of the PE-installed genomic edit.

FIGS. 70A-70I provide an example of an edited target sequence as an illustration of a step-by-step instruction for designing PEgRNAs and nicking-sgRNAs for prime editing. FIG. 70A: Step 1. Define the target sequence and the edit. Retrieve the sequence of the target DNA region (˜200 bp) centered around the location of the desired edit (point mutation, insertion, deletion, or combination thereof). FIG. 70B: Step 2. Locate target PAMs. Identify PAMs in proximity to the edit location. Be sure to look for PAMs on both strands. While PAMs close to the edit position are preferred, it is possible to install edits using protospacers and PAMs that place the nick ≥30 nt from the edit position. FIG. 70C: Step 3. Locate the nick sites. For each PAM being considered, identify the corresponding nick site. For Sp Cas9 H840A nickase, cleavage occurs in the PAM-containing strand between the 3^(rd) and 4^(th) bases 5′ to the NGG PAM. All edited nucleotides must exist 3′ of the nick site, so appropriate PAMs must place the nick 5′ to the target edit on the PAM-containing strand. In the example shown below, there are two possible PAMs. For simplicity, the remaining steps will demonstrate the design of a PEgRNA using PAM 1 only. FIG. 70D: Step 4. Design the spacer sequence. The protospacer of Sp Cas9 corresponds to the 20 nucleotides 5′ to the NGG PAM on the PAM-containing strand. Efficient Pol III transcription initiation requires a G to be the first transcribed nucleotide. If the first nucleotide of the protospacer is a G, the spacer sequence for the PEgRNA is simply the protospacer sequence. If the first nucleotide of the protospacer is not a G, the spacer sequence of the PEgRNA is G followed by the protospacer sequence. FIG. 70E: Step 5. Design a primer binding site (PBS). Using the starting allele sequence, identify the DNA primer on the PAM-containing strand. The 3′ end of the DNA primer is the nucleotide just upstream of the nick site (i.e. the 4^(th) base 5′ to the NGG PAM for Sp Cas9). As a general design principle for use with PE2 and PE3, a PEgRNA primer binding site (PBS) containing 12 to 13 nucleotides of complementarity to the DNA primer can be used for sequences that contain ˜40-60% G•C content. For sequences with low GC content, longer (14- to 15-nt) PBSs should be tested. For sequences with higher GC content, shorter (8- to 11-nt) PBSs should be tested. Optimal PBS sequences should be determined empirically, regardless of G•C content. To design a length-p PBS sequence, take the reverse complement of the first p nucleotides 5′ of the nick site in the PAM-containing strand using the starting allele sequence. FIG. 70F: Step 6. Design an RT template. The RT template encodes the designed edit and homology to the sequence adjacent to the edit. Optimal RT template lengths vary based on the target site. For short-range edits (positions+1 to +6), it is recommended to test a short (9 to 12 nt), a medium (13 to 16 nt), and a long (17 to 20 nt) RT template. For long-range edits (positions+7 and beyond), it is recommended to use RT templates that extend at least 5 nt (preferably 10 or more nt) past the position of the edit to allow for sufficient 3′ DNA flap homology. For long-range edits, several RT templates should be screened to identify functional designs. For larger insertions and deletions (≥5 nt), incorporation of greater 3′ homology (˜20 nt or more) into the RT template is recommended. Editing efficiency is typically impaired when the RT template encodes the synthesis of a G as the last nucleotide in the reverse transcribed DNA product (corresponding to a C in the RT template of the PEgRNA). As many RT templates support efficient prime editing, avoidance of G as the final synthesized nucleotide is recommended when designing RT templates. To design a length-r RT template sequence, use the desired allele sequence and take the reverse complement of the first r nucleotides 3′ of the nick site in the strand that originally contained the PAM. Note that compared to SNP edits, insertion or deletion edits using RT templates of the same length will not contain identical homology. FIG. 70G: Step 7. Assemble the full PEgRNA sequence. Concatenate the PEgRNA components in the following order (5′ to 3′): spacer, scaffold, RT template and PBS. FIG. 70H: Step 8. Designing nicking-sgRNAs for PE3. Identify PAMs on the non-edited strand upstream and downstream of the edit. Optimal nicking positions are highly locus-dependent and should be determined empirically. In general, nicks placed 40 to 90 nucleotides 5′ to the position across from the PEgRNA-induced nick lead to higher editing yields and fewer indels. A nicking sgRNA has a spacer sequence that matches the 20-nt protospacer in the starting allele, with the addition of a 5′-G if the protospacer does not begin with a G. FIG. 70I: Step 9. Designing PE3b nicking-sgRNAs. If a PAM exists in the complementary strand and its corresponding protospacer overlaps with the sequence targeted for editing, this edit could be a candidate for the PE3b system. In the PE3b system, the spacer sequence of the nicking-sgRNA matches the sequence of the desired edited allele, but not the starting allele. The PE3b system operates efficiently when the edited nucleotide(s) falls within the seed region (˜10 nt adjacent to the PAM) of the nicking-sgRNA protospacer. This prevents nicking of the complementary strand until after installation of the edited strand, preventing competition between the PEgRNA and the sgRNA for binding the target DNA. PE3b also avoids the generation of simultaneous nicks on both strands, thus reducing indel formation significantly while maintaining high editing efficiency. PE3b sgRNAs should have a spacer sequence that matches the 20-nt protospacer in the desired allele, with the addition of a 5′ G if needed.

FIG. 71A shows the nucleotide sequence of a SpCas9 PEgRNA molecule (top) which terminates at the 3′ end in a “UUU” and does not contain a toeloop element. The lower portion of the figure depicts the same SpCas9 PEgRNA molecule but is further modified to contain a toeloop element having the sequence 5′-“GAAANNNNN”-3′ inserted immediately before the “UUU” 3′ end. The “N” can be any nucleobase.

FIG. 71B shows the results of Example 18, which demonstrates that the efficiency of prime editing in HEK cells or EMX cells is increased using PEgRNA containing toeloop elements, whereas the percent of indel formation is largely unchanged.

FIGS. 72A-72C depict alternative PEgRNA configurations that can be used in prime editing. FIG. 72A depicts the PE2:PEgRNA embodiment of prime editing. This embodiment involves a PE2 (a fusion protein comprising a Cas9 and a reverse transcriptase) complexed with a PEgRNA (as also described in FIGS. 1A-1I and/or FIGS. 3A-3E). In this embodiment, the template for reverse transcription is incorporated into a 3′ extension arm on the sgRNA to make the PEgRNA, and the DNA polymerase enzyme is a reverse transcriptase (RT) fused directly to Cas9. FIG. 72B depicts the MS2cp-PE2:sgRNA+tPERT embodiment. This embodiment comprises a PE2 fusion (Cas9+a reverse transcriptase) that is further fused to the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (MS2cp) to form the MS2cp-PE2 fusion protein. To achieve prime editing, the MS2cp-PE2 fusion protein is complexed with an sgRNA that targets the complex to a specific target site in the DNA. The embodiment then involves the introduction of a trans prime editing RNA template (“tPERT”), which operates in place of a PEgRNA by providing a primer binding site (PBS) and an DNA synthesis template on separate molecule, i.e., the tPERT, which is also equipped with a MS2 aptamer (stem loop). The MS2cp protein recruits the tPERT by binding to the MS2 aptamer of the molecule. FIG. 72C depicts alternative designs for PEgRNAs that can be achieved through known methods for chemical synthesis of nucleic acid molecules. For example, chemical synthesis can be used to synthesize a hybrid RNA/DNA PEgRNA molecule for use in prime editing, wherein the extension arm of the hybrid PEgRNA is DNA instead of RNA. In such an embodiment, a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase can be used in place of a reverse transcriptase to synthesize the 3′ DNA flap comprising the desired genetic change that is formed by prime editing. In another embodiment, the extension arm can be synthesized to include a chemical linker that prevents the DNA polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase) from using the sgRNA scaffold or backbone as a template. In still another embodiment, the extension arm may comprise a DNA synthesis template that has the reverse orientation relative to the overall orientation of the PEgRNA molecule. For example, and as shown for a PEgRNA in the 5′-to-3′ orientation and with an extension attached to the 3′ end of the sgRNA scaffold, the DNA synthesis template is orientated in the opposite direction, i.e., the 3′-to-5′ direction. This embodiment may be advantageous for PEgRNA embodiments with extension arms positioned at the 3′ end of a gRNA. By reverse the orientation of the extension arm, the DNA synthesis by the polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) will terminate once it reaches the newly orientated 5′ of the extension arm and will thus, not risk using the gRNA core as a template.

FIG. 73 demonstrates prime editing with tPERTs and the MS2 recruitment system (aka MS2 tagging technique). An sgRNA targeting the prime editor protein (PE2) to the target locus is expressed in combination with a tPERT containing a primer binding site (a 13-nt or 17-nt PBS), an RT template encoding a His6 tag insertion and a homology arm, and an MS2 aptamer (located at the 5′ or 3′ end of the tPERT molecule). Either prime editor protein (PE2) or a fusion of the MS2cp to the N-terminus of PE2 was used. Editing was carried out with or without a complementary-strand nicking sgRNA, as in the previously developed PE3 system (designated in the x-axis as labels “PE2+nick” or “PE2”, respectively). This is also referred to and defined herein as “second-strand nicking.”

FIG. 74 demonstrates that the MS2 aptamer expression of the reverse transcriptase in trans and its recruitment with the MS2 aptamer system. The PEgRNAPEgRNA contains the MS2 RNA aptamer inserted into either one of two sgRNA scaffold hairpins. The wild-type M-MLV reverse transcriptase is expressed as an N-terminal or C-terminal fusion to the MS2 coat protein (MCP). Editing is at the HEK3 site in HEK293T cells.

FIG. 75 provides a bar graph comparing the efficiency (i.e., “% of total sequencing reads with the specified edit or indels”) of PE2, PE2-trunc, PE3, and PE3-trunc over different target sites in various cell lines. The data shows that the prime editors comprising the truncated RT variants were about as efficient as the prime editors comprising the non-truncated RT proteins.

FIG. 76 demonstrates the editing efficiency of intein-split prime editors for Example 20. HEK239T cells were transfected with plasmids encoding full-length PE2 or intein-split PE2, PEgRNA and nicking guide RNA. Consensus sequence (most amino-terminal residues of C terminal extein) are indicated. Percent editing at two sites in shown: HEK3 +1 CTT insertion and PRNP+6 G to T. Replicate n=3 independent transfections. See Example 20.

FIG. 77 demonstrates the editing efficiency of intein-split prime editors for Example 20. Editing assessed by targeted deep sequencing in bulk cortex and GFP+ subpopulation upon delivery of 5E10vg per SpPE3 half and a small amount 1E10 of nuclear-localized GFP:KASH to PO mice by ICV injection. Editors and GFP were packaged in AAV9 with EFS promoter. Mice were harvested three weeks post injection and GFP+ nuclei were isolated by flow cytometry. Individual data points are shown, with 1-2 mice per condition analyzed. See Example 20.

FIG. 78 demonstrates the editing efficiency of intein-split prime editors of Example 20. Specifically, the figures depicts the AAV split-SpPE3 constructs using in Example 20. Co-transduction by AAV particles separately expressing SpPE3-N and SpPE3-C recapitulates PE3 activity. Note N-terminal genome contains a U6-sgRNA cassette expressing the nicking sgRNA, and the C-terminal genome contains a U6-PEgRNA cassette expressing the PEgRNA. See Example 20.

FIG. 79 shows the editing efficiency of certain optimized linkers as discussed in Example 21. In particular, the data shows the editing efficiency of the PE2 construct with the current linker (noted as PE2—white box) compared to various versions with the linker replaced with a sequence as indicated at the HEK3, EMX1, FANCF, RNF2 loci for representative PEgRNAs for transition, transversion, insertion, and deletion edits. The replacement linkers are referred to as “1× SGGS” (SEQ ID NO: 174), “2× SGGS” (SEQ ID NO: 446), “3×SGGS” (SEQ ID NO: 3889), “1×XTEN” (SEQ ID NO: 171), “no linker”, “1× Gly”, “1× Pro”, “1× EAAAK” (SEQ ID NO: 3968), “2× EAAAK” “(SEQ ID NO: 3969), and “3× EAAAK” (SEQ ID NO: 3970). The editing efficiency is measured in bar graph format relative to the “control” editing efficiency of PE2. The linker of PE2 is SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS (SEQ ID NO: 127). All editing was done in the context of the PE3 system, i.e., which refers the PE2 editing construct plus the addition of the optimal secondary sgRNA nicking guide. See Example 21.

FIG. 80 . Taking the average fold efficacy relative to PE2 yields the graph shown, indicating that use of a 1× XTEN (SEQ ID NO: 171) linker sequence improves editing efficiency by 1.14 fold on average (n=15). See Example 21.

FIG. 81 depicts the transcription level of PEgRNAs from different promoters, as described in Example 22.

FIG. 82 As depicted in Example 22, impact of different types of modifications on PEgRNA structure on editing efficiency relative to unmodified PEgRNA.

FIG. 83 Depicts a PE experiment that targeted editing of the HEK3 gene, specifically targeting the insertion of a 10 nt insertion at position +1 relative to the nick site and using PE3. See Example 22.

FIG. 84A depicts an exemplary PEgRNA having a spacer, gRNA core, and an extension arm (RT template+primer binding site), which is modified at the 3′ end of the PEgRNA with a tRNA molecule, coupled through a UCU linker. The tRNA includes various post-transcriptional modifications. Said modification are not required, however.

FIG. 84B depicts structure of tRNA that can be used to modify PEgRNA structures. See Example 22. The P1 can be variable in length. The P1 can be extended to help prevent RNAseP processing of the PEgRNA-tRNA fusion.

FIG. 85 depicts a PE experiment that targeted editing of the FANCF gene, specifically targeting a G-to-T conversion at position +5 relative to the nick site and using PE3 construct. See Example 22.

FIG. 86 depicts a PE experiment that targeted editing of the HEK3 gene, specifically targeting the insertion of a 71 nt FLAG tag insertion at position +1 relative to the nick site and using PE3 construct. See Example 22.

FIG. 87 results from a screen in N2A cells where the pegRNA installs 1412Adel, with details about the primer binding site (PBS) length and reverse transcriptase (RT) template length. (Shown with and without indels). See Example 23.

FIG. 88 results from a screen in N2A cells where the pegRNA installs 1412Adel, with details about the primer binding site (PBS) length and reverse transcriptase (RT) template length. (Shown with and without indels). See Example 23.

FIG. 89 depicts results of editing at a proxy locus in the β-globin gene and at HEK3 in healthy HSCs, varying the concentration of editor to pegRNA and nicking gRNA. See Example 23.

FIG. 90 is an exemplary schematic showing editing of a target sequence by lineage PE guide #1 and #2. The sequences shown (top-bottom) correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 752, 752, 753, 754, 754, 755, and 756.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. The following references provide one of skill with a general definition of many of the terms used in this invention: Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994); The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988); The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); and Hale & Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991). As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them unless specified otherwise.

Antisense Strand

In genetics, the “antisense” strand of a segment within double-stranded DNA is the template strand, and which is considered to run in the 3′ to 5′ orientation. By contrast, the “sense” strand is the segment within double-stranded DNA that runs from 5′ to 3′, and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which runs from 3′ to 5′. In the case of a DNA segment that encodes a protein, the sense strand is the strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA, which takes the antisense strand as its template during transcription, and eventually undergoes (typically, not always) translation into a protein. The antisense strand is thus responsible for the RNA that is later translated to protein, while the sense strand possesses a nearly identical makeup to that of the mRNA. Note that for each segment of dsDNA, there will possibly be two sets of sense and antisense, depending on which direction one reads (since sense and antisense is relative to perspective). It is ultimately the gene product, or mRNA, that dictates which strand of one segment of dsDNA is referred to as sense or antisense.

Bi-Specific Ligand

The term “bi-specific ligand” or “bi-specific moiety,” as used herein, refers to a ligand that binds to two different ligand-binding domains. In certain embodiments, the ligand is a small molecule compound, or a peptide, or a polypeptide. In other embodiments, ligand-binding domain is a “dimerization domain,” which can be install as a peptide tag onto a protein. In various embodiments, two proteins each comprising the same or different dimerization domains can be induced to dimerize through the binding of each dimerization domain to the bi-specific ligand. As used herein, “bi-specific ligands” may be equivalently refer to “chemical inducers of dimerization” or “CIDs”.

Cas9

The term “Cas9” or “Cas9 nuclease” refers to an RNA-guided nuclease comprising a Cas9 domain, or a fragment thereof (e.g., a protein comprising an active or inactive DNA cleavage domain of Cas9, and/or the gRNA binding domain of Cas9). A “Cas9 domain” as used herein, is a protein fragment comprising an active or inactive cleavage domain of Cas9 and/or the gRNA binding domain of Cas9. A “Cas9 protein” is a full length Cas9 protein. A Cas9 nuclease is also referred to sometimes as a casn1 nuclease or a CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat)-associated nuclease. CRISPR is an adaptive immune system that provides protection against mobile genetic elements (viruses, transposable elements, and conjugative plasmids). CRISPR clusters contain spacers, sequences complementary to antecedent mobile elements, and target invading nucleic acids. CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA). In type II CRISPR systems correct processing of pre-crRNA requires a trans-encoded small RNA (tracrRNA), endogenous ribonuclease 3 (rnc) and a Cas9 domain. The tracrRNA serves as a guide for ribonuclease 3-aided processing of pre-crRNA. Subsequently, Cas9/crRNA/tracrRNA endonucleolytically cleaves linear or circular dsDNA target complementary to the spacer. The target strand not complementary to crRNA is first cut endonucleolytically, then trimmed 3′-5′ exonucleolytically. In nature, DNA-binding and cleavage typically requires protein and both RNAs. However, single guide RNAs (“sgRNA”, or simply “gNRA”) can be engineered so as to incorporate aspects of both the crRNA and tracrRNA into a single RNA species. See, e.g., Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J. A., Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Cas9 recognizes a short motif in the CRISPR repeat sequences (the PAM or protospacer adjacent motif) to help distinguish self versus non-self. Cas9 nuclease sequences and structures are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., “Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.” Ferretti et al., J. J., McShan W. M., Ajdic D. J., Savic D. J., Savic G., Lyon K., Primeaux C., Sezate S., Suvorov A. N., Kenton S., Lai H. S., Lin S. P., Qian Y., Jia H. G., Najar F. Z., Ren Q., Zhu H., Song L., White J., Yuan X., Clifton S. W., Roe B. A., McLaughlin R. E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:4658-4663(2001); “CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III.” Deltcheva E., Chylinski K., Sharma C. M., Gonzales K., Chao Y., Pirzada Z. A., Eckert M. R., Vogel J., Charpentier E., Nature 471:602-607(2011); and “A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.” Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J. A., Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference). Cas9 orthologs have been described in various species, including, but not limited to, S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus. Additional suitable Cas9 nucleases and sequences will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure, and such Cas9 nucleases and sequences include Cas9 sequences from the organisms and loci disclosed in Chylinski, Rhun, and Charpentier, “The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems” (2013) RNA Biology 10:5, 726-737; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a Cas9 nuclease comprises one or more mutations that partially impair or inactivate the DNA cleavage domain.

A nuclease-inactivated Cas9 domain may interchangeably be referred to as a “dCas9” protein (for nuclease-“dead” Cas9). Methods for generating a Cas9 domain (or a fragment thereof) having an inactive DNA cleavage domain are known (see, e.g., Jinek et al., Science. 337:816-821(2012); Qi et al., “Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression” (2013) Cell. 28; 152(5):1173-83, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference). For example, the DNA cleavage domain of Cas9 is known to include two subdomains, the HNH nuclease subdomain and the RuvC1 subdomain. The HNH subdomain cleaves the strand complementary to the gRNA, whereas the RuvC1 subdomain cleaves the non-complementary strand. Mutations within these subdomains can silence the nuclease activity of Cas9. For example, the mutations D10A and H840A completely inactivate the nuclease activity of S. pyogenes Cas9 (Jinek et al., Science. 337:816-821(2012); Qi et al., Cell. 28; 152(5):1173-83 (2013)). In some embodiments, proteins comprising fragments of Cas9 are provided. For example, in some embodiments, a protein comprises one of two Cas9 domains: (1) the gRNA binding domain of Cas9; or (2) the DNA cleavage domain of Cas9. In some embodiments, proteins comprising Cas9 or fragments thereof are referred to as “Cas9 variants.” A Cas9 variant shares homology to Cas9, or a fragment thereof. For example, a Cas9 variant is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, at least about 99.8% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to wild type Cas9 (e.g., SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the Cas9 variant may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more amino acid changes compared to wild type Cas9 (e.g., SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the Cas9 variant comprises a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 18 Cas9 (e.g., a gRNA binding domain or a DNA-cleavage domain), such that the fragment is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to the corresponding fragment of wild type Cas9 (e.g., SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% identical, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid length of a corresponding wild type Cas9 (e.g., SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18).

cDNA

The term “cDNA” refers to a strand of DNA copied from an RNA template. cDNA is complementary to the RNA template.

Circular Permutant

As used herein, the term “circular permutant” refers to a protein or polypeptide (e.g., a Cas9) comprising a circular permutation, which is change in the protein's structural configuration involving a change in order of amino acids appearing in the protein's amino acid sequence. In other words, circular permutants are proteins that have altered N- and C-termini as compared to a wild-type counterpart, e.g., the wild-type C-terminal half of a protein becomes the new N-terminal half. Circular permutation (or CP) is essentially the topological rearrangement of a protein's primary sequence, connecting its N- and C-terminus, often with a peptide linker, while concurrently splitting its sequence at a different position to create new, adjacent N- and C-termini. The result is a protein structure with different connectivity, but which often can have the same overall similar three-dimensional (3D) shape, and possibly include improved or altered characteristics, including, reduced proteolytic susceptibility, improved catalytic activity, altered substrate or ligand binding, and/or improved thermostability. Circular permutant proteins can occur in nature (e.g., concanavalin A and lectin). In addition, circular permutation can occur as a result of posttranslational modifications or may be engineered using recombinant techniques.

Circularly Permuted Cas9

The term “circularly permuted Cas9” refers to any Cas9 protein, or variant thereof, that has been occurs as a circular permutant, whereby its N- and C-termini have been topically rearranged. Such circularly permuted Cas9 proteins (“CP-Cas9”), or variants thereof, retain the ability to bind DNA when complexed with a guide RNA (gRNA). See, Oakes et al., “Protein Engineering of Cas9 for enhanced function,” Methods Enzymol, 2014, 546: 491-511 and Oakes et al., “CRISPR-Cas9 Circular Permutants as Programmable Scaffolds for Genome Modification,” Cell, Jan. 10, 2019, 176: 254-267, each of are incorporated herein by reference. The instant disclosure contemplates any previously known CP-Cas9 or use a new CP-Cas9 so long as the resulting circularly permuted protein retains the ability to bind DNA when complexed with a guide RNA (gRNA). Exemplary CP-Cas9 proteins are SEQ ID NOs: 77-86.

CRISPR

CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences (i.e., CRISPR clusters) in bacteria and archaea that represent snippets of prior infections by a virus that have invaded the prokaryote. The snippets of DNA are used by the prokaryotic cell to detect and destroy DNA from subsequent attacks by similar viruses and effectively compose, along with an array of CRISPR-associated proteins (including Cas9 and homologs thereof) and CRISPR-associated RNA, a prokaryotic immune defense system. In nature, CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA). In certain types of CRISPR systems (e.g., type II CRISPR systems), correct processing of pre-crRNA requires a trans-encoded small RNA (tracrRNA), endogenous ribonuclease 3 (rnc) and a Cas9 protein. The tracrRNA serves as a guide for ribonuclease 3-aided processing of pre-crRNA. Subsequently, Cas9/crRNA/tracrRNA endonucleolytically cleaves linear or circular dsDNA target complementary to the RNA. Specifically, the target strand not complementary to crRNA is first cut endonucleolytically, then trimmed 3′-5′ exonucleolytically. In nature, DNA-binding and cleavage typically requires protein and both RNAs. However, single guide RNAs (“sgRNA”, or simply “gNRA”) can be engineered so as to incorporate aspects of both the crRNA and tracrRNA into a single RNA species—the guide RNA. See, e.g., Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J. A., Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Cas9 recognizes a short motif in the CRISPR repeat sequences (the PAM or protospacer adjacent motif) to help distinguish self versus non-self. CRISPR biology, as well as Cas9 nuclease sequences and structures are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., “Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.” Ferretti et al., J. J., McShan W. M., Ajdic D. J., Savic D. J., Savic G., Lyon K., Primeaux C., Sezate S., Suvorov A. N., Kenton S., Lai H. S., Lin S. P., Qian Y., Jia H. G., Najar F. Z., Ren Q., Zhu H., Song L., White J., Yuan X., Clifton S. W., Roe B. A., McLaughlin R. E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:4658-4663(2001); “CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III.” Deltcheva E., Chylinski K., Sharma C. M., Gonzales K., Chao Y., Pirzada Z. A., Eckert M. R., Vogel J., Charpentier E., Nature 471:602-607(2011); and “A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.” Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J. A., Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference). Cas9 orthologs have been described in various species, including, but not limited to, S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus. Additional suitable Cas9 nucleases and sequences will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure, and such Cas9 nucleases and sequences include Cas9 sequences from the organisms and loci disclosed in Chylinski, Rhun, and Charpentier, “The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems” (2013) RNA Biology 10:5, 726-737; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In certain types of CRISPR systems (e.g., type II CRISPR systems), correct processing of pre-crRNA requires a trans-encoded small RNA (tracrRNA), endogenous ribonuclease 3 (rnc), and a Cas9 protein. The tracrRNA serves as a guide for ribonuclease 3-aided processing of pre-crRNA. Subsequently, Cas9/crRNA/tracrRNA endonucleolytically cleaves linear or circular nucleic acid target complementary to the RNA. Specifically, the target strand not complementary to crRNA is first cut endonucleolytically, then trimmed 3′-5′ exonucleolytically. In nature, DNA-binding and cleavage typically requires protein and both RNAs. However, single guide RNAs (“sgRNA”, or simply “gRNA”) can be engineered so as to incorporate embodiments of both the crRNA and tracrRNA into a single RNA species— the guide RNA.

In general, a “CRISPR system” refers collectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CRISPR-associated (“Cas”) genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene, a tracr (trans-activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g. tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA), a tracr mate sequence (encompassing a “direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), a guide sequence (also referred to as a “spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus. The tracrRNA of the system is complementary (fully or partially) to the tracr mate sequence present on the guide RNA.

DNA Synthesis Template

As used herein, the term “DNA synthesis template” refers to the region or portion of the extension arm of a PEgRNA that is utilized as a template strand by a polymerase of a prime editor to encode a 3′ single-strand DNA flap that contains the desired edit and which then, through the mechanism of prime editing, replaces the corresponding endogenous strand of DNA at the target site. In various embodiments, the DNA synthesis template is shown in FIG. 3A (in the context of a PEgRNA comprising a 5′ extension arm), FIG. 3B (in the context of a PEgRNA comprising a 3′ extension arm), FIG. 3C (in the context of an internal extension arm), FIG. 3D (in the context of a 3′ extension arm), and FIG. 3E (in the context of a 5′ extension arm). The extension arm, including the DNA synthesis template, may be comprised of DNA or RNA. In the case of RNA, the polymerase of the prime editor can be an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase). In the case of DNA, the polymerase of the prime editor can be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. In various embodiments (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 3D-3E), the DNA synthesis template (4) may comprise the “edit template” and the “homology arm”, and all or a portion of the optional 5′ end modifier region, e2. That is, depending on the nature of the e2 region (e.g., whether it includes a hairpin, toeloop, or stem/loop secondary structure), the polymerase may encode none, some, or all of the e2 region, as well. Said another way, in the case of a 3′ extension arm, the DNA synthesis template (3) can include the portion of the extension arm (3) that spans from the 5′ end of the primer binding site (PBS) to 3′ end of the gRNA core that may operate as a template for the synthesis of a single-strand of DNA by a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase). In the case of a 5′ extension arm, the DNA synthesis template (3) can include the portion of the extension arm (3) that spans from the 5′ end of the PEgRNA molecule to the 3′ end of the edit template. Preferably, the DNA synthesis template excludes the primer binding site (PBS) of PEgRNAs either having a 3′ extension arm or a 5′ extension arm. Certain embodiments described here (e.g, FIG. 71A) refer to an “an RT template,” which is inclusive of the edit template and the homology arm, i.e., the sequence of the PEgRNA extension arm which is actually used as a template during DNA synthesis. The term “RT template” is equivalent to the term “DNA synthesis template.”

In the case of trans prime editing (e.g., FIG. 3G and FIG. 3H), the primer binding site (PBS) and the DNA synthesis template can be engineered into a separate molecule referred to as a trans prime editor RNA template (tPERT).

Dimerization Domain

The term “dimerization domain” refers to a ligand-binding domain that binds to a binding moiety of a bi-specific ligand. A “first” dimerization domain binds to a first binding moiety of a bi-specific ligand and a “second” dimerization domain binds to a second binding moiety of the same bi-specific ligand. When the first dimerization domain is fused to a first protein (e.g., via PE, as discussed herein) and the second dimerization domain (e.g., via PE, as discussed herein) is fused to a second protein, the first and second protein dimerize in the presence of a bi-specific ligand, wherein the bi-specific ligand has at least one moiety that binds to the first dimerization domain and at least another moiety that binds to the second dimerization domain.

Downstream

As used herein, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” are terms of relativity that define the linear position of at least two elements located in a nucleic acid molecule (whether single or double-stranded) that is orientated in a 5′-to-3′ direction. In particular, a first element is upstream of a second element in a nucleic acid molecule where the first element is positioned somewhere that is 5′ to the second element. For example, a SNP is upstream of a Cas9-induced nick site if the SNP is on the 5′ side of the nick site. Conversely, a first element is downstream of a second element in a nucleic acid molecule where the first element is positioned somewhere that is 3′ to the second element. For example, a SNP is downstream of a Cas9-induced nick site if the SNP is on the 3′ side of the nick site. The nucleic acid molecule can be a DNA (double or single stranded). RNA (double or single stranded), or a hybrid of DNA and RNA. The analysis is the same for single strand nucleic acid molecule and a double strand molecule since the terms upstream and downstream are in reference to only a single strand of a nucleic acid molecule, except that one needs to select which strand of the double stranded molecule is being considered. Often, the strand of a double stranded DNA which can be used to determine the positional relativity of at least two elements is the “sense” or “coding” strand. In genetics, a “sense” strand is the segment within double-stranded DNA that runs from 5′ to 3′, and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which runs from 3′ to 5′. Thus, as an example, a SNP nucleobase is “downstream” of a promoter sequence in a genomic DNA (which is double-stranded) if the SNP nucleobase is on the 3′ side of the promoter on the sense or coding strand.

Edit Template

The term “edit template” refers to a portion of the extension arm that encodes the desired edit in the single strand 3′ DNA flap that is synthesized by the polymerase, e.g., a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase). Certain embodiments described here (e.g., FIG. 71A) refer to “an RT template,” which refers to both the edit template and the homology arm together, i.e., the sequence of the PEgRNA extension arm which is actually used as a template during DNA synthesis. The term “RT edit template” is also equivalent to the term “DNA synthesis template,” but wherein the RT edit template reflects the use of a prime editor having a polymerase that is a reverse transcriptase, and wherein the DNA synthesis template reflects more broadly the use of a prime editor having any polymerase.

Effective Amount

The term “effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount of a biologically active agent that is sufficient to elicit a desired biological response. For example, in some embodiments, an effective amount of a prime editor (PE) may refer to the amount of the editor that is sufficient to edit a target site nucleotide sequence, e.g., a genome. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a prime editor (PE) provided herein, e.g., of a fusion protein comprising a nickase Cas9 domain and a reverse transcriptase may refer to the amount of the fusion protein that is sufficient to induce editing of a target site specifically bound and edited by the fusion protein. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the effective amount of an agent, e.g., a fusion protein, a nuclease, a hybrid protein, a protein dimer, a complex of a protein (or protein dimer) and a polynucleotide, or a polynucleotide, may vary depending on various factors as, for example, on the desired biological response, e.g., on the specific allele, genome, or target site to be edited, on the cell or tissue being targeted, and on the agent being used.

Error-Prone Reverse Transcriptase

As used herein, the term “error-prone” reverse transcriptase (or more broadly, any polymerase) refers to a reverse transcriptase (or more broadly, any polymerase) that occurs naturally or which has been derived from another reverse transcriptase (e.g., a wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase) which has an error rate that is less than the error rate of wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase. The error rate of wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase is reported to be in the range of one error in 15,000 (higher) to 27,000 (lower). An error rate of 1 in 15,000 corresponds with an error rate of 6.7×10⁻⁵. An error rate of 1 in 27,000 corresponds with an error rate of 3.7×10⁻⁵. See Boutabout et al. (2001) “DNA synthesis fidelity by the reverse transcriptase of the yeast retrotransposon Ty1,” Nucleic Acids Res 29(11):2217-2222, which is incorporated herein by reference. Thus, for purposes of this application, the term “error prone” refers to those RT that have an error rate that is greater than one error in 15,000 nucleobase incorporation (6.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), e.g., 1 error in 14,000 nucleobases (7.14×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 13,000 nucleobases or fewer (7.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 12,000 nucleobases or fewer (7.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 11,000 nucleobases or fewer (9.1×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 10,000 nucleobases or fewer (1×10⁴ or 0.0001 or higher), 1 error in 9,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00011 or higher), 1 error in 8,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00013 or higher) 1 error in 7,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00014 or higher), 1 error in 6,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00016 or higher), 1 error in 5,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.0002 or higher), 1 error in 4,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00025 or higher), 1 error in 3,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00033 or higher), 1 error in 2,000 nucleobase or fewer (0.00050 or higher), or 1 error in 1,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.001 or higher), or 1 error in 500 nucleobases or fewer (0.002 or higher), or 1 error in 250 nucleobases or fewer (0.004 or higher).

Extein

The term “extein,” as used herein, refers to an polypeptide sequence that is flanked by an intein and is ligated to another extein during the process of protein splicing to form a mature, spliced protein. Typically, an intein is flanked by two extein sequences that are ligated together when the intein catalyzes its own excision. Exteins, accordingly, are the protein analog to exons found in mRNA. For example, a polypeptide comprising an intein may be of the structure extein (N)—intein—extein(C). After excision of the intein and splicing of the two exteins, the resulting structures are extein(N)—extein(C) and a free intein. In various configurations, the exteins may be separate proteins (e.g., half of a Cas9 or PE fusion protein), each fused to a split-intein, wherein the excision of the split inteins causes the splicing together of the extein sequences.

Extension Arm

The term “extension arm” refers to a nucleotide sequence component of a PEgRNA which provides several functions, including a primer binding site and an edit template for reverse transcriptase. In some embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3D, the extension arm is located at the 3′ end of the guide RNA. In other embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3E, the extension arm is located at the 5′ end of the guide RNA. In some embodiments, the extension arm also includes a homology arm. In various embodiments, the extension arm comprises the following components in a 5′ to 3′ direction: the homology arm, the edit template, and the primer binding site. Since polymerization activity of the reverse transcriptase is in the 5′ to 3′ direction, the preferred arrangement of the homology arm, edit template, and primer binding site is in the 5′ to 3′ direction such that the reverse transcriptase, once primed by an annealed primer sequence, polymerases a single strand of DNA using the edit template as a complementary template strand. Further details, such as the length of the extension arm, are described elsewhere herein.

The extension arm may also be described as comprising generally two regions: a primer binding site (PBS) and a DNA synthesis template, as shown in FIG. 3G (top), for instance. The primer binding site binds to the primer sequence that is formed from the endogenous DNA strand of the target site when it becomes nicked by the prime editor complex, thereby exposing a 3′ end on the endogenous nicked strand. As explained herein, the binding of the primer sequence to the primer binding site on the extension arm of the PEgRNA creates a duplex region with an exposed 3′ end (i.e., the 3′ of the primer sequence), which then provides a substrate for a polymerase to begin polymerizing a single strand of DNA from the exposed 3′ end along the length of the DNA synthesis template. The sequence of the single strand DNA product is the complement of the DNA synthesis template. Polymerization continues towards the 5′ of the DNA synthesis template (or extension arm) until polymerization terminates. Thus, the DNA synthesis template represents the portion of the extension arm that is encoded into a single strand DNA product (i.e., the 3′ single strand DNA flap containing the desired genetic edit information) by the polymerase of the prime editor complex and which ultimately replaces the corresponding endogenous DNA strand of the target site that sits immediate downstream of the PE-induced nick site. Without being bound by theory, polymerization of the DNA synthesis template continues towards the 5′ end of the extension arm until a termination event. Polymerization may terminate in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to (a) reaching a 5′ terminus of the PEgRNA (e.g., in the case of the 5′ extension arm wherein the DNA polymerase simply runs out of template), (b) reaching an impassable RNA secondary structure (e.g., hairpin or stem/loop), or (c) reaching a replication termination signal, e.g., a specific nucleotide sequence that blocks or inhibits the polymerase, or a nucleic acid topological signal, such as, supercoiled DNA or RNA.

Flap Endonuclease (e.g., FEN1)

As used herein, the term “flap endonuclease” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of 5′ single strand DNA flaps. These are naturally occurring enzymes that process the removal of 5′ flaps formed during cellular processes, including DNA replication. The prime editing methods herein described may utilize endogenously supplied flap endonucleases or those provided in trans to remove the 5′ flap of endogenous DNA formed at the target site during prime editing. Flap endonucleases are known in the art and can be found described in Patel et al., “Flap endonucleases pass 5′-flaps through a flexible arch using a disorder-thread-order mechanism to confer specificity for free 5′-ends,” Nucleic Acids Research, 2012, 40(10): 4507-4519, Tsutakawa et al., “Human flap endonuclease structures, DNA double-base flipping, and a unified understanding of the FEN1 superfamily,” Cell, 2011, 145(2): 198-211, and Balakrishnan et al., “Flap Endonuclease 1,” Annu Rev Biochem, 2013, Vol 82: 119-138 (each of which are incorporated herein by reference). An exemplary flap endonuclease is FEN1, which can be represented by the following amino acid sequence:

DESCRIP- SEQ ID  TION SEQUENCE NO: FEN1 MGIQGLAKLIADVAPSAIRENDIKSYFGRKVAI SEQ ID  WILD DASMSIYQFLIAVRQGGDVLQNEEGETTSHLMG NO: 7 TYPE MFYRTIRMMENGIKPVYVFDGKPPQLKSGELAK RSERRAEAEKQLQQAQAAGAEQEVEKFTKRLVK VTKQHNDECKHLLSLMGIPYLDAPSEAEASCAA LVKAGKVYAAATEDMDCLTFGSPVLMRHLTASE AKKLPIQEFHLSRILQELGLNQEQFVDLCILLG SDYCESIRGIGPKRAVDLIQKHKSIEEIVRRLD PNKYPVPENWLHKEAHQLFLEPEVLDPESVELK WSEPNEEELIKFMCGEKQFSEERIRSGVKRLSK SRQGSTQGRLDDFFKVTGSLSSAKRKEPEPKGS TKKKAKTGAAGKFKRGK Functional Equivalent

The term “functional equivalent” refers to a second biomolecule that is equivalent in function, but not necessarily equivalent in structure to a first biomolecule. For example, a “Cas9 equivalent” refers to a protein that has the same or substantially the same functions as Cas9, but not necessarily the same amino acid sequence. In the context of the disclosure, the specification refers throughout to “a protein X, or a functional equivalent thereof.” In this context, a “functional equivalent” of protein X embraces any homolog, paralog, fragment, naturally occurring, engineered, mutated, or synthetic version of protein X which bears an equivalent function.

Fusion Protein

The term “fusion protein” as used herein refers to a hybrid polypeptide which comprises protein domains from at least two different proteins. One protein may be located at the amino-terminal (N-terminal) portion of the fusion protein or at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) protein thus forming an “amino-terminal fusion protein” or a “carboxy-terminal fusion protein,” respectively. A protein may comprise different domains, for example, a nucleic acid binding domain (e.g., the gRNA binding domain of Cas9 that directs the binding of the protein to a target site) and a nucleic acid cleavage domain or a catalytic domain of a nucleic-acid editing protein. Another example includes a Cas9 or equivalent thereof to a reverse transcriptase. Any of the proteins provided herein may be produced by any method known in the art. For example, the proteins provided herein may be produced via recombinant protein expression and purification, which is especially suited for fusion proteins comprising a peptide linker. Methods for recombinant protein expression and purification are well known, and include those described by Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4^(th) ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012)), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Gene of Interest (GOI)

The term “gene of interest” or “GOT” refers to a gene that encodes a biomolecule of interest (e.g., a protein or an RNA molecule). A protein of interest can include any intracellular protein, membrane protein, or extracellular protein, e.g., a nuclear protein, transcription factor, nuclear membrane transporter, intracellular organelle associated protein, a membrane receptor, a catalytic protein, and enzyme, a therapeutic protein, a membrane protein, a membrane transport protein, a signal transduction protein, or an immunological protein (e.g., an IgG or other antibody protein), etc. The gene of interest may also encode an RNA molecule, including, but not limited to, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), antisense RNA, guide RNA, microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and cell-free RNA (cfRNA).

Guide RNA (“gRNA”)

As used herein, the term “guide RNA” is a particular type of guide nucleic acid which is mostly commonly associated with a Cas protein of a CRISPR-Cas9 and which associates with Cas9, directing the Cas9 protein to a specific sequence in a DNA molecule that includes complementarity to protospacer sequence of the guide RNA. However, this term also embraces the equivalent guide nucleic acid molecules that associate with Cas9 equivalents, homologs, orthologs, or paralogs, whether naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring (e.g., engineered or recombinant), and which otherwise program the Cas9 equivalent to localize to a specific target nucleotide sequence. The Cas9 equivalents may include other napDNAbp from any type of CRISPR system (e.g., type II, V, VI), including Cpf1 (a type-V CRISPR-Cas systems), C2c1 (a type V CRISPR-Cas system), C2c2 (a type VI CRISPR-Cas system) and C2c3 (a type V CRISPR-Cas system). Further Cas-equivalents are described in Makarova et al., “C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector,” Science 2016; 353(6299), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary sequences are and structures of guide RNAs are provided herein. In addition, methods for designing appropriate guide RNA sequences are provided herein. As used herein, the “guide RNA” may also be referred to as a “traditional guide RNA” to contrast it with the modified forms of guide RNA termed “prime editing guide RNAs” (or “PEgRNAs”) which have been invented for the prime editing methods and composition disclosed herein.

Guide RNAs or PEgRNAs may comprise various structural elements that include, but are not limited to:

Spacer sequence—the sequence in the guide RNA or PEgRNA (having about 20 nts in length) which binds to the protospacer in the target DNA.

gRNA core (or gRNA scaffold or backbone sequence)—refers to the sequence within the gRNA that is responsible for Cas9 binding, it does not include the 20 bp spacer/targeting sequence that is used to guide Cas9 to target DNA.

Extension arm—a single strand extension at the 3′ end or the 5′ end of the PEgRNA which comprises a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template sequence that encodes via a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase) a single stranded DNA flap containing the genetic change of interest, which then integrates into the endogenous DNA by replacing the corresponding endogenous strand, thereby installing the desired genetic change.

Transcription terminator—the guide RNA or PEgRNA may comprise a transcriptional termination sequence at the 3′ of the molecule.

Homology Arm

The term “homology arm” refers to a portion of the extension arm that encodes a portion of the resulting reverse transcriptase-encoded single strand DNA flap that is to be integrated into the target DNA site by replacing the endogenous strand. The portion of the single strand DNA flap encoded by the homology arm is complementary to the non-edited strand of the target DNA sequence, which facilitates the displacement of the endogenous strand and annealing of the single strand DNA flap in its place, thereby installing the edit. This component is further defined elsewhere. The homology arm is part of the DNA synthesis template since it is by definition encoded by the polymerase of the prime editors described herein.

Host Cell

The term “host cell,” as used herein, refers to a cell that can host, replicate, and express a vector described herein, e.g., a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein comprising a Cas9 or Cas9 equivalent and a reverse transcriptase.

Inteins

As used herein, the term “intein” refers to auto-processing polypeptide domains found in organisms from all domains of life. An intein (intervening protein) carries out a unique auto-processing event known as protein splicing in which it excises itself out from a larger precursor polypeptide through the cleavage of two peptide bonds and, in the process, ligates the flanking extein (external protein) sequences through the formation of a new peptide bond. This rearrangement occurs post-translationally (or possibly co-translationally), as intein genes are found embedded in frame within other protein-coding genes. Furthermore, intein-mediated protein splicing is spontaneous; it requires no external factor or energy source, only the folding of the intein domain. This process is also known as cis-protein splicing, as opposed to the natural process of trans-protein splicing with “split inteins.” Inteins are the protein equivalent of the self-splicing RNA introns (see Perler et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1125-1127 (1994)), which catalyze their own excision from a precursor protein with the concomitant fusion of the flanking protein sequences, known as exteins (reviewed in Perler et al., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1:292-299 (1997); Perler, F. B. Cell 92(1):1-4 (1998); Xu et al., EMBO J. 15(19):5146-5153 (1996)).

As used herein, the term “protein splicing” refers to a process in which an interior region of a precursor protein (an intein) is excised and the flanking regions of the protein (exteins) are ligated to form the mature protein. This natural process has been observed in numerous proteins from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Perler, F. B., Xu, M. Q., Paulus, H. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1997, 1, 292-299; Perler, F. B. Nucleic Acids Research 1999, 27, 346-347). The intein unit contains the necessary components needed to catalyze protein splicing and often contains an endonuclease domain that participates in intein mobility (Perler, F. B., Davis, E. O., Dean, G. E., Gimble, F. S., Jack, W. E., Neff, N., Noren, C. J., Thomer, J., Belfort, M. Nucleic Acids Research 1994, 22, 1127-1127). The resulting proteins are linked, however, not expressed as separate proteins. Protein splicing may also be conducted in trans with split inteins expressed on separate polypeptides spontaneously combine to form a single intein which then undergoes the protein splicing process to join to separate proteins.

The elucidation of the mechanism of protein splicing has led to a number of intein-based applications (Comb, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,714; Comb, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,247; Camarero and Muir, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 121:5597-5598 (1999); Chong, et al., Gene, 192:271-281 (1997), Chong, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 26:5109-5115 (1998); Chong, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273:10567-10577 (1998); Cotton, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:1100-1101 (1999); Evans, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 274:18359-18363 (1999); Evans, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 274:3923-3926 (1999); Evans, et al., Protein Sci., 7:2256-2264 (1998); Evans, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 275:9091-9094 (2000); Iwai and Pluckthun, FEBS Lett. 459:166-172 (1999); Mathys, et al., Gene, 231:1-13 (1999); Mills, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3543-3548 (1998); Muir, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:6705-6710 (1998); Otomo, et al., Biochemistry 38:16040-16044 (1999); Otomo, et al., J. Biolmol. NMR 14:105-114 (1999); Scott, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:13638-13643 (1999); Severinov and Muir, J. Biol. Chem., 273:16205-16209 (1998); Shingledecker, et al., Gene, 207:187-195 (1998); Southworth, et al., EMBO J. 17:918-926 (1998); Southworth, et al., Biotechniques, 27:110-120 (1999); Wood, et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 17:889-892 (1999); Wu, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:9226-9231 (1998a); Wu, et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1387:422-432 (1998b); Xu, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:388-393 (1999); Yamazaki, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120:5591-5592 (1998)). Each reference is incorporated herein by reference.

Ligand-Dependent Intein

The term “ligand-dependent intein,” as used herein refers to an intein that comprises a ligand-binding domain. Typically, the ligand-binding domain is inserted into the amino acid sequence of the intein, resulting in a structure intein (N)—ligand-binding domain—intein (C). Typically, ligand-dependent inteins exhibit no or only minimal protein splicing activity in the absence of an appropriate ligand, and a marked increase of protein splicing activity in the presence of the ligand. In some embodiments, the ligand-dependent intein does not exhibit observable splicing activity in the absence of ligand but does exhibit splicing activity in the presence of the ligand. In some embodiments, the ligand-dependent intein exhibits an observable protein splicing activity in the absence of the ligand, and a protein splicing activity in the presence of an appropriate ligand that is at least 5 times, at least 10 times, at least 50 times, at least 100 times, at least 150 times, at least 200 times, at least 250 times, at least 500 times, at least 1000 times, at least 1500 times, at least 2000 times, at least 2500 times, at least 5000 times, at least 10000 times, at least 20000 times, at least 25000 times, at least 50000 times, at least 100000 times, at least 500000 times, or at least 1000000 times greater than the activity observed in the absence of the ligand. In some embodiments, the increase in activity is dose dependent over at least 1 order of magnitude, at least 2 orders of magnitude, at least 3 orders of magnitude, at least 4 orders of magnitude, or at least 5 orders of magnitude, allowing for fine-tuning of intein activity by adjusting the concentration of the ligand. Suitable ligand-dependent inteins are known in the art, and in include those provided below and those described in published U.S. Patent Application 2014/0065711 A1; Mootz et al., “Protein splicing triggered by a small molecule.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002; 124, 9044-9045; Mootz et al., “Conditional protein splicing: a new tool to control protein structure and function in vitro and in vivo.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003; 125, 10561-10569; Buskirk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004; 101, 10505-10510); Skretas & Wood, “Regulation of protein activity with small-molecule-controlled inteins.” Protein Sci. 2005; 14, 523-532; Schwartz, et al., “Post-translational enzyme activation in an animal via optimized conditional protein splicing.” Nat. Chem. Biol. 2007; 3, 50-54; Peck et al., Chem. Biol. 2011; 18 (5), 619-630; the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference. Exemplary sequences are as follows:

NAME SEQUENCE OF LIGAND-DEPENDENT INTEIN 2-4  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLL INTEIN: ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI LYSEYDPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYK NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC (SEQ ID NO: 8) 3-2  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAVAKDGTLL INTEIN ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI LYSEYDPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYT NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC (SEQ ID NO: 9) 30R3-1  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLL INTEIN ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI PYSEYDPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYK NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC (SEQ ID NO: 10) 30R3-2  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLL INTEIN ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI LYSEYDPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYK NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC (SEQ ID NO: 11) 30R3-3  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLL INTEIN ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI PYSEYDPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYK NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC (SEQ ID NO: 12) 37R3-1  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLL INTEIN ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI LYSEYNPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLERAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYK NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC ((SEQ ID NO: 13) 37R3-2  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLL INTEIN ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI LYSEYDPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLERAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYK NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC (SEQ ID NO: 14) 37R3-3  CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAVAKDGTLL INTEIN ARPVVSWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWR AAGELRKGDRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPI LYSEYDPTSPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGF VDLTLHDQAHLLERAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNL LLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLK SIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRALDKITDTLIHLM AKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKYK NVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDKFLH DMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVV HNC (SEQ ID NO: 15) Linker

The term “linker,” as used herein, refers to a molecule linking two other molecules or moieties. The linker can be an amino acid sequence in the case of a linker joining two fusion proteins. For example, a Cas9 can be fused to a reverse transcriptase by an amino acid linker sequence. The linker can also be a nucleotide sequence in the case of joining two nucleotide sequences together. For example, in the instant case, the traditional guide RNA is linked via a spacer or linker nucleotide sequence to the RNA extension of a prime editing guide RNA which may comprise a RT template sequence and an RT primer binding site. In other embodiments, the linker is an organic molecule, group, polymer, or chemical moiety. In some embodiments, the linker is 5-100 amino acids in length, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-150, or 150-200 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated.

Isolated

“Isolated” means altered or removed from the natural state. For example, a nucleic 20 acid or a peptide naturally present in a living animal is not “isolated,” but the same nucleic acid or peptide partially or completely separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated.” An isolated nucleic acid or protein can exist in substantially purified form, or can exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a host cell.

In some embodiments, a gene of interest is encoded by an isolated nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “isolated,” refers to the characteristic of a material as provided herein being removed from its original or native environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring). Therefore, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or protein or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated by human intervention from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. An artificial or engineered material, for example, a non-naturally occurring nucleic acid construct, such as the expression constructs and vectors described herein, are, accordingly, also referred to as isolated. A material does not have to be purified in order to be isolated. Accordingly, a material may be part of a vector and/or part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of the environment in which the material is found in nature.

MS2 Tagging Technique

In various embodiments (e.g., as depicted in the embodiments of FIGS. 72-73 and in Example 19), the term “MS2 tagging technique” refers to the combination of an “RNA-protein interaction domain” (aka “RNA-protein recruitment domain or protein”) paired up with an RNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes and binds to the RNA-protein interaction domain, e.g., a specific hairpin structure. These types of systems can be leveraged to recruit a variety of functionalities to a prime editor complex that is bound to a target site. The MS2 tagging technique is based on the natural interaction of the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (“MCP” or “MS2cp”) with a stem-loop or hairpin structure present in the genome of the phage, i.e., the “MS2 hairpin.” In the case of prime editing, the MS2 tagging technique comprises introducing the MS2 hairpin into a desired RNA molecule involved in prime editing (e.g., a PEgRNA or a tPERT), which then constitutes a specific interactable binding target for an RNA-binding protein that recognizes and binds to that structure. In the case of the MS2 hairpin, it is recognized and bound by the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (MCP). And, if MCP is fused to another protein (e.g., a reverse transcriptase or other DNA polymerase), then the MS2 hairpin may be used to “recruit” that other protein in trans to the target site occupied by the prime editing complex.

The prime editors described herein may incorporate as an aspect any known RNA-protein interaction domain to recruit or “co-localize” specific functions of interest to a prime editor complex. A review of other modular RNA-protein interaction domains are described in the art, for example, in Johans son et al., “RNA recognition by the MS2 phage coat protein,” Sem Virol., 1997, Vol. 8(3): 176-185; Delebecque et al., “Organization of intracellular reactions with rationally designed RNA assemblies,” Science, 2011, Vol. 333: 470-474; Mali et al., “Cas9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering,” Nat. Biotechnol., 2013, Vol. 31: 833-838; and Zalatan et al., “Engineering complex synthetic transcriptional programs with CRISPR RNA scaffolds,” Cell, 2015, Vol. 160: 339-350, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other systems include the PP7 hairpin, which specifically recruits the PCP protein, and the “corn” hairpin, which specifically recruits the Com protein. See Zalatan et al.

The nucleotide sequence of the MS2 hairpin (or equivalently referred to as the “MS2 aptamer”) is: GCCAACATGAGGATCACCCATGTCTGCAGGGCC (SEQ ID NO: 763).

The amino acid sequence of the MCP or MS2cp is:

(SEQ ID NO: 764) GSASNFTQFVLVDNGGTGDVTVAPSNFANGVAEWISSNSRSQAYKVTCS VRQSSAQNRKYTIKVEVPKVATQTVGGEELPVAGWRSYLNMELTIPIFA TNSDCELIVKAMQGLLKDGNPIPSAIAANSGIY.

The MS2 hairpin (or “MS2 aptamer”) may also be referred to as a type of “RNA effector recruitment domain” (or equivalently as “RNA-binding protein recruitment domain” or simply as “recruitment domain”) since it is a physical structure (e.g., a hairpin) that is installed into a PEgRNA or tPERT that effectively recruits other effector functions (e.g., RNA-binding proteins having various functions, such as DNA polymerases or other DNA-modifying enzymes) to the PEgRNA or rPERT that is so modified, and thus, co-localizing effector functions in trans to the prime editing machinery. This application is not intended to be limited in any way to any particular RNA effector recruitment domains and may include any available such domain, including the MS2 hairpin. Example 19 and FIG. 72(b) depicts the use of the MS2 aptamer joined to a DNA synthesis domain (i.e., the tPERT molecule) and a prime editor that comprises an MS2cp protein fused to a PE2 to cause the co-localization of the prime editor complex (MS2cp-PE2: sgRNA complex) bound to the target DNA site and the DNA synthesis domain of the tPERT molecule.

napDNAbp

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein” or “napDNAbp,” of which Cas9 is an example, refer to a proteins which use RNA:DNA hybridization to target and bind to specific sequences in a DNA molecule. Each napDNAbp is associated with at least one guide nucleic acid (e.g., guide RNA), which localizes the napDNAbp to a DNA sequence that comprises a DNA strand (i.e., a target strand) that is complementary to the guide nucleic acid, or a portion thereof (e.g., the protospacer of a guide RNA). In other words, the guide nucleic-acid “programs” the napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 or equivalent) to localize and bind to a complementary sequence.

Without being bound by theory, the binding mechanism of a napDNAbp—guide RNA complex, in general, includes the step of forming an R-loop whereby the napDNAbp induces the unwinding of a double-strand DNA target, thereby separating the strands in the region bound by the napDNAbp. The guide RNA protospacer then hybridizes to the “target strand.” This displaces a “non-target strand” that is complementary to the target strand, which forms the single strand region of the R-loop. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp includes one or more nuclease activities, which then cut the DNA leaving various types of lesions. For example, the napDNAbp may comprises a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at a first location, and/or cuts the target strand at a second location. Depending on the nuclease activity, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” whereby both strands are cut. In other embodiments, the target DNA can be cut at only a single site, i.e., the DNA is “nicked” on one strand. Exemplary napDNAbp with different nuclease activities include “Cas9 nickase” (“nCas9”) and a deactivated Cas9 having no nuclease activities (“dead Cas9” or “dCas9”). Exemplary sequences for these and other napDNAbp are provided herein.

Nickase

The term “nickase” refers to a Cas9 with one of the two nuclease domains inactivated. This enzyme is capable of cleaving only one strand of a target DNA.

Nuclear Localization Sequence (NLS)

The term “nuclear localization sequence” or “NLS” refers to an amino acid sequence that promotes import of a protein into the cell nucleus, for example, by nuclear transport. Nuclear localization sequences are known in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, NLS sequences are described in Plank et al., international PCT application, PCT/EP2000/011690, filed Nov. 23, 2000, published as WO/2001/038547 on May 31, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for its disclosure of exemplary nuclear localization sequences. In some embodiments, a NLS comprises the amino acid sequence PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 16) or MDSLLMNRRKFLYQFKNVRWAKGRRETYLC (SEQ ID NO: 17).

Nucleic Acid Molecule

The term “nucleic acid,” as used herein, refers to a polymer of nucleotides. The polymer may include natural nucleosides (i.e., adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxycytidine), nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C5 bromouridine, C5 fluorouridine, C5 iodouridine, C5 propynyl uridine, C5 propynyl cytidine, C5 methylcytidine, 7 deazaadenosine, 7 deazaguanosine, 8 oxoadenosine, 8 oxoguanosine, 0(6) methylguanine, 4-acetylcytidine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine, dihydrouridine, methylpseudouridine, 1-methyl adenosine, 1-methyl guanosine, N6-methyl adenosine, and 2-thiocytidine), chemically modified bases, biologically modified bases (e.g., methylated bases), intercalated bases, modified sugars (e.g., 2′-fluororibose, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, 2′-O-methylcytidine, arabinose, and hexose), or modified phosphate groups (e.g., phosphorothioates and 5′ N phosphoramidite linkages).

PEgRNA

As used herein, the terms “prime editing guide RNA” or “PEgRNA” or “extended guide RNA” refers to a specialized form of a guide RNA that has been modified to include one or more additional sequences for implementing the prime editing methods and compositions described herein. As described herein, the prime editing guide RNA comprise one or more “extended regions” of nucleic acid sequence. The extended regions may comprise, but are not limited to, single-stranded RNA or DNA. Further, the extended regions may occur at the 3′ end of a traditional guide RNA. In other arrangements, the extended regions may occur at the 5′ end of a traditional guide RNA. In still other arrangements, the extended region may occur at an intramolecular region of the traditional guide RNA, for example, in the gRNA core region which associates and/or binds to the napDNAbp. The extended region comprises a “DNA synthesis template” which encodes (by the polymerase of the prime editor) a single-stranded DNA which, in turn, has been designed to be (a) homologous with the endogenous target DNA to be edited, and (b) which comprises at least one desired nucleotide change (e.g., a transition, a transversion, a deletion, or an insertion) to be introduced or integrated into the endogenous target DNA. The extended region may also comprise other functional sequence elements, such as, but not limited to, a “primer binding site” and a “spacer or linker” sequence, or other structural elements, such as, but not limited to aptamers, stem loops, hairpins, toe loops (e.g., a 3′ toeloop), or an RNA-protein recruitment domain (e.g., MS2 hairpin). As used herein the “primer binding site” comprises a sequence that hybridizes to a single-strand DNA sequence having a 3′ end generated from the nicked DNA of the R-loop.

In certain embodiments, the PEgRNAs are represented by FIG. 3A, which shows a PEgRNA having a 5′ extension arm, a spacer, and a gRNA core. The 5′ extension further comprises in the 5′ to 3′ direction a reverse transcriptase template, a primer binding site, and a linker. As shown, the reverse transcriptase template may also be referred to more broadly as the “DNA synthesis template” where the polymerase of a prime editor described herein is not an RT, but another type of polymerase.

In certain other embodiments, the PEgRNAs are represented by FIG. 3B, which shows a PEgRNA having a 5′ extension arm, a spacer, and a gRNA core. The 5′ extension further comprises in the 5′ to 3′ direction a reverse transcriptase template, a primer binding site, and a linker. As shown, the reverse transcriptase template may also be referred to more broadly as the “DNA synthesis template” where the polymerase of a prime editor described herein is not an RT, but another type of polymerase.

In still other embodiments, the PEgRNAs are represented by FIG. 3D, which shows a PEgRNA having in the 5′ to 3′ direction a spacer (1), a gRNA core (2), and an extension arm (3). The extension arm (3) is at the 3′ end of the PEgRNA. The extension arm (3) further comprises in the 5′ to 3′ direction a “primer binding site” (A), an “edit template” (B), and a “homology arm” (C). The extension arm (3) may also comprise an optional modifier region at the 3′ and 5′ ends, which may be the same sequences or different sequences. In addition, the 3′ end of the PEgRNA may comprise a transcriptional terminator sequence. These sequence elements of the PEgRNAs are further described and defined herein.

In still other embodiments, the PEgRNAs are represented by FIG. 3E, which shows a PEgRNA having in the 5′ to 3′ direction an extension arm (3), a spacer (1), and a gRNA core (2). The extension arm (3) is at the 5′ end of the PEgRNA. The extension arm (3) further comprises in the 3′ to 5′ direction a “primer binding site” (A), an “edit template” (B), and a “homology arm” (C). The extension arm (3) may also comprise an optional modifier region at the 3′ and 5′ ends, which may be the same sequences or different sequences. The PEgRNAs may also comprise a transcriptional terminator sequence at the 3′ end. These sequence elements of the PEgRNAs are further described and defined herein.

PE1

As used herein, “PE1” refers to a PE complex comprising a fusion protein comprising Cas9(H840A) and a wild type MMLV RT having the following structure: [NLS]-[Cas9(H840A)]-[linker]-[MMLV_RT(wt)]+a desired PEgRNA, wherein the PE fusion has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123, which is shown as follows;

(SEQ ID NO: 123) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKK FKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRIC YLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYH EKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDN SDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIA QLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLD NLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYK FIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEET ITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFK KIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDI VLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLIN GIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQG DSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARE NQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYY LQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNR GKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDK AGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKL VSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYG DYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKR PLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKES ILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLK SVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELE NGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQ LFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQ AENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITG LYETRIDLSQLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS TL NIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIP LKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLP VKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVL DLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTL FDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTL GNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKT PRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQ EIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAY LSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEAL VKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQ HNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVT TETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFAT AHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQ KGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP SGGSKRTADGS EFEPKKKRKV KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID  NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 126) 33-AMINO   ACID   LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV reverse transcriptase (SEQ ID NO: 128). PE2

As used herein, “PE2” refers to a PE complex comprising a fusion protein comprising Cas9(H840A) and a variant MMLV RT having the following structure: [NLS]-[Cas9(H840A)]-[linkerHMMLV_RT(D200N)(T330P)(L603W)(T306K)(W313F)]+a desired PEgRNA, wherein the PE fusion has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134, which is shown as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 134) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKK FKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRIC YLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYH EKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDN SDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIA QLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLD NLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYK FIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEET ITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFK KIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDI VLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLIN GIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQG DSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARE NQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYY LQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNR GKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDK AGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKL VSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYG DYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKR PLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKES ILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLK SVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELE NGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQ LFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQ AENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITG LYETRIDLSQLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS TL NIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIP LKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLP VKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVL DLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTL FNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTL GNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKT PRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQ EIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAY LSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEAL VKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQ HNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVT TETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFAT AHIHGEIYRRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQ KGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP SGGSKRTADGS EFEPKKKRKV KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID  NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 137) 33-AMINO   ACID   LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV reverse transcriptase (SEQ ID NO: 139). PE3

As used herein, “PE3” refers to PE2 plus a second-strand nicking guide RNA that complexes with the PE2 and introduces a nick in the non-edited DNA strand in order to induce preferential replacement of the edited strand.

PE3b

As used herein, “PE3b” refers to PE3 but wherein the second-strand nicking guide RNA is designed for temporal control such that the second strand nick is not introduced until after the installation of the desired edit. This is achieved by designing a gRNA with a spacer sequence that matches only the edited strand, but not the original allele. Using this strategy, referred to hereafter as PE3b, mismatches between the protospacer and the unedited allele should disfavor nicking by the sgRNA until after the editing event on the PAM strand takes place.

PE-Short

As used herein, “PE-short” refers to a PE construct that is fused to a C-terminally truncated reverse transcriptase, and has the following amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 765) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKK FKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRIC YLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYH EKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDN SDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIA QLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLD NLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYK FIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEET ITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFK KIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDI VLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLIN GIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQG DSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARE NQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYY LQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNR GKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDK AGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKL VSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYG DYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKR PLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKES ILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLK SVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELE NGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQ LFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQ AENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITG LYETRIDLSQLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS TL NIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIP LKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLP VKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVL DLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTL FNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTL GNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKT PRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQ EIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAY LSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEAL VKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQ HNCLDNSRLIN SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID  NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 157) 33-AMINO   ACID   LINKER   1  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV TRUNCATED REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (SEQ ID NO: 766) Peptide Tag

The term “peptide tag” refers to a peptide amino acid sequence that is genetically fused to a protein sequence to impart one or more functions onto the proteins that facilitate the manipulation of the protein for various purposes, such as, visualization, purification, solubilization, and separation, etc. Peptide tags can include various types of tags categorized by purpose or function, which may include “affinity tags” (to facilitate protein purification), “solubilization tags” (to assist in proper folding of proteins), “chromatography tags” (to alter chromatographic properties of proteins), “epitope tags” (to bind to high affinity antibodies), “fluorescence tags” (to facilitate visualization of proteins in a cell or in vitro).

Polymerase

As used herein, the term “polymerase” refers to an enzyme that synthesizes a nucleotide strand and which may be used in connection with the prime editor systems described herein. The polymerase can be a “template-dependent” polymerase (i.e., a polymerase which synthesizes a nucleotide strand based on the order of nucleotide bases of a template strand). The polymerase can also be a “template-independent” polymerase (i.e., a polymerase which synthesizes a nucleotide strand without the requirement of a template strand). A polymerase may also be further categorized as a “DNA polymerase” or an “RNA polymerase.” In various embodiments, the prime editor system comprises a DNA polymerase. In various embodiments, the DNA polymerase can be a “DNA-dependent DNA polymerase” (i.e., whereby the template molecule is a strand of DNA). In such cases, the DNA template molecule can be a PEgRNA, wherein the extension arm comprises a strand of DNA. In such cases, the PEgRNA may be referred to as a chimeric or hybrid PEgRNA which comprises an RNA portion (i.e., the guide RNA components, including the spacer and the gRNA core) and a DNA portion (i.e., the extension arm). In various other embodiments, the DNA polymerase can be an “RNA-dependent DNA polymerase” (i.e., whereby the template molecule is a strand of RNA). In such cases, the PEgRNA is RNA, i.e., including an RNA extension. The term “polymerase” may also refer to an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of nucleotide (i.e., the polymerase activity). Generally, the enzyme will initiate synthesis at the 3′-end of a primer annealed to a polynucleotide template sequence (e.g., such as a primer sequence annealed to the primer binding site of a PEgRNA), and will proceed toward the 5′ end of the template strand. A “DNA polymerase” catalyzes the polymerization of deoxynucleotides. As used herein in reference to a DNA polymerase, the term DNA polymerase includes a “functional fragment thereof”. A “functional fragment thereof” refers to any portion of a wild-type or mutant DNA polymerase that encompasses less than the entire amino acid sequence of the polymerase and which retains the ability, under at least one set of conditions, to catalyze the polymerization of a polynucleotide. Such a functional fragment may exist as a separate entity, or it may be a constituent of a larger polypeptide, such as a fusion protein.

Prime Editing

As used herein, the term “prime editing” refers to a novel approach for gene editing using napDNAbps, a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase), and specialized guide RNAs that include a DNA synthesis template for encoding desired new genetic information (or deleting genetic information) that is then incorporated into a target DNA sequence. Certain embodiments of prime editing are described in the embodiments of FIGS. 1A-1H and FIG. 72(a)-72(c), among other figures.

Prime editing represents an entirely new platform for genome editing that is a versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (“napDNAbp”) working in association with a polymerase (i.e., in the form of a fusion protein or otherwise provided in trans with the napDNAbp), wherein the prime editing system is programmed with a prime editing (PE) guide RNA (“PEgRNA”) that both specifies the target site and templates the synthesis of the desired edit in the form of a replacement DNA strand by way of an extension (either DNA or RNA) engineered onto a guide RNA (e.g., at the 5′ or 3′ end, or at an internal portion of a guide RNA). The replacement strand containing the desired edit (e.g., a single nucleobase substitution) shares the same (or is homologous to) sequence as the endogenous strand (immediately downstream of the nick site) of the target site to be edited (with the exception that it includes the desired edit). Through DNA repair and/or replication machinery, the endogenous strand downstream of the nick site is replaced by the newly synthesized replacement strand containing the desired edit. In some cases, prime editing may be thought of as a “search-and-replace” genome editing technology since the prime editors, as described herein, not only search and locate the desired target site to be edited, but at the same time, encode a replacement strand containing a desired edit which is installed in place of the corresponding target site endogenous DNA strand. The prime editors of the present disclosure relate, in part, to the discovery that the mechanism of target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) or “prime editing” can be leveraged or adapted for conducting precision CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing with high efficiency and genetic flexibility (e.g., as depicted in various embodiments of FIGS. 1A-1F). TPRT is naturally used by mobile DNA elements, such as mammalian non-LTR retrotransposons and bacterial Group II introns^(28,29). The inventors have herein used Cas protein-reverse transcriptase fusions or related systems to target a specific DNA sequence with a guide RNA, generate a single strand nick at the target site, and use the nicked DNA as a primer for reverse transcription of an engineered reverse transcriptase template that is integrated with the guide RNA. However, while the concept begins with prime editors that use reverse transcriptase as the DNA polymerase component, the prime editors described herein are not limited to reverse transcriptases but may include the use of virtually any DNA polymerase. Indeed, while the application throughout may refer to prime editors with “reverse transcriptases,” it is set forth here that reverse transcriptases are only one type of DNA polymerase that may work with prime editing. Thus, where ever the specification mentions a “reverse transcriptase,” the person having ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that any suitable DNA polymerase may be used in place of the reverse transcriptase. Thus, in one aspect, the prime editors may comprise Cas9 (or an equivalent napDNAbp) which is programmed to target a DNA sequence by associating it with a specialized guide RNA (i.e., PEgRNA) containing a spacer sequence that anneals to a complementary protospacer in the target DNA. The specialized guide RNA also contains new genetic information in the form of an extension that encodes a replacement strand of DNA containing a desired genetic alteration which is used to replace a corresponding endogenous DNA strand at the target site. To transfer information from the PEgRNA to the target DNA, the mechanism of prime editing involves nicking the target site in one strand of the DNA to expose a 3′-hydroxyl group. The exposed 3′-hydroxyl group can then be used to prime the DNA polymerization of the edit-encoding extension on PEgRNA directly into the target site. In various embodiments, the extension—which provides the template for polymerization of the replacement strand containing the edit—can be formed from RNA or DNA. In the case of an RNA extension, the polymerase of the prime editor can be an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (such as, a reverse transcriptase). In the case of a DNA extension, the polymerase of the prime editor may be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The newly synthesized strand (i.e., the replacement DNA strand containing the desired edit) that is formed by the herein disclosed prime editors would be homologous to the genomic target sequence (i.e., have the same sequence as) except for the inclusion of a desired nucleotide change (e.g., a single nucleotide change, a deletion, or an insertion, or a combination thereof). The newly synthesized (or replacement) strand of DNA may also be referred to as a single strand DNA flap, which would compete for hybridization with the complementary homologous endogenous DNA strand, thereby displacing the corresponding endogenous strand. In certain embodiments, the system can be combined with the use of an error-prone reverse transcriptase enzyme (e.g., provided as a fusion protein with the Cas9 domain, or provided in trans to the Cas9 domain). The error-prone reverse transcriptase enzyme can introduce alterations during synthesis of the single strand DNA flap. Thus, in certain embodiments, error-prone reverse transcriptase can be utilized to introduce nucleotide changes to the target DNA. Depending on the error-prone reverse transcriptase that is used with the system, the changes can be random or non-random. Resolution of the hybridized intermediate (comprising the single strand DNA flap synthesized by the reverse transcriptase hybridized to the endogenous DNA strand) can include removal of the resulting displaced flap of endogenous DNA (e.g., with a 5′ end DNA flap endonuclease, FEN1), ligation of the synthesized single strand DNA flap to the target DNA, and assimilation of the desired nucleotide change as a result of cellular DNA repair and/or replication processes. Because templated DNA synthesis offers single nucleotide precision for the modification of any nucleotide, including insertions and deletions, the scope of this approach is very broad and could foreseeably be used for myriad applications in basic science and therapeutics.

In various embodiments, prime editing operates by contacting a target DNA molecule (for which a change in the nucleotide sequence is desired to be introduced) with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) complexed with a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA). In reference to FIG. 1G, the prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) comprises an extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA and encodes the desired nucleotide change (e.g., single nucleotide change, insertion, or deletion). In step (a), the napDNAbp/extended gRNA complex contacts the DNA molecule and the extended gRNA guides the napDNAbp to bind to a target locus. In step (b), a nick in one of the strands of DNA of the target locus is introduced (e.g., by a nuclease or chemical agent), thereby creating an available 3′ end in one of the strands of the target locus. In certain embodiments, the nick is created in the strand of DNA that corresponds to the R-loop strand, i.e., the strand that is not hybridized to the guide RNA sequence, i.e., the “non-target strand.” The nick, however, could be introduced in either of the strands. That is, the nick could be introduced into the R-loop “target strand” (i.e., the strand hybridized to the protospacer of the extended gRNA) or the “non-target strand” (i.e., the strand forming the single-stranded portion of the R-loop and which is complementary to the target strand). In step (c), the 3′ end of the DNA strand (formed by the nick) interacts with the extended portion of the guide RNA in order to prime reverse transcription (i.e., “target-primed RT”). In certain embodiments, the 3′ end DNA strand hybridizes to a specific RT priming sequence on the extended portion of the guide RNA, i.e., the “reverse transcriptase priming sequence” or “primer binding site” on the PEgRNA. In step (d), a reverse transcriptase (or other suitable DNA polymerase) is introduced which synthesizes a single strand of DNA from the 3′ end of the primed site towards the 5′ end of the prime editing guide RNA. The DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) can be fused to the napDNAbp or alternatively can be provided in trans to the napDNAbp. This forms a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired nucleotide change (e.g., the single base change, insertion, or deletion, or a combination thereof) and which is otherwise homologous to the endogenous DNA at or adjacent to the nick site. In step (e), the napDNAbp and guide RNA are released. Steps (f) and (g) relate to the resolution of the single strand DNA flap such that the desired nucleotide change becomes incorporated into the target locus. This process can be driven towards the desired product formation by removing the corresponding 5′ endogenous DNA flap that forms once the 3′ single strand DNA flap invades and hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence. Without being bound by theory, the cells endogenous DNA repair and replication processes resolves the mismatched DNA to incorporate the nucleotide change(s) to form the desired altered product. The process can also be driven towards product formation with “second strand nicking,” as exemplified in FIG. 1F. This process may introduce at least one or more of the following genetic changes: transversions, transitions, deletions, and insertions.

The term “prime editor (PE) system” or “prime editor (PE)” or “PE system” or “PE editing system” refers the compositions involved in the method of genome editing using target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) describe herein, including, but not limited to the napDNAbps, reverse transcriptases, fusion proteins (e.g., comprising napDNAbps and reverse transcriptases), prime editing guide RNAs, and complexes comprising fusion proteins and prime editing guide RNAs, as well as accessory elements, such as second strand nicking components (e.g., second strand sgRNAs) and 5′ endogenous DNA flap removal endonucleases (e.g., FEN1) for helping to drive the prime editing process towards the edited product formation.

Although in the embodiments described thus far the PEgRNA constitutes a single molecule comprising a guide RNA (which itself comprises a spacer sequence and a gRNA core or scaffold) and a 5′ or 3′ extension arm comprising the primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template (e.g., see FIG. 3D, the PEgRNA may also take the form of two individual molecules comprised of a guide RNA and a trans prime editor RNA template (tPERT), which essentially houses the extension arm (including, in particular, the primer binding site and the DNA synthesis domain) and an RNA-protein recruitment domain (e.g., MS2 aptamer or hairpin) in the same molecule which becomes co-localized or recruited to a modified prime editor complex that comprises a tPERT recruiting protein (e.g., MS2cp protein, which binds to the MS2 aptamer). See FIG. 3G and FIG. 3H as an example of a tPERT that may be used with prime editing.

Prime Editor

The term “prime editor” refers to the herein described fusion constructs comprising a napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 nickase) and a reverse transcriptase and is capable of carrying out prime editing on a target nucleotide sequence in the presence of a PEgRNA (or “extended guide RNA”). The term “prime editor” may refer to the fusion protein or to the fusion protein complexed with a PEgRNA, and/or further complexed with a second-strand nicking sgRNA. In some embodiments, the prime editor may also refer to the complex comprising a fusion protein (reverse transcriptase fused to a napDNAbp), a PEgRNA, and a regular guide RNA capable of directing the second-site nicking step of the non-edited strand as described herein. In other embodiments, the reverse transcriptase component of the “primer editor” may be provided in trans.

Primer Binding Site

The term “primer binding site” or “the PBS” refers to the nucleotide sequence located on a PEgRNA as component of the extension arm (typically at the 3′ end of the extension arm) and serves to bind to the primer sequence that is formed after Cas9 nicking of the target sequence by the prime editor. As detailed elsewhere, when the Cas9 nickase component of a prime editor nicks one strand of the target DNA sequence, a 3′-ended ssDNA flap is formed, which serves a primer sequence that anneals to the primer binding site on the PEgRNA to prime reverse transcription. FIGS. 27 and 28 show embodiments of the primer binding site located on a 3′ and 5′ extension arm, respectively.

Promoter

The term “promoter” is art-recognized and refers to a nucleic acid molecule with a sequence recognized by the cellular transcription machinery and able to initiate transcription of a downstream gene. A promoter can be constitutively active, meaning that the promoter is always active in a given cellular context, or conditionally active, meaning that the promoter is only active in the presence of a specific condition. For example, a conditional promoter may only be active in the presence of a specific protein that connects a protein associated with a regulatory element in the promoter to the basic transcriptional machinery, or only in the absence of an inhibitory molecule. A subclass of conditionally active promoters are inducible promoters that require the presence of a small molecule “inducer” for activity. Examples of inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, arabinose-inducible promoters, Tet-on promoters, and tamoxifen-inducible promoters. A variety of constitutive, conditional, and inducible promoters are well known to the skilled artisan, and the skilled artisan will be able to ascertain a variety of such promoters useful in carrying out the instant invention, which is not limited in this respect.

Protospacer

As used herein, the term “protospacer” refers to the sequence (˜20 bp) in DNA adjacent to the PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequence. The protospacer shares the same sequence as the spacer sequence of the guide RNA. The guide RNA anneals to the complement of the protospacer sequence on the target DNA (specifically, one strand thereof, i.e., the “target strand” versus the “non-target strand” of the target DNA sequence). In order for Cas9 to function it also requires a specific protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) that varies depending on the bacterial species of the Cas9 gene. The most commonly used Cas9 nuclease, derived from S. pyogenes, recognizes a PAM sequence of NGG that is found directly downstream of the target sequence in the genomic DNA, on the non-target strand. The skilled person will appreciate that the literature in the state of the art sometimes refers to the “protospacer” as the ˜20-nt target-specific guide sequence on the guide RNA itself, rather than referring to it as a “spacer.” Thus, in some cases, the term “protospacer” as used herein may be used interchangeably with the term “spacer.” The context of the description surrounding the appearance of either “protospacer” or “spacer” will help inform the reader as to whether the term is in reference to the gRNA or the DNA target.

Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM)

As used herein, the term “protospacer adjacent sequence” or “PAM” refers to an approximately 2-6 base pair DNA sequence that is an important targeting component of a Cas9 nuclease. Typically, the PAM sequence is on either strand, and is downstream in the 5′ to 3′ direction of Cas9 cut site. The canonical PAM sequence (i.e., the PAM sequence that is associated with the Cas9 nuclease of Streptococcus pyogenes or SpCas9) is 5′-NGG-3′ wherein “N” is any nucleobase followed by two guanine (“G”) nucleobases. Different PAM sequences can be associated with different Cas9 nucleases or equivalent proteins from different organisms. In addition, any given Cas9 nuclease, e.g., SpCas9, may be modified to alter the PAM specificity of the nuclease such that the nuclease recognizes alternative PAM sequence.

For example, with reference to the canonical SpCas9 amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 18, the PAM sequence can be modified by introducing one or more mutations, including (a) D1135V, R1335Q, and T1337R “the VQR variant”, which alters the PAM specificity to NGAN or NGNG, (b) D1135E, R1335Q, and T1337R “the EQR variant”, which alters the PAM specificity to NGAG, and (c) D1135V, G1218R, R1335E, and T1337R “the VRER variant”, which alters the PAM specificity to NGCG. In addition, the D1135E variant of canonical SpCas9 still recognizes NGG, but it is more selective compared to the wild type SpCas9 protein.

It will also be appreciated that Cas9 enzymes from different bacterial species (i.e., Cas9 orthologs) can have varying PAM specificities. For example, Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) recognizes NGRRT or NGRRN. In addition, Cas9 from Neisseria meningitis (NmCas) recognizes NNNNGATT. In another example, Cas9 from Streptococcus thermophilis (StCas9) recognizes NNAGAAW. In still another example, Cas9 from Treponema denticola (TdCas) recognizes NAAAAC. These are example are not meant to be limiting. It will be further appreciated that non-SpCas9s bind a variety of PAM sequences, which makes them useful when no suitable SpCas9 PAM sequence is present at the desired target cut site. Furthermore, non-SpCas9s may have other characteristics that make them more useful than SpCas9. For example, Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) is about 1 kilobase smaller than SpCas9, so it can be packaged into adeno-associated virus (AAV). Further reference may be made to Shah et al., “Protospacer recognition motifs: mixed identities and functional diversity,” RNA Biology, 10(5): 891-899 (which is incorporated herein by reference).

Recombinase

The term “recombinase,” as used herein, refers to a site-specific enzyme that mediates the recombination of DNA between recombinase recognition sequences, which results in the excision, integration, inversion, or exchange (e.g., translocation) of DNA fragments between the recombinase recognition sequences. Recombinases can be classified into two distinct families: serine recombinases (e.g., resolvases and invertases) and tyrosine recombinases (e.g., integrases). Examples of serine recombinases include, without limitation, Hin, Gin, Tn3, β-six, CinH, ParA, γδ, Bxb1, ϕC31, TP901, TG1, φBT1, R4, φRV1, φFC1, MR11, A118, U153, and gp29. Examples of tyrosine recombinases include, without limitation, Cre, FLP, R, Lambda, HK101, HK022, and pSAM2. The serine and tyrosine recombinase names stem from the conserved nucleophilic amino acid residue that the recombinase uses to attack the DNA and which becomes covalently linked to the DNA during strand exchange. Recombinases have numerous applications, including the creation of gene knockouts/knock-ins and gene therapy applications. See, e.g., Brown et al., “Serine recombinases as tools for genome engineering.” Methods. 2011; 53(4):372-9; Hirano et al., “Site-specific recombinases as tools for heterologous gene integration.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011; 92(2):227-39; Chavez and Calos, “Therapeutic applications of the ΦC31 integrase system.” Curr. Gene Ther. 2011; 11(5):375-81; Turan and Bode, “Site-specific recombinases: from tag-and-target-to tag-and-exchange-based genomic modifications.” FASEB J. 2011; 25(12):4088-107; Venken and Bellen, “Genome-wide manipulations of Drosophila melanogaster with transposons, Flp recombinase, and ΦC31 integrase.” Methods Mol. Biol. 2012; 859:203-28; Murphy, “Phage recombinases and their applications.” Adv. Virus Res. 2012; 83:367-414; Zhang et al., “Conditional gene manipulation: Cre-ating a new biological era.” J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 2012; 13(7):511-24; Karpenshif and Bernstein, “From yeast to mammals: recent advances in genetic control of homologous recombination.” DNA Repair (Amst). 2012; 1; 11(10):781-8; the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The recombinases provided herein are not meant to be exclusive examples of recombinases that can be used in embodiments of the invention. The methods and compositions of the invention can be expanded by mining databases for new orthogonal recombinases or designing synthetic recombinases with defined DNA specificities (See, e.g., Groth et al., “Phage integrases: biology and applications.” J. Mol. Biol. 2004; 335, 667-678; Gordley et al., “Synthesis of programmable integrases.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009; 106, 5053-5058; the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Other examples of recombinases that are useful in the methods and compositions described herein are known to those of skill in the art, and any new recombinase that is discovered or generated is expected to be able to be used in the different embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, the catalytic domains of a recombinase are fused to a nuclease-inactivated RNA-programmable nuclease (e.g., dCas9, or a fragment thereof), such that the recombinase domain does not comprise a nucleic acid binding domain or is unable to bind to a target nucleic acid (e.g., the recombinase domain is engineered such that it does not have specific DNA binding activity). Recombinases lacking DNA binding activity and methods for engineering such are known, and include those described by Klippel et al., “Isolation and characterisation of unusual gin mutants.” EMBO J. 1988; 7: 3983-3989: Burke et al., “Activating mutations of Tn3 resolvase marking interfaces important in recombination catalysis and its regulation. Mol Microbiol. 2004; 51: 937-948; Olorunniji et al., “Synapsis and catalysis by activated Tn3 resolvase mutants.” Nucleic Acids Res. 2008; 36: 7181-7191; Rowland et al., “Regulatory mutations in Sin recombinase support a structure-based model of the synaptosome.” Mol Microbiol. 2009; 74: 282-298; Akopian et al., “Chimeric recombinases with designed DNA sequence recognition.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 8688-8691; Gordley et al., “Evolution of programmable zinc finger-recombinases with activity in human cells. J Mol Biol. 2007; 367: 802-813; Gordley et al., “Synthesis of programmable integrases.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106: 5053-5058; Arnold et al., “Mutants of Tn3 resolvase which do not require accessory binding sites for recombination activity.” EMBO J. 1999; 18: 1407-1414; Gaj et al., “Structure-guided reprogramming of serine recombinase DNA sequence specificity.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(2):498-503; and Proudfoot et al., “Zinc finger recombinases with adaptable DNA sequence specificity.” PLoS One. 2011; 6(4):e19537; the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference. For example, serine recombinases of the resolvase-invertase group, e.g., Tn3 and γδ resolvases and the Hin and Gin invertases, have modular structures with autonomous catalytic and DNA-binding domains (See, e.g., Grindley et al., “Mechanism of site-specific recombination.” Ann Rev Biochem. 2006; 75: 567-605, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference). The catalytic domains of these recombinases are thus amenable to being recombined with nuclease-inactivated RNA-programmable nucleases (e.g., dCas9, or a fragment thereof) as described herein, e.g., following the isolation of ‘activated’ recombinase mutants which do not require any accessory factors (e.g., DNA binding activities) (See, e.g., Klippel et al., “Isolation and characterisation of unusual gin mutants.” EMBO J. 1988; 7: 3983-3989: Burke et al., “Activating mutations of Tn3 resolvase marking interfaces important in recombination catalysis and its regulation. Mol Microbiol. 2004; 51: 937-948; Olorunniji et al., “Synapsis and catalysis by activated Tn3 resolvase mutants.” Nucleic Acids Res. 2008; 36: 7181-7191; Rowland et al., “Regulatory mutations in Sin recombinase support a structure-based model of the synaptosome.” Mol Microbiol. 2009; 74: 282-298; Akopian et al., “Chimeric recombinases with designed DNA sequence recognition.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 8688-8691). Additionally, many other natural serine recombinases having an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal DNA binding domain are known (e.g., phiC31 integrase, TnpX transposase, IS607 transposase), and their catalytic domains can be co-opted to engineer programmable site-specific recombinases as described herein (See, e.g., Smith et al., “Diversity in the serine recombinases.” Mol Microbiol. 2002; 44: 299-307, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference). Similarly, the core catalytic domains of tyrosine recombinases (e.g., Cre, λ integrase) are known, and can be similarly co-opted to engineer programmable site-specific recombinases as described herein (See, e.g., Guo et al., “Structure of Cre recombinase complexed with DNA in a site-specific recombination synapse.” Nature. 1997; 389:40-46; Hartung et al., “Cre mutants with altered DNA binding properties.” J Biol Chem 1998; 273:22884-22891; Shaikh et al., “Chimeras of the Flp and Cre recombinases: Tests of the mode of cleavage by Flp and Cre. J Mol Biol. 2000; 302:27-48; Rongrong et al., “Effect of deletion mutation on the recombination activity of Cre recombinase.” Acta Biochim Pol. 2005; 52:541-544; Kilbride et al., “Determinants of product topology in a hybrid Cre-Tn3 resolvase site-specific recombination system.” J Mol Biol. 2006; 355:185-195; Warren et al., “A chimeric cre recombinase with regulated directionality.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008 105:18278-18283; Van Duyne, “Teaching Cre to follow directions.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009 Jan. 6; 106(1):4-5; Numrych et al., “A comparison of the effects of single-base and triple-base changes in the integrase arm-type binding sites on the site-specific recombination of bacteriophage λ.” Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18:3953-3959; Tirumalai et al., “The recognition of core-type DNA sites by λ integrase.” J Mol Biol. 1998; 279:513-527; Aihara et al., “A conformational switch controls the DNA cleavage activity of λ integrase.” Mol Cell. 2003; 12:187-198; Biswas et al., “A structural basis for allosteric control of DNA recombination by λ integrase.” Nature. 2005; 435:1059-1066; and Warren et al., “Mutations in the amino-terminal domain of λ-integrase have differential effects on integrative and excusive recombination.” Mol Microbiol. 2005; 55:1104-1112; the entire contents of each are incorporated by reference).

Recombinase Recognition Sequence

The term “recombinase recognition sequence”, or equivalently as “RRS” or “recombinase target sequence”, as used herein, refers to a nucleotide sequence target recognized by a recombinase and which undergoes strand exchange with another DNA molecule having a the RRS that results in excision, integration, inversion, or exchange of DNA fragments between the recombinase recognition sequences.

Recombine or Recombination

The term “recombine,” or “recombination,” in the context of a nucleic acid modification (e.g., a genomic modification), is used to refer to the process by which two or more nucleic acid molecules, or two or more regions of a single nucleic acid molecule, are modified by the action of a recombinase protein (e.g., an inventive recombinase fusion protein provided herein). Recombination can result in, inter alia, the insertion, inversion, excision, or translocation of nucleic acids, e.g., in or between one or more nucleic acid molecules. recombinase recognition sequences

Reverse Transcriptase

The term “reverse transcriptase” describes a class of polymerases characterized as RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. All known reverse transcriptases require a primer to synthesize a DNA transcript from an RNA template. Historically, reverse transcriptase has been used primarily to transcribe mRNA into cDNA which can then be cloned into a vector for further manipulation. Avian myoblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase was the first widely used RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (Verma, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 473:1 (1977)). The enzyme has 5′-3′ RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity, 5′-3′ DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity, and RNase H activity. RNase H is a processive 5′ and 3′ ribonuclease specific for the RNA strand for RNA-DNA hybrids (Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning, New York: Wiley & Sons (1984)). Errors in transcription cannot be corrected by reverse transcriptase because known viral reverse transcriptases lack the 3′-5′ exonuclease activity necessary for proofreading (Saunders and Saunders, Microbial Genetics Applied to Biotechnology, London: Croom Helm (1987)). A detailed study of the activity of AMV reverse transcriptase and its associated RNase H activity has been presented by Berger et al., Biochemistry 22:2365-2372 (1983). Another reverse transcriptase which is used extensively in molecular biology is reverse transcriptase originating from Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV). See, e.g., Gerard, G. R., DNA 5:271-279 (1986) and Kotewicz, M. L., et al., Gene 35:249-258 (1985). M-MLV reverse transcriptase substantially lacking in RNase H activity has also been described. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,797. The invention contemplates the use of any such reverse transcriptases, or variants or mutants thereof.

In addition, the invention contemplates the use of reverse transcriptases which are error-prone, i.e., which may be referred to as error-prone reverse transcriptases or reverse transcriptases which do not support high fidelity incorporation of nucleotides during polymerization. During synthesis of the single-strand DNA flap based on the RT template integrated with the guide RNA, the error-prone reverse transcriptase can introduce one or more nucleotides which are mismatched with the RT template sequence, thereby introducing changes to the nucleotide sequence through erroneous polymerization of the single-strand DNA flap. These errors introduced during synthesis of the single strand DNA flap then become integrated into the double strand molecule through hybridization to the corresponding endogenous target strand, removal of the endogenous displaced strand, ligation, and then through one more round of endogenous DNA repair and/or sequencing processes.

Reverse Transcription

As used herein, the term “reverse transcription” indicates the capability of enzyme to synthesize DNA strand (that is, complementary DNA or cDNA) using RNA as a template. In some embodiments, the reverse transcription can be “error-prone reverse transcription,” which refers to the properties of certain reverse transcriptase enzymes which are error-prone in their DNA polymerization activity.

PACE

The term “phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE),” as used herein, refers to continuous evolution that employs phage as viral vectors. The general concept of PACE technology has been described, for example, in International PCT Application, PCT/US2009/056194, filed Sep. 8, 2009, published as WO 2010/028347 on Mar. 11, 2010; International PCT Application, PCT/US2011/066747, filed Dec. 22, 2011, published as WO 2012/088381 on Jun. 28, 2012; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,594, issued May 5, 2015, International PCT Application, PCT/US2015/012022, filed Jan. 20, 2015, published as WO 2015/134121 on Sep. 11, 2015, and International PCT Application, PCT/US2016/027795, filed Apr. 15, 2016, published as WO 2016/168631 on Oct. 20, 2016, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Phage

The term “phage,” as used herein interchangeably with the term “bacteriophage,” refers to a virus that infects bacterial cells. Typically, phages consist of an outer protein capsid enclosing genetic material. The genetic material can be ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, or dsDNA, in either linear or circular form. Phages and phage vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and non-limiting examples of phages that are useful for carrying out the PACE methods provided herein are λ (Lysogen), T2, T4, T7, T12, R17, M13, MS2, G4, P1, P2, P4, Phi X174, N4, Φ6, and Φ29. In certain embodiments, the phage utilized in the present invention is M13. Additional suitable phages and host cells will be apparent to those of skill in the art and the invention is not limited in this aspect. For an exemplary description of additional suitable phages and host cells, see Elizabeth Kutter and Alexander Sulakvelidze: Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications. CRC Press; 1st edition (December 2004), ISBN: 0849313368; Martha R. J. Clokie and Andrew M. Kropinski: Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols, Volume 1: Isolation, Characterization, and Interactions (Methods in Molecular Biology) Humana Press; 1st edition (December, 2008), ISBN: 1588296822; Martha R. J. Clokie and Andrew M. Kropinski: Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols, Volume 2: Molecular and Applied Aspects (Methods in Molecular Biology) Humana Press; 1st edition (December 2008), ISBN: 1603275649; all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference for disclosure of suitable phages and host cells as well as methods and protocols for isolation, culture, and manipulation of such phages).

Protein, Peptide, and Polypeptide

The terms “protein,” “peptide,” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide (amide) bonds. The terms refer to a protein, peptide, or polypeptide of any size, structure, or function. Typically, a protein, peptide, or polypeptide will be at least three amino acids long. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may refer to an individual protein or a collection of proteins. One or more of the amino acids in a protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be modified, for example, by the addition of a chemical entity such as a carbohydrate group, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a farnesyl group, an isofarnesyl group, a fatty acid group, a linker for conjugation, functionalization, or other modification, etc. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may also be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be just a fragment of a naturally occurring protein or peptide. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be naturally occurring, recombinant, or synthetic, or any combination thereof. Any of the proteins provided herein may be produced by any method known in the art. For example, the proteins provided herein may be produced via recombinant protein expression and purification, which is especially suited for fusion proteins comprising a peptide linker. Methods for recombinant protein expression and purification are well known, and include those described by Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012)), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Protein Splicing

The term “protein splicing,” as used herein, refers to a process in which a sequence, an intein (or split inteins, as the case may be), is excised from within an amino acid sequence, and the remaining fragments of the amino acid sequence, the exteins, are ligated via an amide bond to form a continuous amino acid sequence. The term “trans” protein splicing refers to the specific case where the inteins are split inteins and they are located on different proteins.

Second-Strand Nicking

The resolution of heteroduplex DNA (i.e., containing one edited and one non-edited strand) formed as a result of prime editing determines long-term editing outcomes. In words, a goal of prime editing is to resolve the heteroduplex DNA (the edited strand paired with the endogenous non-edited strand) formed as an intermediate of PE by permanently integrating the edited strand into the complement, endogenous strand. The approach of “second-strand nicking” can be used herein to help drive the resolution of heteroduplex DNA in favor of permanent integration of the edited strand into the DNA molecule. As used herein, the concept of “second-strand nicking” refers to the introduction of a second nick at a location downstream of the first nick (i.e., the initial nick site that provides the free 3′ end for use in priming of the reverse transcriptase on the extended portion of the guide RNA), preferably on the unedited strand. In certain embodiments, the first nick and the second nick are on opposite strands. In other embodiments, the first nick and the second nick are on opposite strands. In yet another embodiment, the first nick is on the non-target strand (i.e., the strand that forms the single strand portion of the R-loop), and the second nick is on the target strand. In still other embodiments, the first nick is on the edited strand, and the second nick is on the unedited strand. The second nick can be positioned at least 5 nucleotides downstream of the first nick, or at least 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 or more nucleotides downstream of the first nick. The second nick, in certain embodiments, can be introduced between about 5-150 nucleotides on the unedited strand away from the site of the PEgRNA-induced nick, or between about 5-140, or between about 5-130, or between about 5-120, or between about 5-110, or between about 5-100, or between about 5-90, or between about 5-80, or between about 5-70, or between about 5-60, or between about 5-50, or between about 5-40, or between about 5-30, or between about 5-20, or between about 5-10. In one embodiment, the second nick is introduced between 14-116 nucleotides away from the PEgRNA-induced nick. Without being bound by theory, the second nick induces the cell's endogenous DNA repair and replication processes towards replacement or editing of the unedited strand, thereby permanently installing the edited sequence on both strands and resolving the heteroduplex that is formed as a result of PE. In some embodiments, the edited strand is the non-target strand and the unedited strand is the target strand. In other embodiments, the edited strand is the target strand, and the unedited strand is the non-target strand.

Sense Strand

In genetics, a “sense” strand is the segment within double-stranded DNA that runs from 5′ to 3′, and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which runs from 3′ to 5′. In the case of a DNA segment that encodes a protein, the sense strand is the strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA, which takes the antisense strand as its template during transcription, and eventually undergoes (typically, not always) translation into a protein. The antisense strand is thus responsible for the RNA that is later translated to protein, while the sense strand possesses a nearly identical makeup to that of the mRNA. Note that for each segment of dsDNA, there will possibly be two sets of sense and antisense, depending on which direction one reads (since sense and antisense is relative to perspective). It is ultimately the gene product, or mRNA, that dictates which strand of one segment of dsDNA is referred to as sense or antisense.

In the context of a PEgRNA, the first step is the synthesis of a single-strand complementary DNA (i.e., the 3′ ssDNA flap, which becomes incorporated) oriented in the 5′ to 3′ direction which is templated off of the PEgRNA extension arm. Whether the 3′ ssDNA flap should be regarded as a sense or antisense strand depends on the direction of transcription since it well accepted that both strands of DNA may serve as a template for transcription (but not at the same time). Thus, in some embodiments, the 3′ ssDNA flap (which overall runs in the 5′ to 3′ direction) will serve as the sense strand because it is the coding strand. In other embodiments, the 3′ ssDNA flap (which overall runs in the 5′ to 3′ direction) will serve as the antisense strand and thus, the template for transcription.

Spacer Sequence

As used herein, the term “spacer sequence” in connection with a guide RNA or a PEgRNA refers to the portion of the guide RNA or PEgRNA of about 20 nucleotides which contains a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the protospacer sequence in the target DNA sequence. The spacer sequence anneals to the protospacer sequence to form a ssRNA/ssDNA hybrid structure at the target site and a corresponding R loop ssDNA structure of the endogenous DNA strand that is complementary to the protospacer sequence.

Subject

The term “subject,” as used herein, refers to an individual organism, for example, an individual mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the subject is a rodent. In some embodiments, the subject is a sheep, a goat, a cattle, a cat, or a dog. In some embodiments, the subject is a vertebrate, an amphibian, a reptile, a fish, an insect, a fly, or a nematode. In some embodiments, the subject is a research animal. In some embodiments, the subject is genetically engineered, e.g., a genetically engineered non-human subject. The subject may be of either sex and at any stage of development.

Split Intein

Although inteins are most frequently found as a contiguous domain, some exist in a naturally split form. In this case, the two fragments are expressed as separate polypeptides and must associate before splicing takes place, so-called protein trans-splicing.

An exemplary split intein is the Ssp DnaE intein, which comprises two subunits, namely, DnaE-N and DnaE-C. The two different subunits are encoded by separate genes, namely dnaE-n and dnaE-c, which encode the DnaE-N and DnaE-C subunits, respectively. DnaE is a naturally occurring split intein in Synechocytis sp. PCC6803 and is capable of directing trans-splicing of two separate proteins, each comprising a fusion with either DnaE-N or DnaE-C.

Additional naturally occurring or engineered split-intein sequences are known in the or can be made from whole-intein sequences described herein or those available in the art. Examples of split-intein sequences can be found in Stevens et al., “A promiscuous split intein with expanded protein engineering applications,” PNAS, 2017, Vol. 114: 8538-8543; Iwai et al., “Highly efficient protein trans-splicing by a naturally split DnaE intein from Nostc punctiforme, FEBS Lett, 580: 1853-1858, each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Additional split intein sequences can be found, for example, in WO 2013/045632, WO 2014/055782, WO 2016/069774, and EP2877490, the contents each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In addition, protein splicing in trans has been described in vivo and in vitro (Shingledecker, et al., Gene 207:187 (1998), Southworth, et al., EMBO J. 17:918 (1998); Mills, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:3543-3548 (1998); Lew, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273:15887-15890 (1998); Wu, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 35732:1 (1998b), Yamazaki, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:5591 (1998), Evans, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:9091 (2000); Otomo, et al., Biochemistry 38:16040-16044 (1999); Otomo, et al., J. Biolmol. NMR 14:105-114 (1999); Scott, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:13638-13643 (1999)) and provides the opportunity to express a protein as to two inactive fragments that subsequently undergo ligation to form a functional product, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 66 and 67 with regard to the formation of a complete PE fusion protein from two separately-expressed halves.

Target Site

The term “target site” refers to a sequence within a nucleic acid molecule that is edited by a prime editor (PE) disclosed herein. The target site further refers to the sequence within a nucleic acid molecule to which a complex of the prime editor (PE) and gRNA binds.

tPERT

See definition for “trans prime editor RNA template (tPERT).”

Temporal Second-Strand Nicking

As used herein, the term “temporal second-strand nicking” refers to a variant of second strand nicking whereby the installation of the second nick in the unedited strand occurs only after the desired edit is installed in the edited strand. This avoids concurrent nicks on both strands that could lead to double-stranded DNA breaks. The second-strand nicking guide RNA is designed for temporal control such that the second strand nick is not introduced until after the installation of the desired edit. This is achieved by designing a gRNA with a spacer sequence that matches only the edited strand, but not the original allele. Using this strategy, mismatches between the protospacer and the unedited allele should disfavor nicking by the sgRNA until after the editing event on the PAM strand takes place.

Trans Prime Editing

As used herein, the term “trans prime editing” refers to a modified form of prime editing that utilizes a split PEgRNA, i.e., wherein the PEgRNA is separated into two separate molecules: an sgRNA and a trans prime editing RNA template (tPERT). The sgRNA serves to target the prime editor (or more generally, to target the napDNAbp component of the prime editor) to the desired genomic target site, while the tPERT is used by the polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase) to write new DNA sequence into the target locus once the tPERT is recruited in trans to the prime editor by the interaction of binding domains located on the prime editor and on the tPERT. In one embodiment, the binding domains can include RNA-protein recruitment moieties, such as a MS2 aptamer located on the tPERT and an MS2cp protein fused to the prime editor. An advantage of trans prime editing is that by separating the DNA synthesis template from the guide RNA, one can potentially use longer length templates.

An embodiment of trans prime editing is shown in FIGS. 3G and 3H. FIG. 3G shows the composition of the trans prime editor complex on the left (“RP-PE:gRNA complex), which comprises an napDNAbp fused to each of a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase) and a rPERT recruiting protein (e.g., MS2sc), and which is complexed with a guide RNA. FIG. 3G further shows a separate tPERT molecule, which comprises the extension arm features of a PEgRNA, including the DNA synthesis template and the primer binding sequence. The tPERT molecule also includes an RNA-protein recruitment domain (which, in this case, is a stem loop structure and can be, for example, MS2 aptamer). As depicted in the process described in FIG. 3H, the RP-PE:gRNA complex binds to and nicks the target DNA sequence. Then, the recruiting protein (RP) recruits a tPERT to co-localize to the prime editor complex bound to the DNA target site, thereby allowing the primer binding site to bind to the primer sequence on the nicked strand, and subsequently, allowing the polymerase (e.g., RT) to synthesize a single strand of DNA against the DNA synthesis template up through the 5′ of the tPERT.

While the tPERT is shown in FIG. 3G and FIG. 3H as comprising the PBS and DNA synthesis template on the 5′ end of the RNA-protein recruitment domain, the tPERT in other configurations may be designed with the PBS and DNA synthesis template located on the 3′ end of the RNA-protein recruitment domain. However, the tPERT with the 5′ extension has the advantage that synthesis of the single strand of DNA will naturally terminate at the 5′ end of the tPERT and thus, does not risk using any portion of the RNA-protein recruitment domain as a template during the DNA synthesis stage of prime editing.

Trans Prime Editor RNA Template (tPERT)

As used herein, a “trans prime editor RNA template (tPERT)” refers to a component used in trans prime editing, a modified version of prime editing which operates by separating the PEgRNA into two distinct molecules: a guide RNA and a tPERT molecule. The tPERT molecule is programmed to co-localize with the prime editor complex at a target DNA site, bringing the primer binding site and the DNA synthesis template to the prime editor in trans. For example, see FIG. 3G for an embodiment of a trans prime editor (tPE) which shows a two-component system comprising (1) an RP-PE:gRNA complex and (2) a tPERT that includes the primer binding site and the DNA synthesis template joined to an RNA-protein recruitment domain, wherein the RP (recruiting protein) component of the RP-PE:gRNA complex recruits the tPERT to a target site to be edited, thereby associating the PBS and DNA synthesis template with the prime editor in trans. Said another way, the tPERT is engineered to contain (all or part of) the extension arm of a PEgRNA, which includes the primer binding site and the DNA synthesis template.

Transitions

As used herein, “transitions” refer to the interchange of purine nucleobases (A↔G) or the interchange of pyrimidine nucleobases (C↔T). This class of interchanges involves nucleobases of similar shape. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are capable of inducing one or more transitions in a target DNA molecule. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are also capable of inducing both transitions and transversion in the same target DNA molecule. These changes involve A↔G, G↔A, C↔T, or T↔C. In the context of a double-strand DNA with Watson-Crick paired nucleobases, transversions refer to the following base pair exchanges: A:T↔G:C, G:G↔A:T, C:G↔T:A, or T:A↔C:G. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are capable of inducing one or more transitions in a target DNA molecule. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are also capable of inducing both transitions and transversion in the same target DNA molecule, as well as other nucleotide changes, including deletions and insertions.

Transversions

As used herein, “transversions” refer to the interchange of purine nucleobases for pyrimidine nucleobases, or in the reverse and thus, involve the interchange of nucleobases with dissimilar shape. These changes involve T↔A, T↔G, C↔G, C↔A, A↔T, A↔C, G↔C, and G↔T. In the context of a double-strand DNA with Watson-Crick paired nucleobases, transversions refer to the following base pair exchanges: T:A↔A:T, T:A↔G:C, C:G↔G:C, C:G↔A:T, A:T↔T:A, A:T↔C:G, G:C↔C:G, and G:C↔T:A. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are capable of inducing one or more transversions in a target DNA molecule. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are also capable of inducing both transitions and transversion in the same target DNA molecule, as well as other nucleotide changes, including deletions and insertions.

Treatment

The terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating,” refer to a clinical intervention aimed to reverse, alleviate, delay the onset of, or inhibit the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to a clinical intervention aimed to reverse, alleviate, delay the onset of, or inhibit the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed and/or after a disease has been diagnosed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms, e.g., to prevent or delay onset of a symptom or inhibit onset or progression of a disease. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to prevent or delay their recurrence.

Trinucleotide Repeat Disorder

As used herein, a “trinucleotide repeat disorder” (or alternatively, “expansion repeat disorder” or “repeat expansion disorder”) refers to a set of genetic disorders which are cause by “trinucleotide repeat expansion,” which is a kind of mutation where a certain trinucleotide repeats in certain genes or introns. Trinucleotide repeats were once thought to be commonplace iterations in the genome, but the 1990s clarified these disorders. These apparently ‘benign’ stretches of DNA can sometimes expand and cause disease. Several defining features are shared amongst disorders caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions. First, the mutant repeats show both somatic and germline instability and, more frequently, they expand rather than contract in successive transmissions. Secondly, an earlier age of onset and increasing severity of phenotype in subsequent generations (anticipation) generally are correlated with larger repeat length. Finally, the parental origin of the disease allele can often influence anticipation, with paternal transmissions carrying a greater risk of expansion for many of these disorders.

Triplet expansion is thought to be caused by slippage during DNA replication. Due to the repetitive nature of the DNA sequence in these regions ‘loop out’ structures may form during DNA replication while maintaining complementary base pairing between the parent strand and daughter strand being synthesized. If the loop out structure is formed from sequence on the daughter strand this will result in an increase in the number of repeats. However, if the loop out structure is formed on the parent strand a decrease in the number of repeats occurs. It appears that expansion of these repeats is more common than reduction. Generally the larger the expansion the more likely they are to cause disease or increase the severity of disease. This property results in the characteristic of anticipation seen in trinucleotide repeat disorders. Anticipation describes the tendency of age of onset to decrease and severity of symptoms to increase through successive generations of an affected family due to the expansion of these repeats.

Nucleotide repeat disorders may include those in which the triplet repeat occurs in a non-coding region (i.e., a non-coding trinucleotide repeat disorder) or in a coding region

The prime editor (PE) system described herein may use to treat nucleotide repeat disorders, which may include fragile X syndrome (FRAXA), fragile XE MR (FRAXE), Freidreich ataxia (FRDA), myotonic dystrophy (DM), spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8), and spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12), among others.

Upstream

As used herein, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” are terms of relativity that define the linear position of at least two elements located in a nucleic acid molecule (whether single or double-stranded) that is orientated in a 5′-to-3′ direction. In particular, a first element is upstream of a second element in a nucleic acid molecule where the first element is positioned somewhere that is 5′ to the second element. For example, a SNP is upstream of a Cas9-induced nick site if the SNP is on the 5′ side of the nick site. Conversely, a first element is downstream of a second element in a nucleic acid molecule where the first element is positioned somewhere that is 3′ to the second element. For example, a SNP is downstream of a Cas9-induced nick site if the SNP is on the 3′ side of the nick site. The nucleic acid molecule can be a DNA (double or single stranded). RNA (double or single stranded), or a hybrid of DNA and RNA. The analysis is the same for single strand nucleic acid molecule and a double strand molecule since the terms upstream and downstream are in reference to only a single strand of a nucleic acid molecule, except that one needs to select which strand of the double stranded molecule is being considered. Often, the strand of a double stranded DNA which can be used to determine the positional relativity of at least two elements is the “sense” or “coding” strand. In genetics, a “sense” strand is the segment within double-stranded DNA that runs from 5′ to 3′, and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which runs from 3′ to 5′. Thus, as an example, a SNP nucleobase is “downstream” of a promoter sequence in a genomic DNA (which is double-stranded) if the SNP nucleobase is on the 3′ side of the promoter on the sense or coding strand.

Variant

As used herein the term “variant” should be taken to mean the exhibition of qualities that have a pattern that deviates from what occurs in nature, e.g., a variant Cas9 is a Cas9 comprising one or more changes in amino acid residues as compared to a wild type Cas9 amino acid sequence. The term “variant” encompasses homologous proteins having at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 99% percent identity with a reference sequence and having the same or substantially the same functional activity or activities as the reference sequence. The term also encompasses mutants, truncations, or domains of a reference sequence, and which display the same or substantially the same functional activity or activities as the reference sequence.

Vector

The term “vector,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid that can be modified to encode a gene of interest and that is able to enter into a host cell, mutate and replicate within the host cell, and then transfer a replicated form of the vector into another host cell. Exemplary suitable vectors include viral vectors, such as retroviral vectors or bacteriophages and filamentous phage, and conjugative plasmids. Additional suitable vectors will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on the instant disclosure.

Wild Type

As used herein the term “wild type” is a term of the art understood by skilled persons and means the typical form of an organism, strain, gene or characteristic as it occurs in nature as distinguished from mutant or variant forms.

5′ Endogenous DNA Flap

As used herein, the term “5′ endogenous DNA flap” refers to the strand of DNA situated immediately downstream of the PE-induced nick site in the target DNA. The nicking of the target DNA strand by PE exposes a 3′ hydroxyl group on the upstream side of the nick site and a 5′ hydroxyl group on the downstream side of the nick site. The endogenous strand ending in the 3′ hydroxyl group is used to prime the DNA polymerase of the prime editor (e.g., wherein the DNA polymerase is a reverse transcriptase). The endogenous strand on the downstream side of the nick site and which begins with the exposed 5′ hydroxyl group is referred to as the “5′ endogenous DNA flap” and is ultimately removed and replaced by the newly synthesized replacement strand (i.e., “3′ replacement DNA flap”) the encoded by the extension of the PEgRNA.

5′ Endogenous DNA Flap Removal

As used herein, the term “5′ endogenous DNA flap removal” or “5′ flap removal” refers to the removal of the 5′ endogenous DNA flap that forms when the RT-synthesized single-strand DNA flap competitively invades and hybridizes to the endogenous DNA, displacing the endogenous strand in the process. Removing this endogenous displaced strand can drive the reaction towards the formation of the desired product comprising the desired nucleotide change. The cell's own DNA repair enzymes may catalyze the removal or excision of the 5′ endogenous flap (e.g., a flap endonuclease, such as EXO1 or FEN1). Also, host cells may be transformed to express one or more enzymes that catalyze the removal of said 5′ endogenous flaps, thereby driving the process toward product formation (e.g., a flap endonuclease). Flap endonucleases are known in the art and can be found described in Patel et al., “Flap endonucleases pass 5′-flaps through a flexible arch using a disorder-thread-order mechanism to confer specificity for free 5′-ends,” Nucleic Acids Research, 2012, 40(10): 4507-4519 and Tsutakawa et al., “Human flap endonuclease structures, DNA double-base flipping, and a unified understanding of the FEN1 superfamily,” Cell, 2011, 145(2): 198-211 (each of which are incorporated herein by reference).

3′ Replacement DNA Flap

As used herein, the term “3′ replacement DNA flap” or simply, “replacement DNA flap,” refers to the strand of DNA that is synthesized by the prime editor and which is encoded by the extension arm of the prime editor PEgRNA. More in particular, the 3′ replacement DNA flap is encoded by the polymerase template of the PEgRNA. The 3′ replacement DNA flap comprises the same sequence as the 5′ endogenous DNA flap except that it also contains the edited sequence (e.g., single nucleotide change). The 3′ replacement DNA flap anneals to the target DNA, displacing or replacing the 5′ endogenous DNA flap (which can be excised, for example, by a 5′ flap endonuclease, such as FEN1 or EXO1) and then is ligated to join the 3′ end of the 3′ replacement DNA flap to the exposed 5′ hydoxyl end of endogenous DNA (exposed after excision of the 5′ endogenous DNA flap, thereby reforming a phosophodiester bond and installing the 3′ replacement DNA flap to form a heteroduplex DNA containing one edited strand and one unedited strand. DNA repair processes resolve the heteroduplex by copying the information in the edited strand to the complementary strand permanently installs the edit in to the DNA. This resolution process can be driven further to completion by nicking the unedited strand, i.e., by way of “second-strand nicking,” as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

Adoption of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system for genome editing has revolutionized the life sciences¹⁻³. Although gene disruption using CRISPR is now routine, the precise installation of single nucleotide edits remains a major challenge, despite being necessary for studying or correcting a large number of disease-causative mutations. Homology directed repair (HDR) is capable of achieving such edits, but suffers from low efficiency (often <5%), a requirement for donor DNA repair templates, and deleterious effects of double-stranded DNA break (DSB) formation. Recently, Prof. David Liu et al.'s laboratory developed base editing, which achieves efficient single nucleotide editing without DSBs. Base editors (BEs) combine the CRISPR system with base-modifying deaminase enzymes to convert target C•G or A•T base pairs to A•T or G•C, respectively⁴⁻⁶. Although already widely used by researchers worldwide, current BEs enable only four of the twelve possible base pair conversions and are unable to correct small insertions or deletions. Moreover, the targeting scope of base editing is limited by the editing of non-target C or A bases adjacent to the target base (“bystander editing”) and by the requirement that a PAM sequence exist 15±2 bp from the target base. Overcoming these limitations would therefore greatly broaden the basic research and therapeutic applications of genome editing.

The present disclosure proposes a new precision editing approach that offers many of the benefits of base editing—namely, avoidance of double strand breaks and donor DNA repair templates—while overcoming its major limitations. The proposed approach described herein achieves the direct installation of edited DNA strands at target genomic sites using target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT). In the design discussed herein, CRISPR guide RNA (gRNA) will be engineered to carry a reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence encoding a single-stranded DNA comprising a desired nucleotide change. The CRISPR nuclease (Cas9)-nicked target site DNA will serve as the primer for reverse transcription of the template sequence on the modified gRNA, allowing for direct incorporation of any desired nucleotide edit.

Accordingly, the present invention relates in part to the discovery that the mechanism of target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) can be leveraged or adapted for conducting precision CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing with high efficiency and genetic flexibility (e.g., as depicted in various embodiments of FIGS. 1A-1F). The inventors have proposed herein to use Cas protein-reverse transcriptase fusions to target a specific DNA sequence with a modified guide RNA (“an extended guide RNA”), generate a single strand nick at the target site, and use the nicked DNA as a primer for reverse transcription of an engineered reverse transcriptase template that is integrated into the extended guide RNA. The newly synthesized strand would be homologous to the genomic target sequence except for the inclusion of a desired nucleotide change (e.g., a single nucleotide change, a deletion, or an insertion, or a combination thereof). The newly synthesize strand of DNA may be referred to as a single strand DNA flap, which would compete for hybridization with the complementary homologous endogenous DNA strand, thereby displacing the corresponding endogenous strand. Resolution of this hybridized intermediate can include removal of the resulting displaced flap of endogenous DNA (e.g., with a 5′ end DNA flap endonuclease, FEN1), ligation of the synthesized single strand DNA flap to the target DNA, and assimilation of the desired nucleotide change as a result of cellular DNA repair and/or replication processes. Because templated DNA synthesis offers single nucleotide precision, the scope of this approach is very broad and could foreseeably be used for myriad applications in basic science and therapeutics.

[1] napDNAbp

The prime editors and trans prime editors described herein may comprise a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp).

In one aspect, a napDNAbp can be associated with or complexed with at least one guide nucleic acid (e.g., guide RNA or a PEgRNA), which localizes the napDNAbp to a DNA sequence that comprises a DNA strand (i.e., a target strand) that is complementary to the guide nucleic acid, or a portion thereof (e.g., the spacer of a guide RNA which anneals to the protospacer of the DNA target). In other words, the guide nucleic-acid “programs” the napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 or equivalent) to localize and bind to complementary sequence of the protospacer in the DNA.

Any suitable napDNAbp may be used in the prime editors described herein. In various embodiments, the napDNAbp may be any Class 2 CRISPR-Cas system, including any type II, type V, or type VI CRISPR-Cas enzyme. Given the rapid development of CRISPR-Cas as a tool for genome editing, there have been constant developments in the nomenclature used to describe and/or identify CRISPR-Cas enzymes, such as Cas9 and Cas9 orthologs. This application references CRISPR-Cas enzymes with nomenclature that may be old and/or new. The skilled person will be able to identify the specific CRISPR-Cas enzyme being referenced in this Application based on the nomenclature that is used, whether it is old (i.e., “legacy”) or new nomenclature. CRISPR-Cas nomenclature is extensively discussed in Makarova et al., “Classification and Nomenclature of CRISPR-Cas Systems: Where from Here?,” The CRISPR Journal, Vol. 1. No. 5, 2018, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The particular CRISPR-Cas nomenclature used in any given instance in this Application is not limiting in any way and the skilled person will be able to identify which CRISPR-Cas enzyme is being referenced.

For example, the following type II, type V, and type VI Class 2 CRISPR-Cas enzymes have the following art-recognized old (i.e., legacy) and new names. Each of these enzymes, and/or variants thereof, may be used with the prime editors described herein:

Legacy nomenclature Current nomenclature* type II CRISPR-Cas enzymes Cas9 same type V CRISPR-Cas enzymes Cpf1 Cas12a CasX Cas12e C2c1 Cas12b1 Cas12b2 same C2c3 Cas12c CasY Cas12d C2c4 same C2c8 same C2c5 same C2c10 same C2c9 same type VI CRISPR-Cas enzymes C2c2 Cas13a Cas13d same C2c7 Cas13c C2c6 Cas13b *See Makarova et al., The CRISPR Journal, Vol. 1, No. 5, 2018

Without being bound by theory, the mechanism of action of certain napDNAbp contemplated herein includes the step of forming an R-loop whereby the napDNAbp induces the unwinding of a double-strand DNA target, thereby separating the strands in the region bound by the napDNAbp. The guide RNA spacer then hybridizes to the “target strand” at the protospacer sequence. This displaces a “non-target strand” that is complementary to the target strand, which forms the single strand region of the R-loop. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp includes one or more nuclease activities, which then cut the DNA leaving various types of lesions. For example, the napDNAbp may comprises a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at a first location, and/or cuts the target strand at a second location. Depending on the nuclease activity, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” whereby both strands are cut. In other embodiments, the target DNA can be cut at only a single site, i.e., the DNA is “nicked” on one strand. Exemplary napDNAbp with different nuclease activities include “Cas9 nickase” (“nCas9”) and a deactivated Cas9 having no nuclease activities (“dead Cas9” or “dCas9”).

The below description of various napDNAbps which can be used in connection with the presently disclose prime editors is not meant to be limiting in any way. The prime editors may comprise the canonical SpCas9, or any ortholog Cas9 protein, or any variant Cas9 protein—including any naturally occurring variant, mutant, or otherwise engineered version of Cas9—that is known or which can be made or evolved through a directed evolutionary or otherwise mutagenic process. In various embodiments, the Cas9 or Cas9 variants have a nickase activity, i.e., only cleave of strand of the target DNA sequence. In other embodiments, the Cas9 or Cas9 variants have inactive nucleases, i.e., are “dead” Cas9 proteins. Other variant Cas9 proteins that may be used are those having a smaller molecular weight than the canonical SpCas9 (e.g., for easier delivery) or having modified or rearranged primary amino acid structure (e.g., the circular permutant formats).

The prime editors described herein may also comprise Cas9 equivalents, including Cas12a (Cpf1) and Cas12b1 proteins which are the result of convergent evolution. The napDNAbps used herein (e.g., SpCas9, Cas9 variant, or Cas9 equivalents) may also may also contain various modifications that alter/enhance their PAM specifies. Lastly, the application contemplates any Cas9, Cas9 variant, or Cas9 equivalent which has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity to a reference Cas9 sequence, such as a references SpCas9 canonical sequence or a reference Cas9 equivalent (e.g., Cas12a (Cpf1)).

The napDNAbp can be a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-associated nuclease. As outlined above, CRISPR is an adaptive immune system that provides protection against mobile genetic elements (viruses, transposable elements and conjugative plasmids). CRISPR clusters contain spacers, sequences complementary to antecedent mobile elements, and target invading nucleic acids. CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA). In type II CRISPR systems correct processing of pre-crRNA requires a trans-encoded small RNA (tracrRNA), endogenous ribonuclease 3 (rnc) and a Cas9 protein. The tracrRNA serves as a guide for ribonuclease 3-aided processing of pre-crRNA. Subsequently, Cas9/crRNA/tracrRNA endonucleolytically cleaves linear or circular dsDNA target complementary to the spacer. The target strand not complementary to crRNA is first cut endonucleolytically, then trimmed 3′-5′ exonucleolytically. In nature, DNA-binding and cleavage typically requires protein and both RNAs. However, single guide RNAs (“sgRNA”, or simply “gRNA”) can be engineered so as to incorporate aspects of both the crRNA and tracrRNA into a single RNA species. See, e.g., Jinek M. et al., Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, the napDNAbp directs cleavage of one or both strands at the location of a target sequence, such as within the target sequence and/or within the complement of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp directs cleavage of one or both strands within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, or more base pairs from the first or last nucleotide of a target sequence. In some embodiments, a vector encodes a napDNAbp that is mutated to with respect to a corresponding wild-type enzyme such that the mutated napDNAbp lacks the ability to cleave one or both strands of a target polynucleotide containing a target sequence. For example, an aspartate-to-alanine substitution (D10A) in the RuvC I catalytic domain of Cas9 from S. pyogenes converts Cas9 from a nuclease that cleaves both strands to a nickase (cleaves a single strand). Other examples of mutations that render Cas9 a nickase include, without limitation, H840A, N854A, and N863A in reference to the canonical SpCas9 sequence, or to equivalent amino acid positions in other Cas9 variants or Cas9 equivalents.

As used herein, the term “Cas protein” refers to a full-length Cas protein obtained from nature, a recombinant Cas protein having a sequences that differs from a naturally occurring Cas protein, or any fragment of a Cas protein that nevertheless retains all or a significant amount of the requisite basic functions needed for the disclosed methods, i.e., (i) possession of nucleic-acid programmable binding of the Cas protein to a target DNA, and (ii) ability to nick the target DNA sequence on one strand. The Cas proteins contemplated herein embrace CRISPR Cas 9 proteins, as well as Cas9 equivalents, variants (e.g., Cas9 nickase (nCas9) or nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9)) homologs, orthologs, or paralogs, whether naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring (e.g., engineered or recombinant), and may include a Cas9 equivalent from any Class 2 CRISPR system (e.g., type II, V, VI), including Cas12a (Cpf1), Cas12e (CasX), Cas12b1 (C2c1), Cas12b2, Cas12c (C2c3), C2c4, C2c8, C2c5, C2c10, C2c9 Cas13a (C2c2), Cas13d, Cas13c (C2c7), Cas13b (C2c6), and Cas13b. Further Cas-equivalents are described in Makarova et al., “C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector,” Science 2016; 353(6299) and Makarova et al., “Classification and Nomenclature of CRISPR-Cas Systems: Where from Here?,” The CRISPR Journal, Vol. 1. No. 5, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The terms “Cas9” or “Cas9 nuclease” or “Cas9 moiety” or “Cas9 domain” embrace any naturally occurring Cas9 from any organism, any naturally-occurring Cas9 equivalent or functional fragment thereof, any Cas9 homolog, ortholog, or paralog from any organism, and any mutant or variant of a Cas9, naturally-occurring or engineered. The term Cas9 is not meant to be particularly limiting and may be referred to as a “Cas9 or equivalent.” Exemplary Cas9 proteins are further described herein and/or are described in the art and are incorporated herein by reference. The present disclosure is unlimited with regard to the particular Cas9 that is employed in the prime editor (PE) of the invention.

As noted herein, Cas9 nuclease sequences and structures are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., “Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.” Ferretti et al., J. J., McShan W. M., Ajdic D. J., Savic D. J., Savic G., Lyon K., Primeaux C., Sezate S., Suvorov A. N., Kenton S., Lai H. S., Lin S. P., Qian Y., Jia H. G., Najar F. Z., Ren Q., Zhu H., Song L., White J., Yuan X., Clifton S. W., Roe B. A., McLaughlin R. E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:4658-4663(2001); “CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III.” Deltcheva E., Chylinski K., Sharma C. M., Gonzales K., Chao Y., Pirzada Z. A., Eckert M. R., Vogel J., Charpentier E., Nature 471:602-607(2011); and “A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.” Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J. A., Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference).

Examples of Cas9 and Cas9 equivalents are provided as follows; however, these specific examples are not meant to be limiting. The primer editor of the present disclosure may use any suitable napDNAbp, including any suitable Cas9 or Cas9 equivalent.

A. Wild Type Canonical SpCas9

In one embodiment, the primer editor constructs described herein may comprise the “canonical SpCas9” nuclease from S. pyogenes, which has been widely used as a tool for genome engineering and is categorized as the type II subgroup of enzymes of the Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems. This Cas9 protein is a large, multi-domain protein containing two distinct nuclease domains. Point mutations can be introduced into Cas9 to abolish one or both nuclease activities, resulting in a nickase Cas9 (nCas9) or dead Cas9 (dCas9), respectively, that still retains its ability to bind DNA in a sgRNA-programmed manner. In principle, when fused to another protein or domain, Cas9 or variant thereof (e.g., nCas9) can target that protein to virtually any DNA sequence simply by co-expression with an appropriate sgRNA. As used herein, the canonical SpCas9 protein refers to the wild type protein from Streptococcus pyogenes having the following amino acid sequence:

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: SpCas9 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGN SEQ ID NO: 18 Strepto- TDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR coccus  KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH pyogenes ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADL M1 RLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQ SwissProt TYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQL Accession PGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLS No. Q99ZW2 KDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDI Wild type  LRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQL PEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELH AILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGN SRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTN FDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGM RKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKI ECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEE NEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMK QLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIA NLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEM ARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPV ENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYD VDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEV VKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSEL DKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHD AYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIA KSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPL IETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPT VAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEK NPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRML ASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPED NEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKV LSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDT TIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD SpCas9 ATGGATAAAAAATATAGCATTGGCCTGGATATTGGC SEQ ID NO: 19 Reverse ACCAACAGCGTGGGCTGGGCGGTGATTACCGATGAA translation TATAAAGTGCCGAGCAAAAAATTTAAAGTGCTGGGC of  AACACCGATCGCCATAGCATTAAAAAAAACCTGATT SwissProt GGCGCGCTGCTGTTTGATAGCGGCGAAACCGCGGAA Accession GCGACCCGCCTGAAACGCACCGCGCGCCGCCGCTAT No. Q99ZW2 ACCCGCCGCAAAAACCGCATTTGCTATCTGCAGGAA Strepto- ATTTTTAGCAACGAAATGGCGAAAGTGGATGATAGC coccus  TTTTTTCATCGCCTGGAAGAAAGCTTTCTGGTGGAAG pyogenes  AAGATAAAAAACATGAACGCCATCCGATTTTTGGCA ACATTGTGGATGAAGTGGCGTATCATGAAAAATATC CGACCATTTATCATCTGCGCAAAAAACTGGTGGATA GCACCGATAAAGCGGATCTGCGCCTGATTTATCTGG CGCTGGCGCATATGATTAAATTTCGCGGCCATTTTCT GATTGAAGGCGATCTGAACCCGGATAACAGCGATGT GGATAAACTGTTTATTCAGCTGGTGCAGACCTATAA CCAGCTGTTTGAAGAAAACCCGATTAACGCGAGCGG CGTGGATGCGAAAGCGATTCTGAGCGCGCGCCTGAG CAAAAGCCGCCGCCTGGAAAACCTGATTGCGCAGCT GCCGGGCGAAAAAAAAAACGGCCTGTTTGGCAACCT GATTGCGCTGAGCCTGGGCCTGACCCCGAACTTTAA AAGCAACTTTGATCTGGCGGAAGATGCGAAACTGCA GCTGAGCAAAGATACCTATGATGATGATCTGGATAA CCTGCTGGCGCAGATTGGCGATCAGTATGCGGATCT GTTTCTGGCGGCGAAAAACCTGAGCGATGCGATTCT GCTGAGCGATATTCTGCGCGTGAACACCGAAATTAC CAAAGCGCCGCTGAGCGCGAGCATGATTAAACGCTA TGATGAACATCATCAGGATCTGACCCTGCTGAAAGC GCTGGTGCGCCAGCAGCTGCCGGAAAAATATAAAG AAATTTTTTTTGATCAGAGCAAAAACGGCTATGCGG GCTATATTGATGGCGGCGCGAGCCAGGAAGAATTTT ATAAATTTATTAAACCGATTCTGGAAAAAATGGATG GCACCGAAGAACTGCTGGTGAAACTGAACCGCGAA GATCTGCTGCGCAAACAGCGCACCTTTGATAACGGC AGCATTCCGCATCAGATTCATCTGGGCGAACTGCAT GCGATTCTGCGCCGCCAGGAAGATTTTTATCCGTTTC TGAAAGATAACCGCGAAAAAATTGAAAAAATTCTG ACCTTTCGCATTCCGTATTATGTGGGCCCGCTGGCGC GCGGCAACAGCCGCTTTGCGTGGATGACCCGCAAAA GCGAAGAAACCATTACCCCGTGGAACTTTGAAGAAG TGGTGGATAAAGGCGCGAGCGCGCAGAGCTTTATTG AACGCATGACCAACTTTGATAAAAACCTGCCGAACG AAAAAGTGCTGCCGAAACATAGCCTGCTGTATGAAT ATTTTACCGTGTATAACGAACTGACCAAAGTGAAAT ATGTGACCGAAGGCATGCGCAAACCGGCGTTTCTGA GCGGCGAACAGAAAAAAGCGATTGTGGATCTGCTGT TTAAAACCAACCGCAAAGTGACCGTGAAACAGCTGA AAGAAGATTATTTTAAAAAAATTGAATGCTTTGATA GCGTGGAAATTAGCGGCGTGGAAGATCGCTTTAACG CGAGCCTGGGCACCTATCATGATCTGCTGAAAATTA TTAAAGATAAAGATTTTCTGGATAACGAAGAAAACG AAGATATTCTGGAAGATATTGTGCTGACCCTGACCC TGTTTGAAGATCGCGAAATGATTGAAGAACGCCTGA AAACCTATGCGCATCTGTTTGATGATAAAGTGATGA AACAGCTGAAACGCCGCCGCTATACCGGCTGGGGCC GCCTGAGCCGCAAACTGATTAACGGCATTCGCGATA AACAGAGCGGCAAAACCATTCTGGATTTTCTGAAAA GCGATGGCTTTGCGAACCGCAACTTTATGCAGCTGA TTCATGATGATAGCCTGACCTTTAAAGAAGATATTC AGAAAGCGCAGGTGAGCGGCCAGGGCGATAGCCTG CATGAACATATTGCGAACCTGGCGGGCAGCCCGGCG ATTAAAAAAGGCATTCTGCAGACCGTGAAAGTGGTG GATGAACTGGTGAAAGTGATGGGCCGCCATAAACCG GAAAACATTGTGATTGAAATGGCGCGCGAAAACCA GACCACCCAGAAAGGCCAGAAAAACAGCCGCGAAC GCATGAAACGCATTGAAGAAGGCATTAAAGAACTG GGCAGCCAGATTCTGAAAGAACATCCGGTGGAAAA CACCCAGCTGCAGAACGAAAAACTGTATCTGTATTA TCTGCAGAACGGCCGCGATATGTATGTGGATCAGGA ACTGGATATTAACCGCCTGAGCGATTATGATGTGGA TCATATTGTGCCGCAGAGCTTTCTGAAAGATGATAG CATTGATAACAAAGTGCTGACCCGCAGCGATAAAAA CCGCGGCAAAAGCGATAACGTGCCGAGCGAAGAAG TGGTGAAAAAAATGAAAAACTATTGGCGCCAGCTGC TGAACGCGAAACTGATTACCCAGCGCAAATTTGATA ACCTGACCAAAGCGGAACGCGGCGGCCTGAGCGAA CTGGATAAAGCGGGCTTTATTAAACGCCAGCTGGTG GAAACCCGCCAGATTACCAAACATGTGGCGCAGATT CTGGATAGCCGCATGAACACCAAATATGATGAAAAC GATAAACTGATTCGCGAAGTGAAAGTGATTACCCTG AAAAGCAAACTGGTGAGCGATTTTCGCAAAGATTTT CAGTTTTATAAAGTGCGCGAAATTAACAACTATCAT CATGCGCATGATGCGTATCTGAACGCGGTGGTGGGC ACCGCGCTGATTAAAAAATATCCGAAACTGGAAAGC GAATTTGTGTATGGCGATTATAAAGTGTATGATGTG CGCAAAATGATTGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAAATTGG CAAAGCGACCGCGAAATATTTTTTTTATAGCAACAT TATGAACTTTTTTAAAACCGAAATTACCCTGGCGAA CGGCGAAATTCGCAAACGCCCGCTGATTGAAACCAA CGGCGAAACCGGCGAAATTGTGTGGGATAAAGGCC GCGATTTTGCGACCGTGCGCAAAGTGCTGAGCATGC CGCAGGTGAACATTGTGAAAAAAACCGAAGTGCAG ACCGGCGGCTTTAGCAAAGAAAGCATTCTGCCGAAA CGCAACAGCGATAAACTGATTGCGCGCAAAAAAGA TTGGGATCCGAAAAAATATGGCGGCTTTGATAGCCC GACCGTGGCGTATAGCGTGCTGGTGGTGGCGAAAGT GGAAAAAGGCAAAAGCAAAAAACTGAAAAGCGTGA AAGAACTGCTGGGCATTACCATTATGGAACGCAGCA GCTTTGAAAAAAACCCGATTGATTTTCTGGAAGCGA AAGGCTATAAAGAAGTGAAAAAAGATCTGATTATTA AACTGCCGAAATATAGCCTGTTTGAACTGGAAAACG GCCGCAAACGCATGCTGGCGAGCGCGGGCGAACTG CAGAAAGGCAACGAACTGGCGCTGCCGAGCAAATA TGTGAACTTTCTGTATCTGGCGAGCCATTATGAAAA ACTGAAAGGCAGCCCGGAAGATAACGAACAGAAAC AGCTGTTTGTGGAACAGCATAAACATTATCTGGATG AAATTATTGAACAGATTAGCGAATTTAGCAAACGCG TGATTCTGGCGGATGCGAACCTGGATAAAGTGCTGA GCGCGTATAACAAACATCGCGATAAACCGATTCGCG AACAGGCGGAAAACATTATTCATCTGTTTACCCTGA CCAACCTGGGCGCGCCGGCGGCGTTTAAATATTTTG ATACCACCATTGATCGCAAACGCTATACCAGCACCA AAGAAGTGCTGGATGCGACCCTGATTCATCAGAGCA TTACCGGCCTGTATGAAACCCGCATTGATCTGAGCC AGCTGGGCGGCGAT

The prime editors described herein may include canonical SpCas9, or any variant thereof having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity with a wild type Cas9 sequence provided above. These variants may include SpCas9 variants containing one or more mutations, including any known mutation reported with the SwissProt Accession No. Q99ZW2 (SEQ ID NO: 18) entry, which include:

SpCas9 mutation (relative to the amino Function/Characteristic (as reported) acid sequence of (see UniProtKB - Q99ZW2 the canonical SpCas9 (CAS9_STRPT1) entry - sequence, SEQ ID NO: 18) incorporated herein by reference) D10A Nickase mutant which cleaves the protospacer strand (but no cleavage of non-protospacer strand) S15A Decreased DNA cleavage activity R66A Decreased DNA cleavage activity R70A No DNA cleavage R74A Decreased DNA cleavage R78A Decreased DNA cleavage 97-150 deletion No nuclease activity R165A Decreased DNA cleavage 175-307 deletion About 50% decreased DNA cleavage 312-409 deletion No nuclease activity E762A Nickase H840A Nickase mutant which cleaves the non-protospacer strand but does not cleave the protospacer strand N854A Nickase N863A Nickase H982A Decreased DNA cleavage D986A Nickase 1099-1368 deletion No nuclease activity R1333A Reduced DNA binding

Other wild type SpCas9 sequences that may be used in the present disclosure, include:

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: SpCas9 ATGGATAAGAAATACTCAATAGGCTTAGATATCGGCA SEQ ID NO: 20 Strepto- CAAATAGCGTCGGATGGGCGGTGATCACTGATGATTA coccus TAAGGTTCCGTCTAAAAAGTTCAAGGTTCTGGGAAAT pyogenes ACAGACCGCCACAGTATCAAAAAAAATCTTATAGGGG MGAS1882 CTCTTTTATTTGGCAGTGGAGAGACAGCGGAAGCGAC wild type TCGTCTCAAACGGACAGCTCGTAGAAGGTATACACGT NC_017053.1 CGGAAGAATCGTATTTGTTATCTACAGGAGATTTTTTC AAATGAGATGGCGAAAGTAGATGATAGTTTCTTTCATC GACTTGAAGAGTCTTTTTTGGTGGAAGAAGACAAGAA GCATGAACGTCATCCTATTTTTGGAAATATAGTAGATG AAGTTGCTTATCATGAGAAATATCCAACTATCTATCAT CTGCGAAAAAAATTGGCAGATTCTACTGATAAAGCGG ATTTGCGCTTAATCTATTTGGCCTTAGCGCATATGATT AAGTTTCGTGGTCATTTTTTGATTGAGGGAGATTTAAA TCCTGATAATAGTGATGTGGACAAACTATTTATCCAGT TGGTACAAATCTACAATCAATTATTTGAAGAAAACCCT ATTAACGCAAGTAGAGTAGATGCTAAAGCGATTCTTTC TGCACGATTGAGTAAATCAAGACGATTAGAAAATCTC ATTGCTCAGCTCCCCGGTGAGAAGAGAAATGGCTTGTT TGGGAATCTCATTGCTTTGTCATTGGGATTGACCCCTA ATTTTAAATCAAATTTTGATTTGGCAGAAGATGCTAAA TTACAGCTTTCAAAAGATACTTACGATGATGATTTAGA TAATTTATTGGCGCAAATTGGAGATCAATATGCTGATT TGTTTTTGGCAGCTAAGAATTTATCAGATGCTATTTTA CTTTCAGATATCCTAAGAGTAAATAGTGAAATAACTA AGGCTCCCCTATCAGCTTCAATGATTAAGCGCTACGAT GAACATCATCAAGACTTGACTCTTTTAAAAGCTTTAGT TCGACAACAACTTCCAGAAAAGTATAAAGAAATCTTT TTTGATCAATCAAAAAACGGATATGCAGGTTATATTGA TGGGGGAGCTAGCCAAGAAGAATTTTATAAATTTATC AAACCAATTTTAGAAAAAATGGATGGTACTGAGGAAT TATTGGTGAAACTAAATCGTGAAGATTTGCTGCGCAA GCAACGGACCTTTGACAACGGCTCTATTCCCCATCAAA TTCACTTGGGTGAGCTGCATGCTATTTTGAGAAGACAA GAAGACTTTTATCCATTTTTAAAAGACAATCGTGAGAA GATTGAAAAAATCTTGACTTTTCGAATTCCTTATTATG TTGGTCCATTGGCGCGTGGCAATAGTCGTTTTGCATGG ATGACTCGGAAGTCTGAAGAAACAATTACCCCATGGA ATTTTGAAGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCTTCAGCTCAA TCATTTATTGAACGCATGACAAACTTTGATAAAAATCT TCCAAATGAAAAAGTACTACCAAAACATAGTTTGCTTT ATGAGTATTTTACGGTTTATAACGAATTGACAAAGGTC AAATATGTTACTGAGGGAATGCGAAAACCAGCATTTC TTTCAGGTGAACAGAAGAAAGCCATTGTTGATTTACTC TTCAAAACAAATCGAAAAGTAACCGTTAAGCAATTAA AAGAAGATTATTTCAAAAAAATAGAATGTTTTGATAG TGTTGAAATTTCAGGAGTTGAAGATAGATTTAATGCTT CATTAGGCGCCTACCATGATTTGCTAAAAATTATTAAA GATAAAGATTTTTTGGATAATGAAGAAAATGAAGATA TCTTAGAGGATATTGTTTTAACATTGACCTTATTTGAA GATAGGGGGATGATTGAGGAAAGACTTAAAACATATG CTCACCTCTTTGATGATAAGGTGATGAAACAGCTTAAA CGTCGCCGTTATACTGGTTGGGGACGTTTGTCTCGAAA ATTGATTAATGGTATTAGGGATAAGCAATCTGGCAAA ACAATATTAGATTTTTTGAAATCAGATGGTTTTGCCAA TCGCAATTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGATAGTTTGA CATTTAAAGAAGATATTCAAAAAGCACAGGTGTCTGG ACAAGGCCATAGTTTACATGAACAGATTGCTAACTTA GCTGGCAGTCCTGCTATTAAAAAAGGTATTTTACAGAC TGTAAAAATTGTTGATGAACTGGTCAAAGTAATGGGG CATAAGCCAGAAAATATCGTTATTGAAATGGCACGTG AAAATCAGACAACTCAAAAGGGCCAGAAAAATTCGCG AGAGCGTATGAAACGAATCGAAGAAGGTATCAAAGA ATTAGGAAGTCAGATTCTTAAAGAGCATCCTGTTGAA AATACTCAATTGCAAAATGAAAAGCTCTATCTCTATTA TCTACAAAATGGAAGAGACATGTATGTGGACCAAGAA TTAGATATTAATCGTTTAAGTGATTATGATGTCGATCA CATTGTTCCACAAAGTTTCATTAAAGACGATTCAATAG ACAATAAGGTACTAACGCGTTCTGATAAAAATCGTGG TAAATCGGATAACGTTCCAAGTGAAGAAGTAGTCAAA AAGATGAAAAACTATTGGAGACAACTTCTAAACGCCA AGTTAATCACTCAACGTAAGTTTGATAATTTAACGAAA GCTGAACGTGGAGGTTTGAGTGAACTTGATAAAGCTG GTTTTATCAAACGCCAATTGGTTGAAACTCGCCAAATC ACTAAGCATGTGGCACAAATTTTGGATAGTCGCATGA ATACTAAATACGATGAAAATGATAAACTTATTCGAGA GGTTAAAGTGATTACCTTAAAATCTAAATTAGTTTCTG ACTTCCGAAAAGATTTCCAATTCTATAAAGTACGTGAG ATTAACAATTACCATCATGCCCATGATGCGTATCTAAA TGCCGTCGTTGGAACTGCTTTGATTAAGAAATATCCAA AACTTGAATCGGAGTTTGTCTATGGTGATTATAAAGTT TATGATGTTCGTAAAATGATTGCTAAGTCTGAGCAAGA AATAGGCAAAGCAACCGCAAAATATTTCTTTTACTCTA ATATCATGAACTTCTTCAAAACAGAAATTACACTTGCA AATGGAGAGATTCGCAAACGCCCTCTAATCGAAACTA ATGGGGAAACTGGAGAAATTGTCTGGGATAAAGGGCG AGATTTTGCCACAGTGCGCAAAGTATTGTCCATGCCCC AAGTCAATATTGTCAAGAAAACAGAAGTACAGACAGG CGGATTCTCCAAGGAGTCAATTTTACCAAAAAGAAAT TCGGACAAGCTTATTGCTCGTAAAAAAGACTGGGATC CAAAAAAATATGGTGGTTTTGATAGTCCAACGGTAGC TTATTCAGTCCTAGTGGTTGCTAAGGTGGAAAAAGGG AAATCGAAGAAGTTAAAATCCGTTAAAGAGTTACTAG GGATCACAATTATGGAAAGAAGTTCCTTTGAAAAAAA TCCGATTGACTTTTTAGAAGCTAAAGGATATAAGGAA GTTAAAAAAGACTTAATCATTAAACTACCTAAATATA GTCTTTTTGAGTTAGAAAACGGTCGTAAACGGATGCTG GCTAGTGCCGGAGAATTACAAAAAGGAAATGAGCTGG CTCTGCCAAGCAAATATGTGAATTTTTTATATTTAGCT AGTCATTATGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTAGTCCAGAAGATA ACGAACAAAAACAATTGTTTGTGGAGCAGCATAAGCA TTATTTAGATGAGATTATTGAGCAAATCAGTGAATTTT CTAAGCGTGTTATTTTAGCAGATGCCAATTTAGATAAA GTTCTTAGTGCATATAACAAACATAGAGACAAACCAA TACGTGAACAAGCAGAAAATATTATTCATTTATTTACG TTGACGAATCTTGGAGCTCCCGCTGCTTTTAAATATTT TGATACAACAATTGATCGTAAACGATATACGTCTACA AAAGAAGTTTTAGATGCCACTCTTATCCATCAATCCAT CACTGGTCTTTATGAAACACGCATTGATTTGAGTCAGC TAGGAGGTGACTGA SpCas9 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDDYKVPSKKFKVLGNT SEQ ID NO: 21 Strepto- DRHSIKKNLIGALLFGSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKN coccus RICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHP pyogenes IFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLADSTDKADLRLIYLA MGAS1882 LAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQIYNQLFE wild type ENPINASRVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKRNGL NC_017053.1 FGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLD NLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNSEITKAP LSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQS KNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLN REDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLK DNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETIT PWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLL YEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLF KTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLG AYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDRGMI EERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIR DKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKA QVSGQGHSLHEQIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKIVDELVKV MGHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFIKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSD NVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERG GLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDE NDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHA HDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMI AKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPL IETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQ TGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVA YSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPID FLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGE LQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLF VEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD SpCas9 ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCAC SEQ ID NO: 22 Strepto- TAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACA coccus AAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACAC pyogenes AGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCC wild type TCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCG SWBC2D7W014  CCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGC AAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCA ATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGT TTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAAC ATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGA GGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCAC CTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGG ACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATA AAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAA TCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGT TAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCT ATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTA GCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCT GATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTG TTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACC AAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCA AATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCT CGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCG GACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAAT CCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTA CCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTA CGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCC CTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAA TATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTAT ATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGT TTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGA AGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGC GAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACA TCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAA GGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTA CTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCG CATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCC ATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCA GCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACA AGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAG TTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCA CGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACC CGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTA GATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTA AGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATG CTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGAT TTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAG ATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGA ATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACC CTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAA AAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAA ACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGACGA TTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGC AAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGAC GGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGA TGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCA CAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATA TTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTA AGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAAT CGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGG GCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGA AGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAG GAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGA AACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATG TATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGA TTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGA AGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTC GGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGC GAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGC AGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTT CGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCT GAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGT GGAAACCCGCCAAATCACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATA CTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACG ATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAA GTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAAT TCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGC GCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCAC TCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGT GTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGA TCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAG CCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTA AGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAA ACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAA ATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGA GAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAA GAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAA TCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGC TCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGC TTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGT GGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAA GTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAG CGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGA GGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATA ATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAA TGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTT CAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACG TGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTG AAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTT TTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATA GAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAG CTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAA CAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAA AATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCT CCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCG CAAACGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCG ACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAAC TCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCC CCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAG ACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTA CAAGGATGACGATGACAAGGCTGCAGGA SpCas9 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: 23 Strepto- RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI coccus CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF pyogenes GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL wild type AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE Encoded NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF product of GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN SWBC2D7W014 LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPL SASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIE ERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKR PLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYT STKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDGSPKKKRKV SSDYKDHDGDYKDHDIDYKDDDDKAAG SpCas9 ATGGATAAGAAATACTCAATAGGCTTAGATATCGGCA SEQ ID NO: 24 Strepto- CAAATAGCGTCGGATGGGCGGTGATCACTGATGAATA coccus TAAGGTTCCGTCTAAAAAGTTCAAGGTTCTGGGAAAT pyogenes ACAGACCGCCACAGTATCAAAAAAAATCTTATAGGGG M1GAS wild CTCTTTTATTTGACAGTGGAGAGACAGCGGAAGCGAC type TCGTCTCAAACGGACAGCTCGTAGAAGGTATACACGT NC_002737.2 CGGAAGAATCGTATTTGTTATCTACAGGAGATTTTTTC AAATGAGATGGCGAAAGTAGATGATAGTTTCTTTCATC GACTTGAAGAGTCTTTTTTGGTGGAAGAAGACAAGAA GCATGAACGTCATCCTATTTTTGGAAATATAGTAGATG AAGTTGCTTATCATGAGAAATATCCAACTATCTATCAT CTGCGAAAAAAATTGGTAGATTCTACTGATAAAGCGG ATTTGCGCTTAATCTATTTGGCCTTAGCGCATATGATT AAGTTTCGTGGTCATTTTTTGATTGAGGGAGATTTAAA TCCTGATAATAGTGATGTGGACAAACTATTTATCCAGT TGGTACAAACCTACAATCAATTATTTGAAGAAAACCCT ATTAACGCAAGTGGAGTAGATGCTAAAGCGATTCTTTC TGCACGATTGAGTAAATCAAGACGATTAGAAAATCTC ATTGCTCAGCTCCCCGGTGAGAAGAAAAATGGCTTATT TGGGAATCTCATTGCTTTGTCATTGGGTTTGACCCCTA ATTTTAAATCAAATTTTGATTTGGCAGAAGATGCTAAA TTACAGCTTTCAAAAGATACTTACGATGATGATTTAGA TAATTTATTGGCGCAAATTGGAGATCAATATGCTGATT TGTTTTTGGCAGCTAAGAATTTATCAGATGCTATTTTA CTTTCAGATATCCTAAGAGTAAATACTGAAATAACTAA GGCTCCCCTATCAGCTTCAATGATTAAACGCTACGATG AACATCATCAAGACTTGACTCTTTTAAAAGCTTTAGTT CGACAACAACTTCCAGAAAAGTATAAAGAAATCTTTT TTGATCAATCAAAAAACGGATATGCAGGTTATATTGAT GGGGGAGCTAGCCAAGAAGAATTTTATAAATTTATCA AACCAATTTTAGAAAAAATGGATGGTACTGAGGAATT ATTGGTGAAACTAAATCGTGAAGATTTGCTGCGCAAG CAACGGACCTTTGACAACGGCTCTATTCCCCATCAAAT TCACTTGGGTGAGCTGCATGCTATTTTGAGAAGACAAG AAGACTTTTATCCATTTTTAAAAGACAATCGTGAGAAG ATTGAAAAAATCTTGACTTTTCGAATTCCTTATTATGTT GGTCCATTGGCGCGTGGCAATAGTCGTTTTGCATGGAT GACTCGGAAGTCTGAAGAAACAATTACCCCATGGAAT TTTGAAGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCTTCAGCTCAATC ATTTATTGAACGCATGACAAACTTTGATAAAAATCTTC CAAATGAAAAAGTACTACCAAAACATAGTTTGCTTTAT GAGTATTTTACGGTTTATAACGAATTGACAAAGGTCAA ATATGTTACTGAAGGAATGCGAAAACCAGCATTTCTTT CAGGTGAACAGAAGAAAGCCATTGTTGATTTACTCTTC AAAACAAATCGAAAAGTAACCGTTAAGCAATTAAAAG AAGATTATTTCAAAAAAATAGAATGTTTTGATAGTGTT GAAATTTCAGGAGTTGAAGATAGATTTAATGCTTCATT AGGTACCTACCATGATTTGCTAAAAATTATTAAAGATA AAGATTTTTTGGATAATGAAGAAAATGAAGATATCTT AGAGGATATTGTTTTAACATTGACCTTATTTGAAGATA GGGAGATGATTGAGGAAAGACTTAAAACATATGCTCA CCTCTTTGATGATAAGGTGATGAAACAGCTTAAACGTC GCCGTTATACTGGTTGGGGACGTTTGTCTCGAAAATTG ATTAATGGTATTAGGGATAAGCAATCTGGCAAAACAA TATTAGATTTTTTGAAATCAGATGGTTTTGCCAATCGC AATTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGATAGTTTGACATT TAAAGAAGACATTCAAAAAGCACAAGTGTCTGGACAA GGCGATAGTTTACATGAACATATTGCAAATTTAGCTGG TAGCCCTGCTATTAAAAAAGGTATTTTACAGACTGTAA AAGTTGTTGATGAATTGGTCAAAGTAATGGGGCGGCA TAAGCCAGAAAATATCGTTATTGAAATGGCACGTGAA AATCAGACAACTCAAAAGGGCCAGAAAAATTCGCGAG AGCGTATGAAACGAATCGAAGAAGGTATCAAAGAATT AGGAAGTCAGATTCTTAAAGAGCATCCTGTTGAAAAT ACTCAATTGCAAAATGAAAAGCTCTATCTCTATTATCT CCAAAATGGAAGAGACATGTATGTGGACCAAGAATTA GATATTAATCGTTTAAGTGATTATGATGTCGATCACAT TGTTCCACAAAGTTTCCTTAAAGACGATTCAATAGACA ATAAGGTCTTAACGCGTTCTGATAAAAATCGTGGTAA ATCGGATAACGTTCCAAGTGAAGAAGTAGTCAAAAAG ATGAAAAACTATTGGAGACAACTTCTAAACGCCAAGT TAATCACTCAACGTAAGTTTGATAATTTAACGAAAGCT GAACGTGGAGGTTTGAGTGAACTTGATAAAGCTGGTT TTATCAAACGCCAATTGGTTGAAACTCGCCAAATCACT AAGCATGTGGCACAAATTTTGGATAGTCGCATGAATA CTAAATACGATGAAAATGATAAACTTATTCGAGAGGT TAAAGTGATTACCTTAAAATCTAAATTAGTTTCTGACT TCCGAAAAGATTTCCAATTCTATAAAGTACGTGAGATT AACAATTACCATCATGCCCATGATGCGTATCTAAATGC CGTCGTTGGAACTGCTTTGATTAAGAAATATCCAAAAC TTGAATCGGAGTTTGTCTATGGTGATTATAAAGTTTAT GATGTTCGTAAAATGATTGCTAAGTCTGAGCAAGAAA TAGGCAAAGCAACCGCAAAATATTTCTTTTACTCTAAT ATCATGAACTTCTTCAAAACAGAAATTACACTTGCAAA TGGAGAGATTCGCAAACGCCCTCTAATCGAAACTAAT GGGGAAACTGGAGAAATTGTCTGGGATAAAGGGCGAG ATTTTGCCACAGTGCGCAAAGTATTGTCCATGCCCCAA GTCAATATTGTCAAGAAAACAGAAGTACAGACAGGCG GATTCTCCAAGGAGTCAATTTTACCAAAAAGAAATTC GGACAAGCTTATTGCTCGTAAAAAAGACTGGGATCCA AAAAAATATGGTGGTTTTGATAGTCCAACGGTAGCTTA TTCAGTCCTAGTGGTTGCTAAGGTGGAAAAAGGGAAA TCGAAGAAGTTAAAATCCGTTAAAGAGTTACTAGGGA TCACAATTATGGAAAGAAGTTCCTTTGAAAAAAATCC GATTGACTTTTTAGAAGCTAAAGGATATAAGGAAGTT AAAAAAGACTTAATCATTAAACTACCTAAATATAGTCT TTTTGAGTTAGAAAACGGTCGTAAACGGATGCTGGCT AGTGCCGGAGAATTACAAAAAGGAAATGAGCTGGCTC TGCCAAGCAAATATGTGAATTTTTTATATTTAGCTAGT CATTATGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTAGTCCAGAAGATAACG AACAAAAACAATTGTTTGTGGAGCAGCATAAGCATTA TTTAGATGAGATTATTGAGCAAATCAGTGAATTTTCTA AGCGTGTTATTTTAGCAGATGCCAATTTAGATAAAGTT CTTAGTGCATATAACAAACATAGAGACAAACCAATAC GTGAACAAGCAGAAAATATTATTCATTTATTTACGTTG ACGAATCTTGGAGCTCCCGCTGCTTTTAAATATTTTGA TACAACAATTGATCGTAAACGATATACGTCTACAAAA GAAGTTTTAGATGCCACTCTTATCCATCAATCCATCAC TGGTCTTTATGAAACACGCATTGATTTGAGTCAGCTAG GAGGTGACTGA SpCas9 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: 25 Strepto- RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI coccus CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF pyogenes GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL M1GAS wild AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE type NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF Encoded GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN product of LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPL NC_002737.2 SASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN (100% GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE identical  DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN to the  REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW canonical NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY Q99ZW2 EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK wild type) TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIE ERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKR PLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYT STKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

The prime editors described herein may include any of the above SpCas9 sequences, or any variant thereof having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

B. Wild Type Cas9 Orthologs

In other embodiments, the Cas9 protein can be a wild type Cas9 ortholog from another bacterial species different from the canonical Cas9 from S. pyogenes. For example, the following Cas9 orthologs can be used in connection with the prime editor constructs described in this specification. In addition, any variant Cas9 orthologs having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity to any of the below orthologs may also be used with the present prime editors.

Description Sequence LfCas9 MKEYHIGLDIGTSSIGWAVTDSQFKLMRIKGKTAIGVRLFEEGKTAAERR Lactobacillus TFRTTRRRLKRRKWRLHYLDEIFAPHLQEVDENFLRRLKQSNIHPEDPTK fermentum NQAFIGKLLFPDLLKKNERGYPTLIKMRDELPVEQRAHYPVMNIYKLRE wild type  AMINEDRQFDLREVYLAVHHIVKYRGHFLNNASVDKFKVGRIDFDKSFN GenBank: VLNEAYEELQNGEGSFTIEPSKVEKIGQLLLDTKMRKLDRQKAVAKLLE SNX31424.11 VKVADKEETKRNKQIATAMSKLVLGYKADFATVAMANGNEWKIDLSS ETSEDEIEKFREELSDAQNDILTEITSLFSQIMLNEIVPNGMSISESMMDRY WTHERQLAEVKEYLATQPASARKEFDQVYNKYIGQAPKERGFDLEKGL KKILSKKENWKEIDELLKAGDFLPKQRTSANGVIPHQMHQQELDRIIEKQ AKYYPWLATENPATGERDRHQAKYELDQLVSFRIPYYVGPLVTPEVQK ATSGAKFAWAKRKEDGEITPWNLWDKIDRAESAEAFIKRMTVKDTYLL NEDVLPANSLLYQKYNVLNELNNVRVNGRRLSVGIKQDIYTELFKKKKT VKASDVASLVMAKTRGVNKPSVEGLSDPKKFNSNLATYLDLKSIVGDK VDDNRYQTDLENIIEWRSVFEDGEIFADKLTEVEWLTDEQRSALVKKRY KGWGRLSKKLLTGIVDENGQRIIDLMWNTDQNFKEIVDQPVFKEQIDQL NQKAITNDGMTLRERVESVLDDAYTSPQNKKAIWQVVRVVEDIVKAVG NAPKSISIEFARNEGNKGEITRSRRTQLQKLFEDQAHELVKDTSLTEELEK APDLSDRYYFYFTQGGKDMYTGDPINFDEISTKYDIDHILPQSFVKDNSL DNRVLTSRKENNKKSDQVPAKLYAAKMKPYWNQLLKQGLITQRKFEN LTKDVDQNIKYRSLGFVKRQLVETRQVIKLTANILGSMYQEAGTEIIETR AGLTKQLREEFDLPKVREVNDYHHAVDAYLTTFAGQYLNRRYPKLRSF FVYGEYMKFKHGSDLKLRNFNFFHELMEGDKSQGKVVDQQTGELITTR DEVAKSFDRLLNMKYMLVSKEVHDRSDQLYGATIVTAKESGKLTSPIEI KKNRLVDLYGAYTNGTSAFMTIIKFTGNKPKYKVIGIPTTSAASLKRAGK PGSESYNQELHRIIKSNPKVKKGFEIVVPHVSYGQLIVDGDCKFTLASPTV QHPATQLVLSKKSLETISSGYKILKDKPAIANERLIRVFDEVVGQMNRYF TIFDQRSNRQKVADARDKFLSLPTESKYEGAKKVQVGKTEVITNLLMGL HANATQGDLKVLGLATFGFFQSTTGLSLSEDTMIVYQSPTGLFERRICLK DI (SEQ ID NO: 26) SaCas9 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIG Staphylococcus ALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFH aureus RLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKA wild type  DLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEEN GenBank:  PINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTP AYD60528.1 NFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSD AILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYK EIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDL LRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPY YVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFD KNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAI VDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDL LKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVM KQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLI HDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDEL VKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQIL KEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQ SFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLI TQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNT KYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLN AVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFY SNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPT VAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYK EVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLY LASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANL DKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYT STKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 27) SaCas9 MGKRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRS Staphylococcus KRGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQ aureus KLSEEEFSAALLHLAKRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEE KYVAELQLERLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQ SFIDTYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPEELR SVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLEYYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKP TLKQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDITARKEIIENA ELLDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLSL KAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSP VVKRSFIQSIKVINAIIKKYGLPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNR QTNERIEEIIRTTGKENAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNP FNYEVDHIIPRSVSFDNSFNNKVLVKQEENSKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISY ETFKKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDINRFSVQKDFINRNLVDTRY ATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKWKFKKERNKGYK HHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMFEEKQAESMPEIETEQ EYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRKLINDTLYSTRKDDKGN TLIVNNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQ YGDEKNPLYKYYEETGNYLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDIT DDYPNSRNKVVKLSLKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEV NSKCYEEAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYKNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIE VNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPHIIKTIASKTQSIKKYSTDILGNLYEVKSK KHPQIIKK (SEQ ID NO: 28) StCas9 MLFNKCIIISINLDFSNKEKCMTKPYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDNYKVPSK Streptococcus KMKVLGNTSKKYIKKNLLGVLLFDSGITAEGRRLKRTARRRYTRRRNRI thermophilus LYLQEIFSTEMATLDDAFFQRLDDSFLVPDDKRDSKYPIFGNLVEEKVYH UniProtKB/ DEFPTIYHLRKYLADSTKKADLRLVYLALAHMIKYRGHFLIEGEFNSKN Swiss-Prot: NDIQKNFQDFLDTYNAIFESDLSLENSKQLEEIVKDKISKLEKKDRILKLF G3ECR1.2 PGEKNSGIFSEFLKLIVGNQADFRKCFNLDEKASLHFSKESYDEDLETLL Wild type GYIGDDYSDVFLKAKKLYDAILLSGFLTVTDNETEAPLSSAMIKRYNEH KEDLALLKEYIRNISLKTYNEVFKDDTKNGYAGYIDGKTNQEDFYVYLK NLLAEFEGADYFLEKIDREDFLRKQRTFDNGSIPYQIHLQEMRAILDKQA KFYPFLAKNKERIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSDFAWSIRKRNEKITPWNF EDVIDKESSAEAFINRMTSFDLYLPEEKVLPKHSLLYETFNVYNELTKVR FIAESMRDYQFLDSKQKKDIVRLYFKDKRKVTDKDIIEYLHAIYGYDGIE LKGIEKQFNSSLSTYHDLLNIINDKEFLDDSSNEAIIEEIIHTLTIFEDREMIK QRLSKFENIFDKSVLKKLSRRHYTGWGKLSAKLINGIRDEKSGNTILDYLI DDGISNRNFMQLIHDDALSFKKKIQKAQIIGDEDKGNIKEVVKSLPGSPAI KKGILQSIKIVDELVKVMGGRKPESIVVEMARENQYTNQGKSNSQQRLK RLEKSLKELGSKILKENIPAKLSKIDNNALQNDRLYLYYLQNGKDMYTG DDLDIDRLSNYDIDHIIPQAFLKDNSIDNKVLVSSASNRGKSDDFPSLEVV KKRKTFWYQLLKSKLISQRKFDNLTKAERGGLLPEDKAGFIQRQLVETR QITKHVARLLDEKFNNKKDENNRAVRTVKIITLKSTLVSQFRKDFELYK VREINDFHHAHDAYLNAVIASALLKKYPKLEPEFVYGDYPKYNSFRERK SATEKVYFYSNIMNIFKKSISLADGRVIERPLIEVNEETGESVWNKESDLA TVRRVLSYPQVNVVKKVEEQNHGLDRGKPKGLFNANLSSKPKPNSNEN LVGAKEYLDPKKYGGYAGISNSFAVLVKGTIEKGAKKKITNVLEFQGISI LDRINYRKDKLNFLLEKGYKDIELIIELPKYSLFELSDGSRRMLASILSTN NKRGEIHKGNQIFLSQKFVKLLYHAKRISNTINENHRKYVENHKKEFEEL FYYILEFNENYVGAKKNGKLLNSAFQSWQNHSIDELCSSFIGPTGSERKG LFELTSRGSAADFEFLGVKIPRYRDYTPSSLLKDATLIHQSVTGLYETRID LAKLGEG (SEQ ID NO: 29) LcCas9 MKIKNYNLALTPSTSAVGHVEVDDDLNILEPVHHQKAIGVAKFGEGETA Lactobacillus EARRLARSARRTTKRRANRINHYFNEIMKPEIDKVDPLMFDRIKQAGLSP crispatus LDERKEFRTVIFDRPNIASYYHNQFPTIWHLQKYLMITDEKADIRLIYWA NCBI LHSLLKHRGHFFNTTPMSQFKPGKLNLKDDMLALDDYNDLEGLSFAVA Reference NSPEIEKVIKDRSMHKKEKIAELKKLIVNDVPDKDLAKRNNKIITQIVNAI Sequence:  MGNSFHLNFIFDMDLDKLTSKAWSFKLDDPELDTKFDAISGSMTDNQIGI WP_133478044.1 FETLQKIYSAISLLDILNGSSNVVDAKNALYDKHKRDLNLYFKFLNTLPD Wild type EIAKTLKAGYTLYIGNRKKDLLAARKLLKVNVAKNFSQDDFYKLINKEL KSIDKQGLQTRFSEKVGELVAQNNFLPVQRSSDNVFIPYQLNAITFNKILE NQGKYYDFLVKPNPAKKDRKNAPYELSQLMQFTIPYYVGPLVTPEEQV KSGIPKTSRFAWMVRKDNGAITPWNFYDKVDIEATADKFIKRSIAKDSY LLSELVLPKHSLLYEKYEVFNELSNVSLDGKKLSGGVKQILFNEVFKKTN KVNTSRILKALAKHNIPGSKITGLSNPEEFTSSLQTYNAWKKYFPNQIDNF AYQQDLEKMIEWSTVFEDHKILAKKLDEIEWLDDDQKKFVANTRLRGW GRLSKRLLTGLKDNYGKSIMQRLETTKANFQQIVYKPEFREQIDKISQAA AKNQSLEDILANSYTSPSNRKAIRKTMSVVDEYIKLNHGKEPDKIFLMFQ RSEQEKGKQTEARSKQLNRILSQLKADKSANKLFSKQLADEFSNAIKKS KYKLNDKQYFYFQQLGRDALTGEVIDYDELYKYTVLHIIPRSKLTDDSQ NNKVLTKYKIVDGSVALKFGNSYSDALGMPIKAFWTELNRLKLIPKGKL LNLTTDFSTLNKYQRDGYIARQLVETQQIVKLLATIMQSRFKHTKIIEVR NSQVANIRYQFDYFRIKNLNEYYRGFDAYLAAVVGTYLYKVYPKARRL FVYGQYLKPKKTNQENQDMHLDSEKKSQGFNFLWNLLYGKQDQIFVN GTDVIAFNRKDLITKMNTVYNYKSQKISLAIDYHNGAMFKATLFPRNDR DTAKTRKLIPKKKDYDTDIYGGYTSNVDGYMLLAEIIKRDGNKQYGFYG VPSRLVSELDTLKKTRYTEYEEKLKEIIKPELGVDLKKIKKIKILKNKVPF NQVIIDKGSKFFITSTSYRWNYRQLILSAESQQTLMDLVVDPDFSNHKAR KDARKNADERLIKVYEEILYQVKNYMPMFVELHRCYEKLVDAQKTFKS LKISDKAMVLNQILILLHSNATSPVLEKLGYHTRFTLGKKHNLISENAVL VTQSITGLKENHVSIKQML (SEQ ID NO: 30) PdCas9 MTNEKYSIGLDIGTSSIGFAVVNDNNRVIRVKGKNAIGVRLFDEGKAAA Pedicoccus DRRSFRTTRRSFRTTRRRLSRRRWRLKLLREIFDAYITPVDEAFFIRLKES damnnosus  NLSPKDSKKQYSGDILFNDRSDKDFYEKYPTIYHLRNALMTEHRKFDVR NCBI EIYLAIHHIMKFRGHFLNATPANNFKVGRLNLEEKFEELNDIYQRVFPDE Reference  SIEFRTDNLEQIKEVLLDNKRSRADRQRTLVSDIYQSSEDKDIEKRNKAV Sequence: ATEILKASLGNKAKLNVITNVEVDKEAAKEWSITFDSESIDDDLAKIEGQ WP_062913273.1 MTDDGHEIIEVLRSLYSGITLSAIVPENHTLSQSMVAKYDLHKDHLKLFK Wild type KLINGMTDTKKAKNLRAAYDGYIDGVKGKVLPQEDFYKQVQVNLDDS AEANEIQTYIDQDIFMPKQRTKANGSIPHQLQQQELDQIIENQKAYYPWL AELNPNPDKKRQQLAKYKLDELVTFRVPYYVGPMITAKDQKNQSGAEF AWMIRKEPGNITPWNFDQKVDRMATANQFIKRMTTTDTYLLGEDVLPA QSLLYQKFEVLNELNKIRIDHKPISIEQKQQIFNDLFKQFKNVTIKHLQDY LVSQGQYSKRPLIEGLADEKRFNSSLSTYSDLCGIFGAKLVEENDRQEDL EKIIEWSTIFEDKKIYRAKLNDLTWLTDDQKEKLATKRYQGWGRLSRKL LVGLKNSEHRNIMDILWITNENFMQIQAEPDFAKLVTDANKGMLEKTDS QDVINDLYTSPQNKKAIRQILLVVHDIQNAMHGQAPAKIHVEFARGEER NPRRSVQRQRQVEAAYEKVSNELVSAKVRQEFKEAINNKRDFKDRLFL YFMQGGIDIYTGKQLNIDQLSSYQIDHILPQAFVKDDSLTNRVLTNENQV KADSVPIDIFGKKMLSVWGRMKDQGLISKGKYRNLTMNPENISAHTENG FINRQLVETRQVIKLAVNILADEYGDSTQIISVKADLSHQMREDFELLKN RDVNDYHHAFDAYLAAFIGNYLLKRYPKLESYFVYGDFKKFTQKETKM RRFNFIYDLKHCDQVVNKETGEILWTKDEDIKYIRHLFAYKKILVSHEVR EKRGALYNQTIYKAKDDKGSGQESKKLIRIKDDKETKIYGGYSGKSLAY MTIVQITKKNKVSYRVIGIPTLALARLNKLENDSTENNGELYKIIKPQFTH YKVDKKNGEIIETTDDFKIVVSKVRFQQLIDDAGQFFMLASDTYKNNAQ QLVISNNALKAINNTNITDCPRDDLERLDNLRLDSAFDEIVKKMDKYFSA YDANNFREKIRNSNLIFYQLPVEDQWENNKITELGKRTVLTRILQGLHAN ATTTDMSIFKIKTPFGQLRQRSGISLSENAQLIYQSPTGLFERRVQLNKIK (SEQ ID NO: 31) FnCas9 MKKQKFSDYYLGFDIGTNSVGWCVTDLDYNVLRFNKKDMWGSRLFEE Fusobaterium AKTAAERRVQRNSRRRLKRRKWRLNLLEEIFSNEILKIDSNFFRRLKESSL nucleatum WLEDKSSKEKFTLFNDDNYKDYDFYKQYPTIFHLRNELIKNPEKKDIRLV NCBI YLAIHSIFKSRGHFLFEGQNLKEIKNFETLYNNLIAFLEDNGINKIIDKNNI Reference EKLEKIVCDSKKGLKDKEKEFKEIFNSDKQLVAIFKLSVGSSVSLNDLFD Sequence: TDEYKKGEVEKEKISFREQIYEDDKPIYYSILGEKIELLDIAKTFYDFMVL WP_060798984.1 NNILADSQYISEAKVKLYEEHKKDLKNLKYIIRKYNKGNYDKLFKDKNE NNYSAYIGLNKEKSKKEVIEKSRLKIDDLIKNIKGYLPKVEEIEEKDKAIF NKILNKIELKTILPKQRISDNGTLPYQIHEAELEKILENQSKYYDFLNYEE NGIITKDKLLMTFKFRIPYYVGPLNSYHKDKGGNSWIVRKEEGKILPWNF EQKVDIEKSAEEFIKRMTNKCTYLNGEDVIPKDTFLYSEYVILNELNKVQ VNDEFLNEENKRKIIDELFKENKKVSEKKFKEYLLVKQIVDGTIELKGVK DSFNSNYISYIRFKDIFGEKLNLDIYKEISEKSILWKCLYGDDKKIFEKKIK NEYGDILTKDEIKKINTFKFNNWGRLSEKLLTGIEFINLETGECYSSVMDA LRRTNYNLMELLSSKFTLQESINNENKEMNEASYRDLIEESYVSPSLKRAI FQTLKIYEEIRKITGRVPKKVFIEMARGGDESMKNKKIPARQEQLKKLYD SCGNDIANFSIDIKEMKNSLISYDNNSLRQKKLYLYYLQFGKCMYTGREI DLDRLLQNNDTYDIDHIYPRSKVIKDDSFDNLVLVLKNENAEKSNEYPV KKEIQEKMKSFWRFLKEKNFISDEKYKRLTGKDDFELRGFMARQLVNV RQTTKEVGKILQQIEPEIKIVYSKAEIASSFREMFDFIKVRELNDTHHAKD AYLNIVAGNVYNTKFTEKPYRYLQEIKENYDVKKIYNYDIKNAWDKEN SLEIVKKNMEKNTVNITRFIKEKKGQLFDLNPIKKGETSNEIISIKPKVYN GKDDKLNEKYGYYKSLNPAYFLYVEHKEKNKRIKSFERVNLVDVNNIK DEKSLVKYLIENKKLVEPRVIKKVYKRQVILINDYPYSIVTLDSNKLMDF ENLKPLFLENKYEKILKNVIKFLEDNQGKSEENYKFIYLKKKDRYEKNET LESVKDRYNLEFNEMYDKFLEKLDSKDYKNYMNNKKYQELLDVKEKFI KLNLFDKAFTLKSFLDLFNRKTMADFSKVGLTKYLGKIQKISSNVLSKNE LYLLEESVTGLFVKKIKL (SEQ ID NO: 32) EcCas9 RRKQRIQILQELLGEEVLKTDPGFFHRMKESRYVVEDKRTLDGKQVELP Enterococcus YALFVDKDYTDKEYYKQFPTINHLIVYLMTTSDTPDIRLVYLALHYYMK cecorum NRGNFLHSGDINNVKDINDILEQLDNVLETFLDGWNLKLKSYVEDIKNIY NCBI NRDLGRGERKKAFVNTLGAKTKAEKAFCSLISGGSTNLAELFDDSSLKEI Reference ETPKIEFASSSLEDKIDGIQEALEDRFAVIEAAKRLYDWKTLTDILGDSSS Sequence: LAEARVNSYQMHHEQLLELKSLVKEYLDRKVFQEVFVSLNVANNYPAY WP_047338501.1 IGHTKINGKKKELEVKRTKRNDFYSYVKKQVIEPIKKKVSDEAVLTKLSE Wild type  IESLIEVDKYLPLQVNSDNGVIPYQVKLNELTRIFDNLENRIPVLRENRDK IIKTFKFRIPYYVGSLNGVVKNGKCTNWMVRKEEGKIYPWNFEDKVDLE ASAEQFIRRMTNKCTYLVNEDVLPKYSLLYSKYLVLSELNNLRIDGRPLD VKIKQDIYENVFKKNRKVTLKKIKKYLLKEGIITDDDELSGLADDVKSSL TAYRDFKEKLGHLDLSEAQMENIILNITLFGDDKKLLKKRLAALYPFIDD KSLNRIATLNYRDWGRLSERFLSGITSVDQETGELRTIIQCMYETQANLM QLLAEPYHFVEAIEKENPKVDLESISYRIVNDLYVSPAVKRQIWQTLLVIK DIKQVMKHDPERIFIEMAREKQESKKTKSRKQVLSEVYKKAKEYEHLFE KLNSLTEEQLRSKKIYLYFTQLGKCMYSGEPIDFENLVSANSNYDIDHIYP QSKTIDDSFNNIVLVKKSLNAYKSNHYPIDKNIRDNEKVKTLWNTLVSK GLITKEKYERLIRSTPFSDEELAGFIARQLVETRQSTKAVAEILSNWFPESE IVYSKAKNVSNFRQDFEILKVRELNDCHHAHDAYLNIVVGNAYHTKFTN SPYRFIKNKANQEYNLRKLLQKVNKIESNGVVAWVGQSENNPGTIATVK KVIRRNTVLISRMVKEVDGQLFDLTLMKKGKGQVPIKSSDERLTDISKY GGYNKATGAYFTFVKSKKRGKVVRSFEYVPLHLSKQFENNNELLKEYIE KDRGLTDVEILIPKVLINSLFRYNGSLVRITGRGDTRLLLVHEQPLYVSNS FVQQLKSVSSYKLKKSENDNAKLTKTATEKLSNIDELYDGLLRKLDLPIY SYWFSSIKEYLVESRTKYIKLSIEEKALVIFEILHLFQSDAQVPNLKILGLS TKPSRIRIQKNLKDTDKMSIIHQSPSGIFEHEIELTSL (SEQ ID NO: 33) AhCas9 MQNGFLGITVSSEQVGWAVTNPKYELERASRKDLWGVRLFDKAETAED Anaerostipes RRMFRTNRRLNQRKKNRIHYLRDIFHEEVNQKDPNFFQQLDESNFCEDD hadrus RTVEFNFDTNLYKNQFPTVYHLRKYLMETKDKPDIRLVYLAFSKFMKN NCBI RGHFLYKGNLGEVMDFENSMKGFCESLEKFNIDFPTLSDEQVKEVRDIL Reference CDHKIAKTVKKKNIITITKVKSKTAKAWIGLFCGCSVPVKVLFQDIDEEIV Sequence:  TDPEKISFEDASYDDYIANIEKGVGIYYEAIVSAKMLFDWSILNEILGDHQ WP_044924278.1 LLSDAMIAEYNKHHDDLKRLQKIIKGTGSRELYQDIFINDVSGNYVCYV Wild type GHAKTMSSADQKQFYTFLKNRLKNVNGISSEDAEWIDTEIKNGTLLPKQ TKRDNSVIPHQLQLREFELILDNMQEMYPFLKENREKLLKIFNFVIPYYV GPLKGVVRKGESTNWMVPKKDGVIHPWNFDEMVDKEASAECFISRMT GNCSYLFNEKVLPKNSLLYETFEVLNELNPLKINGEPISVELKQRIYEQLF LTGKKVTKKSLTKYLIKNGYDKDIELSGIDNEFHSNLKSHIDFEDYDNLS DEEVEQIILRITVFEDKQLLKDYLNREFVKLSEDERKQICSLSYKGWGNL SEMLLNGITVTDSNGVEVSVMDMLWNTNLNLMQILSKKYGYKAEIEHY NKEHEKTIYNREDLMDYLNIPPAQRRKVNQLITIVKSLKKTYGVPNKIFF KISREHQDDPKRTSSRKEQLKYLYKSLKSEDEKHLMKELDELNDHELSN DKVYLYFLQKGRCIYSGKKLNLSRLRKSNYQNDIDYIYPLSAVNDRSMN NKVLTGIQENRADKYTYFPVDSEIQKKMKGFWMELVLQGFMTKEKYFR LSRENDFSKSELVSFIEREISDNQQSGRMIASVLQYYFPESKIVFVKEKLIS SFKRDFHLISSYGHNHLQAAKDAYITIVVGNVYHTKFTMDPAIYFKNHK RKDYDLNRLFLENISRDGQIAWESGPYGSIQTVRKEYAQNHIAVTKRVV EVKGGLFKQMPLKKGHGEYPLKTNDPRFGNIAQYGGYTNVTGSYFVLV ESMEKGKKRISLEYVPVYLHERLEDDPGHKLLKEYLVDHRKLNHPKILL AKVRKNSLLKIDGFYYRLNGRSGNALILTNAVELIMDDWQTKTANKISG YMKRRAIDKKARVYQNEFHIQELEQLYDFYLDKLKNGVYKNRKNNQA ELIHNEKEQFMELKTEDQCVLLTEIKKLFVCSPMQADLTLIGGSKHTGMI AMSSNVTKADFAVIAEDPLGLRNKVIYSHKGEK (SEQ ID NO: 34) KvCas9 MSQNNNKIYNIGLDIGDASVGWAVVDEHYNLLKRHGKHMWGSRLFTQ Kandleria ANTAVERRSSRSTRRRYNKRRERIRLLREIMEDMVLDVDPTFFIRLANVS vitulina FLDQEDKKDYLKENYHSNYNLFIDKDFNDKTYYDKYPTIYHLRKHLCES NCBI KEKEDPRLIYLALHHIVKYRGNFLYEGQKFSMDVSNIEDKMIDVLRQFN Reference  EINLFEYVEDRKKIDEVLNVLKEPLSKKHKAEKAFALFDTTKDNKAAYK Sequence:  ELCAALAGNKFNVTKMLKEAELHDEDEKDISFKFSDATFDDAFVEKQPL WP_031589969.1 LGDCVEFIDLLHDIYSWVELQNILGSAHTSEPSISAAMIQRYEDHKNDLK Wild type  LLKDVIRKYLPKKYFEVFRDEKSKKNNYCNYINHPSKTPVDEFYKYIKK LIEKIDDPDVKTILNKIELESFMLKQNSRTNGAVPYQMQLDELNKILENQ SVYYSDLKDNEDKIRSILTFRIPYYFGPLNITKDRQFDWIIKKEGKENERIL PWNANEIVDVDKTADEFIKRMRNFCTYFPDEPVMAKNSLTVSKYEVLN EINKLRINDHLIKRDMKDKMLHTLFMDHKSISANAMKKWLVKNQYFSN TDDIKIEGFQKENACSTSLTPWIDFTKIFGKINESNYDFIEKIIYDVTVFED KKILRRRLKKEYDLDEEKIKKILKLKYSGWSRLSKKLLSGIKTKYKDSTR TPETVLEVMERTNMNLMQVINDEKLGFKKTIDDANSTSVSGKFSYAEVQ ELAGSPAIKRGIWQALLIVDEIKKIMKHEPAHVYIEFARNEDEKERKDSF VNQMLKLYKDYDFEDETEKEANKHLKGEDAKSKIRSERLKLYYTQMG KCMYTGKSLDIDRLDTYQVDHIVPQSLLKDDSIDNKVLVLSSENQRKLD DLVIPSSIRNKMYGFWEKLFNNKIISPKKFYSLIKTEFNEKDQERFINRQIV ETRQITKHVAQIIDNHYENTKVVTVRADLSHQFRERYHIYKNRDINDFHH AHDAYIATILGTYIGHRFESLDAKYIYGEYKRIFRNQKNKGKEMKKNND GFILNSMRNIYADKDTGEIVWDPNYIDRIKKCFYYKDCFVTKKLEENNG TFFNVTVLPNDTNSDKDNTLATVPVNKYRSNVNKYGGFSGVNSFIVAIK GKKKKGKKVIEVNKLTGIPLMYKNADEEIKINYLKQAEDLEEVQIGKEIL KNQLIEKDGGLYYIVAPTEIINAKQLILNESQTKLVCEIYKAMKYKNYDN LDSEKIIDLYRLLINKMELYYPEYRKQLVKKFEDRYEQLKVISIEEKCNII KQILATLHCNSSIGKIMYSDFKISTTIGRLNGRTISLDDISFIAESPTGMYSK KYKL (SEQ ID NO: 35) EfCas9 MRLFEEGHTAEDRRLKRTARRRISRRRNRLRYLQAFFEEAMTDLDENFF Enterococcus ARLQESFLVPEDKKWHRHPIFAKLEDEVAYHETYPTIYHLRKKLADSSE faecalis QADLRLIYLALAHIVKYRGHFLIEGKLSTENTSVKDQFQQFMVIYNQTFV NCBI NGESRLVSAPLPESVLIEEELTEKASRTKKSEKVLQQFPQEKANGLFGQF Reference LKLMVGNKADFKKVFGLEEEAKITYASESYEEDLEGILAKVGDEYSDVF Sequence:  LAAKNVYDAVELSTILADSDKKSHAKLSSSMIVRFTEHQEDLKKFKRFIR WP_016631044.1 ENCPDEYDNLFKNEQKDGYAGYIAHAGKVSQLKFYQYVKKIIQDIAGAE Wild type YFLEKIAQENFLRKQRTFDNGVIPHQIHLAELQAIIHRQAAYYPFLKENQE KIEQLVTFRIPYYVGPLSKGDASTFAWLKRQSEEPIRPWNLQETVDLDQS ATAFIERMTNFDTYLPSEKVLPKHSLLYEKFMVFNELTKISYTDDRGIKA NFSGKEKEKIFDYLFKTRRKVKKKDIIQFYRNEYNTEIVTLSGLEEDQFN ASFSTYQDLLKCGLTRAELDHPDNAEKLEDIIKILTIFEDRQRIRTQLSTFK GQFSAEVLKKLERKHYTGWGRLSKKLINGIYDKESGKTILDYLVKDDGV SKHYNRNFMQLINDSQLSFKNAIQKAQSSEHEETLSETVNELAGSPAIKK GIYQSLKIVDELVAIMGYAPKRIVVEMARENQTTSTGKRRSIQRLKIVEK AMAEIGSNLLKEQPTTNEQLRDTRLFLYYMQNGKDMYTGDELSLHRLS HYDIDHIIPQSFMKDDSLDNLVLVGSTENRGKSDDVPSKEVVKDMKAY WEKLYAAGLISQRKFQRLTKGEQGGLTLEDKAHFIQRQLVETRQITKNV AGILDQRYNAKSKEKKVQIITLKASLTSQFRSIFGLYKVREVNDYHHGQD AYLNCVVATTLLKVYPNLAPEFVYGEYPKFQTFKENKATAKAIIYTNLL RFFTEDEPRFTKDGEILWSNSYLKTIKKELNYHQMNIVKKVEVQKGGFS KESIKPKGPSNKLIPVKNGLDPQKYGGFDSPVVAYTVLFTHEKGKKPLIK QEILGITIMEKTRFEQNPILFLEEKGFLRPRVLMKLPKYTLYEFPEGRRRL LASAKEAQKGNQMVLPEHLLTLLYHAKQCLLPNQSESLAYVEQHQPEF QEILERVVDFAEVHTLAKSKVQQIVKLFEANQTADVKEIAASFIQLMQFN AMGAPSTFKFFQKDIERARYTSIKEIFDATIIYQSPTGLYETRRKVVD (SEQ ID NO: 36) Staphylococcus KRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSKR aureus GARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKL Cas9 SEEEFSAALLHLAKRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKY VAELQLERLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFI DTYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPEELRSV KYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLEYYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKPTL KQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDITARKEIIENAEL LDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLSLKAI NLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVK RSFIQSIKVINAIIKKYGLPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTN ERIEEIIRTTGKENAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNY EVDHIIPRSVSFDNSFNNKVLVKQEENSKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETF KKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDINRFSVQKDFINRNLVDTRYATR GLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKWKFKKERNKGYKHHA EDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMFEEKQAESMPEIETEQEYK EIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRELINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTLIV NNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDE KNPLYKYYEETGNYLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYP NSRNKVVKLSLKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKC YEEAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYNNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIEVNMI DITYREYLENMNDKRPPRIIKTIASKTQSIKKYSTDILGNLYEVKSKKHPQ IIKKG (SEQ ID NO: 37) Geobacillus MKYKIGLDIGITSIGWAVINLDIPRIEDLGVRIFDRAENPKTGESLALPRRL thermodenitrificans  ARSARRRLRRRKHRLERIRRLFVREGILTKEELNKLFEKKHEIDVWQLRV Cas9 EALDRKLNNDELARILLHLAKRRGFRSNRKSERTNKENSTMLKHIEENQ SILSSYRTVAEMVVKDPKFSLHKRNKEDNYTNTVARDDLEREIKLIFAKQ REYGNIVCTEAFEHEYISIWASQRPFASKDDIEKKVGFCTFEPKEKRAPK ATYTFQSFTVWEHINKLRLVSPGGIRALTDDERRLIYKQAFHKNKITFHD VRTLLNLPDDTRFKGLLYDRNTTLKENEKVRFLELGAYHKIRKAIDSVY GKGAAKSFRPIDFDTFGYALTMFKDDTDIRSYLRNEYEQNGKRMENLA DKVYDEELIEELLNLSFSKFGHLSLKALRNILPYMEQGEVYSTACERAGY TFTGPKKKQKTVLLPNIPPIANPVVMRALTQARKVVNAIIKKYGSPVSIHI ELARELSQSFDERRKMQKEQEGNRKKNETAIRQLVEYGLTLNPTGLDIV KFKLWSEQNGKCAYSLQPIEIERLLEPGYTEVDHVIPYSRSLDDSYTNKV LVLTKENREKGNRTPAEYLGLGSERWQQFETFVLTNKQFSKKKRDRLLR LHYDENEENEFKNRNLNDTRYISRFLANFIREHLKFADSDDKQKVYTVN GRITAHLRSRWNFNKNREESNLHHAVDAAIVACTTPSDIARVTAFYQRR EQNKELSKKTDPQFPQPWPHFADELQARLSKNPKESIKALNLGNYDNEK LESLQPVFVSRMPKRSITGAAHQETLRRYIGIDERSGKIQTVVKKKLSEIQ LDKTGHFPMYGKESDPRTYEAIRQRLLEHNNDPKKAFQEPLYKPKKNGE LGPIIRTIKIIDTTNQVIPLNDGKTVAYNSNIVRVDVFEKDGKYYCVPIYTI DMMKGILPNKAIEPNKPYSEWKEMTEDYTFRFSLYPNDLIRIEFPREKTIK TAVGEEIKIKDLFAYYQTIDSSNGGLSLVSHDNNFSLRSIGSRTLKRFEKY QVDVLGNIYKVRGEKRVGVASSSHSKAGETIRPL (SEQ ID NO: 38) ScCas9 MEKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDDYKVPSKKFKVLGNTNRKSIKKNLM S. canis GALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRIRYLQEIFANEMAKLDDSF 1375 AA FQRLEESFLVEEDKKNERHPIFGNLADEVAYHRNYPTIYHLRKKLADSPE 159.2 kDa KADLRLIYLALAHIIKFRGHFLIEGKLNAENSDVAKLFYQLIQTYNQLFEE SPLDEIEVDAKGILSARLSKSKRLEKLIAVFPNEKKNGLFGNIIALALGLTP NFKSNFDLTEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDELLGQIGDQYADLFSAAKNLSDA ILLSDILRSNSEVTKAPLSASMVKRYDEHHQDLALLKTLVRQQFPEKYAE IFKDDTKNGYAGYVGIGIKHRKRTTKLATQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGAEEL LAKLNRDDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLKELHAILRRQEEFYPFLKENREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWLTRKSEEAITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQS FIERMTNFDEQLPNKKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTERMRKPEF LSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEIIGVEDRFNA SLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYA HLFDDKVMKQLKRRHYTGWGRLSRKMINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGF SNRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEEIEKAQVSGQGDSLHEQIADLAGSPAIKKGIL QTVKIVDELVKVMGHKPENIVIEMARENQTTTKGLQQSRERKKRIEEGIK ELESQILKENPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDV DHIVPQSFIKDDSIDNKVLTRSVENRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLL NAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSEADKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVARILDS RMNTKRDKNDKPIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQLYKVRDINNYHHAH DAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKAT AKRFFYSNIMNFFKTEVKLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEVVWNKEKDFAT VRKVLAMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILSKRESAKLIPRKKGWDTRKY GGFGSPTVAYSILVVAKVEKGKAKKLKSVKVLVGITIMEKGSYEKDPIGF LEAKGYKDIKKELIFKLPKYSLFELENGRRRMLASATELQKANELVLPQ HLVRLLYYTQNISATTGSNNLGYIEQHREEFKEIFEKIIDFSEKYILKNKV NSNLKSSFDEQFAVSDSILLSNSFVSLLKYTSFGASGGFTFLDLDVKQGRL RYQTVTEVLDATLIYQSITGLYETRTDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 39)

The prime editors described herein may include any of the above Cas9 ortholog sequences, or any variants thereof having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

The napDNAbp may include any suitable homologs and/or orthologs or naturally occurring enzymes, such as, Cas9. Cas9 homologs and/or orthologs have been described in various species, including, but not limited to, S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus. Preferably, the Cas moiety is configured (e.g, mutagenized, recombinantly engineered, or otherwise obtained from nature) as a nickase, i.e., capable of cleaving only a single strand of the target doubpdditional suitable Cas9 nucleases and sequences will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure, and such Cas9 nucleases and sequences include Cas9 sequences from the organisms and loci disclosed in Chylinski, Rhun, and Charpentier, “The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems” (2013) RNA Biology 10:5, 726-737; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a Cas9 nuclease has an inactive (e.g., an inactivated) DNA cleavage domain, that is, the Cas9 is a nickase. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 3. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the Cas9 orthologs in the above tables.

C. Dead Cas9 Variant

In certain embodiments, the prime editors described herein may include a dead Cas9, e.g., dead SpCas9, which has no nuclease activity due to one or more mutations that inactive both nuclease domains of Cas9, namely the RuvC domain (which cleaves the non-protospacer DNA strand) and HNH domain (which cleaves the protospacer DNA strand). The nuclease inactivation may be due to one or mutations that result in one or more substitutions and/or deletions in the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein, or any variants thereof having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

As used herein, the term “dCas9” refers to a nuclease-inactive Cas9 or nuclease-dead Cas9, or a functional fragment thereof, and embraces any naturally occurring dCas9 from any organism, any naturally-occurring dCas9 equivalent or functional fragment thereof, any dCas9 homolog, ortholog, or paralog from any organism, and any mutant or variant of a dCas9, naturally-occurring or engineered. The term dCas9 is not meant to be particularly limiting and may be referred to as a “dCas9 or equivalent.” Exemplary dCas9 proteins and method for making dCas9 proteins are further described herein and/or are described in the art and are incorporated herein by reference.

In other embodiments, dCas9 corresponds to, or comprises in part or in whole, a Cas9 amino acid sequence having one or more mutations that inactivate the Cas9 nuclease activity. In other embodiments, Cas9 variants having mutations other than D10A and H840A are provided which may result in the full or partial inactivate of the endogneous Cas9 nuclease activity (e.g., nCas9 or dCas9, respectively). Such mutations, by way of example, include other amino acid substitutions at D10 and H820, or other substitutions within the nuclease domains of Cas9 (e.g., substitutions in the HNH nuclease subdomain and/or the RuvC1 subdomain) with reference to a wild type sequence such as Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_017053.1). In some embodiments, variants or homologues of Cas9 (e.g., variants of Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_017053.1 (SEQ ID NO: 20))) are provided which are at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_017053.1. In some embodiments, variants of dCas9 (e.g., variants of NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_017053.1 (SEQ ID NO: 20)) are provided having amino acid sequences which are shorter, or longer than NC_017053.1 (SEQ ID NO: 20) by about 5 amino acids, by about 10 amino acids, by about 15 amino acids, by about 20 amino acids, by about 25 amino acids, by about 30 amino acids, by about 40 amino acids, by about 50 amino acids, by about 75 amino acids, by about 100 amino acids or more.

In one embodiment, the dead Cas9 may be based on the canonical SpCas9 sequence of Q99ZW2 and may have the following sequence, which comprises a D10× and an H810X, wherein X may be any amino acid, substitutions (underlined and bolded), or a variant be variant of SEQ ID NO: 40 having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

In one embodiment, the dead Cas9 may be based on the canonical SpCas9 sequence of Q99ZW2 and may have the following sequence, which comprises a D10A and an H810A substitutions (underlined and bolded), or be a variant of SEQ ID NO: 41 having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: dead Cas9 or MDKKYSIGL X IGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: dCas9 RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 40 Streptococcus CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF pyogenes GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Q99ZW2 AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE Cas9 with NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF D10 X  and GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN H810 X LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS Where “X” is ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN any amino GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE acid DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVD X IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD dead Cas9 or MDKKYSIGL A IGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: dCas9 RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 41 Streptococcus CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF pyogenes GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Q99ZW2 AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE Cas9 with NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF D10 A  and GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN H810 A LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVD A IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

D. Cas9 Nickase Variant

In one embodiment, the prime editors described herein comprise a Cas9 nickase. The term “Cas9 nickase” of “nCas9” refers to a variant of Cas9 which is capable of introducing a single-strand break in a double strand DNA molecule target. In some embodiments, the Cas9 nickase comprises only a single functioning nuclease domain. The wild type Cas9 (e.g., the canonical SpCas9) comprises two separate nuclease domains, namely, the RuvC domain (which cleaves the non-protospacer DNA strand) and HNH domain (which cleaves the protospacer DNA strand). In one embodiment, the Cas9 nickase comprises a mutation in the RuvC domain which inactivates the RuvC nuclease activity. For example, mutations in aspartate (D) 10, histidine (H) 983, aspartate (D) 986, or glutamate (E) 762, have been reported as loss-of-function mutations of the RuvC nuclease domain and the creation of a functional Cas9 nickase (e.g., Nishimasu et al., “Crystal structure of Cas9 in complex with guide RNA and target DNA,” Cell 156(5), 935-949, which is incorporated herein by reference). Thus, nickase mutations in the RuvC domain could include D10X, H983X, D986X, or E762X, wherein X is any amino acid other than the wild type amino acid. In certain embodiments, the nickase could be D10A, of H983A, or D986A, or E762A, or a combination thereof.

In various embodiments, the Cas9 nickase can having a mutation in the RuvC nuclease domain and have one of the following amino acid sequences, or a variant thereof having an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGL X IGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 42 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE D10 X , NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF wherein X is GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN any alternate LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS amino acid ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 43 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE E762X, NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF wherein X is GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN any alternate LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS amino acid ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVI X MARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 44 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE H983X, NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYH X AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 45 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE D986X, NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF wherein X is GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN any alternate LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS amino acid ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AH X AYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGL A IGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 46 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE D10 A NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQS KN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 47 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE E762A NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVI A MARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 48 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE H983A NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYH A AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 49 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas 9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE D986A NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHAAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

In another embodiment, the Cas9 nickase comprises a mutation in the HNH domain which inactivates the HNH nuclease activity. For example, mutations in histidine (H) 840 or asparagine (R) 863 have been reported as loss-of-function mutations of the HNH nuclease domain and the creation of a functional Cas9 nickase (e.g., Nishimasu et al., “Crystal structure of Cas9 in complex with guide RNA and target DNA,” Cell 156(5), 935-949, which is incorporated herein by reference). Thus, nickase mutations in the HNH domain could include H840X and R863X, wherein X is any amino acid other than the wild type amino acid. In certain embodiments, the nickase could be H840A or R863A or a combination thereof.

In various embodiments, the Cas9 nickase can have a mutation in the HNH nuclease domain and have one of the following amino acid sequences, or a variant thereof having an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 50 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE H840 X , NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF wherein X is GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN any alternate LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS amino acid ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVD X IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 51 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas 9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE H840 A NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVD A IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 52 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE R863X, NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF wherein X is GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN any alternate LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS amino acid ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKN X GKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD Cas9 nickase MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTD SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus RHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRI 53 pyogenes CYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIF Q99ZW2 GNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL Cas9 with AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE R863 A NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF wherein X is GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN any alternate LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS amino acid ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDN REKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGT YHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRD KQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQ VSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQEL DINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKN A GKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAER GGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHH AHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRP LIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTV AYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPI DFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTS TKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

In some embodiments, the N-terminal methionine is removed from a Cas9 nickase, or from any Cas9 variant, ortholog, or equivalent disclosed or contemplated herein. For example, methionine-minus Cas9 nickases include the following sequences, or a variant thereof having an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.

Description Sequence Cas9 nickase DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIG (Met minus) ALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSF Streptococcus FHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDST pyogenes DKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQ Q99ZW2 LFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIAL Cas9 with SLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLA H840 X , AKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQ wherein X is QLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELL any alternate VKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREK amino acid IEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASA QSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMR KPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILD FLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAG SPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNS RERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYV DQELDINRLSDYDVD X IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPS EEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKR QLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFR KDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYK VYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIE TNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILP KRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLK SVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELEN GRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQK QLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIRE QAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITG LYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 54) Cas9 nickase DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIG (Met minus) ALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSF Streptococcus FHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDST pyogenes DKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQ Q99ZW2 LFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIAL Cas9 with SLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLA H840 A AKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQ QLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELL VKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREK IEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASA QSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMR KPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILD FLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAG SPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNS RERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYV DQELDINRLSDYDVD A IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPS EEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKR QLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFR KDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYK VYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIE TNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILP KRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLK SVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELEN GRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQK QLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIRE QAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITG LYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 55) Cas9 nickase DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIG (Met minus) ALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSF Streptococcus FHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDST pyogenes DKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQ Q99ZW2 LFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIAL Cas9 with SLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLA R863X, AKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQ wherein X is QLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELL any alternate VKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREK amino acid IEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASA QSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMR KPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILD FLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAG SPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNS RERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYV DQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKN X GKSDNVPS EEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKR QLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFR KDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYK VYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIE TNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILP KRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLK SVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELEN GRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQK QLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIRE QAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSTTG LYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 56) Cas9 nickase DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIG (Met minus) ALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSF Streptococcus FHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDST pyogenes DKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQ Q99ZW2 LFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIAL Cas9 with SLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLA R863 A AKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQ QLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELL VKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREK IEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASA QSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMR KPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILD FLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAG SPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNS RERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYV DQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKN A GKSDNVPS EEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKR QLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFR KDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYK VYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIE TNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILP KRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLK SVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELEN GRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQK QLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIRE QAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITG LYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 57)

E. Other Cas9 Variants

Besides dead Cas9 and Cas9 nickase variants, the Cas9 proteins used herein may also include other “Cas9 variants” having at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to any reference Cas9 protein, including any wild type Cas9, or mutant Cas9 (e.g., a dead Cas9 or Cas9 nickase), or fragment Cas9, or circular permutant Cas9, or other variant of Cas9 disclosed herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, a Cas9 variant may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 or more amino acid changes compared to a reference Cas9. In some embodiments, the Cas9 variant comprises a fragment of a reference Cas9 (e.g., a gRNA binding domain or a DNA-cleavage domain), such that the fragment is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to the corresponding fragment of wild type Cas9. In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% identical, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid length of a corresponding wild type Cas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 18).

In some embodiments, the disclosure also may utilize Cas9 fragments which retain their functionality and which are fragments of any herein disclosed Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the Cas9 fragment is at least 100 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, or at least 1300 amino acids in length.

In various embodiments, the prime editors disclosed herein may comprise one of the Cas9 variants described as follows, or a Cas9 variant thereof having at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to any reference Cas9 variants.

F. Small-Sized Cas9 Variants

In some embodiments, the prime editors contemplated herein can include a Cas9 protein that is of smaller molecular weight than the canonical SpCas9 sequence. In some embodiments, the smaller-sized Cas9 variants may facilitate delivery to cells, e.g., by an expression vector, nanoparticle, or other means of delivery. In certain embodiments, the smaller-sized Cas9 variants can include enzymes categorized as type II enzymes of the Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems. In some embodiments, the smaller-sized Cas9 variants can include enzymes categorized as type V enzymes of the Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems. In other embodiments, the smaller-sized Cas9 variants can include enzymes categorized as type VI enzymes of the Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems.

The canonical SpCas9 protein is 1368 amino acids in length and has a predicted molecular weight of 158 kilodaltons. The term “small-sized Cas9 variant”, as used herein, refers to any Cas9 variant—naturally occurring, engineered, or otherwise—that is less than at least 1300 amino acids, or at least less than 1290 amino acids, or than less than 1280 amino acids, or less than 1270 amino acid, or less than 1260 amino acid, or less than 1250 amino acids, or less than 1240 amino acids, or less than 1230 amino acids, or less than 1220 amino acids, or less than 1210 amino acids, or less than 1200 amino acids, or less than 1190 amino acids, or less than 1180 amino acids, or less than 1170 amino acids, or less than 1160 amino acids, or less than 1150 amino acids, or less than 1140 amino acids, or less than 1130 amino acids, or less than 1120 amino acids, or less than 1110 amino acids, or less than 1100 amino acids, or less than 1050 amino acids, or less than 1000 amino acids, or less than 950 amino acids, or less than 900 amino acids, or less than 850 amino acids, or less than 800 amino acids, or less than 750 amino acids, or less than 700 amino acids, or less than 650 amino acids, or less than 600 amino acids, or less than 550 amino acids, or less than 500 amino acids, but at least larger than about 400 amino acids and retaining the required functions of the Cas9 protein. The Cas9 variants can include those categorized as type II, type V, or type VI enzymes of the Class 2 CRISPR-Cas system.

In various embodiments, the prime editors disclosed herein may comprise one of the small-sized Cas9 variants described as follows, or a Cas9 variant thereof having at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to any reference small-sized Cas9 protein.

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: SaCas9 MGKRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLFKEA SEQ ID NO: Staphylococcus NVENNEGRRSKRGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLL 58 aureus TDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSAALLHLAKRRG 1053 AA VHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYVAELQLE 123 kDa RLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLD QSFIDTYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEML MGHCTYFPEELRSVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDE NEKLEYYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKPTLKQIAKEILVNEEDIK GYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDITARKEIIENAELLDQIA KILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHN LSLKAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQK EIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFIQSIKVINAIIKKYGLPNDIIIEL AREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGKENA KYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDH IIPRSVSFDNSFNNKVLVKQEENSKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDS KISYETFKKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDINRFSV QKDFINRNLVDTRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSI NGGFTSFLRRKWKFKKERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIF KEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMFEEKQAESMPEIETEQEYKEI FITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRKLINDTLYSTRK DDKGNTLIVNNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYH HDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDEKNPLYKYYEETGNYLTKYS KKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRNKVVKLS LKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKC YEEAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYKNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNN DLLNRIEVNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPHIIKTIASKTQSI KKYSTDILGNLYEVKSKKHPQIIKK NmeCas9 MAAFKPNSINYILGLDIGIASVGWAMVEIDEEENPIRLIDL SEQ ID NO: N. GVRVFERAEVPKTGDSLAMARRLARSVRRLTRRRAHRL 59 meningitidis LRTRRLLKREGVLQAANFDENGLIKSLPNTPWQLRAAAL 1083 AA DRKLTPLEWSAVLLHLIKHRGYLSQRKNEGETADKELGA 124.5 kDa LLKGVAGNAHALQTGDFRTPAELALNKFEKESGHIRNQR SDYSHTFSRKDLQAELILLFEKQKEFGNPHVSGGLKEGIE TLLMTQRPALSGDAVQKMLGHCTFEPAEPKAAKNTYTA ERFIWLTKLNNLRILEQGSERPLTDTERATLMDEPYRKSK LTYAQARKLLGLEDTAFFKGLRYGKDNAEASTLMEMKA YHAISRALEKEGLKDKKSPLNLSPELQDEIGTAFSLFKTD EDITGRLKDRIQPEILEALLKHISFDKFVQISLKALRRIVPL MEQGKRYDEACAEIYGDHYGKKNTEEKIYLPPIPADEIR NPVVLRALSQARKVINGVVRRYGSPARIHIETAREVGKSF KDRKEIEKRQEENRKDREKAAAKFREYFPNFVGEPKSKD ILKLRLYEQQHGKCLYSGKEINLGRLNEKGYVEIDAALPF SRTWDDSFNNKVLVLGSENQNKGNQTPYEYFNGKDNSR EWQEFKARVETSRFPRSKKQRILLQKFDEDGFKERNLND TRYVNRFLCQFVADRMRLTGKGKKRVFASNGQITNLLR GFWGLRKVRAENDRHHALDAVVVACSTVAMQQKITRF VRYKEMNAFDGKTIDKETGEVLHQKTHFPQPWEFFAQE VMIRVFGKPDGKPEFEEADTLEKLRTLLAEKLSSRPEAVH EYVTPLFVSRAPNRKMSGQGHMETVKSAKRLDEGVSVL RVPLTQLKLKDLEKMVNREREPKLYEALKARLEAHKDD PAKAFAEPFYKYDKAGNRTQQVKAVRVEQVQKTGVWV RNHNGIADNATMVRVDVFEKGDKYYLVPIYSWQVAKGI LPDRAVVQGKDEEDWQLIDDSFNFKFSLHPNDLVEVITK KARMFGYFASCHRGTGNINIRIHDLDHKIGKNGILEGIGV KTALSFQKYQIDELGKEIRPCRLKKRPPVR CjCas9 MARILAFDIGISSIGWAFSENDELKDCGVRIFTKVENPKT SEQ ID NO: C. jejuni GESLALPRRLARSARKRLARRKARLNHLKHLIANEFKLN 60 984 AA YEDYQSFDESLAKAYKGSLISPYELRFRALNELLSKQDFA 114.9 kDa RVILHIAKRRGYDDIKNSDDKEKGAILKAIKQNEEKLAN YQSVGEYLYKEYFQKFKENSKEFTNVRNKKESYERCIAQ SFLKDELKLIFKKQREFGFSFSKKFEEEVLSVAFYKRALK DFSHLVGNCSFFTDEKRAPKNSPLAFMFVALTRIINLLNN LKNTEGILYTKDDLNALLNEVLKNGTLTYKQTKKLLGLS DDYEFKGEKGTYFIEFKKYKEFIKALGEHNLSQDDLNEIA KDITLIKDEIKLKKALAKYDLNQNQIDSLSKLEFKDHLNIS FKALKLVTPLMLEGKKYDEACNELNLKVAINEDKKDFLP AFNETYYKDEVTNPVVLRAIKEYRKVLNALLKKYGKVH KINIELAREVGKNHSQRAKIEKEQNENYKAKKDAELECE KLGLKINSKNILKLRLFKEQKEFCAYSGEKIKISDLQDEK MLEIDHIYPYSRSFDDSYMNKVLVFTKQNQEKLNQTPFE AFGNDSAKWQKIEVLAKNLPTKKQKRILDKNYKDKEQK NFKDRNLNDTRYIARLVLNYTKDYLDFLPLSDDENTKLN DTQKGSKVHVEAKSGMLTSALRHTWGFSAKDRNNHLH HAIDAVIIAYANNSIVKAFSDFKKEQESNSAELYAKKISEL DYKNKRKFFEPFSGFRQKVLDKIDEIFVSKPERKKPSGAL HEETFRKEEEFYQSYGGKEGVLKALELGKIRKVNGKIVK NGDMFRVDIFKHKKTNKFYAVPIYTMDFALKVLPNKAV ARSKKGEIKDWILMDENYEFCFSLYKDSLILIQTKDMQEP EFVYYNAFTSSTVSLIVSKHDNKFETLSKNQKILFKNANE KEVIAKSIGIQNLKVFEKYIVSALGEVTKAEFRQREDFKK GeoCas9 MRYKIGLDIGITSVGWAVMNLDIPRIEDLGVRIFDRAENP SEQ ID NO: G. QTGESLALPRRLARSARRRLRRRKHRLERIRRLVIREGILT 61 stearothermophilus KEELDKLFEEKHEIDVWQLRVEALDRKLNNDELARVLL 1087 AA HLAKRRGFKSNRKSERSNKENSTMLKHIEENRAILSSYRT 127 kDa VGEMIVKDPKFALHKRNKGENYTNTIARDDLEREIRLIFS KQREFGNMSCTEEFENEYITIWASQRPVASKDDIEKKVGF CTFEPKEKRAPKATYTFQSFIAWEHINKLRLISPSGARGLT DEERRLLYEQAFQKNKITYHDIRTLLHLPDDTYFKGIVYD RGESRKQNENIRFLELDAYHQIRKAVDKVYGKGKSSSFL PIDFDTFGYALTLFKDDADIHSYLRNEYEQNGKRMPNLA NKVYDNELIEELLNLSFTKFGHLSLKALRSILPYMEQGEV YSSACERAGYTFTGPKKKQKTMLLPNIPPIANPVVMRAL TQARKVVNAIIKKYGSPVSIHIELARDLSQTFDERRKTKK EQDENRKKNETAIRQLMEYGLTLNPTGHDIVKFKLWSEQ NGRCAYSLQPIEIERLLEPGYVEVDHVIPYSRSLDDSYTN KVLVLTRENREKGNRIPAEYLGVGTERWQQFETFVLTNK QFSKKKRDRLLRLHYDENEETEFKNRNLNDTRYISRFFA NFIREHLKFAESDDKQKVYTVNGRVTAHLRSRWEFNKN REESDLHHAVDAVIVACTTPSDIAKVTAFYQRREQNKEL AKKTEPHFPQPWPHFADELRARLSKHPKESIKALNLGNY DDQKLESLQPVFVSRMPKRSVTGAAHQETLRRYVGIDER SGKIQTVVKTKLSEIKLDASGHFPMYGKESDPRTYEAIRQ RLLEHNNDPKKAFQEPLYKPKKNGEPGPVIRTVKIIDTKN QVIPLNDGKTVAYNSNIVRVDVFEKDGKYYCVPVYTMD IMKGILPNKAIEPNKPYSEWKEMTEDYTFRFSLYPNDLIRI ELPREKTVKTAAGEEINVKDVFVYYKTIDSANGGLELISH DHRFSLRGVGSRTLKRFEKYQVDVLGNIYKVRGEKRVG LASSAHSKPGKTIRPLQSTRD LbaCas12a MSKLEKFTNCYSLSKTLRFKAIPVGKTQENIDNKRLLVED SEQ ID NO: L. bacterium EKRAEDYKGVKKLLDRYYLSFINDVLHSIKLKNLNNYIS 62 1228 AA LFRKKTRTEKENKELENLEINLRKEIAKAFKGNEGYKSLF 143.9 kDa KKDIIETILPEFLDDKDEIALVNSFNGFTTAFTGFFDNREN MFSEEAKSTSIAFRCINENLTRYISNMDIFEKVDAIFDKHE VQEIKEKILNSDYDVEDFFEGEFFNFVLTQEGIDVYNAIIG GFVTESGEKIKGLNEYINLYNQKTKQKLPKFKPLYKQVL SDRESLSFYGEGYTSDEEVLEVFRNTLNKNSEIFSSIKKLE KLFKNFDEYSSAGIFVKNGPAISTISKDIFGEWNVIRDKW NAEYDDIHLKKKAVVTEKYEDDRRKSFKKIGSFSLEQLQ EYADADLSVVEKLKEIIIQKVDEIYKVYGSSEKLFDADFV LEKSLKKNDAVVAIMKDLLDSVKSFENYIKAFFGEGKET NRDESFYGDFVLAYDILLKVDHIYDAIRNYVTQKPYSKD KFKLYFQNPQFMGGWDKDKETDYRATILRYGSKYYLAI MDKKYAKCLQKIDKDDVNGNYEKINYKLLPGPNKMLPK VFFSKKWMAYYNPSEDIQKIYKNGTFKKGDMFNLNDCH KLIDFFKDSISRYPKWSNAYDFNFSETEKYKDIAGFYREV EEQGYKVSFESASKKEVDKLVEEGKLYMFQIYNKDFSDK SHGTPNLHTMYFKLLFDENNHGQIRLSGGAELFMRRASL KKEELVVHPANSPIANKNPDNPKKTTTLSYDVYKDKRFS EDQYELHIPIAINKCPKNIFKINTEVRVLLKHDDNPYVIGI DRGERNLLYIVVVDGKGNIVEQYSLNEIINNFNGIRIKTD YHSLLDKKEKERFEARQNWTSIENIKELKAGYISQVVHKI CELVEKYDAVIALEDLNSGFKNSRVKVEKQVYQKFEKM LIDKLNYMVDKKSNPCATGGALKGYQITNKFESFKSMST QNGFIFYIPAWLTSKIDPSTGFVNLLKTKYTSIADSKKFISS FDRIMYVPEEDLFEFALDYKNFSRTDADYIKKWKLYSYG NRIRIFRNPKKNNVFDWEEVCLTSAYKELFNKYGINYQQ GDIRALLCEQSDKAFYSSFMALMSLMLQMRNSITGRTDV DFLISPVKNSDGIFYDSRNYEAQENAILPKNADANGAYNI ARKVLWAIGQFKKAEDEKLDKVKIAISNKEWLEYAQTS VKH BhCas12b MATRSFILKIEPNEEVKKGLWKTHEVLNHGIAYYMNILK SEQ ID NO: B. hisashii LIRQEAIYEHHEQDPKNPKKVSKAEIQAELWDFVLKMQK 63 1108 AA CNSFTHEVDKDEVFNILRELYEELVPSSVEKKGEANQLSN 130.4 kDa KFLYPLVDPNSQSGKGTASSGRKPRWYNLKIAGDPSWEE EKKKWEEDKKKDPLAKILGKLAEYGLIPLFIPYTDSNEPI VKEIKWMEKSRNQSVRRLDKDMFIQALERFLSWESWNL KVKEEYEKVEKEYKTLEERIKEDIQALKALEQYEKERQE QLLRDTLNTNEYRLSKRGLRGWREIIQKWLKMDENEPSE KYLEVFKDYQRKHPREAGDYSVYEFLSKKENHFIWRNH PEYPYLYATFCEIDKKKKDAKQQATFTLADPINHPLWVR FEERSGSNLNKYRILTEQLHTEKLKKKLTVQLDRLIYPTE SGGWEEKGKVDIVLLPSRQFYNQIFLDIEEKGKHAFTYK DESIKFPLKGTLGGARVQFDRDHLRRYPHKVESGNVGRI YFNMTVNIEPTESPVSKSLKIHRDDFPKVVNFKPKELTEW IKDSKGKKLKSGIESLEIGLRVMSIDLGQRQAAAASIFEV VDQKPDIEGKLFFPIKGTELYAVHRASFNIKLPGETLVKS REVLRKAREDNLKLMNQKLNFLRNVLHFQQFEDITEREK RVTKWISRQENSDVPLVYQDELIQIRELMYKPYKDWVAF LKQLHKRLEVEIGKEVKHWRKSLSDGRKGLYGISLKNID EIDRTRKFLLRWSLRPTEPGEVRRLEPGQRFAIDQLNHLN ALKEDRLKKMANTIIMHALGYCYDVRKKKWQAKNPAC QIILFEDLSNYNPYEERSRFENSKLMKWSRREIPRQVALQ GEIYGLQVGEVGAQFSSRFHAKTGSPGIRCSVVTKEKLQ DNRFFKNLQREGRLTLDKIAVLKEGDLYPDKGGEKFISLS KDRKCVTTHADINAAQNLQKRFWTRTHGFYKVYCKAY QVDGQTVYIPESKDQKQKIIEEFGEGYFILKDGVYEWVN AGKLKIKKGSSKQSSSELVDSDILKDSFDLASELKGEKLM LYRDPSGNVFPSDKWMAAGVFFGKLERILISKLTNQYSIS TIEDDSSKQSM

G. Cas9 Equivalents

In some embodiments, the prime editors described herein can include any Cas9 equivalent. As used herein, the term “Cas9 equivalent” is a broad term that encompasses any napDNAbp protein that serves the same function as Cas9 in the present prime editors despite that its amino acid primary sequence and/or its three-dimensional structure may be different and/or unrelated from an evolutionary standpoint. Thus, while Cas9 equivalents include any Cas9 ortholog, homolog, mutant, or variant described or embraced herein that are evolutionarily related, the Cas9 equivalents also embrace proteins that may have evolved through convergent evolution processes to have the same or similar function as Cas9, but which do not necessarily have any similarity with regard to amino acid sequence and/or three dimensional structure. The prime editors described here embrace any Cas9 equivalent that would provide the same or similar function as Cas9 despite that the Cas9 equivalent may be based on a protein that arose through convergent evolution. For instance, if Cas9 refers to a type II enzyme of the CRISPR-Cas system, a Cas9 equivalent can refer to a type V or type VI enzyme of the CRISPR-Cas system.

For example, Cas12e (CasX) is a Cas9 equivalent that reportedly has the same function as Cas9 but which evolved through convergent evolution. Thus, the Cas12e (CasX) protein described in Liu et al., “CasX enzymes comprises a distinct family of RNA-guided genome editors,” Nature, 2019, Vol. 566: 218-223, is contemplated to be used with the prime editors described herein. In addition, any variant or modification of Cas12e (CasX) is conceivable and within the scope of the present disclosure.

Cas9 is a bacterial enzyme that evolved in a wide variety of species. However, the Cas9 equivalents contemplated herein may also be obtained from archaea, which constitute a domain and kingdom of single-celled prokaryotic microbes different from bacteria.

In some embodiments, Cas9 equivalents may refer to Cas12e (CasX) or Cas12d (CasY), which have been described in, for example, Burstein et al., “New CRISPR-Cas systems from uncultivated microbes.” Cell Res. 2017 Feb. 21. doi: 10.1038/cr.2017.21, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Using genome-resolved metagenomics, a number of CRISPR-Cas systems were identified, including the first reported Cas9 in the archaeal domain of life. This divergent Cas9 protein was found in little-studied nanoarchaea as part of an active CRISPR-Cas system. In bacteria, two previously unknown systems were discovered, CRISPR-Cas12e and CRISPR-Cas12d, which are among the most compact systems yet discovered. In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to Cas12e, or a variant of Cas12e. In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to a Cas12d, or a variant of Cas12d. It should be appreciated that other RNA-guided DNA binding proteins may be used as a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp), and are within the scope of this disclosure. Also see Liu et al., “CasX enzymes comprises a distinct family of RNA-guided genome editors,” Nature, 2019, Vol. 566: 218-223. Any of these Cas9 equivalents are contemplated.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 equivalent comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to a naturally-occurring Cas12e (CasX) or Cas12d (CasY) protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a naturally-occurring Cas12e (CasX) or Cas12d (CasY) protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to a wild-type Cas moiety or any Cas moiety provided herein.

In various embodiments, the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins include, without limitation, Cas9 (e.g., dCas9 and nCas9), Cas12e (CasX), Cas12d (CasY), Cas12a (Cpf1), Cas12b1 (C2c1), Cas13a (C2c2), Cas12c (C2c3), Argonaute, and Cas12b1. One example of a nucleic acid programmable DNA-binding protein that has different PAM specificity than Cas9 is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats from Prevotella and Francisella 1 (i.e, Cas12a (Cpf1)). Similar to Cas9, Cas12a (Cpf1) is also a Class 2 CRISPR effector, but it is a member of type V subgroup of enzymes, rather than the type II subgroup. It has been shown that Cas12a (Cpf1) mediates robust DNA interference with features distinct from Cas9. Cas12a (Cpf1) is a single RNA-guided endonuclease lacking tracrRNA, and it utilizes a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (TTN, TTTN, or YTN). Moreover, Cpf1 cleaves DNA via a staggered DNA double-stranded break. Out of 16 Cpf1-family proteins, two enzymes from Acidaminococcus and Lachnospiraceae are shown to have efficient genome-editing activity in human cells. Cpf1 proteins are known in the art and have been described previously, for example Yamano et al., “Crystal structure of Cpf1 in complex with guide RNA and target DNA.” Cell (165) 2016, p. 949-962; the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

In still other embodiments, the Cas protein may include any CRISPR associated protein, including but not limited to, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csxl, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, homologs thereof, or modified versions thereof, and preferably comprising a nickase mutation (e.g., a mutation corresponding to the D10A mutation of the wild type Cas9 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 18).

In various other embodiments, the napDNAbp can be any of the following proteins: a Cas9, a Cas12a (Cpf1), a Cas12e (CasX), a Cas12d (CasY), a Cas12b1 (C2c1), a Cas13a (C2c2), a Cas12c (C2c3), a GeoCas9, a CjCas9, a Cas12g, a Cas12h, a Cas12i, a Cas13b, a Cas13c, a Cas13d, a Cas14, a Csn2, an xCas9, an SpCas9-NG, a circularly permuted Cas9, or an Argonaute (Ago) domain, or a variant thereof.

Exemplary Cas9 equivalent protein sequences can include the following:

Description Sequence AsCas12a MTQFEGFTNLYQVSKTLRFELIPQGKTLKHIQEQGFIEEDKARNDHYKEL previously KPIIDRIYKTYADQCLQLVQLDWENLSAAIDSYRKEKTEETRNALIEEQA known as TYRNAIHDYFIGRTDNLTDAINKRHAEIYKGLFKAELFNGKVLKQLGTV Cpf1) TTTEHENALLRSFDKFTTYFSGFYENRKNVFSAEDISTAIPHRIVQDNFPK Acidaminococcus FKENCHIFTRLITAVPSLREHFENVKKAIGIFVSTSIEEVFSFPFYNQLLTQ sp. TQIDLYNQLLGGISREAGTEKIKGLNEVLNLAIQKNDETAHIIASLPHRFIP (strain LFKQILSDRNTLSFILEEFKSDEEVIQSFCKYKTLLRNENVLETAEALFNE BV3L6) LNSIDLTHIFISHKKLETISSALCDHWDTLRNALYERRISELTGKITKSAKE UniProtKB KVQRSLKHEDINLQEIISAAGKELSEAFKQKTSEILSHAHAALDQPLPTTL U2UMQ6 KKQEEKEILKSQLDSLLGLYHLLDWFAVDESNEVDPEFSARLTGIKLEM EPSLSFYNKARNYATKKPYSVEKFKLNFQMPTLASGWDVNKEKNNGAI LFVKNGLYYLGIMPKQKGRYKALSFEPTEKTSEGFDKMYYDYFPDAAK MIPKCSTQLKAVTAHFQTHTTPILLSNNFIEPLEITKEIYDLNNPEKEPKKF QTAYAKKTGDQKGYREALCKWIDFTRDFLSKYTKTTSIDLSSLRPSSQY KDLGEYYAELNPLLYHISFQRIAEKEIMDAVETGKLYLFQIYNKDFAKG HHGKPNLHTLYWTGLFSPENLAKTSIKLNGQAELFYRPKSRMKRMAHR LGEKMLNKKLKDQKTPIPDTLYQELYDYVNHRLSHDLSDEARALLPNVI TKEVSHEIIKDRRFTSDKFFFHVPITLNYQAANSPSKFNQRVNAYLKEHP ETPIIGIDRGERNLIYITVIDSTGKILEQRSLNTIQQFDYQKKLDNREKERV AARQAWSVVGTIKDLKQGYLSQVIHEIVDLMIHYQAVVVLENLNFGFK SKRTGIAEKAVYQQFEKMLIDKLNCLVLKDYPAEKVGGVLNPYQLTDQ FTSFAKMGTQSGFLFYVPAPYTSKIDPLTGFVDPFVWKTIKNHESRKHFL EGFDFLHYDVKTGDFILHFKMNRNLSFQRGLPGFMPAWDIVFEKNETQF DAKGTPFIAGKRIVPVIENHRFTGRYRDLYPANELIALLEEKGIVFRDGSN ILPKLLENDDSHAIDTMVALIRSVLQMRNSNAATGEDYINSPVRDLNGV CFDSRFQNPEWPMDADANGAYHIALKGQLLLNHLKESKDLKLQNGISN QDWLAYIQELRN (SEQ ID NO: 64) AsCas12a MTQFEGFTNLYQVSKTLRFELIPQGKTLKHIQEQGFIEEDKARNDHYKEL nickase KPIIDRIYKTYADQCLQLVQLDWENLSAAIDSYRKEKTEETRNALIEEQA (e.g., TYRNAIHDYFIGRTDNLTDAINKRHAEIYKGLFKAELFNGKVLKQLGTV R1226A) TTTEHENALLRSFDKFTTYFSGFYENRKNVFSAEDISTAIPHRIVQDNFPK FKENCHIFTRLITAVPSLREHFENVKKAIGIFVSTSIEEVFSFPFYNQLLTQ TQIDLYNQLLGGISREAGTEKIKGLNEVLNLAIQKNDETAHIIASLPHRFIP LFKQILSDRNTLSFILEEFKSDEEVIQSFCKYKTLLRNENVLETAEALFNE LNSIDLTHIFISHKKLETISSALCDHWDTLRNALYERRISELTGKITKSAKE KVQRSLKHEDINLQEIISAAGKELSEAFKQKTSEILSHAHAALDQPLPTTL KKQEEKEILKSQLDSLLGLYHLLDWFAVDESNEVDPEFSARLTGIKLEM EPSLSFYNKARNYATKKPYSVEKFKLNFQMPTLASGWDVNKEKNNGAI LFVKNGLYYLGIMPKQKGRYKALSFEPTEKTSEGFDKMYYDYFPDAAK MIPKCSTQLKAVTAHFQTHTTPILLSNNFIEPLEITKEIYDLNNPEKEPKKF QTAYAKKTGDQKGYREALCKWIDFTRDFLSKYTKTTSIDLSSLRPSSQY KDLGEYYAELNPLLYHISFQRIAEKEIMDAVETGKLYLFQIYNKDFAKG HHGKPNLHTLYWTGLFSPENLAKTSIKLNGQAELFYRPKSRMKRMAHR LGEKMLNKKLKDQKTPIPDTLYQELYDYVNHRLSHDLSDEARALLPNVI TKEVSHEIIKDRRFTSDKFFFHVPITLNYQAANSPSKFNQRVNAYLKEHP ETPIIGIDRGERNLIYITVIDSTGKILEQRSLNTIQQFDYQKKLDNREKERV AARQAWSVVGTIKDLKQGYLSQVIHEIVDLMIHYQAVVVLENLNFGFK SKRTGIAEKAVYQQFEKMLIDKLNCLVLKDYPAEKVGGVLNPYQLTDQ FTSFAKMGTQSGFLFYVPAPYTSKIDPLTGFVDPFVWKTIKNHESRKHFL EGFDFLHYDVKTGDFILHFKMNRNLSFQRGLPGFMPAWDIVFEKNETQF DAKGTPFIAGKRIVPVIENHRFTGRYRDLYPANELIALLEEKGIVFRDGSN ILPKLLENDDSHAIDTMVALIRSVLQMANSNAATGEDYINSPVRDLNGV CFDSRFQNPEWPMDADANGAYHIALKGQLLLNHLKESKDLKLQNGISN QDWLAYIQELRN (SEQ ID NO: 65) LbCas12a MNYKTGLEDFIGKESLSKTLRNALIPTESTKIHMEEMGVIRDDELRAEKQ (previously QELKEIMDDYYRTFIEEKLGQIQGIQWNSLFQKMEETMEDISVRKDLDKI known as QNEKRKEICCYFTSDKRFKDLFNAKLITDILPNFIKDNKEYTEEEKAEKE Cpf1) QTRVLFQRFATAFTNYFNQRRNNFSEDNISTAISFRIVNENSEIHLQNMR Lachnospiraceae AFQRIEQQYPEEVCGMEEEYKDMLQEWQMKHIYSVDFYDRELTQPGIE bacterium YYNGICGKINEHMNQFCQKNRINKNDFRMKKLHKQILCKKSSYYEIPFR GAM79 FESDQEVYDALNEFIKTMKKKEIIRRCVHLGQECDDYDLGKIYISSNKYE Ref Seq. QISNALYGSWDTIRKCIKEEYMDALPGKGEKKEEKAEAAAKKEEYRSIA WP_119623382.1 DIDKIISLYGSEMDRTISAKKCITEICDMAGQISIDPLVCNSDIKLLQNKEK TTEIKTILDSFLHVYQWGQTFIVSDIIEKDSYFYSELEDVLEDFEGITTLYN HVRSYVTQKPYSTVKFKLHFGSPTLANGWSQSKEYDNNAILLMRDQKF YLGIFNVRNKPDKQIIKGHEKEEKGDYKKMIYNLLPGPSKMLPKVFITSR SGQETYKPSKHILDGYNEKRHIKSSPKFDLGYCWDLIDYYKECIHKHPD WKNYDFHFSDTKDYEDISGFYREVEMQGYQIKWTYISADEIQKLDEKG QIFLFQIYNKDFSVHSTGKDNLHTMYLKNLFSEENLKDIVLKLNGEAELF FRKASIKTPIVHKKGSVLVNRSYTQTVGNKEIRVSIPEEYYTEIYNYLNHI GKGKLSSEAQRYLDEGKIKSFTATKDIVKNYRYCCDHYFLHLPITINFKA KSDVAVNERTLAYIAKKEDIHIIGIDRGERNLLYISVVDVHGNIREQRSFN IVNGYDYQQKLKDREKSRDAARKNWEEIEKIKELKEGYLSMVIHYIAQL VVKYNAVVAMEDLNYGFKTGRFKVERQVYQKFETMLIEKLHYLVFKD REVCEEGGVLRGYQLTYIPESLKKVGKQCGFIFYVPAGYTSKIDPTTGFV NLFSFKNLTNRESRQDFVGKFDEIRYDRDKKMFEFSFDYNNYIKKGTILA STKWKVYTNGTRLKRIVVNGKYTSQSMEVELTDAMEKMLQRAGIEYH DGKDLKGQIVEKGIEAEIIDIFRLTVQMRNSRSESEDREYDRLISPVLNDK EFFDTATADKTLPQDADANGAYCIALKGLYEVKQIKENWKENEQFPR NKLVQDNKTWFDFMQKKRYL (SEQ ID NO: 66) PcCas12a - MAKNFEDFKRLYSLSKTLRFEAKPIGATLDNIVKSGLLDEDEHRAASYV previously KVKKLIDEYHKVFIDRVLDDGCLPLENKGNNNSLAEYYESYVSRAQDE known at DAKKKFKEIQQNLRSVIAKKLTEDKAYANLFGNKLIESYKDKEDKKKII Cpf1 DSDLIQFINTAESTQLDSMSQDEAKELVKEFWGFVTYFYGFFDNRKNMY Prevotella TAEEKSTGIAYRLVNENLPKFIDNIEAFNRAITRPEIQENMGVLYSDFSEY copri LNVESIQEMFQLDYYNMLLTQKQIDVYNAIIGGKTDDEHDVKIKGINEYI Ref Seq. NLYNQQHKDDKLPKLKALFKQILSDRNAISWLPEEFNSDQEVLNAIKDC WP_119227726.1 YERLAENVLGDKVLKSLLGSLADYSLDGIFIRNDLQLTDISQKMFGNWG VIQNAIMQNIKRVAPARKHKESEEDYEKRIAGIFKKADSFSISYINDCLNE ADPNNAYFVENYFATFGAVNTPTMQRENLFALVQNAYTEVAALLHSDY PTVKHLAQDKANVSKIKALLDAIKSLQHFVKPLLGKGDESDKDERFYGE LASLWAELDTVTPLYNMIRNYMTRKPYSQKKIKLNFENPQLLGGWDAN KEKDYATIILRRNGLYYLAIMDKDSRKLLGKAMPSDGECYEKMVYKFF KDVTTMIPKCSTQLKDVQAYFKVNTDDYVLNSKAFNKPLTITKEVFDLN NVLYGKYKKFQKGYLTATGDNVGYTHAVNVWIKFCMDFLNSYDSTCI YDFSSLKPESYLSLDAFYQDANLLLYKLSFARASVSYINQLVEEGKMYL FQIYNKDFSEYSKGTPNMHTLYWKALFDERNLADVVYKLNGQAEMFY RKKSIENTHPTHPANHPILNKNKDNKKKESLFDYDLIKDRRYTVDKFMF HVPITMNFKSVGSENINQDVKAYLRHADDMHIIGIDRGERHLLYLVVIDL QGNIKEQYSLNEIVNEYNGNTYHTNYHDLLDVREEERLKARQSWQTIEN IKELKEGYLSQVIHKITQLMVRYHAIVVLEDLSKGFMRSRQKVEKQVYQ KFEKMLIDKLNYLVDKKTDVSTPGGLLNAYQLTCKSDSSQKLGKQSGF LFYIPAWNTSKIDPVTGFVNLLDTHSLNSKEKIKAFFSKFDAIRYNKDKK WFEFNLDYDKFGKKAEDTRTKWTLCTRGMRIDTFRNKEKNSQWDNQE VDLTTEMKSLLEHYYIDIHGNLKDAISAQTDKAFFTGLLHILKLTLQMRN SITGTETDYLVSPVADENGIFYDSRSCGNQLPENADANGAYNIARKGLM LIEQIKNAEDLNNVKFDISNKAWLNFAQQKPYKNG (SEQ ID NO: 67) ErCas 12a - MFSAKLISDILPEFVIHNNNYSASEKEEKTQVIKLFSRFATSFKDYFKNRA previously NCFSANDISSSSCHRIVNDNAEIFFSNALVYRRIVKNLSNDDINKISGDMK known at DSLKEMSLEEIYSYEKYGEFITQEGISFYNDICGKVNLFMNLYCQKNKEN Cpf1 KNLYKLRKLHKQILCIADTSYEVPYKFESDEEVYQSVNGFLDNISSKHIV Eubacterium ERLRKIGENYNGYNLDKIYIVSKFYESVSQKTYRDWETINTALEIHYNNI rectale LPGNGKSKADKVKKAVKNDLQKSITEINELVSNYKLCPDDNIKAETYIH Ref Seq. EISHILNNFEAQELKYNPEIHLVESELKASELKNVLDVIMNAFHWCSVFM WP 119223642.1 TEELVDKDNNFYAELEEIYDEIYPVISLYNLVRNYVTQKPYSTKKIKLNF GIPTLADGWSKSKEYSNNAIILMRDNLYYLGIFNAKNKPDKKIIEGNTSE NKGDYKKMIYNLLPGPNKMIPKVFLSSKTGVETYKPSAYILEGYKQNKH LKSSKDFDITFCHDLIDYFKNCIAIHPEWKNFGFDFSDTSTYEDISGFYRE VELQGYKIDWTYISEKDIDLLQEKGQLYLFQIYNKDFSKKSSGNDNLHT MYLKNLFSEENLKDIVLKLNGEAEIFFRKSSIKNPIIHKKGSILVNRTYEA EEKDQFGNIQIVRKTIPENIYQELYKYFNDKSDKELSDEAAKLKNVVGH HEAATNIVKDYRYTYDKYFLHMPITINFKANKTSFINDRILQYIAKEKDL HVIGIDRGERNLIYVSVIDTCGNIVEQKSFNIVNGYDYQIKLKQQEGARQI ARKEWKEIGKIKEIKEGYLSLVIHEISKMVIKYNAIIAMEDLSYGFKKGRF KVERQVYQKFETMLINKLNYLVFKDISITENGGLLKGYQLTYIPDKLKN VGHQCGCIFYVPAAYTSKIDPTTGFVNIFKFKDLTVDAKREFIKKFDSIRY DSDKNLFCFTFDYNNFITQNTVMSKSSWSVYTYGVRIKRRFVNGRFSNE SDTIDITKDMEKTLEMTDINWRDGHDLRQDIIDYEIVQHIFEIFKLTVQM RNSLSELEDRDYDRLISPVLNENNIFYDSAKAGDALPKDADANGAYCIA LKGLYEIKQITENWKEDGKFSRDKLKISNKDWFDFIQNKRYL (SEQ ID NO: 68) CsCas12a - MNYKTGLEDFIGKESLSKTLRNALIPTESTKIHMEEMGVIRDDELRAEKQ previously QELKEIMDDYYRAFIEEKLGQIQGIQWNSLFQKMEETMEDISVRKDLDKI known at QNEKRKEICCYFTSDKRFKDLFNAKLITDILPNFIKDNKEYTEEEKAEKE Cpf1 QTRVLFQRFATAFTNYFNQRRNNFSEDNISTAISFRIVNENSEIHLQNMR Clostridium AFQRIEQQYPEEVCGMEEEYKDMLQEWQMKHIYLVDFYDRVLTQPGIE sp. AF34- YYNGICGKINEHMNQFCQKNRINKNDFRMKKLHKQILCKKSSYYEIPFR 10BH FESDQEVYDALNEFIKTMKEKEIICRCVHLGQKCDDYDLGKIYISSNKYE Ref Seq. QISNALYGSWDTIRKCIKEEYMDALPGKGEKKEEKAEAAAKKEEYRSIA WP 118538418.1 DIDKIISLYGSEMDRTISAKKCITEICDMAGQISTDPLVCNSDIKLLQNKE KTTEIKTILDSFLHVYQWGQTFIVSDIIEKDSYFYSELEDVLEDFEGITTLY NHVRSYVTQKPYSTVKFKLHFGSPTLANGWSQSKEYDNNAILLMRDQK FYLGIFNVRNKPDKQIIKGHEKEEKGDYKKMIYNLLPGPSKMLPKVFITS RSGQETYKPSKHILDGYNEKRHIKSSPKFDLGYCWDLIDYYKECIHKHP DWKNYDFHFSDTKDYEDISGFYREVEMQGYQIKWTYISADEIQKLDEK GQIFLFQIYNKDFSVHSTGKDNLHTMYLKNLFSEENLKDIVLKLNGEAEL FFRKASIKTPVVHKKGSVLVNRSYTQTVGDKEIRVSIPEEYYTEIYNYLN HIGRGKLSTEAQRYLEERKIKSFTATKDIVKNYRYCCDHYFLHLPITINFK AKSDIAVNERTLAYIAKKEDIHIIGIDRGERNLLYISVVDVHGNIREQRSF NIVNGYDYQQKLKDREKSRDAARKNWEEIEKIKELKEGYLSMVIHYIAQ LVVKYNAVVAMEDLNYGFKTGRFKVERQVYQKFETMLIEKLHYLVFK DREVCEEGGVLRGYQLTYIPESLKKVGKQCGFIFYVPAGYTSKIDPTTGF VNLFSFKNLTNRESRQDFVGKFDEIRYDRDKKMFEFSFDYNNYIKKGTM LASTKWKVYTNGTRLKRIVVNGKYTSQSMEVELTDAMEKMLQRAGIE YHDGKDLKGQIVEKGIEAEIIDIFRLTVQMRNSRSESEDREYDRLISPVLN DKGEFFDTATADKTLPQDADANGAYCIALKGLYEVKQIKENWKENEQF PRNKLVQDNKTWFDFMQKKRYL (SEQ ID NO: 69) BhCas12b MATRSFILKIEPNEEVKKGLWKTHEVLNHGIAYYMNILKLIRQEAIYEHH Bacillus EQDPKNPKKVSKAEIQAELWDFVLKMQKCNSFTHEVDKDEVFNILREL hisashii YEELVPSSVEKKGEANQLSNKFLYPLVDPNSQSGKGTASSGRKPRWYNL Ref Seq. KIAGDPSWEEEKKKWEEDKKKDPLAKILGKLAEYGLIPLFIPYTDSNEPI WP 095142515.1 VKEIKWMEKSRNQSVRRLDKDMFIQALERFLSWESWNLKVKEEYEKVE KEYKTLEERIKEDIQALKALEQYEKERQEQLLRDTLNTNEYRLSKRGLR GWREIIQKWLKMDENEPSEKYLEVFKDYQRKHPREAGDYSVYEFLSKK ENHFIWRNHPEYPYLYATFCEIDKKKKDAKQQATFTLADPINHPLWVRF EERSGSNLNKYRILTEQLHTEKLKKKLTVQLDRLIYPTESGGWEEKGKV DIVLLPSRQFYNQIFLDIEEKGKHAFTYKDESIKFPLKGTLGGARVQFDR DHLRRYPHKVESGNVGRIYFNMTVNIEPTESPVSKSLKIHRDDFPKVVNF KPKELTEWIKDSKGKKLKSGIESLEIGLRVMSIDLGQRQAAAASIFEVVD QKPDIEGKLFFPIKGTELYAVHRASFNIKLPGETLVKSREVLRKAREDNL KLMNQKLNFLRNVLHFQQFEDITEREKRVTKWISRQENSDVPLVYQDEL IQIRELMYKPYKDWVAFLKQLHKRLEVEIGKEVKHWRKSLSDGRKGLY GISLKNIDEIDRTRKFLLRWSLRPTEPGEVRRLEPGQRFAIDQLNHLNALK EDRLKKMANTIIMHALGYCYDVRKKKWQAKNPACQIILFEDLSNYNPY EERSRFENSKLMKWSRREIPRQVALQGEIYGLQVGEVGAQFSSRFHAKT GSPGIRCSVVTKEKLQDNRFFKNLQREGRLTLDKIAVLKEGDLYPDKGG EKFISLSKDRKCVTTHADINAAQNLQKRFWTRTHGFYKVYCKAYQVDG QTVYIPESKDQKQKIIEEFGEGYFILKDGVYEWVNAGKLKIKKGSSKQSS SELVDSDILKDSFDLASELKGEKLMLYRDPSGNVFPSDKWMAAGVFFG KLERILISKLTNQYSISTIEDDSSKQSM (SEQ ID NO: 70) ThCas12b MSEKTTQRAYTLRLNRASGECAVCQNNSCDCWHDALWATHKAVNRG Thermomonas AKAFGDWLLTLRGGLCHTLVEMEVPAKGNNPPQRPTDQERRDRRVLLA hydrothermalis LSWLSVEDEHGAPKEFIVATGRDSADDRAKKVEEKLREILEKRDFQEHEI Ref Seq. DAWLQDCGPSLKAHIREDAVWVNRRALFDAAVERIKTLTWEEAWDFL WP_072754838 EPFFGTQYFAGIGDGKDKDDAEGPARQGEKAKDLVQKAGQWLSARFGI GTGADFMSMAEAYEKIAKWASQAQNGDNGKATIEKLACALRPSEPPTL DTVLKCISGPGHKSATREYLKTLDKKSTVTQEDLNQLRKLADEDARNC RKKVGKKGKKPWADEVLKDVENSCELTYLQDNSPARHREFSVMLDHA ARRVSMAHSWIKKAEQRRRQFESDAQKLKNLQERAPSAVEWLDRFCES RSMTTGANTGSGYRIRKRAIEGWSYVVQAWAEASCDTEDKRIAAARKV QADPEIEKFGDIQLFEALAADEAICVWRDQEGTQNPSILIDYVTGKTAEH NQKRFKVPAYRHPDELRHPVFCDFGNSRWSIQFAIHKEIRDRDKGAKQD TRQLQNRHGLKMRLWNGRSMTDVNLHWSSKRLTADLALDQNPNPNPT EVTRADRLGRAASSAFDHVKIKNVFNEKEWNGRLQAPRAELDRIAKLE EQGKTEQAEKLRKRLRWYVSFSPCLSPSGPFIVYAGQHNIQPKRSGQYA PHAQANKGRARLAQLILSRLPDLRILSVDLGHRFAAACAVWETLSSDAF RREIQGLNVLAGGSGEGDLFLHVEMTGDDGKRRTVVYRRIGPDQLLDN TPHPAPWARLDRQFLIKLQGEDEGVREASNEELWTVHKLEVEVGRTVP LIDRMVRSGFGKTEKQKERLKKLRELGWISAMPNEPSAETDEKEGEIRSI SRSVDELMSSALGTLRLALKRHGNRARIAFAMTADYKPMPGGQKYYFH EAKEASKNDDETKRRDNQIEFLQDALSLWHDLFSSPDWEDNEAKKLWQ NHIATLPNYQTPEEISAELKRVERNKKRKENRDKLRTAAKALAENDQLR QHLHDTWKERWESDDQQWKERLRSLKDWIFPRGKAEDNPSIRHVGGLS ITRINTISGLYQILKAFKMRPEPDDLRKNIPQKGDDELENFNRRLLEARDR LREQRVKQLASRIIEAALGVGRIKIPKNGKLPKRPRTTVDTPCHAVVIESL KTYRPDDLRTRRENRQLMQWSSAKVRKYLKEGCELYGLHFLEVPANYT SRQCSRTGLPGIRCDDVPTGDFLKAPWWRRAINTAREKNGGDAKDRFL VDLYDHLNNLQSKGEALPATVRVPRQGGNLFIAGAQLDDTNKERRAIQ ADLNAAANIGLRALLDPDWRGRWWYVPCKDGTSEPALDRIEGSTAFND VRSLPTGDNSSRRAPREIENLWRDPSGDSLESGTWSPTRAYWDTVQSRV IELLRRHAGLPTS (SEQ ID NO: 71) LsCas12b MSIRSFKLKLKTKSGVNAEQLRRGLWRTHQLINDGIAYYMNWLVLLRQ Laceyella EDLFIRNKETNEIEKRSKEEIQAVLLERVHKQQQRNQWSGEVDEQTLLQ sacchari ALRQLYEEIVPSVIGKSGNASLKARFFLGPLVDPNNKTTKDVSKSGPTPK WP_132221894.1 WKKMKDAGDPNWVQEYEKYMAERQTLVRLEEMGLIPLFPMYTDEVG DIHWLPQASGYTRTWDRDMFQQAIERLLSWESWNRRVRERRAQFEKKT HDFASRFSESDVQWMNKLREYEAQQEKSLEENAFAPNEPYALTKKALR GWERVYHSWMRLDSAASEEAYWQEVATCQTAMRGEFGDPAIYQFLAQ KENHDIWRGYPERVIDFAELNHLQRELRRAKEDATFTLPDSVDHPLWVR YEAPGGTNIHGYDLVQDTKRNLTLILDKFILPDENGSWHEVKKVPFSLA KSKQFHRQVWLQEEQKQKKREVVFYDYSTNLPHLGTLAGAKLQWDRN FLNKRTQQQIEETGEIGKVFFNISVDVRPAVEVKNGRLQNGLGKALTVL THPDGTKIVTGWKAEQLEKWVGESGRVSSLGLDSLSEGLRVMSIDLGQ RTSATVSVFEITKEAPDNPYKFFYQLEGTEMFAVHQRSFLLALPGENPPQ KIKQMREIRWKERNRIKQQVDQLSAILRLHKKVNEDERIQAIDKLLQKV ASWQLNEEIATAWNQALSQLYSKAKENDLQWNQAIKNAHHQLEPVVG KQISLWRKDLSTGRQGIAGLSLWSIEELEATKKLLTRWSKRSREPGVVK RIERFETFAKQIQHHINQVKENRLKQLANLIVMTALGYKYDQEQKKWIE VYPACQVVLFENLRSYRFSFERSRRENKKLMEWSHRSIPKLVQMQGELF GLQVADVYAAYSSRYHGRTGAPGIRCHALTEADLRNETNIIHELIEAGFI KEEHRPYLQQGDLVPWSGGELFATLQKPYDNPRILTLHADINAAQNIQK RFWHPSMWFRVNCESVMEGEIVTYVPKNKTVHKKQGKTFRFVKVEGS DVYEWAKWSKNRNKNTFSSITERKPPSSMILFRDPSGTFFKEQEWVEQK TFWGKVQSMIQAYMKKTIVQRMEE (SEQ ID NO: 72) DtCas12b MVLGRKDDTAELRRALWTTHEHVNLAVAEVERVLLRCRGRSYWTLDR Dsulfonatronum RGDPVHVPESQVAEDALAMAREAQRRNGWPVVGEDEEILLALRYLYEQ thiodisrnutans IVPSCLLDDLGKPLKGDAQKIGTNYAGPLFDSDTCRRDEGKDVACCGPF WP_031386437 HEVAGKYLGALPEWATPISKQEFDGKDASHLRFKATGGDDAFFRVSIEK ANAWYEDPANQDALKNKAYNKDDWKKEKDKGISSWAVKYIQKQLQL GQDPRTEVRRKLWLELGLLPLFIPVFDKTMVGNLWNRLAVRLALAHLL SWESWNHRAVQDQALARAKRDELAALFLGMEDGFAGLREYELRRNESI KQHAFEPVDRPYVVSGRALRSWTRVREEWLRHGDTQESRKNICNRLQD RLRGKFGDPDVFHWLAEDGQEALWKERDCVTSFSLLNDADGLLEKRK GYALMTFADARLHPRWAMYEAPGGSNLRTYQIRKTENGLWADVVLLS PRNESAAVEEKTFNVRLAPSGQLSNVSFDQIQKGSKMVGRCRYQSANQ QFEGLLGGAEILFDRKRIANEQHGATDLASKPGHVWFKLTLDVRPQAPQ GWLDGKGRPALPPEAKHFKTALSNKSKFADQVRPGLRVLSVDLGVRSF AACSVFELVRGGPDQGTYFPAADGRTVDDPEKLWAKHERSFKITLPGEN PSRKEEIARRAAMEELRSLNGDIRRLKAILRLSVLQEDDPRTEHLRLFME AIVDDPAKSALNAELFKGFGDDRFRSTPDLWKQHCHFFHDKAEKVVAE RFSRWRTETRPKSSSWQDWRERRGYAGGKSYWAVTYLEAVRGLILRW NMRGRTYGEVNRQDKKQFGTVASALLHHINQLKEDRIKTGADMIIQAA RGFVPRKNGAGWVQVHEPCRLILFEDLARYRFRTDRSRRENSRLMRWS HREIVNEVGMQGELYGLHVDTTEAGFSSRYLASSGAPGVRCRHLVEEDF HDGLPGMHLVGELDWLLPKDKDRTANEARRLLGGMVRPGMLVPWDG GELFATLNAASQLHVIHADINAAQNLQRRFWGRCGEAIRIVCNQLSVDG STRYEMAKAPKARLLGALQQLKNGDAPFHLTSIPNSQKPENSYVMTPTN AGKKYRAGPGEKSSGEEDELALDIVEQAEELAQGRKTFFRDPSGVFFAP DRWLPSEIYWSRIRRRIWQVTLERNSSGRQERAEMDEMPY (SEQ ID NO: 73)

The prime editors described herein may also comprise Cas12a (Cpf1) (dCpf1) variants that may be used as a guide nucleotide sequence-programmable DNA-binding protein domain. The Cas12a (Cpf1) protein has a RuvC-like endonuclease domain that is similar to the RuvC domain of Cas9 but does not have a HNH endonuclease domain, and the N-terminal of Cas12a (Cpf1) does not have the alfa-helical recognition lobe of Cas9. It was shown in Zetsche et al., Cell, 163,759-771,2015 (which is incorporated herein by reference) that, the RuvC-like domain of Cas12a (Cpf1) is responsible for cleaving both DNA strands and inactivation of the RuvC-like domain inactivates Cas12a (Cpf1) nuclease activity.

In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a single effector of a microbial CRISPR-Cas system. Single effectors of microbial CRISPR-Cas systems include, without limitation, Cas9, Cas12a (Cpf1), Cas12b1 (C2c1), Cas13a (C2c2), and Cas12c (C2c3). Typically, microbial CRISPR-Cas systems are divided into Class 1 and Class 2 systems. Class 1 systems have multisubunit effector complexes, while Class 2 systems have a single protein effector. For example, Cas9 and Cas12a (Cpf1) are Class 2 effectors. In addition to Cas9 and Cas12a (Cpf1), three distinct Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems (Cas12b1, Cas13a, and Cas12c) have been described by Shmakov et al., “Discovery and Functional Characterization of Diverse Class 2 CRISPR Cas Systems”, Mol. Cell, 2015 Nov. 5; 60(3): 385-397, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Effectors of two of the systems, Cas12b1 and Cas12c, contain RuvC-like endonuclease domains related to Cas12a. A third system, Cas13a contains an effector with two predicated HEPN RNase domains. Production of mature CRISPR RNA is tracrRNA-independent, unlike production of CRISPR RNA by Cas12b1. Cas depends on both CRISPR RNA and tracrRNA for DNA cleavage. Bacterial Cas13a has been shown to possess a unique RNase activity for CRISPR RNA maturation distinct from its RNA-activated single-stranded RNA degradation activity. These RNase functions are different from each other and from the CRISPR RNA-processing behavior of Cas12a. See, e.g., East-Seletsky, et al., “Two distinct RNase activities of CRISPR-Cas13a enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection”, Nature, 2016 Oct. 13; 538(7624):270-273, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In vitro biochemical analysis of Cas13a in Leptotrichia shahii has shown that Cas13a is guided by a single CRISPR RNA and can be programed to cleave ssRNA targets carrying complementary protospacers. Catalytic residues in the two conserved HEPN domains mediate cleavage. Mutations in the catalytic residues generate catalytically inactive RNA-binding proteins. See e.g., Abudayyeh et al., “C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector”, Science, 2016 Aug. 5; 353(6299), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The crystal structure of Alicyclobaccillus acidoterrastris Cas12b1 (AacC2c1) has been reported in complex with a chimeric single-molecule guide RNA (sgRNA). See e.g., Liu et al., “C2c1-sgRNA Complex Structure Reveals RNA-Guided DNA Cleavage Mechanism”, Mol. Cell, 2017 Jan. 19; 65(2):310-322, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The crystal structure has also been reported in Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris C2c1 bound to target DNAs as ternary complexes. See e.g., Yang et al., “PAM-dependent Target DNA Recognition and Cleavage by C2C1 CRISPR-Cas endonuclease”, Cell, 2016 Dec. 15; 167(7):1814-1828, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Catalytically competent conformations of AacC2c1, both with target and non-target DNA strands, have been captured independently positioned within a single RuvC catalytic pocket, with C2c1-mediated cleavage resulting in a staggered seven-nucleotide break of target DNA. Structural comparisons between C2c1 ternary complexes and previously identified Cas9 and Cpf1 counterparts demonstrate the diversity of mechanisms used by CRISPR-Cas9 systems.

In some embodiments, the napDNAbp may be a C2c1, a C2c2, or a C2c3 protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a C2c1 protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a Cas13a protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a Cas12c protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to a naturally-occurring Cas12b1 (C2c1), Cas13a (C2c2), or Cas12c (C2c3) protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a naturally-occurring Cas12b1 (C2c1), Cas13a (C2c2), or Cas12c (C2c3) protein.

H. Cas9 Circular Permutants

In various embodiments, the prime editors disclosed herein may comprise a circular permutant of Cas9.

The term “circularly permuted Cas9” or “circular permutant” of Cas9 or “CP-Cas9”) refers to any Cas9 protein, or variant thereof, that occurs or has been modify to engineered as a circular permutant variant, which means the N-terminus and the C-terminus of a Cas9 protein (e.g., a wild type Cas9 protein) have been topically rearranged. Such circularly permuted Cas9 proteins, or variants thereof, retain the ability to bind DNA when complexed with a guide RNA (gRNA). See, Oakes et al., “Protein Engineering of Cas9 for enhanced function,” Methods Enzymol, 2014, 546: 491-511 and Oakes et al., “CRISPR-Cas9 Circular Permutants as Programmable Scaffolds for Genome Modification,” Cell, Jan. 10, 2019, 176: 254-267, each of are incorporated herein by reference. The instant disclosure contemplates any previously known CP-Cas9 or use a new CP-Cas9 so long as the resulting circularly permuted protein retains the ability to bind DNA when complexed with a guide RNA (gRNA).

Any of the Cas9 proteins described herein, including any variant, ortholog, or naturally occurring Cas9 or equivalent thereof, may be reconfigured as a circular permutant variant.

In various embodiments, the circular permutants of Cas9 may have the following structure: N-terminus-[original C-terminus]-[optional linker]-[original N-terminus]-C-terminus.

As an example, the present disclosure contemplates the following circular permutants of canonical S. pyogenes Cas9 (1368 amino acids of UniProtKB—Q99ZW2 (CAS9_STRP1) (numbering is based on the amino acid position in SEQ ID NO: 18)):

N-terminus-[1268-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1267]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1168-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1167]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1068-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1067]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[968-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-967]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[868-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-867]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[768-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-767]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[668-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-667]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[568-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-567]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[468-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-467]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[368-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-367]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[268-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-267]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[168-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-167]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[68-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-67]-C-terminus; or

N-terminus-[10-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-9]-C-terminus, or the corresponding circular permutants of other Cas9 proteins (including other Cas9 orthologs, variants, etc).

In particular embodiments, the circular permuant Cas9 has the following structure (based on S. pyogenes Cas9 (1368 amino acids of UniProtKB—Q99ZW2 (CAS9_STRP1) (numbering is based on the amino acid position in SEQ ID NO: 18):

N-terminus-[102-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-101]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1028-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1027]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1041-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1043]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1249-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1248]-C-terminus; or

N-terminus-[1300-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1299]-C-terminus, or the corresponding circular permutants of other Cas9 proteins (including other Cas9 orthologs, variants, etc).

In still other embodiments, the circular permuant Cas9 has the following structure (based on S. pyogenes Cas9 (1368 amino acids of UniProtKB—Q99ZW2 (CAS9_STRP1) (numbering is based on the amino acid position in SEQ ID NO: 18):

N-terminus-[103-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-102]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1029-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1028]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1042-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1041]-C-terminus;

N-terminus-[1250-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1249]-C-terminus; or

N-terminus-[1301-1368]-[optional linker]-[1-1300]-C-terminus, or the corresponding circular permutants of other Cas9 proteins (including other Cas9 orthologs, variants, etc).

In some embodiments, the circular permutant can be formed by linking a C-terminal fragment of a Cas9 to an N-terminal fragment of a Cas9, either directly or by using a linker, such as an amino acid linker. In some embodiments, The C-terminal fragment may correspond to the C-terminal 95% or more of the amino acids of a Cas9 (e.g., amino acids about 1300-1368), or the C-terminal 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% or more of a Cas9 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-86). The N-terminal portion may correspond to the N-terminal 95% or more of the amino acids of a Cas9 (e.g., amino acids about 1-1300), or the N-terminal 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% or more of a Cas9 (e.g., of SEQ ID NO: 18).

In some embodiments, the circular permutant can be formed by linking a C-terminal fragment of a Cas9 to an N-terminal fragment of a Cas9, either directly or by using a linker, such as an amino acid linker. In some embodiments, the C-terminal fragment that is rearranged to the N-terminus, includes or corresponds to the C-terminal 30% or less of the amino acids of a Cas9 (e.g., amino acids 1012-1368 of SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the C-terminal fragment that is rearranged to the N-terminus, includes or corresponds to the C-terminal 30%, 29%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 21%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the amino acids of a Cas9 (e.g., the Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the C-terminal fragment that is rearranged to the N-terminus, includes or corresponds to the C-terminal 410 residues or less of a Cas9 (e.g., the Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion that is rearranged to the N-terminus, includes or corresponds to the C-terminal 410, 400, 390, 380, 370, 360, 350, 340, 330, 320, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, 260, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 residues of a Cas9 (e.g., the Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion that is rearranged to the N-terminus, includes or corresponds to the C-terminal 357, 341, 328, 120, or 69 residues of a Cas9 (e.g., the Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18).

In other embodiments, circular permutant Cas9 variants may be defined as a topological rearrangement of a Cas9 primary structure based on the following method, which is based on S. pyogenes Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18: (a) selecting a circular permutant (CP) site corresponding to an internal amino acid residue of the Cas9 primary structure, which dissects the original protein into two halves: an N-terminal region and a C-terminal region; (b) modifying the Cas9 protein sequence (e.g., by genetic engineering techniques) by moving the original C-terminal region (comprising the CP site amino acid) to precede the original N-terminal region, thereby forming a new N-terminus of the Cas9 protein that now begins with the CP site amino acid residue. The CP site can be located in any domain of the Cas9 protein, including, for example, the helical-II domain, the RuvCIII domain, or the CTD domain. For example, the CP site may be located (relative the S. pyogenes Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18) at original amino acid residue 181, 199, 230, 270, 310, 1010, 1016, 1023, 1029, 1041, 1247, 1249, or 1282. Thus, once relocated to the N-terminus, original amino acid 181, 199, 230, 270, 310, 1010, 1016, 1023, 1029, 1041, 1247, 1249, or 1282 would become the new N-terminal amino acid. Nomenclature of these CP-Cas9 proteins may be referred to as Cas9-CP¹⁸¹, Cas9-CP¹⁹⁹, Cas9-CP²³⁰, Cas9-CP²⁷⁰, Cas9-CP³¹⁰, Cas9-CP¹⁰¹⁰, Cas9-CP¹⁰¹⁶, Cas9-CP¹⁰²³, Cas9-CP¹⁰²⁹, Cas9-CP¹⁰⁴¹, Cas9-CP¹²⁴⁷, Cas9-CP¹²⁴⁹, and Cas9-CP¹²⁸², respectively. This description is not meant to be limited to making CP variants from SEQ ID NO: 18, but may be implemented to make CP variants in any Cas9 sequence, either at CP sites that correspond to these positions, or at other CP sites entireley. This description is not meant to limit the specific CP sites in any way. Virtually any CP site may be used to form a CP-Cas9 variant.

Exemplary CP-Cas9 amino acid sequences, based on the Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18, are provided below in which linker sequences are indicated by underlining and optional methionine (M) residues are indicated in bold. It should be appreciated that the disclosure provides CP-Cas9 sequences that do not include a linker sequence or that include different linker sequences. It should be appreciated that CP-Cas9 sequences may be based on Cas9 sequences other than that of SEQ ID NO: 18 and any examples provided herein are not meant to be limiting. Exemplary CP-Cas9 sequences are as follows:

CP name Sequence SEQ ID NO: CP1012 DYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTE SEQ ID NO: ITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLS 77 MPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDW DPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKEL LGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSL FELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLAS HYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKR VILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNL GAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYE TRIDLSQLGGDGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGDKKYSIG LAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKN LIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEI FSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVD EVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMI KFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPI NASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFG NLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDN LLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAP LSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQ SKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVK LNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYP FLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSE ETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVL PKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQK KAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGV EDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLT LTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGW GRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIH DDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGI LQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYL YYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDD SIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLL NAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETR QITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVS DFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKY PKLESEFVYG CP1028 EIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNG SEQ ID NO: ETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGG 78 FSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYS VLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDF LEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGE LQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQ LFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYN KHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRK RYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDGGSGG SGGSGGSGGSGGSGG MDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVIT DEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAE ATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFF HRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYH LRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLN PDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNF KSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEH HQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDG GASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQR TFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKI LTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEV VDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFT VYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTN RKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTY HDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEE RLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIR DKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQ KAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDEL VKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRI EEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRD MYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTR SDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQR KFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQ ILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQ FYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEF VYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQ CP1041 NIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD SEQ ID NO: FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSD 79 KLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGK SKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKK DLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPS KYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLD EIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQA ENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDA TLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSG GSGGDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVL GNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYT RRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDK KHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKA DLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQL VQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIA QLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQ LSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLS DILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQ QLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPIL EKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGE LHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLAR GNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIER MTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVT EGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDY FKKIECFDSVETSGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFL DNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDK VMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFL KSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSL HEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPE NIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQIL KEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINR LSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNV PSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERG GLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYD ENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYH HAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDV RKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYS CP1249 PEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANL SEQ ID NO: DKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFK 80 YFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQL GGDGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGG MDKKYSIGLAIGTN SVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALL FDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEM AKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAY HEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRG HFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASG VDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIAL SLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQI GDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSAS MIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNR EDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLK DNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETI TPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPK HSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKA IVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVED RFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLT LFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWG RLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHD DSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGIL QTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLY LYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKD DSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQ LLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVE TRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSK LVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALI KKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAK YFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVW DKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILP KRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAK VEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGY KEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNE LALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGS CP1300 KPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTST SEQ ID NO: KEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDGGSGGSGGS 81 GGSGGSGGSGGDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKV PSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLK RTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEE SFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKK LVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNS DVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLS KSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNF DLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAA KNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDL TLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQE EFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNG SIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIP YYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGA SAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNEL TKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTV KQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKI IKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTY AHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSG KTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVS GQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIK ELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQ ELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNR GKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNL TKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSR MNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGD YKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEI TLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLS MPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDW DPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKEL LGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSL FELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLAS HYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKR VILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRD

The Cas9 circular permutants that may be useful in the prime editing constructs described herein. Exemplary C-terminal fragments of Cas9, based on the Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18, which may be rearranged to an N-terminus of Cas9, are provided below. It should be appreciated that such C-terminal fragments of Cas9 are exemplary and are not meant to be limiting. These exemplary CP-Cas9 fragments have the following sequences:

CP name Sequence SEQ ID NO: CP1012 C- DYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKT SEQ ID NO: terminal EITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVL 82 fragment SMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVK ELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKY SLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYL ASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFS KRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLT NLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGL YETRIDLSQLGGD CP1028 C- EIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNG SEQ ID NO: terminal ETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGG 83 fragment FSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYS VLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDF LEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGE LQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQ LFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYN KHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRK RYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD CP1041 C- NIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD SEQ ID NO: terminal FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSD 84 fragment KLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGK SKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKK DLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPS KYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLD EIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQA ENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDA TLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD CP1249 C- PEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANL SEQ ID NO: terminal DKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFK 85 fragment YFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQL GGD CP1300 C- KPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTST SEQ ID NO: terminal KEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD 86 fragment

I. Cas9 Variants with Modified PAM Specificities

The prime editors of the present disclosure may also comprise Cas9 variants with modified PAM specificities. Some aspects of this disclosure provide Cas9 proteins that exhibit activity on a target sequence that does not comprise the canonical PAM (5′-NGG-3′, where N is A, C, G, or T) at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NGG-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NNG-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NNA-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NNC-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NNT-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NGT-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NGA-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NGC-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAA-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAC-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAT-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In still other embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAG-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end.

It should be appreciated that any of the amino acid mutations described herein, (e.g., A262T) from a first amino acid residue (e.g., A) to a second amino acid residue (e.g., T) may also include mutations from the first amino acid residue to an amino acid residue that is similar to (e.g., conserved) the second amino acid residue. For example, mutation of an amino acid with a hydrophobic side chain (e.g., alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan) may be a mutation to a second amino acid with a different hydrophobic side chain (e.g., alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan). For example, a mutation of an alanine to a threonine (e.g., a A262T mutation) may also be a mutation from an alanine to an amino acid that is similar in size and chemical properties to a threonine, for example, serine. As another example, mutation of an amino acid with a positively charged side chain (e.g., arginine, histidine, or lysine) may be a mutation to a second amino acid with a different positively charged side chain (e.g., arginine, histidine, or lysine). As another example, mutation of an amino acid with a polar side chain (e.g., serine, threonine, asparagine, or glutamine) may be a mutation to a second amino acid with a different polar side chain (e.g., serine, threonine, asparagine, or glutamine). Additional similar amino acid pairs include, but are not limited to, the following: phenylalanine and tyrosine; asparagine and glutamine; methionine and cysteine; aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and arginine and lysine. The skilled artisan would recognize that such conservative amino acid substitutions will likely have minor effects on protein structure and are likely to be well tolerated without compromising function. In some embodiments, any amino of the amino acid mutations provided herein from one amino acid to a threonine may be an amino acid mutation to a serine. In some embodiments, any amino of the amino acid mutations provided herein from one amino acid to an arginine may be an amino acid mutation to a lysine. In some embodiments, any amino of the amino acid mutations provided herein from one amino acid to an isoleucine, may be an amino acid mutation to an alanine, valine, methionine, or leucine. In some embodiments, any amino of the amino acid mutations provided herein from one amino acid to a lysine may be an amino acid mutation to an arginine. In some embodiments, any amino of the amino acid mutations provided herein from one amino acid to an aspartic acid may be an amino acid mutation to a glutamic acid or asparagine. In some embodiments, any amino of the amino acid mutations provided herein from one amino acid to a valine may be an amino acid mutation to an alanine, isoleucine, methionine, or leucine. In some embodiments, any amino of the amino acid mutations provided herein from one amino acid to a glycine may be an amino acid mutation to an alanine. It should be appreciated, however, that additional conserved amino acid residues would be recognized by the skilled artisan and any of the amino acid mutations to other conserved amino acid residues are also within the scope of this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises a combination of mutations that exhibit activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAA-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are present in any one of the clones listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are conservative mutations of the clones listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises the combination of mutations of any one of the Cas9 clones listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 NAA PAM Clones Mutations from wild-type SpCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 18) D177N, K218R, D614N, D1135N, P1137S, E1219V, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K D177N, K218R, D614N, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, G715C, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A367T, K710E, R1114G, D1135N, P1137S, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R753G, D861N, D1135N, K1188R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264H, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, V743I, R753G, M1021T, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, V743I, R753G, E762G, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R753G, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, S1274R, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, A5895, R753G, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264H, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R753G, E757K, G865G, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, R753G, E757K, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, K599R, M631A, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, N758H, E762G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, Q1256R, H1264Y, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N8695, N1054D, R1114G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, L727I, V743I, R753G, E762G, R8595, N946D, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, N1317T, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, V1290G, L13185, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, K1151E, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, V1290G, L13185, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N8695, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, V1290G, L1318S, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, F693L, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, L921P, Y1016D, G1077D, F1080S, R1114G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, E630K, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, Q768H, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, F693L, V743I, R753G, E762G, Q768H, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, G1223S, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, F693L, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, L921P, Y1016D, G1077D, F1801S, R1114G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, V743I, R753G, M1021T, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, M673I, N803S, N869S, G1077D, R1114G, D1135N, V1139A, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, A1320V, R1333K

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 1. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 1.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an increased activity on a target sequence that does not comprise the canonical PAM (5′-NGG-3′) at its 3′ end as compared to Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence having a 3′ end that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 5-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 10-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1,000-fold, at least 5,000-fold, at least 10,000-fold, at least 50,000-fold, at least 100,000-fold, at least 500,000-fold, or at least 1,000,000-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of the target sequence is directly adjacent to an AAA, GAA, CAA, or TAA sequence. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises a combination of mutations that exhibit activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAC-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are present in any one of the clones listed in Table 2. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are conservative mutations of the clones listed in Table 2. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises the combination of mutations of any one of the Cas9 clones listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 NAC PAM Clones MUTATIONS FROM WILD-TYPE SPCAS9 (E.G., SEQ ID NO: 18) T472I, R753G, K890E, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I1057S, D1135N, P1301S, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, K890E, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I1057S, D1135N, P1301S, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, Q771H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, K652T, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, K652T, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, K1156E, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, V647I, R753G, N803S, K959N, G1030R, I1055E, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, E630G, T638P, V647A, G687R, N767D, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332G, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1266H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, I1057T, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, M631I, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, Y1036H, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1251G, D1332G, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, V875I, K959N, Y1016C, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1251G, D1332G, R1335Q, T1337N, I1348V K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654L, R753G, N803S, T804A, K848N, V922A, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R753G, N803S, V922A, K959N, K1014N, V1015A, R1114G, D1135N, K1156N, E1219V, N1252D, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, R629G, T638P, V647I, A711T, R753G, K775R, K789E, N803S, K959N, V1015A, Y1036H, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, T740A, R753G, N803S, K948E, K959N, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, T740A, N803S, K948E, K959N, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I670S, K608R, E627K, E630G, T638P, V647I, R653K, R753G, I795L, K797N, N803S, K866R, K890N, K959N, Y1016C, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, T740A, G752R, R753G, K797N, N803S, K948E, K959N, V1015A, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1266H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, A589V, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654L, Q716R, R753G, N803S, K948E, K959N, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1207G, E1219V, N1234D, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, R629G, T638P, V647I, R654L, Q740R, R753G, N803S, K959N, N990S, T995S, V1015A, Y1036D, R1114G, D1135N, E1207G, E1219V, N1234D, N1266H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I562F, V565D, I570T, K608R, L625S, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654I, G752R, R753G, N803S, N808D, K959N, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, N1177S, N1234D, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I562F, I570T, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R753G, E790A, N803S, K959N, V1015A, Y1036H, R1114G, D1135N, D1180E, A1184T, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654H, R753G, E790A, N803S, K959N, V1015A, R1114G, D1127A, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, K608R, L625S, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654I, T703P, R753G, N803S, N808D, K959N, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570S, K608R, E627K, E630G, T638P, V647I, R653K, R753G, I795L, N803S, K866R, K890N, K959N, Y1016C, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654H, R753G, E790A, N803S, K959N, V1016A, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, K1246E, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654L, K673E, R753G, E790A, N803S, K948E, K959N, R1114G, D1127G, D1135N, D1180E, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, L625S, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654I, I670T, R753G, N803S, N808D, K959N, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, M631V, T638P, V647I, K710E, R753G, N803S, N808D, K948E, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N, S1338T, H1349R

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 2. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 2.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an increased activity on a target sequence that does not comprise the canonical PAM (5′-NGG-3′) at its 3′ end as compared to Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence having a 3′ end that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 5-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 10-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1,000-fold, at least 5,000-fold, at least 10,000-fold, at least 50,000-fold, at least 100,000-fold, at least 500,000-fold, or at least 1,000,000-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of the target sequence is directly adjacent to an AAC, GAC, CAC, or TAC sequence.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises a combination of mutations that exhibit activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAT-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are present in any one of the clones listed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are conservative mutations of the clones listed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises the combination of mutations of any one of the Cas9 clones listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 NAT PAM Clones MUTATIONS FROM WILD-TYPE SPCAS9 (E.G., SEQ ID NO: 18) K961E, H985Y, D1135N, K1191N, E1219V, Q1221H, A1320A, P1321S, R1335L D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L V743I, R753G, E790A, D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, A1227V, P1249S, N1286K, A1293T, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L, T1339I F575S, M631L, R654L, V748I, V743I, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, A1227V, P1249S, N1286K, A1293T, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L, T1339I F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, N1286K, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R753G, K797E, D853E, V922A, D1012A, R1114G D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, N1317K, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, D596Y, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, Q1256R, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, K710E, V750A, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, K649R, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, K1156E D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, I1057G, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, N1308D, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, E1150V, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1332G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, I1057V, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1332G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, I1057V, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1332G, R1335L

The above description of various napDNAbps which can be used in connection with the presently disclose prime editors is not meant to be limiting in any way. The prime editors may comprise the canonical SpCas9, or any ortholog Cas9 protein, or any variant Cas9 protein—including any naturally occurring variant, mutant, or otherwise engineered version of Cas9—that is known or which can be made or evolved through a directed evolutionary or otherwise mutagenic process. In various embodiments, the Cas9 or Cas9 variants have a nickase activity, i.e., only cleave of strand of the target DNA sequence. In other embodiments, the Cas9 or Cas9 variants have inactive nucleases, i.e., are “dead” Cas9 proteins. Other variant Cas9 proteins that may be used are those having a smaller molecular weight than the canonical SpCas9 (e.g., for easier delivery) or having modified or rearranged primary amino acid structure (e.g., the circular permutant formats). The prime editors described herein may also comprise Cas9 equivalents, including Cas12a/Cpf1 and Cas12b proteins which are the result of convergent evolution. The napDNAbps used herein (e.g., SpCas9, Cas9 variant, or Cas9 equivalents) may also may also contain various modifications that alter/enhance their PAM specifities. Lastly, the application contemplates any Cas9, Cas9 variant, or Cas9 equivalent which has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity to a reference Cas9 sequence, such as a references SpCas9 canonical sequences or a reference Cas9 equivalent (e.g., Cas12a/Cpf1).

In a particular embodiment, the Cas9 variant having expanded PAM capabilities is SpCas9 (H840A) VRQR (SEQ ID NO: 87), which has the following amino acid sequence (with the V, R, Q, R substitutions relative to the SpCas9 (H840A) of SEQ ID NO: 51 being show in bold underline. In addition, the methionine residue in SpCas9 (H840) was removed for SpCas9 (H840A) VRQR):

(SEQ ID NO: 87) DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGAL LFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRL EESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADL RLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPI NASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPN FKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAIL LSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIF FDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRK QRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYY VGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKN LPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDL LFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKII KDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQL KRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDS LTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPV ENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDS IDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLT KAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIR EVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKY PKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEIT LANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQ TGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGF V SPTVAYSVLVVAKVEK GKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKY SLFELENGRKRMLASA R ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPED NEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKP IREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDR Q Y R STKEVLDATLIHQSI TGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

In another particular embodiment, the Cas9 variant having expanded PAM capabilities is SpCas9 (H840A) VRER, which has the following amino acid sequence (with the V, R, E, R substitutions relative to the SpCas9 (H840A) of SEQ ID NO: 51 being shown in bold underline. In addition, the methionine residue in SpCas9 (H840) was removed for SpCas9 (H840A) VRER):

(SEQ ID NO: 88) DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGAL LFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRL EESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADL RLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPI NASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPN FKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAIL LSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIF FDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRK QRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYY VGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKN LPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDL LFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKII KDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQL KRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDS LTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVM GRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPV ENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDS IDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLT KAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIR EVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKY PKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEIT LANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQ TGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGF V SPTVAYSVLVVAKVEK GKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKY SLFELENGRKRMLASA R ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPED NEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKP IREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRK E Y R STKEVLDATLIHQS ITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

In some embodiments, the napDNAbp that functions with a non-canonical PAM sequence is an Argonaute protein. One example of such a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein is an Argonaute protein from Natronobacterium gregoryi (NgAgo). NgAgo is a ssDNA-guided endonuclease. NgAgo binds 5′ phosphorylated ssDNA of ˜24 nucleotides (gDNA) to guide it to its target site and will make DNA double-strand breaks at the gDNA site. In contrast to Cas9, the NgAgo-gDNA system does not require a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). Using a nuclease inactive NgAgo (dNgAgo) can greatly expand the bases that may be targeted. The characterization and use of NgAgo have been described in Gao et al., Nat Biotechnol., 2016 July; 34(7):768-73. PubMed PMID: 27136078; Swarts et al., Nature. 507(7491) (2014):258-61; and Swarts et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 43(10) (2015):5120-9, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a prokaryotic homolog of an Argonaute protein. Prokaryotic homologs of Argonaute proteins are known and have been described, for example, in Makarova K., et al., “Prokaryotic homologs of Argonaute proteins are predicted to function as key components of a novel system of defense against mobile genetic elements”, Biol Direct. 2009 Aug. 25; 4:29. doi: 10.1186/1745-6150-4-29, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a Marinitoga piezophila Argunaute (MpAgo) protein. The CRISPR-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argunaute (MpAgo) protein cleaves single-stranded target sequences using 5′-phosphorylated guides. The 5′ guides are used by all known Argonautes. The crystal structure of an MpAgo-RNA complex shows a guide strand binding site comprising residues that block 5′ phosphate interactions. This data suggests the evolution of an Argonaute subclass with noncanonical specificity for a 5′-hydroxylated guide. See, e.g., Kaya et al., “A bacterial Argonaute with noncanonical guide RNA specificity”, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016 Apr. 12; 113(15):4057-62, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). It should be appreciated that other argonaute proteins may be used, and are within the scope of this disclosure.

Some aspects of the disclosure provide Cas9 domains that have different PAM specificities. Typically, Cas9 proteins, such as Cas9 from S. pyogenes (spCas9), require a canonical NGG PAM sequence to bind a particular nucleic acid region. This may limit the ability to edit desired bases within a genome. In some embodiments, the base editing fusion proteins provided herein may need to be placed at a precise location, for example where a target base is placed within a 4 base region (e.g., a “editing window”), which is approximately 15 bases upstream of the PAM. See Komor, A. C., et al., “Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage” Nature 533, 420-424 (2016), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Accordingly, in some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein may contain a Cas9 domain that is capable of binding a nucleotide sequence that does not contain a canonical (e.g., NGG) PAM sequence. Cas9 domains that bind to non-canonical PAM sequences have been described in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, Cas9 domains that bind non-canonical PAM sequences have been described in Kleinstiver, B. P., et al., “Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificities” Nature 523, 481-485 (2015); and Kleinstiver, B. P., et al., “Broadening the targeting range of Staphylococcus aureus CRISPR-Cas9 by modifying PAM recognition” Nature Biotechnology 33, 1293-1298 (2015); the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference.

For example, a napDNAbp domain with altered PAM specificity, such as a domain with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity with wild type Francisella novicida Cpf1 (D917, E1006, and D1255) (SEQ ID NO: 74), which has the following amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 74) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKA KQIIDKYHQFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKS AKDTIKKQISEYIKDSEKFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGI ELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWTTYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSII YRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIKKDLAEELTFDIDYKT SEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGENTKRKGI NEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVT TMQSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLT DLSQQVFDDYSVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKY LSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDIDKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLA QISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIKDLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSED KANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYITQKPYSDEKFKLNF ENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFDDKAIKENK GEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSI DEFYREVENQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGR PNLHTLYWKALFDERNLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIA NKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKRFTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEI NLLLKEKANDVHILSIDRGERHLAYYTLVDGKGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMK TNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQVVHEIAKLVIEYN AIVVFEDLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEFDKTGG VLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYE SVSKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSR LINFRNSDKNHNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESD KKFFAKLTSVLNTILQMRNSKTGTELDYLISPVADVNGNFFDSRQAPKNM PQDADANGAYHIGLKGLMLLGRIKNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN

An additional napDNAbp domain with altered PAM specificity, such as a domain having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity with wild type Geobacillus thermodenitrificans Cas9 (SEQ ID NO: 75), which has the following amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 75) MKYKIGLDIGITSIGWAVINLDIPRIEDLGVRIFDRAENPKTGESLALPR RLARSARRRLRRRKHRLERIRRLFVREGILTKEELNKLFEKKHEIDVWQL RVEALDRKLNNDELARILLHLAKRRGFRSNRKSERTNKENSTMLKHIEEN QSILSSYRTVAEMVVKDPKFSLHKRNKEDNYTNTVARDDLEREIKLIFAK QREYGNIVCTEAFEHEYISIWASQRPFASKDDIEKKVGFCTFEPKEKRAP KATYTFQSFTVWEHINKLRLVSPGGIRALTDDERRLIYKQAFHKNKITFH DVRTLLNLPDDTRFKGLLYDRNTTLKENEKVRFLELGAYHKIRKAIDSVY GKGAAKSFRPIDFDTFGYALTMFKDDTDIRSYLRNEYEQNGKRMENLADK VYDEELIEELLNLSFSKFGHLSLKALRNILPYMEQGEVYSTACERAGYTF TGPKKKQKTVLLPNIPPIANPVVMRALTQARKVVNAIIKKYGSPVSIHIE LARELSQSFDERRKMQKEQEGNRKKNETAIRQLVEYGLTLNPTGLDIVKF KLWSEQNGKCAYSLQPIEIERLLEPGYTEVDHVIPYSRSLDDSYTNKVLV LTKENREKGNRTPAEYLGLGSERWQQFETFVLTNKQFSKKKRDRLLRLHY DENEENEFKNRNLNDTRYISRFLANFIREHLKFADSDDKQKVYTVNGRIT AHLRSRWNFNKNREESNLHHAVDAAIVACTTPSDIARVTAFYQRREQNKE LSKKTDPQFPQPWPHFADELQARLSKNPKESIKALNLGNYDNEKLESLQP VFVSRMPKRSITGAAHQETLRRYIGIDERSGKIQTVVKKKLSEIQLDKTG HFPMYGKESDPRTYEAIRQRLLEHNNDPKKAFQEPLYKPKKNGELGPIIR TIKIIDTTNQVIPLNDGKTVAYNSNIVRVDVFEKDGKYYCVPIYTIDMMK GILPNKAIEPNKPYSEWKEMTEDYTFRFSLYPNDLIRIEFPREKTIKTAV GEEIKIKDLFAYYQTIDSSNGGLSLVSHDNNFSLRSIGSRTLKRFEKYQV DVLGNIYKVRGEKRVGVASSSHSKAGETIRPL

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein that does not require a canonical (NGG) PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is an argonaute protein. One example of such a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein is an Argonaute protein from Natronobacterium gregoryi (NgAgo). NgAgo is a ssDNA-guided endonuclease. NgAgo binds 5′ phosphorylated ssDNA of ˜24 nucleotides (gDNA) to guide it to its target site and will make DNA double-strand breaks at the gDNA site. In contrast to Cas9, the NgAgo-gDNA system does not require a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). Using a nuclease inactive NgAgo (dNgAgo) can greatly expand the bases that may be targeted. The characterization and use of NgAgo have been described in Gao et al., Nat Biotechnol., 34(7): 768-73 (2016), PubMed PMID: 27136078; Swarts et al., Nature, 507(7491): 258-61 (2014); and Swarts et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 43(10) (2015): 5120-9, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The sequence of Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute is provided in SEQ ID NO: 76.

The disclosed fusion proteins may comprise a napDNAbp domain having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity with wild type Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute (SEQ ID NO: 76), which has the following amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 76) MTVIDLDSTTTADELTSGHTYDISVTLTGVYDNTDEQHPRMSLAFEQDNG ERRYITLWKNTTPKDVFTYDYATGSTYIFTNIDYEVKDGYENLTATYQTT VENATAQEVGTTDEDETFAGGEPLDHHLDDALNETPDDAETESDSGHVMT SFASRDQLPEWTLHTYTLTATDGAKTDTEYARRTLAYTVRQELYTDHDAA PVATDGLMLLTPEPLGETPLDLDCGVRVEADETRTLDYTTAKDRLLAREL VEEGLKRSLWDDYLVRGIDEVLSKEPVLTCDEFDLHERYDLSVEVGHSGR AYLHINFRHRFVPKLTLADIDDDNIYPGLRVKTTYRPRRGHIVWGLRDEC ATDSLNTLGNQSVVAYHRNNQTPINTDLLDAIEAADRRVVETRRQGHGDD AVSFPQELLAVEPNTHQIKQFASDGFHQQARSKTRLSASRCSEKAQAFAE RLDPVRLNGSTVEFSSEFFTGNNEQQLRLLYENGESVLTFRDGARGAHPD ETFSKGIVNPPESFEVAVVLPEQQADTCKAQWDTMADLLNQAGAPPTRSE TVQYDAFSSPESISLNVAGAIDPSEVDAAFVVLPPDQEGFADLASPTETY DELKKALANMGIYSQMAYFDRFRDAKIFYTRNVALGLLAAAGGVAFTTEH AMPGDADMFIGIDVSRSYPEDGASGQINIAATATAVYKDGTILGHSSTRP QLGEKLQSTDVRDIMKNAILGYQQVTGESPTHIVIHRDGFMNEDLDPATE FLNEQGVEYDIVEIRKQPQTRLLAVSDVQYDTPVKSIAAINQNEPRATVA TFGAPEYLATRDGGGLPRPIQIERVAGETDIETLTRQVYLLSQSHIQVHN STARLPITTAYADQASTHATKGYLVQTGAFESNVGFL

In addition, any available methods may be utilized to obtain or construct a variant or mutant Cas9 protein. The term “mutation,” as used herein, refers to a substitution of a residue within a sequence, e.g., a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, with another residue, or a deletion or insertion of one or more residues within a sequence. Mutations are typically described herein by identifying the original residue followed by the position of the residue within the sequence and by the identity of the newly substituted residue. Various methods for making the amino acid substitutions (mutations) provided herein are well known in the art, and are provided by, for example, Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012)). Mutations can include a variety of categories, such as single base polymorphisms, microduplication regions, indel, and inversions, and is not meant to be limiting in any way. Mutations can include “loss-of-function” mutations which is the normal result of a mutation that reduces or abolishes a protein activity. Most loss-of-function mutations are recessive, because in a heterozygote the second chromosome copy carries an unmutated version of the gene coding for a fully functional protein whose presence compensates for the effect of the mutation. Mutations also embrace “gain-of-function” mutations, which is one which confers an abnormal activity on a protein or cell that is otherwise not present in a normal condition. Many gain-of-function mutations are in regulatory sequences rather than in coding regions, and can therefore have a number of consequences. For example, a mutation might lead to one or more genes being expressed in the wrong tissues, these tissues gaining functions that they normally lack. Because of their nature, gain-of-function mutations are usually dominant.

Mutations can be introduced into a reference Cas9 protein using site-directed mutagenesis. Older methods of site-directed mutagenesis known in the art rely on sub-cloning of the sequence to be mutated into a vector, such as an M13 bacteriophage vector, that allows the isolation of single-stranded DNA template. In these methods, one anneals a mutagenic primer (i.e., a primer capable of annealing to the site to be mutated but bearing one or more mismatched nucleotides at the site to be mutated) to the single-stranded template and then polymerizes the complement of the template starting from the 3′ end of the mutagenic primer. The resulting duplexes are then transformed into host bacteria and plaques are screened for the desired mutation. More recently, site-directed mutagenesis has employed PCR methodologies, which have the advantage of not requiring a single-stranded template. In addition, methods have been developed that do not require sub-cloning. Several issues must be considered when PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis is performed. First, in these methods it is desirable to reduce the number of PCR cycles to prevent expansion of undesired mutations introduced by the polymerase. Second, a selection must be employed in order to reduce the number of non-mutated parental molecules persisting in the reaction. Third, an extended-length PCR method is preferred in order to allow the use of a single PCR primer set. And fourth, because of the non-template-dependent terminal extension activity of some thermostable polymerases it is often necessary to incorporate an end-polishing step into the procedure prior to blunt-end ligation of the PCR-generated mutant product.

Mutations may also be introduced by directed evolution processes, such as phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE) or phage-assisted noncontinuous evolution (PANCE). The term “phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE),” as used herein, refers to continuous evolution that employs phage as viral vectors. The general concept of PACE technology has been described, for example, in International PCT Application, PCT/US2009/056194, filed Sep. 8, 2009, published as WO 2010/028347 on Mar. 11, 2010; International PCT Application, PCT/US2011/066747, filed Dec. 22, 2011, published as WO 2012/088381 on Jun. 28, 2012; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,594, issued May 5, 2015, International PCT Application, PCT/US2015/012022, filed Jan. 20, 2015, published as WO 2015/134121 on Sep. 11, 2015, and International PCT Application, PCT/US2016/027795, filed Apr. 15, 2016, published as WO 2016/168631 on Oct. 20, 2016, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Variant Cas9s may also be obtain by phage-assisted non-continuous evolution (PANCE),” which as used herein, refers to non-continuous evolution that employs phage as viral vectors. PANCE is a simplified technique for rapid in vivo directed evolution using serial flask transfers of evolving ‘selection phage’ (SP), which contain a gene of interest to be evolved, across fresh E. coli host cells, thereby allowing genes inside the host E. coli to be held constant while genes contained in the SP continuously evolve. Serial flask transfers have long served as a widely-accessible approach for laboratory evolution of microbes, and, more recently, analogous approaches have been developed for bacteriophage evolution. The PANCE system features lower stringency than the PACE system.

Any of the references noted above which relate to Cas9 or Cas9 equivalents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, if not already stated so.

J. Divided napDNAbp Domains for Split PE Delivery

In various embodiments, the prime editors described herein may be delivered to cells as two or more fragments which become assembled inside the cell (either by passive assembly, or by active assembly, such as using split intein sequences) into a reconstituted prime editor. In some cases, the self assembly may be passive whereby the two or more prime editor fragments associate inside the cell covalently or non-covalently to reconstitute the prime editor. In other cases, the self-assembly may be catalzyed by dimerization domains installed on each of the fragments. Examples of dimerization domains are described herein. In still other cases, the self-assembly may be catalyzed by split intein sequences installed on each of the prime editor fragments.

Split PE delivery may be advantageous to address various size constraints of different delivery approaches. For example, delivery approaches may include virus-based delivery methods, messenger RNA-based delivery methods, or RNP-based delivery (ribonucleoprotein-based delivery). And, each of these methods of delivery may be more efficient and/or effective by dividing up the prime editor into smaller pieces. Once inside the cell, the smaller pieces can assemble into a functional prime editor. Depending on the means of splitting, the divided prime editor fragments can be reassembled in a non-covalent manner or a covalent manner to reform the prime editor. In one embodiment, the prime editor can be split at one or more split sites into two or more fragments. The fragments can be unmodified (other than being split). Once the fragments are delivered to the cell (e.g., by direct delivery of a ribonucleoprotein complex or by nucleic delivery—e.g., mRNA delivery or virus vector based delivery), the fragments can reassociate covalently or non-covalently to reconstitute the prime editor. In another embodiment, the prime editor can be split at one or more split sites into two or more fragments. Each of the fragments can be modified to comprise a dimerization domain, whereby each fragment that is formed is coupled to a dimerization domain. Once delivered or expressed within a cell, the dimerization domains of the different fragments associate and bind to one another, bringing the different prime editor fragments together to reform a functional prime editor. In yet another embodiment, the prime editor fragment may be modified to comprise a split intein. Once delivered or expressed within a cell, the split intein domains of the different fragments associate and bind to one another, and then undergo trans-splicing, which results in the excision of the split-intein domains from each of the fragments, and a concomitant formation of a peptide bond between the fragments, thereby restoring the prime editor.

In one embodiment, the prime editor can be delivered using a split-intein approach.

The location of the split site can be positioned between any one or more pair of residues in the prime editor and in any domains therein, including within the napDNAbp domain, the polymerase domain (e.g., RT domain), linker domain that joins the napDNAbp domain and the polymerase domain.

In one embodiment, depicted in FIG. 66 , the prime editor (PE) is divided at a split site within the napDNAbp.

In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp is a canonical SpCas9 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 18, as follows:

SpCas9 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGN SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus TDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR 18 pyogenes KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH M1 ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADL SwissProt RLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQ Accession TYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQL No. PGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLS Q99ZW2 KDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDI Wild type LRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQL 1368 AA PEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELH AILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGN SRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTN FDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGM RKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKI ECFDSVETSGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEE NEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMK QLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIA NLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEM ARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPV ENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYD VDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEV VKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSEL DKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHD AYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIA KSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLI ETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPT VAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEK NPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRML ASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPED NEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKV LSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDT TIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

In certain embodiments, the SpCas9 is split into two fragments at a split site located between residues 1 and 2, or 2 and 3, or 3 and 4, or 4 and 5, or 5 and 6, or 6 and 7, or 7 and 8, or 8 and 9, or 9 and 10, or between any two pair of residues located anywhere between residues 1-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400, 400-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-800, 800-900, 1000-1100, 1100-1200, 1200-1300, or 1300-1368 of canonical SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, a napDNAbp is split into two fragments at a split site that is located at a pair of residue that corresponds to any two pair of residues located anywhere between positions 1-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400, 400-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-800, 800-900, 1000-1100, 1100-1200, 1200-1300, or 1300-1368 of canonical SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the SpCas9 is split into two fragments at a split site located between residues 1 and 2, or 2 and 3, or 3 and 4, or 4 and 5, or 5 and 6, or 6 and 7, or 7 and 8, or 8 and 9, or 9 and 10, or between any two pair of residues located anywhere between residues 1-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400, 400-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-800, 800-900, 1000-1100, 1100-1200, 1200-1300, or 1300-1368 of canonical SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18. In certain embodiments, the split site is located one or more polypeptide bond sites (i.e., a “split site or split-intein split site”), fused to a split intein, and then delivered to cells as separately-encoded fusion proteins. Once the split-intein fusion proteins (i.e., protein halves) are expressed within a cell, the proteins undergo trans-splicing to form a complete or whole PE with the concomitant removal of the joined split-intein sequences.

For example, as shown in FIG. 66 , the N-terminal extein can be fused to a first split-intein (e.g., N intein) and the C-terminal extein can be fused to a second split-intein (e.g., C intein). The N-terminal extein becomes fused to the C-terminal extein to reform a whole prime editor fusion protein comprising an napDNAbp domain and a polymerase domain (e.g., RT domain) upon the self-association of the N intein and the C intein inside the cell, followed by their self-excision, and the concomitant formation of a peptide bond between the N-terminal extein and C-terminal extein portions of a whole prime editor (PE).

To take advantage of a split-PE delivery strategy using split-inteins, the prime editor needs to be divided at one or more split sites to create at least two separate halves of a prime editor, each of which may be rejoined inside a cell if each half is fused to a split-intein sequence.

In certain embodiments, the prime editor is split at a single split site. In certain other embodiments, the prime editor is split at two split sites, or three split sites, or four split sites, or more.

In a preferred embodiment, the prime editor is split at a single split site to create two separate halves of a prime editor, each of which can be fused to a split intein sequence

An exemplary split intein is the Ssp DnaE intein, which comprises two subunits, namely, DnaE-N and DnaE-C. The two different subunits are encoded by separate genes, namely dnaE-n and dnaE-c, which encode the DnaE-N and DnaE-C subunits, respectively. DnaE is a naturally occurring split intein in Synechocytis sp. PCC6803 and is capable of directing trans-splicing of two separate proteins, each comprising a fusion with either DnaE-N or DnaE-C.

Additional naturally occurring or engineered split-intein sequences are known in the or can be made from whole-intein sequences described herein or those available in the art. Examples of split-intein sequences can be found in Stevens et al., “A promiscuous split intein with expanded protein engineering applications,” PNAS, 2017, Vol. 114: 8538-8543; Iwai et al., “Highly efficient protein trans-splicing by a naturally split DnaE intein from Nostc punctiforme, FEBS Lett, 580: 1853-1858, each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Additional split intein sequences can be found, for example, in WO 2013/045632, WO 2014/055782, WO 2016/069774, and EP2877490, the contents each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In addition, protein splicing in trans has been described in vivo and in vitro (Shingledecker, et al., Gene 207:187 (1998), Southworth, et al., EMBO J. 17:918 (1998); Mills, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:3543-3548 (1998); Lew, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273:15887-15890 (1998); Wu, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 35732:1 (1998b), Yamazaki, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:5591 (1998), Evans, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:9091 (2000); Otomo, et al., Biochemistry 38:16040-16044 (1999); Otomo, et al., J. Biolmol. NMR 14:105-114 (1999); Scott, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:13638-13643 (1999)) and provides the opportunity to express a protein as to two inactive fragments that subsequently undergo ligation to form a functional product, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 66 and 67 with regard to the formation of a complete PE fusion protein from two separately-expressed halves.

In various embodiments described herein, the continuous evolution methods (e.g., PACE) may be used to evolve a first portion of a base editor. A first portion could include a single component or domain, e.g., a Cas9 domain, a deaminase domain, or a UGI domain. The separately evolved component or domain can be then fused to the remaining portions of the base editor within a cell by separately express both the evolved portion and the remaining non-evolved portions with split-intein polypeptide domains. The first portion could more broadly include any first amino acid portion of a base editor that is desired to be evolved using a continuous evolution method described herein. The second portion would in this embodiment refer to the remaining amino acid portion of the base editor that is not evolved using the herein methods. The evolved first portion and the second portion of the base editor could each be expressed with split-intein polypeptide domains in a cell. The natural protein splicing mechanisms of the cell would reassemble the evolved first portion and the non-evolved second portion to form a single fusion protein evolved base editor. The evolved first portion may comprise either the N- or C-terminal part of the single fusion protein. In an analogous manner, use of a second orthogonal trans-splicing intein pair could allow the evolved first portion to comprise an internal part of the single fusion protein.

Thus, any of the evolved and non-evolved components of the base editors herein described may be expressed with split-intein tags in order to facilitate the formation of a complete base editor comprising the evolved and non-evolved component within a cell.

The mechanism of the protein splicing process has been studied in great detail (Chong, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 22159-22168; Xu, M-Q & Perler, F. B. EMBO Journal, 1996, 15, 5146-5153) and conserved amino acids have been found at the intein and extein splicing points (Xu, et al., EMBO Journal, 1994, 13 5517-522). The constructs described herein contain an intein sequence fused to the 5′-terminus of the first gene (e.g., the evolved portion of the base editor). Suitable intein sequences can be selected from any of the proteins known to contain protein splicing elements. A database containing all known inteins can be found on the World Wide Web (Perler, F. B. Nucleic Acids Research, 1999, 27, 346-347). The intein sequence is fused at the 3′ end to the 5′ end of a second gene. For targeting of this gene to a certain organelle, a peptide signal can be fused to the coding sequence of the gene. After the second gene, the intein-gene sequence can be repeated as often as desired for expression of multiple proteins in the same cell. For multi-intein containing constructs, it may be useful to use intein elements from different sources. After the sequence of the last gene to be expressed, a transcription termination sequence must be inserted. In one embodiment, a modified intein splicing unit is designed so that it can both catalyze excision of the exteins from the inteins as well as prevent ligation of the exteins. Mutagenesis of the C-terminal extein junction in the Pyrococcus species GB-D DNA polymerase was found to produce an altered splicing element that induces cleavage of exteins and inteins but prevents subsequent ligation of the exteins (Xu, M-Q & Perler, F. B. EMBO Journal, 1996, 15, 5146-5153). Mutation of serine 538 to either an alanine or glycine induced cleavage but prevented ligation. Mutation of equivalent residues in other intein splicing units should also prevent extein ligation due to the conservation of amino acids at the C-terminal extein junction to the intein. A preferred intein not containing an endonuclease domain is the Mycobacterium xenopi GyrA protein (Telenti, et al. J. Bacteriol. 1997, 179, 6378-6382). Others have been found in nature or have been created artificially by removing the endonuclease domains from endonuclease containing inteins (Chong, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 15587-15590). In a preferred embodiment, the intein is selected so that it consists of the minimal number of amino acids needed to perform the splicing function, such as the intein from the Mycobacterium xenopi GyrA protein (Telenti, A., et al., J. Bacteriol. 1997, 179, 6378-6382). In an alternative embodiment, an intein without endonuclease activity is selected, such as the intein from the Mycobacterium xenopi GyrA protein or the Saccharaomyces cerevisiae VMA intein that has been modified to remove endonuclease domains (Chong, 1997). Further modification of the intein splicing unit may allow the reaction rate of the cleavage reaction to be altered allowing protein dosage to be controlled by simply modifying the gene sequence of the splicing unit.

Inteins can also exist as two fragments encoded by two separately transcribed and translated genes. These so-called split inteins self-associate and catalyze protein-splicing activity in trans. Split inteins have been identified in diverse cyanobacteria and archaea (Caspi et al, Mol Microbiol. 50: 1569-1577 (2003); Choi J. et al, J Mol Biol. 556: 1093-1106 (2006); Dassa B. et al, Biochemistry. 46:322-330 (2007); Liu X. and Yang J., J Biol Chem. 275:26315-26318 (2003); Wu H. et al.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. £5:9226-9231 (1998); and Zettler J. et al, FEBS Letters. 553:909-914 (2009)), but have not been found in eukaryotes thus far. Recently, a bioinformatic analysis of environmental metagenomic data revealed 26 different loci with a novel genomic arrangement. At each locus, a conserved enzyme coding region is interrupted by a split intein, with a freestanding endonuclease gene inserted between the sections coding for intein subdomains. Among them, five loci were completely assembled: DNA helicases (gp41-1, gp41-8); Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH-1); and Ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunits (NrdA-2 and NrdJ-1). This fractured gene organization appears to be present mainly in phages (Dassa et al, Nucleic Acids Research. 57:2560-2573 (2009)).

The split intein Npu DnaE was characterized as having the highest rate reported for the protein trans-splicing reaction. In addition, the Npu DnaE protein splicing reaction is considered robust and high-yielding with respect to different extein sequences, temperatures from 6 to 37° C., and the presence of up to 6M Urea (Zettler J. et al, FEBS Letters. 553:909-914 (2009); Iwai I. et al, FEBS Letters 550: 1853-1858 (2006)). As expected, when the Cysl Ala mutation at the N-domain of these inteins was introduced, the initial N to S-acyl shift and therefore protein splicing was blocked. Unfortunately, the C-terminal cleavage reaction was also almost completely inhibited. The dependence of the asparagine cyclization at the C-terminal splice junction on the acyl shift at the N-terminal scissile peptide bond seems to be a unique property common to the naturally split DnaE intein alleles (Zettler J. et al. FEBS Letters. 555:909-914 (2009)).

The mechanism of protein splicing typically has four steps [29-30]: 1) an N-S or N-O acyl shift at the intein N-terminus, which breaks the upstream peptide bond and forms an ester bond between the N-extein and the side chain of the intein's first amino acid (Cys or Ser); 2) a transesterification relocating the N-extein to the intein C-terminus, forming a new ester bond linking the N-extein to the side chain of the C-extein's first amino acid (Cys, Ser, or Thr); 3) Asn cyclization breaking the peptide bond between the intein and the C-extein; and 4) a S-N or O-N acyl shift that replaces the ester bond with a peptide bond between the N-extein and C-extein.

Protein trans-splicing, catalyzed by split inteins, provides an entirely enzymatic method for protein ligation [31]. A split-intein is essentially a contiguous intein (e.g. a mini-intein) split into two pieces named N-intein and C-intein, respectively. The N-intein and C-intein of a split intein can associate non-covalently to form an active intein and catalyze the splicing reaction essentially in same way as a contiguous intein does. Split inteins have been found in nature and also engineered in laboratories [31-35]. As used herein, the term “split intein” refers to any intein in which one or more peptide bond breaks exists between the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences such that the N-terminal and C-terminal sequences become separate molecules that can non-covalently reassociate, or reconstitute, into an intein that is functional for trans-splicing reactions. Any catalytically active intein, or fragment thereof, may be used to derive a split intein for use in the methods of the invention. For example, in one aspect the split intein may be derived from a eukaryotic intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from a bacterial intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from an archaeal intein. Preferably, the split intein so-derived will possess only the amino acid sequences essential for catalyzing trans-splicing reactions.

As used herein, the “N-terminal split intein (In)” refers to any intein sequence that comprises an N-terminal amino acid sequence that is functional for trans-splicing reactions. An In thus also comprises a sequence that is spliced out when trans-splicing occurs. An In can comprise a sequence that is a modification of the N-terminal portion of a naturally occurring intein sequence. For example, an In can comprise additional amino acid residues and/or mutated residues so long as the inclusion of such additional and/or mutated residues does not render the In non-functional in trans-splicing. Preferably, the inclusion of the additional and/or mutated residues improves or enhances the trans-splicing activity of the In.

As used herein, the “C-terminal split intein (Ic)” refers to any intein sequence that comprises a C-terminal amino acid sequence that is functional for trans-splicing reactions. In one aspect, the Ic comprises 4 to 7 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 4 amino acids of which are from the last β-strand of the intein from which it was derived. An Ic thus also comprises a sequence that is spliced out when trans-splicing occurs. An Ic can comprise a sequence that is a modification of the C-terminal portion of a naturally occurring intein sequence. For example, an Ic can comprise additional amino acid residues and/or mutated residues so long as the inclusion of such additional and/or mutated residues does not render the In non-functional in trans-splicing. Preferably, the inclusion of the additional and/or mutated residues improves or enhances the trans-splicing activity of the Ic.

In some embodiments of the invention, a peptide linked to an Ic or an In can comprise an additional chemical moiety including, among others, fluorescence groups, biotin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), amino acid analogs, unnatural amino acids, phosphate groups, glycosyl groups, radioisotope labels, and pharmaceutical molecules. In other embodiments, a peptide linked to an Ic can comprise one or more chemically reactive groups including, among others, ketone, aldehyde, Cys residues and Lys residues. The N-intein and C-intein of a split intein can associate non-covalently to form an active intein and catalyze the splicing reaction when an “intein-splicing polypeptide (ISP)” is present. As used herein, “intein-splicing polypeptide (ISP)” refers to the portion of the amino acid sequence of a split intein that remains when the Ic, In, or both, are removed from the split intein. In certain embodiments, the In comprises the ISP. In another embodiment, the Ic comprises the ISP. In yet another embodiment, the ISP is a separate peptide that is not covalently linked to In nor to Ic.

Split inteins may be created from contiguous inteins by engineering one or more split sites in the unstructured loop or intervening amino acid sequence between the −12 conserved beta-strands found in the structure of mini-inteins [25-28]. Some flexibility in the position of the split site within regions between the beta-strands may exist, provided that creation of the split will not disrupt the structure of the intein, the structured beta-strands in particular, to a sufficient degree that protein splicing activity is lost.

In protein trans-splicing, one precursor protein consists of an N-extein part followed by the N-intein, another precursor protein consists of the C-intein followed by a C-extein part, and a trans-splicing reaction (catalyzed by the N- and C-inteins together) excises the two intein sequences and links the two extein sequences with a peptide bond. Protein trans-splicing, being an enzymatic reaction, can work with very low (e.g. micromolar) concentrations of proteins and can be carried out under physiological conditions.

[2] Other Programmable Nucleases

In various embodiments described herein, the prime editors comprise a napDNAbp, such as a Cas9 protein. These proteins are “programmable” by way of their becoming complexed with a guide RNA (or a PEgRNA, as the case may be), which guides the Cas9 protein to a target site on the DNA which possess a sequence that is complementary to the spacer portion of the gRNA (or PEgRNA) and also which possesses the required PAM sequence. However, in certain embodiment envisioned here, the napDNAbp may be substituted with a different type of programmable protein, such as a zinc finger nuclease or a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN).

FIG. 1J depicts such a variation of prime editing contemplated herein that replaces the napDNAbp (e.g., SpCas9 nickase) with any programmable nuclease domain, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN). As such, it is contemplated that suitable nucleases do not necessarily need to be “programmed” by a nucleic acid targeting molecule (such as a guide RNA), but rather, may be programmed by defining the specificity of a DNA-binding domain, such as and in particular, a nuclease. Just as in prime editing with napDNAbp moities, it is preferable that such alternative programmable nucleases be modified such that only one strand of a target DNA is cut. In other words, the programmable nucleases should function as nickases, preferably. Once a programmable nuclease is selected (e.g., a ZFN or a TALEN), then additional functionalities may be engineered into the system to allow it to operate in accordance with a prime editing-like mechanism. For example, the programmable nucleases may be modified by coupling (e.g., via a chemical linker) an RNA or DNA extension arm thereto, wherein the extension arm comprises a primer binding site (PBS) and a DNA synthesis template. The programmable nuclease may also be coupled (e.g., via a chemical or amino acid linker) to a polymerase, the nature of which will depend upon whether the extension arm is DNA or RNA. In the case of an RNA extension arm, the polymerase can be an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase). In the case of a DNA extension arm, the polymerase can be a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (e.g., a prokaryotic polymerase, including Pol I, Pol II, or Pol III, or a eukaryotic polymerase, including Pol a, Pol b, Pol g, Pol d, Pol e, or Pol z). The system may also include other functionalities added as fusions to the programmable nucleases, or added in trans to facilitate the reaction as a whole (e.g., (a) a helicase to unwind the DNA at the cut site to make the cut strand with the 3′ end available as a primer, (b) a FEN1 to help remove the endogenous strand on the cut strand to drive the reaction towards replacement of the endogenous strand with the synthesized strand, or (c) a nCas9:gRNA complex to create a second site nick on the opposite strand, which may help drive the integration of the synthesize repair through favored cellular repair of the non-edited strand). In an analogous manner to prime editing with a napDNAbp, such a complex with an otherwise programmable nuclease could be used to synthesize and then install a newly synthesized replacement strand of DNA carrying an edit of interest permanently into a target site of DNA.

Suitable alternative programmable nucleases are well known in the art which may be used in place of a napDNAbp:gRNA complex to construct an alternative prime editor system that can be programmed to selectively bind a target site of DNA, and which can be further modified in the manner described above to co-localize a polymerase and an RNA or DNA extension arm comprising a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template to specific nick site. For example, and as represented in FIG. 1J, Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) may be used as the programmable nuclease in the prime editing methods and compositions of matter described herein. TALENS are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing the TAL effector DNA binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain. These reagents enable efficient, programmable, and specific DNA cleavage and represent powerful tools for genome editing in situ. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) can be quickly engineered to bind practically any DNA sequence. The term TALEN, as used herein, is broad and includes a monomeric TALEN that can cleave double stranded DNA without assistance from another TALEN. The term TALEN is also used to refer to one or both members of a pair of TALENs that are engineered to work together to cleave DNA at the same site. TALENs that work together may be referred to as a left-TALEN and a right-TALEN, which references the handedness of DNA. See U.S. Ser. No. 12/965,590; U.S. Ser. No. 13/426,991 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,450,471); U.S. Ser. No. 13/427,040 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,440,431); U.S. Ser. No. 13/427,137 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,440,432); and U.S. Ser. No. 13/738,381, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In addition, TALENS are described in WO 2015/027134, U.S. Pat. No. 9,181,535, Boch et al., “Breaking the Code of DNA Binding Specificity of TAL-Type III Effectors”, Science, vol. 326, pp. 1509-1512 (2009), Bogdanove et al., TAL Effectors: Customizable Proteins for DNA Targeting, Science, vol. 333, pp. 1843-1846 (2011), Cade et al., “Highly efficient generation of heritable zebrafish gene mutations using homo- and heterodimeric TALENs”, Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 40, pp. 8001-8010 (2012), and Cermak et al., “Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based constructs for DNA targeting”, Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 39, No. 17, e82 (2011), each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

As represented in FIG. 1J, zinc finger nucleases may also be used as alternative programmable nucleases for use in prime editing in place of napDNAbps, such as Cas9 nickases. Like with TALENS, the ZFN proteins may be modified such that they function as nickases, i.e., engineering the ZFN such that it cleaves only one strand of the target DNA in a manner similar to the napDNAbp used with the prime editors described herein. ZFN proteins have been extensively described in the art, for example, in Carroll et al., “Genome Engineering with Zinc-Finger Nucleases,” Genetics, August 2011, Vol. 188: 773-782; Dural et al., “Zinc finger nucleases: custom-designed molecular scissors for genome engineering of plant and mammalian cells,” Nucleic Acids Res, 2005, Vol. 33: 5978-90; and Gaj et al., “ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering,” Trends Biotechnol. 2013, Vol. 31: 397-405, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[3] Polymerases (e.g., Reverse Transcriptases)

In various embodiments, the prime editor (PE) system disclosed herein includes a polymerase (e.g., DNA-dependent DNA polymerase or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, such as, reverse transcriptase), or a variant thereof, which can be provided as a fusion protein with a napDNAbp or other programmable nuclease, or provide in trans.

Any polymerase may be used in the prime editors disclosed herein. The polymerases may be wild type polymerases, functional fragments, mutants, variants, or truncated variants, and the like. The polymerases may include wild type polymerases from eukaryotic, prokaryotic, archael, or viral organisms, and/or the polymerases may be modified by genetic engineering, mutagenesis, directed evolution-based processes. The polymerases may include T7 DNA polymerase, T5 DNA polymerase, T4 DNA polymerase, Klenow fragment DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase III and the like. The polymerases may also be thermostable, and may include Taq, Tne, Tma, Pfu, Tfl, Tth, Stoffel fragment, VENT® and DEEPVENT® DNA polymerases, KOD, Tgo, JDF3, and mutants, variants and derivatives thereof (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,436,149; 4,889,818; 4,965,185; 5,079,352; 5,614,365; 5,374,553; 5,270,179; 5,047,342; 5,512,462; WO 92/06188; WO 92/06200; WO 96/10640; Barnes, W. M., Gene 112:29-35 (1992); Lawyer, F. C., et al., PCR Meth. Appl. 2:275-287 (1993); Flaman, J.-M, et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 22(15):3259-3260 (1994), each of which are incorporated by reference). For synthesis of longer nucleic acid molecules (e.g, nucleic acid molecules longer than about 3-5 Kb in length), at least two DNA polymerases can be employed. In certain embodiments, one of the polymerases can be substantially lacking a 3′ exonuclease activity and the other may have a 3′ exonuclease activity. Such pairings may include polymerases that are the same or different. Examples of DNA polymerases substantially lacking in 3′ exonuclease activity include, but are not limited to, Taq, Tne(exo-), Tma(exo-), Pfu(exo-), Pwo(exo-), exo-KOD and Tth DNA polymerases, and mutants, variants and derivatives thereof.

Preferably, the polymerase usable in the prime editors disclosed herein are “template-dependent” polymerase (since the polymerases are intended to rely on the DNA synthesis template to specify the sequence of the DNA strand under synthesis during prime editing. As used herein, the term “template DNA molecule” refers to that strand of a nucleic acid from which a complementary nucleic acid strand is synthesized by a DNA polymerase, for example, in a primer extension reaction of the DNA synthesis template of a PEgRNA.

As used herein, the term “template dependent manner” is intended to refer to a process that involves the template dependent extension of a primer molecule (e.g., DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase). The term “template dependent manner” refers to polynucleotide synthesis of RNA or DNA wherein the sequence of the newly synthesized strand of polynucleotide is dictated by the well-known rules of complementary base pairing (see, for example, Watson, J. D. et al., In: Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park, Calif. (1987)). The term “complementary” refers to the broad concept of sequence complementarity between regions of two polynucleotide strands or between two nucleotides through base-pairing. It is known that an adenine nucleotide is capable of forming specific hydrogen bonds (“base pairing”) with a nucleotide which is thymine or uracil. Similarly, it is known that a cytosine nucleotide is capable of base pairing with a guanine nucleotide. As such, in the case of prime editing, it can be said that the single strand of DNA synthesized by the polymerase of the prime editor against the DNA synthesis template is said to be “complementary” to the sequence of the DNA synthesis template.

A. Exemplary Polymerases

In various embodiments, the prime editors described herein comprise a polymerase. The disclosure contemplates any wild type polymerase obtained from any naturally-occurring organism or virus, or obtained from a commercial or non-commercial source. In addition, the polymerases usable in the prime editors of the disclosure can include any naturally-occurring mutant polymerase, engineered mutant polymerase, or other variant polymerase, including truncated variants that retain function. The polymerases usable herein may also be engineered to contain specific amino acid substitutions, such as those specifically disclosed herein. In certain preferred embodiments, the polymerases usable in the prime editors of the disclosure are template-based polymerases, i.e., they synthesize nucleotide sequences in a template-dependent manner.

A polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a nucleotide strand and which may be used in connection with the prime editor systems described herein. The polymerases are preferrably “template-dependent” polymerases (i.e., a polymerase which synthesizes a nucleotide strand based on the order of nucleotide bases of a template strand). In certain configurations, the polymerases can also be a “template-independent” (i.e., a polymerase which synthesizes a nucleotide strand without the requirement of a template strand). A polymerase may also be further categorized as a “DNA polymerase” or an “RNA polymerase.” In various embodiments, the prime editor system comprises a DNA polymerase. In various embodiments, the DNA polymerase can be a “DNA-dependent DNA polymerase” (i.e., whereby the template molecule is a strand of DNA). In such cases, the DNA template molecule can be a PEgRNA, wherein the extension arm comprises a strand of DNA. In such cases, the PEgRNA may be referred to as a chimeric or hybrid PEgRNA which comprises an RNA portion (i.e., the guide RNA components, including the spacer and the gRNA core) and a DNA portion (i.e., the extension arm). In various other embodiments, the DNA polymerase can be an “RNA-dependent DNA polymerase” (i.e., whereby the template molecule is a strand of RNA). In such cases, the PEgRNA is RNA, i.e., including an RNA extension. The term “polymerase” may also refer to an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of nucleotide (i.e., the polymerase activity). Generally, the enzyme will initiate synthesis at the 3′-end of a primer annealed to a polynucleotide template sequence (e.g., such as a primer sequence annealed to the primer binding site of a PEgRNA), and will proceed toward the 5′ end of the template strand. A “DNA polymerase” catalyzes the polymerization of deoxynucleotides. As used herein in reference to a DNA polymerase, the term DNA polymerase includes a “functional fragment thereof”. A “functional fragment thereof” refers to any portion of a wild-type or mutant DNA polymerase that encompasses less than the entire amino acid sequence of the polymerase and which retains the ability, under at least one set of conditions, to catalyze the polymerization of a polynucleotide. Such a functional fragment may exist as a separate entity, or it may be a constituent of a larger polypeptide, such as a fusion protein.

In some embodiments, the polymerases can be from bacteriophage. Bacteriophage DNA polymerases are generally devoid of 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity, as this activity is encoded by a separate polypeptide. Examples of suitable DNA polymerases are T4, T7, and phi29 DNA polymerase. The enzymes available commercially are: T4 (available from many sources e.g., Epicentre) and T7 (available from many sources, e.g. Epicentre for unmodified and USB for 3′ to 5′ exo T7 “Sequenase” DNA polymerase).

The other embodiments, the polymerases are archaeal polymerases. There are 2 different classes of DNA polymerases which have been identified in archaea: 1. Family B/pol I type (homologs of Pfu from Pyrococcus furiosus) and 2. pol II type (homologs of P. furiosus DP1/DP2 2-subunit polymerase). DNA polymerases from both classes have been shown to naturally lack an associated 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity and to possess 3′ to 5′ exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Suitable DNA polymerases (pol I or pol II) can be derived from archaea with optimal growth temperatures that are similar to the desired assay temperatures.

Thermostable archaeal DNA polymerases are isolated from Pyrococcus species (furiosus, species GB-D, woesii, abysii, horikoshii), Thermococcus species (kodakaraensis KOD1, litoralis, species 9 degrees North-7, species JDF-3, gorgonarius), Pyrodictium occultum, and Archaeoglobus fulgidus.

Polymerases may also be from eubacterial species. There are 3 classes of eubacterial DNA polymerases, pol I, II, and III. Enzymes in the Pol I DNA polymerase family possess 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity, and certain members also exhibit 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity. Pol II DNA polymerases naturally lack 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity, but do exhibit 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity. Pol III DNA polymerases represent the major replicative DNA polymerase of the cell and are composed of multiple subunits. The pol III catalytic subunit lacks 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity, but in some cases 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity is located in the same polypeptide.

There are a variety of commercially available Pol I DNA polymerases, some of which have been modified to reduce or abolish 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity.

Suitable thermostable pol I DNA polymerases can be isolated from a variety of thermophilic eubacteria, including Thermus species and Thermotoga maritima such as Thermus aquaticus (Taq), Thermus thermophilus (Tth) and Thermotoga maritima (Tma U1Tma).

Additional eubacteria related to those listed above are described in Thermophilic Bacteria (Kristjansson, J. K., ed.) CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., 1992.

The invention further provides for chimeric or non-chimeric DNA polymerases that are chemically modified according to methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,677,152, 6,479,264 and 6,183,998, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Additional archaea DNA polymerases related to those listed above are described in the following references: Archaea: A Laboratory Manual (Robb, F. T. and Place, A. R., eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1995 and Thermophilic Bacteria (Kristjansson, J. K., ed.) CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., 1992.

B. Exemplary Reverse Transcriptases

In various embodiments, the prime editors described herein comprise a reverse transcriptase as the polymerase. The disclosure contemplates any wild type reverse transcriptase obtained from any naturally-occurring organism or virus, or obtained from a commercial or non-commercial source. In addition, the reverse transcriptases usable in the prime editors of the disclosure can include any naturally-occurring mutant RT, engineered mutant RT, or other variant RT, including truncated variants that retain function. The RTs may also be engineered to contain specific amino acid substitutions, such as those specifically disclosed herein.

Reverse transcriptases are multi-functional enzymes typically with three enzymatic activities including RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerization activity, and an RNaseH activity that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids. Some mutants of reverse transcriptases have disabled the RNaseH moiety to prevent unintended damage to the mRNA. These enzymes that synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) using mRNA as a template were first identified in RNA viruses. Subsequently, reverse transcriptases were isolated and purified directly from virus particles, cells or tissues. (e.g., see Kacian et al., 1971, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 46: 365-83; Yang et al., 1972, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 47: 505-11; Gerard et al., 1975, J. Virol. 15: 785-97; Liu et al., 1977, Arch. Virol. 55 187-200; Kato et al., 1984, J. Virol. Methods 9: 325-39; Luke et al., 1990, Biochem. 29: 1764-69 and Le Grice et al., 1991, J. Virol. 65: 7004-07, each of which are incorporated by reference). More recently, mutants and fusion proteins have been created in the quest for improved properties such as thermostability, fidelity and activity. Any of the wild type, variant, and/or mutant forms of reverse transcriptase which are known in the art or which can be made using methods known in the art are contemplated herein.

The reverse transcriptase (RT) gene (or the genetic information contained therein) can be obtained from a number of different sources. For instance, the gene may be obtained from eukaryotic cells which are infected with retrovirus, or from a number of plasmids which contain either a portion of or the entire retrovirus genome. In addition, messenger RNA-like RNA which contains the RT gene can be obtained from retroviruses. Examples of sources for RT include, but are not limited to, Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV or MLVRT); human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1); bovine leukemia virus (BLV); Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV); human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); yeast, including Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Drosophila; primates; and rodents. See, for example, Weiss, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,290 (1987); Gerard, G. R., DNA:271-79 (1986); Kotewicz, M. L., et al., Gene 35:249-58 (1985); Tanese, N., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA):4944-48 (1985); Roth, M. J., at al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:9326-35 (1985); Michel, F., et al., Nature 316:641-43 (1985); Akins, R. A., et al., Cell 47:505-16 (1986), EMBO J. 4:1267-75 (1985); and Fawcett, D. F., Cell 47:1007-15 (1986) (each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).

Wild Type RTs

Exemplary enzymes for use with the herein disclosed prime editors can include, but are not limited to, M-MLV reverse transcriptase and RSV reverse transcriptase. Enzymes having reverse transcriptase activity are commercially available. In certain embodiments, the reverse transcriptase provided in trans to the other components of the prime editor (PE) system. That is, the reverse transcriptase is expressed or otherwise provided as an individual component, i.e., not as a fusion protein with a napDNAbp.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that wild type reverse transcriptases, including but not limited to, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV); Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase and avian Sarcoma-Leukosis Virus (ASLV) reverse transcriptase, which includes but is not limited to Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) reverse transcriptase, Avian Myeloblastosis Virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase, Avian Erythroblastosis Virus (AEV) Helper Virus MCAV reverse transcriptase, Avian Myelocytomatosis Virus MC29 Helper Virus MCAV reverse transcriptase, Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV-T) Helper Virus REV-A reverse transcriptase, Avian Sarcoma Virus UR2 Helper Virus UR2AV reverse transcriptase, Avian Sarcoma Virus Y73 Helper Virus YAV reverse transcriptase, Rous Associated Virus (RAV) reverse transcriptase, and Myeloblastosis Associated Virus (MAV) reverse transcriptase may be suitably used in the subject methods and composition described herein.

Exemplary wild type RT enzymes are as follows:

DESCRIPTION SEQUENCE REVERSE TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLA TRANSCRIPTASE VRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGIL (M-MLV RT) WILD VPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTV TYPE PNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEW MOLONEY MURINE RDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHP LEUKEMIA VIRUS DLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAK USED IN PE1 (PRIME KAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPR EDITOR 1 FUSION QLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQ PROTEIN QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQ DISCLOSED KLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGK HEREIN) LTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDT DRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLT DQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKA LPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIH GEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQ KGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP(SEQ ID NO: 89) REVERSE AFPLERPDWDYTTQAGRNHLVHYRQLLLAGLQNAGRSPTNL TRANSCRIPTASE AKVKGITQGPNESPSAFLERLKEAYRRYTPYDPEDPGQETNVS MOLONEY MURINE MSFIWQSAPDIGRKLGRLEDLKSKTLGDLVREAEKIFNKRETP LEUKEMIA VIRUS EEREERIRRETEEKEERRRTVDEQKEKERDRRRHREMSKLLAT REF SEQ. VVIGQEQDRQEGERKRPQLDKDQCAYCKEKGHWAKDCPKKP AAA66622.1 RGPRGPRPQTSLLTLGDXGGQGQDPPPEPRITLKVGGQPVTFL VDTGAQHSVLTQNPGPLSDKSAWVQGATGGKRYRWTTDRKV HLATGKVTHSFLHVPDCPYPLLGRDLLTKLKAQIHFEGSGAQV VGPMGQPLQVLTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGFTWLSDFPQA WAESGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKP HIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREV NKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRL HPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEAL HRDLADFR(SEQ ID NO: 90) REVERSE TLQLEEEYRLFEPESTQKQEMDIWLKNFPQAWAETGGMGTAH TRANSCRIPTASE CQAPVLIQLKATATPISIRQYPMPHEAYQGIKPHIRRMLDQGIL FELINE LEUKEMIA KPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTEDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTV VIRUS PNPYNLLSTLPPSHPWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHSESQLLFAFEW REF SEQ. NP955579.1 RDPEIGLSGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHSDLADFRVRYP ALVLLQYVDDLLLAAATRTECLEGTKALLETLGNKGYRASAK KAQICLQEVTYLGYSLKDGQRWLTKARKEAILSIPVPKNSRQV REFLGTAGYCRLWIPGFAELAAPLYPLTRPGTLFQWGTEQQLA FEDIKKALLSSPALGLPDITKPFELFIDENSGFAKGVLVQKLGP WKRPVAYLSKKLDTVASGWPPCLRMVAAIAILVKDAGKLTLG QPLTILTSHPVEALVRQPPNKWLSNARMTHYQAMLLDAERVH FGPTVSLNPATLLPLPSGGNHHDCLQILAETHGTRPDLTDQPLP DADLTWYTDGSSFIRNGEREAGAAVTTESEVIWAAPLPPGTSA QRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLTVYTDSRYAFATTHVHGEIYRRR GLLTSEGKEIKNKNEILALLEALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGDSPQ AKGNRLADDTAKKAATETHSSLTVL SEQ ID NO: 91) REVERSE PISPIETVPVKLKPGMDGPKVKQWPLTEEKIKALVEICTEMEKE TRANSCRIPTASE GKISKIGPENPYNTPVFAIKKKDSTKWRKLVDFRELNKRTQDF HIV-1 RT, CHAIN A WEVQLGIPHPAGLKKKKSVTVLDVGDAYFSVPLDEDFRKYTA REF SEQ. ITL3-A FTIPSINNETPGIRYQYNVLPQGWKGSPAIFQSSMTKILEPFRKQ NPDIVIYQYMDDLYVGSDLEIGQHRTKIEELRQHLLRWGLTTP DKKHQKEPPFLWMGYELHPDKWTVQPIVLPEKDSWTVNDIQ KLVGKLNWASQIYPGIKVRQLXKLLRGTKALTEVIPLTEEAEL ELAENREILKEPVHGVYYDPSKDLIAEIQKQGQGQWTYQIYQ EPFKNLKTGKYARMRGAHTNDVKQLTEAVQKITTESIVIWGK TPKFKLPIQKETWETWWTEYWQATWIPEWEFVNTPPLVKLW YQLEKEPIVGAETFYVDGAANRETKLGKAGYVTNRGRQKVV TLTDTTNQKTELQAIYLALQDSGLEVNIVTDSQYALGIIQAQPD QSESELVNQIIEQLIKKEKVYLAWVPAHKGIGGNEQVDKLVSA GIRKV(SEQ ID NO: 92) SEE MARTINELLI ET AL., VIROLOGY, 1990, 174(1): 135-144, WHICH IS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE REVERSE PISPIETVPVKLKPGMDGPKVKQWPLTEEKIKALVEICTEMEKE TRANSCRIPTASE GKISKIGPENPYNTPVFAIKKKDSTKWRKLVDFRELNKRTQDF HIV-1 RT, CHAIN B WEVQLGIPHPAGLKKKKSVTVLDVGDAYFSVPLDEDFRKYTA REF SEQ. ITL3-B FTIPSINNETPGIRYQYNVLPQGWKGSPAIFQSSMTKILEPFRKQ NPDIVIYQYMDDLYVGSDLEIGQHRTKIEELRQHLLRWGLTTP DKKHQKEPPFLWMGYELHPDKWTVQPIVLPEKDSWTVNDIQ KLVGKLNWASQIYPGIKVRQLCKLLRGTKALTEVIPLTEEAELE LAENREILKEPVHGVYYDPSKDLIAEIQKQGQGQWTYQIYQEP FKNLKTGKYARMRGAHTNDVKQLTEAVQKITTESIVIWGKTP KFKLPIQKETWETWWTEYWQATWIPEWEFVNTPPLVKLWYQ LEKEPIVGAETF(SEQ ID NO: 93) SEE STAMMERS ET AL., J. MOL. BIOL., 1994, 242(4): 586-588, WHICH IS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE REVERSE TVALHLAIPLKWKPNHTPVWIDQWPLPEGKLVALTQLVEKEL TRANSCRIPTASE QLGHIEPSLSCWNTPVFVIRKASGSYRLLHDLRAVNAKLVPFG ROUS SARCOMA AVQQGAPVLSALPRGWPLMVLDLKDCFFSIPLAEQDREAFAF VIRUS RT TLPSVNNQAPARRFQWKVLPQGMTCSPTICQLIVGQILEPLRL REF SEQ. ACL14945 KHPSLRMLHYMDDLLLAASSHDGLEAAGEEVISTLERAGFTIS PDKVQKEPGVQYLGYKLGSTYAAPVGLVAEPRIATLWDVQKL VGSLQWLRPALGIPPRLRGPFYEQLRGSDPNEAREWNLDMK MAWREIVQLSTTAALERWDPALPLEGAVARCEQGAIGVLGQG LSTHPRPCLWLFSTQPTKAFTAWLEVLTLLITKLRASAVRTFGK EVDILLLPACFRDELPLPEGILLALRGFAGKIRSSDTPSIFDIARP LHVSLKVRVTDHPVPGPTVFTDASSSTHKGVVVWREGPRWEI KEIADLGASVQQLEARAVAMALLLWPTTPTNVVTDSAFVAKM LLKMGQEGVPSTAAAFILEDALSQRSAMAAVLHVRSHSEVPG FFTEGNDVADSQATFQAYPLREAKDLHTALHIGPRALSKACNI SMQQAREVVQTCPHCNSAPALEAGVNPRGLGPLQIWQTDFTL EPRMAPRSWLAVTVDTASSAIVVTQHGRVTSVAAQHHWATVI AVLGRPKAIKTDNGSCFTSKSTREWLARWGIAHTTGIPGNSQG QAMVERANRLLKDKIRVLAEGDGFMKRIPTSKQGELLAKAM YALNHFERGENTKTPIQKHWRPTVLTEGPPVKIRIETGEWEKG WNVLVWGRGYAAVKNRDTDKVIWVPSRKVKPDIAQKDEVT KKDEASPLFA(SEQ ID NO: 94) SEE YASUKAWA ET AL., J. BIOCHEM. 2009, 145(3): 315-324, WHICH IS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE REVERSE MMDHLLQKTQIQNQTEQVMNITNPNSIYIKGRLYFKGYKKIEL TRANSCRIPTASE HCFVDTGASLCIASKFVIPEEHWINAERPIMVKIADGSSITINKV CAULIFLOWER CRDIDLIIAGEIFHIPTVYQQESGIDFIIGNNFCQLYEPFIQFTDRV MOSAIC VIRUS RT IFTKDRTYPVHIAKLTRAVRVGTEGFLESMKKRSKTQQPEPVNI REF SEQ. AGT42196 STNKIAILSEGRRLSEEKLFITQQRMQKIEELLEKVCSENPLDP NKTKQWMKASIKLSDPSKAIKVKPMKYSPMDREEFDKQIKEL LDLKVIKPSKSPHMAPAFLVNNEAEKRRGKKRMVVNYKAMN KATVGDAYNLPNKDELLTLIRGKKIFSSFDCKSGFWQVLLDQD SRPLTAFTCPQGHYEWNVVPFGLKQAPSIFQRHMDEAFRVFR KFCCVYVDDILVFSNNEEDHLLHVAMILQKCNQHGIILSKKKA QLFKKKINFLGLEIDEGTHKPQGHILEHINKFPDTLEDKKQLQR FLGILTYASDYIPKLAQIRKPLQAKLKENVPWKWTKEDTLYM QKVKKNLQGFPPLHHPLPEEKLIIETDASDDYWGGMLKAIKIN EGTNTELICRYASGSFKAAEKNYHSNDKETLAVINTIKKFSIYL TPVHFLIRTDNTHFKSFVNLNYKGDSKLGRNIRWQAWLSHYS FDVEHIKGTDNHFADFLSREFNRVNS(SEQ ID NO: 95) SEE FARZADFAR ET AL., VIRUS GENES, 2013, 47(2): 347-356, WHICH IS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE REVERSE MKEKISKIDKNFYTDIFIKTSFQNEFEAGGVIPPIAKNQVSTISN TRANSCRIPTASE KNKTFYSLAHSSPHYSIQTRIEKFLLKNIPLSASSFAFRKERSYL KLEBSIELLA HYLEPHTQNVKYCHLDIVSFFHSIDVNIVRDTFSVYFSDEFLVK PNEUMONIA EKQSLLDAFMASVTLTAELDGVEKTFIPMGFKSSPSISNIIFRKI REF SEQ. RFF81513.1 DILIQKFCDKNKITYTRYADDLLFSTKKENNILSSTFFINEISSIL SINKFKLNKSKYLYKEGTISLGGYVIENILKDNSSGNIRLSSSKL NPLYKALYEIKKGSSSKHICIKVFNLKLKRFIYKKNKEKFEAKF YSSQLKNKLLGYRSYLLSFVIFHKKYKCINPIFLEKCVFLISEIE SIMNRKF(SEQ ID NO: 96) REVERSE MKITSNNVTAVINGKGWHSINWKKCHQHVKTIQTRIAKAACN TRANSCRIPTASE QQWRTVGRLQRLLVRSFSARALAVKRVTENSGRKTPGVDGQI ESCERICHIA COLI WSTPESKWEAIFKLRRKGYKPLPLKRVFIPKSNGKKRPLGIPV RT MLDRAMQALHLLGLEPVSETNADHNSYGFRPARCTADAIQQ REF SEQ. TGH57013  VCNMYSSRNASKWVLEGDIKGCFEHISHEWLLENIPMDKQIL RNWLKAGIIEKSIFSKTLSGTPQGGIISPVLANMALDGLERLLQ NRFGRNRLI(SEQ ID NO: 97) REVERSE MSKIKINYEKYHIKPFPHFDQRIKVNKKVKENLQNPFYIAAHS TRANSCRIPTASE FYPFIHYKKISYKFKNGTLSSPKERDIFYSGHMDGYIYKHYGEI BACILLUS SUBTILIS LNHKYNNTCIGKGIDHVSLAYRNNKMGKSNIHFAAEVINFISE RT QQQAFIFVSDFSSYFDSLDHAILKEKLIEVLEEQDKLSKDWWN REF SEQ. QB J66766 VFKHITRYNWVEKEEVISDLECTKEKIARDKKSRERYYTPAEF REFRKRVNIKSNDTGVGIPQGTAISAVLANVYAIDLDQKLNQY ALKYGGIYRRYSDDIIMVLPMTSDGQDPSNDHVSFIKSVVKRN KVTMGDSKTSVLYYANNNIYEDYQRKRESKMDYLGFSFDGM TVKIREKSLFKYYHRTYKKINSINWASVKKEKKVGRKKLYLL YSHLGRNYKGHGNFISYCKKAHAVFEGNKKIESLINQQIKRH WKKIQKRLVDV(SEQ ID NO: 98) EUBACTERIUM DTSNLMEQILSSDNLNRAYLQVVRNKGAEGVDGMKYTELKE RECTALE GROUP II HLAKNGETIKGQLRTRKYKPQPARRVEIPKPDGGVRNLGVPT INTRON RT VTDRFIQQAIAQVLTPIYEEQFHDHSYGFRPNRCAQQAILTALN IMNDGNDWIVDIDLEKFFDTVNHDKLMTLIGRTIKDGDVISIV RKYLVSGIMIDDEYEDSIVGTPQGGNLSPLLANIMLNELDKEM EKRGLNFVRYADDCIIMVGSEMSANRVMRNISRFIEEKLGLKV NMTKSKVDRPSGLKYLGFGFYFDPRAHQFKAKPHAKSVAKF KKRMKELTCRSWGVSNSYKVEKLNQLIRGWINYFKIGSMKTL CKELDSRIRYRLRMCIWKQWKTPQNQEKNLVKLGIDRNTARR VAYTGKRIAYVCNKGAVNVAISNKRLASFGLISMLDYYIEKCV TC(SEQ ID NO: 99) GEOBACILLUS ALLERILARDNLITALKRVEANQGAPGIDGVSTDQLRDYIRAH STEAROTHERMOPHILUS WSTIHAQLLAGTYRPAPVRRVEIPKPGGGTRQLGIPTVVDRLIQ GROUP II QAILQELTPIFDPDFSSSSFGFRPGRNAHDAVRQAQGYIQEGYR INTRON RT YVVDMDLEKFFDRVNHDILMSRVARKVKDKRVLKLIRAYLQA GVMIEGVKVQTEEGTPQGGPLSPLLANILLDDLDKELEKRGL KFCRYADDCNIYVKSLRAGQRVKQSIQRFLEKTLKLKVNEEKS AVDRPWKRAFLGFSFTPERKARIRLAPRSIQRLKQRIRQLTNPN WSISMPERIHRVNQYVMGWIGYFRLVETPSVLQTIEGWIRRRL RLCQWLQWKRVRTRIRELRALGLKETAVMEIANTRKGAWRTT KTPQLHQALGKTYWTAQGLKSLTQR(SEQ ID NO: 100) Variant and Error-Prone RTs

Reverse transcriptases are essential for synthesizing complementary DNA (cDNA) strands from RNA templates. Reverse transcriptases are enzymes composed of distinct domains that exhibit different biochemical activities. The enzymes catalyze the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template, as follows: In the presence of an annealed primer, reverse transcriptase binds to an RNA template and initiates the polymerization reaction. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity synthesizes the complementary DNA (cDNA) strand, incorporating dNTPs. RNase H activity degrades the RNA template of the DNA:RNA complex. Thus, reverse transcriptases comprise (a) a binding activity that recognizes and binds to a RNA/DNA hybrid, (b) an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, and (c) an RNase H activity. In addition, reverse transcriptases generally are regarded as having various attributes, including their thermostability, processivity (rate of dNTP incorporation), and fidelity (or error-rate). The reverse transcriptase variants contemplated herein may include any mutations to reverse transcriptase that impacts or changes any one or more of these enzymatic activities (e.g., RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, RNase H activity, or DNA/RNA hybrid-binding activity) or enzyme properties (e.g., thermostability, processivity, or fidelity). Such variants may be available in the art in the public domain, available commercially, or may be made using known methods of mutagenesis, including directed evolutionary processes (e.g., PACE or PANCE).

In various embodiments, the reverse transcriptase may be a variant reverse transcriptase. As used herein, a “variant reverse transcriptase” includes any naturally occurring or genetically engineered variant comprising one or more mutations (including singular mutations, inversions, deletions, insertions, and rearrangements) relative to a reference sequences (e.g., a reference wild type sequence). RT naturally have several activities, including an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, ribonuclease H activity, and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Collectively, these activities enable the enzyme to convert single-stranded RNA into double-stranded cDNA. In retroviruses and retrotransposons, this cDNA can then integrate into the host genome, from which new RNA copies can be made via host-cell transcription. Variant RT's may comprise a mutation which impacts one or more of these activities (either which reduces or increases these activities, or which eliminates these activities all together). In addition, variant RTs may comprise one or more mutations which render the RT more or less stable, less prone to aggregation, and facilitates purification and/or detection, and/or other the modification of properties or characteristics.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that variant reverse transcriptases derived from other reverse transcriptases, including but not limited to Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV); Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase and avian Sarcoma-Leukosis Virus (ASLV) reverse transcriptase, which includes but is not limited to Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) reverse transcriptase, Avian Myeloblastosis Virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase, Avian Erythroblastosis Virus (AEV) Helper Virus MCAV reverse transcriptase, Avian Myelocytomatosis Virus MC29 Helper Virus MCAV reverse transcriptase, Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV-T) Helper Virus REV-A reverse transcriptase, Avian Sarcoma Virus UR2 Helper Virus UR2AV reverse transcriptase, Avian Sarcoma Virus Y73 Helper Virus YAV reverse transcriptase, Rous Associated Virus (RAV) reverse transcriptase, and Myeloblastosis Associated Virus (MAV) reverse transcriptase may be suitably used in the subject methods and composition described herein.

One method of preparing variant RTs is by genetic modification (e.g., by modifying the DNA sequence of a wild-type reverse transcriptase). A number of methods are known in the art that permit the random as well as targeted mutation of DNA sequences (see for example, Ausubel et. al. Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (1995) 3.sup.rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). In addition, there are a number of commercially available kits for site-directed mutagenesis, including both conventional and PCR-based methods. Examples include the QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kits (AGILENT®), the Q5® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS®), and GeneArt™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (THERMOFISHER SCIENTIFIC®).

In addition, mutant reverse transcriptases may be generated by insertional mutation or truncation (N-terminal, internal, or C-terminal insertions or truncations) according to methodologies known to one skilled in the art. The term “mutation,” as used herein, refers to a substitution of a residue within a sequence, e.g., a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, with another residue, or a deletion or insertion of one or more residues within a sequence. Mutations are typically described herein by identifying the original residue followed by the position of the residue within the sequence and by the identity of the newly substituted residue. Various methods for making the amino acid substitutions (mutations) provided herein are well known in the art, and are provided by, for example, Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012)). Mutations can include a variety of categories, such as single base polymorphisms, microduplication regions, indel, and inversions, and is not meant to be limiting in any way. Mutations can include “loss-of-function” mutations which is the normal result of a mutation that reduces or abolishes a protein activity. Most loss-of-function mutations are recessive, because in a heterozygote the second chromosome copy carries an unmutated version of the gene coding for a fully functional protein whose presence compensates for the effect of the mutation. Mutations also embrace “gain-of-function” mutations, which is one which confers an abnormal activity on a protein or cell that is otherwise not present in a normal condition. Many gain-of-function mutations are in regulatory sequences rather than in coding regions, and can therefore have a number of consequences. For example, a mutation might lead to one or more genes being expressed in the wrong tissues, these tissues gaining functions that they normally lack. Because of their nature, gain-of-function mutations are usually dominant.

Older methods of site-directed mutagenesis known in the art rely on sub-cloning of the sequence to be mutated into a vector, such as an M13 bacteriophage vector, that allows the isolation of single-stranded DNA template. In these methods, one anneals a mutagenic primer (i.e., a primer capable of annealing to the site to be mutated but bearing one or more mismatched nucleotides at the site to be mutated) to the single-stranded template and then polymerizes the complement of the template starting from the 3′ end of the mutagenic primer. The resulting duplexes are then transformed into host bacteria and plaques are screened for the desired mutation.

More recently, site-directed mutagenesis has employed PCR methodologies, which have the advantage of not requiring a single-stranded template. In addition, methods have been developed that do not require sub-cloning. Several issues must be considered when PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis is performed. First, in these methods it is desirable to reduce the number of PCR cycles to prevent expansion of undesired mutations introduced by the polymerase. Second, a selection must be employed in order to reduce the number of non-mutated parental molecules persisting in the reaction. Third, an extended-length PCR method is preferred in order to allow the use of a single PCR primer set. And fourth, because of the non-template-dependent terminal extension activity of some thermostable polymerases it is often necessary to incorporate an end-polishing step into the procedure prior to blunt-end ligation of the PCR-generated mutant product.

Methods of random mutagenesis, which will result in a panel of mutants bearing one or more randomly situated mutations, exist in the art. Such a panel of mutants may then be screened for those exhibiting the desired properties, for example, increased stability, relative to a wild-type reverse transcriptase.

An example of a method for random mutagenesis is the so-called “error-prone PCR method.” As the name implies, the method amplifies a given sequence under conditions in which the DNA polymerase does not support high fidelity incorporation. Although the conditions encouraging error-prone incorporation for different DNA polymerases vary, one skilled in the art may determine such conditions for a given enzyme. A key variable for many DNA polymerases in the fidelity of amplification is, for example, the type and concentration of divalent metal ion in the buffer. The use of manganese ion and/or variation of the magnesium or manganese ion concentration may therefore be applied to influence the error rate of the polymerase.

In various aspects, the RT of the prime editors may be an “error-prone” reverse transcriptase variant. Error-prone reverse transcriptases that are known and/or available in the art may be used. It will be appreciated that reverse transcriptases naturally do not have any proofreading function; thus the error rate of reverse transcriptase is generally higher than DNA polymerases comprising a proofreading activity. The error-rate of any particular reverse transcriptase is a property of the enzyme's “fidelity,” which represents the accuracy of template-directed polymerization of DNA against its RNA template. An RT with high fidelity has a low-error rate. Conversely, an RT with low fidelity has a high-error rate. The fidelity of M-MLV-based reverse transcriptases are reported to have an error rate in the range of one error in 15,000 to 27,000 nucleotides synthesized. See Boutabout et al., “DNA synthesis fidelity by the reverse transcriptase of the yeast retrotransposon Ty1,” Nucleic Acids Res, 2001, 29: 2217-2222, which is incorporated by reference. Thus, for purposes of this application, those reverse transcriptases considered to be “error-prone” or which are considered to have an “error-prone fidelity” are those having an error rate that is less than one error in 15,000 nucleotides synthesized.

Error-prone reverse transcriptase also may be created through mutagenesis of a starting RT enzyme (e.g., a wild type M-MLV RT). The method of mutagenesis is not limited and may include directed evolution processes, such as phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE) or phage-assisted noncontinuous evolution (PANCE). The term “phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE),” as used herein, refers to continuous evolution that employs phage as viral vectors. The general concept of PACE technology has been described, for example, in International PCT Application, PCT/US2009/056194, filed Sep. 8, 2009, published as WO 2010/028347 on Mar. 11, 2010; International PCT Application, PCT/US2011/066747, filed Dec. 22, 2011, published as WO 2012/088381 on Jun. 28, 2012; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,594, issued May 5, 2015, International PCT Application, PCT/US2015/012022, filed Jan. 20, 2015, published as WO 2015/134121 on Sep. 11, 2015, and International PCT Application, PCT/US2016/027795, filed Apr. 15, 2016, published as WO 2016/168631 on Oct. 20, 2016, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Error-prone reverse transcriptases may also be obtain by phage-assisted non-continuous evolution (PANCE),” which as used herein, refers to non-continuous evolution that employs phage as viral vectors. PANCE is a simplified technique for rapid in vivo directed evolution using serial flask transfers of evolving ‘selection phage’ (SP), which contain a gene of interest to be evolved, across fresh E. coli host cells, thereby allowing genes inside the host E. coli to be held constant while genes contained in the SP continuously evolve. Serial flask transfers have long served as a widely-accessible approach for laboratory evolution of microbes, and, more recently, analogous approaches have been developed for bacteriophage evolution. The PANCE system features lower stringency than the PACE system.

Other error-prone reverse transcriptases have been described in the literature, each of which are contemplated for use in the herein methods and compositions. For example, error-prone reverse transcriptases have been described in Bebenek et al., “Error-prone Polymerization by HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase,” J Biol Chem, 1993, Vol. 268: 10324-10334 and Sebastian-Martin et al., “Transcriptional inaccuracy threshold attenuates differences in RNA-dependent DNA synthesis fidelity between retroviral reverse transcriptases,” Scientific Reports, 2018, Vol. 8: 627, each of which are incorporated by reference. Still further, reverse transcriptases, including error-prone reverse transcriptases can be obtained from a commercial supplier, including ProtoScript® (II) Reverse Transcriptase, AMV Reverse Transcriptase, WarmStart® Reverse Transcriptase, and M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase, all from NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS®), or AMV Reverse Transcriptase XL, SMARTScribe Reverse Transcriptase, GPR ultra-pure MMLV Reverse Transcriptase, all from TAKARA BIO USA, INC. (formerly CLONTECH).

The herein disclosure also contemplates reverse transcriptases having mutations in RNaseH domain. As mentioned above, one of the intrinsic properties of reverse transcriptases is the RNase H activity, which cleaves the RNA template of the RNA:cDNA hybrid concurrently with polymerization. The RNase H activity can be undesirable for synthesis of long cDNAs because the RNA template may be degraded before completion of full-length reverse transcription. The RNase H activity may also lower reverse transcription efficiency, presumably due to its competition with the polymerase activity of the enzyme. Thus, the present disclosure contemplates any reverse transcriptase variants that comprise a modified RNaseH activity.

The herein disclosure also contemplates reverse transcriptases having mutations in the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase domain. As mentioned above, one of the intrinsic properties of reverse transcriptases is the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, which incorporates the nucleobases into the nascent cDNA strand as coded by the template RNA strand of the RNA:cDNA hybrid. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity can be increased or decreased (i.e., in terms of its rate of incorporation) to either increase or decrease the processivity of the enzyme. Thus, the present disclosure contemplates any reverse transcriptase variants that comprise a modified RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity such that the processivity of the enzyme of either increased or decreased relative to an unmodified version.

Also contemplated herein are reverse transcriptase variants that have altered thermostability characteristics. The ability of a reverse transcriptase to withstand high temperatures is an important aspect of cDNA synthesis. Elevated reaction temperatures help denature RNA with strong secondary structures and/or high G•C content, allowing reverse transcriptases to read through the sequence. As a result, reverse transcription at higher temperatures enables full-length cDNA synthesis and higher yields, which can lead to an improved generation of the 3′ flap ssDNA as a result of the prime editing process. Wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase typically has an optimal temperature in the range of 37-48° C.; however, mutations may be introduced that allow for the reverse transcription activity at higher temperatures of over 48° C., including 49° C., 50° C., 51° C., 52° C., 53° C., 54° C., 55° C., 56° C., 57° C., 58° C., 59° C., 60° C., 61° C., 62° C., 63° C., 64° C., 65° C., 66° C., and higher.

The variant reverse transcriptases contemplated herein, including error-prone RTs, thermostable RTs, increase-processivity RTs, can be engineered by various routine strategies, including mutagenesis or evolutionary processes. In some cases, the variants can be produced by introducing a single mutation. In other cases, the variants may require more than one mutation. For those mutants comprising more than one mutation, the effect of a given mutation may be evaluated by introduction of the identified mutation to the wild-type gene by site-directed mutagenesis in isolation from the other mutations borne by the particular mutant. Screening assays of the single mutant thus produced will then allow the determination of the effect of that mutation alone.

Variant RT enzymes used herein may also include other “RT variants” having at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to any reference RT protein, including any wild type RT, or mutant RT, or fragment RT, or other variant of RT disclosed or contemplated herein or known in the art.

In some embodiments, an RT variant may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or up to 100, or up to 200, or up to 300, or up to 400, or up to 500 or more amino acid changes compared to a reference RT. In some embodiments, the RT variant comprises a fragment of a reference RT, such that the fragment is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to the corresponding fragment of the reference RT. In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% identical, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid length of a corresponding wild type RT (M-MLV reverse transcriptase) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 89) or to any of the reverse transcriptases of SEQ ID NOs: 90-100.

In some embodiments, the disclosure also may utilize RT fragments which retain their functionality and which are fragments of any herein disclosed RT proteins. In some embodiments, the RT fragment is at least 100 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, or up to 600 or more amino acids in length.

In still other embodiments, the disclosure also may utilize RT variants which are truncated at the N-terminus or the C-terminus, or both, by a certain number of amino acids which results in a truncated variant which still retains sufficient polymerase function. In some embodiments, the RT truncated variant has a truncation of at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, or 250 amino acids at the N-terminal end of the protein. In other embodiments, the RT truncated variant has a truncation of at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, or 250 amino acids at the C-terminal end of the protein. In still other embodiments, the RT truncated variant has a trunction at the N-terminal and the C-terminal end which are the same or different lengths.

For example, the prime editors disclosed herein may include a truncated version of M-MLV reverse transcriptase. In this embodiment, the reverse transcriptase contains 4 mutations (D200N, T306K, W313F, T330P; noting that the L603W mutation present in PE2 is no longer present due to the truncation). The DNA sequence encoding this truncated editor is 522 bp smaller than PE2, and therefore makes its potentially useful for applications where delivery of the DNA sequence is challenging due to its size (i.e., adeno-associated virus and lentivirus delivery). This embodiment is referred to as MMLV-RT(trunc) and has the following amino acid sequence:

MMLV- TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQ RT(TRUNC) APLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSP WNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGL PPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLT WTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAA TSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEG QRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMA APLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFE LFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLR MVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNAR MTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDNSRLI N (SEQ ID NO: 766)

In various embodiments, the prime editors disclosed herein may comprise one of the RT variants described herein, or a RT variant thereof having at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to any reference Cas9 variants.

In still other embodiments, the present methods and compositions may utilize a DNA polymerase that has been evolved into a reverse transcriptase, as described in Effefson et al., “Synthetic evolutionary origin of a proofreading reverse transcriptase,” Science, Jun. 24, 2016, Vol. 352: 1590-1593, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In certain other embodiments, the reverse transcriptase is provided as a component of a fusion protein also comprising a napDNAbp. In other words, in some embodiments, the reverse transcriptase is fused to a napDNAbp as a fusion protein.

In various embodiments, variant reverse transcriptases can be engineered from wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase as represented by SEQ ID NO: 89.

In various embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising one or more of the following mutations: P51L, S67K, E69K, L139P, T197A, D200N, H204R, F209N, E302K, E302R, T306K, F309N, W313F, T330P, L345G, L435G, N454K, D524G, E562Q, D583N, H594Q, L603W, E607K, or D653N in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence.

Some exemplary reverse transcriptases that can be fused to napDNAbp proteins or provided as individual proteins according to various embodiments of this disclosure are provided below. Exemplary reverse transcriptases include variants with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the following wild-type enzymes or partial enzymes:

Description Sequence (variant substitutions relative to wild type) Reverse TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP transcriptase LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL (M-MLV RT) LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY wild type TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN moloney SPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL murine LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM leukemia GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWG virus PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL Used in PE1 GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP (prime editor LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL 1 fusion NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS protein SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA disclosed EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLK herein) ALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLL IENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 700) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETS KEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLK ALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLL IENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 701) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLK ALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLL IENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 702) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 740) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQ K ARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTP T330P LLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQW L603W YTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFK E69K NSPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRA LLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETV MGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNW GPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQ KLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMG QPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVV ALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTD GSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALK MAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILA LLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDT STLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 703) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN E302R SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLR R FLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENS SP(SEQ ID NO: 704) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN E607K SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTS K GKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 705) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSG P PPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN L139P SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 706) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETS KEPDVSLGS TWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN L435G SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVI G APHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 707) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN N454K SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLS K ARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 708) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN T306K SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLG K AGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 709) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN W313F SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGP DQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 710) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN D524G SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL E562Q LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM D583N GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYT G GS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRA Q LIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYT N SRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 711) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN E302R SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL W313F LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLR R FLGTAGFCRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 712) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSG P PPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN E607K SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL L139P LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM GQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTS K GKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 713) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP P51L S67K LII L LKATSTPVSIKQYPM K QEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTP T197A LLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQW H204R YTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFK E302K NSP A LFDEAL R RDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTR F309N ALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKET W313F VMGQPTPKTPRQLR K FLGTAG N CRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFN T330P WGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLT L435G QKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTM N454K GQPLVIGAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLS K ARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPV D524G VALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYT D583N G GSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALK H594Q MAEGKKLNVYT N SRYAFATAHI Q GEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILA D653N LLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMA N QAARKAAITETPDT STLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 714) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N P51L LII L LKATSTPVSIKQYPM K QEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSWNTP S67K T197A LLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQW H204R YTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFK E302K NSP A LF N EAL R RDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTR F309N ALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKET W313F VMGQPTPKTPRQLR K FLGTAG N CRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFN T330P L345G WGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLT N454K QKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTM D524G GQPLVI G APHAVEALVKQPPDRWLS K ARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPV D583N VALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYT H594Q G GSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALK D653N MAEGKKLNVYT N SRYAFATAHI Q GEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILA LLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMA N QAARKAAITETPDT STLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 715) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAP D200N LIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T330P LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY L603W TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN T306K SPTLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL W313F LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM in PE2 GQPTPKTPRQLREFLG K AGFCRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKL GPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQP LVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVAL NPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGS SLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMA EGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALL KALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTST LLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 716)

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising one or more of the following mutations: P51X, S67X, E69X, L139X, T197X, D200X, H204X, F209X, E302X, T306X, F309X, W313X, T330X, L345X, L435X, N454X, D524X, E562X, D583X, H594X, L603X, E607X, or D653X in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a P51X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is L.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a S67X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is K.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a E69X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is K.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a L139X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is P.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a T197X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is A.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a D200X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is N.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a H204X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is R.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a F209X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is N.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a E302X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is K.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a E302X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is R.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a T306X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is K.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a F309X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is N.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a W313X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is F.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a T330X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is P.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a L345X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is G.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a L435X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is G.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a N454X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is K.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a D524X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is G.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a E562X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is Q.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a D583X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is N.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a H594X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is Q.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a L603X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is W.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a E607X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is K.

In various other embodiments, the prime editors described herein (with RT provided as either a fusion partner or in trans) can include a variant RT comprising a D653X mutation in the wild type M-MLV RT of SEQ ID NO: 89 or at a corresponding amino acid position in another wild type RT polypeptide sequence, wherein “X” can be any amino acid. In certain embodiments, X is N.

Some exemplary reverse transcriptases that can be fused to napDNAbp proteins or provided as individual proteins according to various embodiments of this disclosure are provided below. Exemplary reverse transcriptases include variants with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% sequence identity to the following wild-type enzymes or partial enzymes:

DESCRIPTION SEQUENCE (VARIANT SUBSTITUTIONS RELATIVE TO WILD TYPE) REVERSE TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL TRANSCRIPTASE IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL (M-MLV RT) PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT WILD TYPE VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP MOLONEY TLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ MURINE TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ LEUKEMIA PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQ VIRUS QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW USED IN RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PE1 (PRIME PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL EDITOR 1 PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG FUSION QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN PROTEIN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR DISCLOSED LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP HEREIN) (SEQ ID NO: 89) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 106) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 107) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 108) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL E69K IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQ K ARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL D200N PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT T330P VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP L603W TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 109) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP E302R TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLR R FLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 110) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP E607K TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTS K GKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPK RLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 111) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSG P PPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP L139P TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 112) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP L435G TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVI G A PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 113) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP N454K TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLS K ARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 114) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP T306K TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLG K AGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPD QQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGP WRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVIL APHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPAT LLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQ EGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKL NVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLP KRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSS P(SEQ ID NO: 115) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP W313F TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 116) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP D524G TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ E562Q TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ D583N PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYT G GSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRA Q LIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYT N SRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 117) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP E302R TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ W313F TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLR R FLGTAGFCRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 118) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL T330P PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSG P PPSHQWYT L603W VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP E607K TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ L139P TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTS K GKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPK RLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 119) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL P51L S67K II L LKATSTPVSIKQYPM K QEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T197A LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY H204R TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN E302K SP A LFDEAL R RDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL F309N LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM W313F GQPTPKTPRQLR K FLGTAG N CRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGP T330P DQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLG L435G PWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVI N454K GAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLS K ARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPA D524G TLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYT G GSSLL D583N QEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGK H594Q KLNVYT N SRYAFATAHI Q GEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFL D653N PKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMA N QAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENS SP (SEQ ID NO: 120) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL P51L S67K II L LKATSTPVSIKQYPM K QEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPL T197A LPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWY D200N TVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN H204R SP A LF N EAL R RDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL E302K LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVM F309N GQPTPKTPRQLR K FLGTAG N CRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGP W313F DQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLG T330P L345G PWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVI N454K G APHAVEALVKQPPDRWLS K ARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPA D524G TLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYT G GSSLL D583N QEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGK H594Q KLNVYT N SRYAFATAHI Q GEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFL D653N PKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMA N QAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENS SP (SEQ ID NO: 121) M-MLV RT TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL D200N T330P IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL L603W PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT T306K VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP W313F TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ IN PE2 TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLG K AGFCRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 122)

The prime editor (PE) system described here contemplates any publicly-available reverse transcriptase described or disclosed in any of the following U.S. patents (each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties): U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,202,658; 10,189,831; 10,150,955; 9,932,567; 9,783,791; 9,580,698; 9,534,201; and 9,458,484, and any variant thereof that can be made using known methods for installing mutations, or known methods for evolving proteins. The following references describe reverse transcriptases in art. Each of their disclosures are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

-   Herzig, E., Voronin, N., Kucherenko, N. & Hizi, A. A Novel Leu92     Mutant of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase with a Selective Deficiency in     Strand Transfer Causes a Loss of Viral Replication. J. Virol. 89,     8119-8129 (2015). -   Mohr, G. et al. A Reverse Transcriptase-Cas1 Fusion Protein Contains     a Cas6 Domain Required for Both CRISPR RNA Biogenesis and RNA Spacer     Acquisition. Mol. Cell 72, 700-714.e8 (2018). -   Zhao, C., Liu, F. & Pyle, A. M. An ultraprocessive, accurate reverse     transcriptase encoded by a metazoan group II intron. RNA 24, 183-195     (2018). -   Zimmerly, S. & Wu, L. An Unexplored Diversity of Reverse     Transcriptases in Bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 3, MDNA3-0058-2014     (2015). -   Ostertag, E. M. & Kazazian Jr, H. H. Biology of Mammalian L1     Retrotransposons. Annual Review of Genetics 35, 501-538 (2001). -   Perach, M. & Hizi, A. Catalytic Features of the Recombinant Reverse     Transcriptase of Bovine Leukemia Virus Expressed in Bacteria.     Virology 259, 176-189 (1999). -   Lim, D. et al. Crystal structure of the moloney murine leukemia     virus RNase H domain. J. Virol. 80, 8379-8389 (2006). -   Zhao, C. & Pyle, A. M. Crystal structures of a group II intron     maturase reveal a missing link in spliceosome evolution. Nature     Structural & Molecular Biology 23, 558-565 (2016). -   Griffiths, D. J. Endogenous retroviruses in the human genome     sequence. Genome Biol. 2, REVIEWS1017 (2001). -   Baranauskas, A. et al. Generation and characterization of new highly     thermostable and processive M-MuLV reverse transcriptase variants.     Protein Eng Des Sel 25, 657-668 (2012). -   Zimmerly, S., Guo, H., Perlman, P. S. & Lambowltz, A. M. Group II     intron mobility occurs by target DNA-primed reverse transcription.     Cell 82, 545-554 (1995). -   Feng, Q., Moran, J. V., Kazazian, H. H. & Boeke, J. D. Human L1     retrotransposon encodes a conserved endonuclease required for     retrotransposition. Cell 87, 905-916 (1996). -   Berkhout, B., Jebbink, M. & Zsíros, J. Identification of an Active     Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Encoded by a Human Endogenous HERV-K     Retrovirus. Journal of Virology 73, 2365-2375 (1999). -   Kotewicz, M. L., Sampson, C. M., D'Alessio, J. M. & Gerard, G. F.     Isolation of cloned Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse     transcriptase lacking ribonuclease H activity. Nucleic Acids Res 16,     265-277 (1988). -   Arezi, B. & Hogrefe, H. Novel mutations in Moloney Murine Leukemia     Virus reverse transcriptase increase thermostability through tighter     binding to template-primer. Nucleic Acids Res 37, 473-481 (2009). -   Blain, S. W. & Goff, S. P. Nuclease activities of Moloney murine     leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. Mutants with altered substrate     specificities. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23585-23592 (1993). -   Xiong, Y. & Eickbush, T. H. Origin and evolution of retroelements     based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO J 9,     3353-3362 (1990). -   Herschhorn, A. & Hizi, A. Retroviral reverse transcriptases. Cell.     Mol. Life Sci. 67, 2717-2747 (2010). -   Taube, R., Loya, S., Avidan, O., Perach, M. & Hizi, A. Reverse     transcriptase of mouse mammary tumour virus: expression in bacteria,     purification and biochemical characterization. Biochem. J. 329 (Pt     3), 579-587 (1998). -   Liu, M. et al. Reverse Transcriptase-Mediated Tropism Switching in     Bordetella Bacteriophage. Science 295, 2091-2094 (2002). -   Luan, D. D., Korman, M. H., Jakubczak, J. L. & Eickbush, T. H.     Reverse transcription of R2Bm RNA is primed by a nick at the     chromosomal target site: a mechanism for non-LTR retrotransposition.     Cell 72, 595-605 (1993). -   Nottingham, R. M. et al. RNA-seq of human reference RNA samples     using a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase. RNA 22,     597-613 (2016). -   Telesnitsky, A. & Goff, S. P. RNase H domain mutations affect the     interaction between Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse     transcriptase and its primer-template. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.     90, 1276-1280 (1993). -   Halvas, E. K., Svarovskaia, E. S. & Pathak, V. K. Role of Murine     Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase Deoxyribonucleoside     Triphosphate-Binding Site in Retroviral Replication and In Vivo     Fidelity. Journal of Virology 74, 10349-10358 (2000). -   Nowak, E. et al. Structural analysis of monomeric retroviral reverse     transcriptase in complex with an RNA/DNA hybrid. Nucleic Acids Res     41, 3874-3887 (2013). -   Stamos, J. L., Lentzsch, A. M. & Lambowitz, A. M. Structure of a     Thermostable Group II Intron Reverse Transcriptase with     Template-Primer and Its Functional and Evolutionary Implications.     Molecular Cell 68, 926-939.e4 (2017). -   Das, D. & Georgiadis, M. M. The Crystal Structure of the Monomeric     Reverse Transcriptase from Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus. Structure     12, 819-829 (2004). -   Avidan, O., Meer, M. E., Oz, I. & Hizi, A. The processivity and     fidelity of DNA synthesis exhibited by the reverse transcriptase of     bovine leukemia virus. European Journal of Biochemistry 269, 859-867     (2002). -   Gerard, G. F. et al. The role of template-primer in protection of     reverse transcriptase from thermal inactivation. Nucleic Acids Res     30, 3118-3129 (2002). -   Monot, C. et al. The Specificity and Flexibility of L1 Reverse     Transcription Priming at Imperfect T-Tracts. PLOS Genetics 9,     e1003499 (2013). -   Mohr, S. et al. Thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase     fusion proteins and their use in cDNA synthesis and next-generation     RNA sequencing. RNA 19, 958-970 (2013).

Any of the references noted above which relate to reverse transriptases are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, if not already stated so.

[4] PE Fusion Proteins

The prime editor (PE) system described herein contemplate fusion proteins comprising a napDNAbp and a polymerase (e.g., DNA-dependent DNA polymerase or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, such as, reverse transcriptase), and optionally joined by a linker. The application contemplates any suitable napDNAbp and polymerase (e.g., DNA-dependent DNA polymerase or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, such as, reverse transcriptase) to be combined in a single fusion protein. Examples of napDNAbps and polymerases (e.g., DNA-dependent DNA polymerase or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, such as, reverse transcriptase) are each defined herein. Since polymerases are well-known in the art, and the amino acid sequences are readily available, this disclosure is not meant in any way to be limited to those specific polymerases identified herein.

In various embodiments, the fusion proteins may comprise any suitable structural configuration. For example, the fusion protein may comprise from the N-terminus to the C-terminus direction, a napDNAbp fused to a polymerase (e.g., DNA-dependent DNA polymerase or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, such as, reverse transcriptase). In other embodiments, the fusion protein may comprise from the N-terminus to the C-terminus direction, a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase) fused to a napDNAbp. The fused domain may optionally be joined by a linker, e.g., an amino acid sequence. In other embodiments, the fusion proteins may comprise the structure NH₂-[napDNAbp]-[polymerase]-COOH; or NH₂-[polymerase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence. In embodiments wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase, the fusion proteins may comprise the structure NH₂-[napDNAbp]-[RT]-COOH; or NH₂-[RT]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

An exemplary fusion protein is depicted in FIG. 14 , which shows a fusion protein comprising an MLV reverse transcriptase (“MLV-RT”) fused to a nickase Cas9 (“Cas9(H840A)”) via a linker sequence. This example is not intended to limit scope of fusion proteins that may be utilized for the prime editor (PE) system described herein.

In various embodiments, the prime editor fusion protein may have the following amino acid sequence (referred to herein as “PE1”), which includes a Cas9 variant comprising an H840A mutation (i.e., a Cas9 nickase) and an M-MLV RT wild type, as well as an N-terminal NLS sequence (19 amino acids) and an amino acid linker (32 amino acids) that joins the C-terminus of the Cas9 nickase domain to the N-terminus of the RT domain. The PE1 fusion protein has the following structure: [NLS]-[Cas9(H840A)]-[linker]-[MMLV_RT(wt)]. The amino acid sequence of PE1 and its individual components are as follows:

DESCRIPTION SEQUENCE PE1 FUSION MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPS PROTEIN KKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR CAS9(H840A)- KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNI MMLV_RT(WT) VDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHF LIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSAR LSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDA KLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRV NTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQ SKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLR KQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFR IPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIE RMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPA FLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREM IEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSG KTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHE HIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQ TTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYL YYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTR SDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVG TALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYS NIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKV LSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKY GGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNP IDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKG NELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDE IIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLT NLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLS QLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS TLNIEDEYRLH ETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQ YPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQD LREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQ PLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHP DLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQV KYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPG FAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFE LFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAV LTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTD RVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADH TWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALK MAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKAL FLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSS P SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 123) KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID NO: 124), BOTTOM:(SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 126) 33-AMINO ACID LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (SEQ ID NO: 128) PE1-N- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 124) TERMINAL NLS PE1-CAS9 DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGA (H840A) LLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFH (MET RLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDK MINUS) ADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFE ENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLG LTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKN LSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPE KYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLN REDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKIL TFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIE RMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLS GEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNA SLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTY AHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSD GFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKK GILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMK RIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDIN RLSDYDVD A IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKM KNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQI TKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMI AKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIV WDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIA RKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIM ERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHY LDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLT NLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLG GD (SEQ ID NO: 130) PE1- SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS (SEQ ID NO: 127) LINKER BETWEEN CAS9 DOMAIN AND RT DOMAIN (33 AMINO ACIDS) PE-M- TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL MLV RT IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP TLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ PTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 132) PE1-C- SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 133) TERMINAL NLS

In another embodiment, the prime editor fusion protein may have the following amino acid sequence (referred to herein as “PE2”), which includes a Cas9 variant comprising an H840A mutation (i.e., a Cas9 nickase) and an M-MLV RT comprising mutations D200N, T330P, L603W, T306K, and W313F, as well as an N-terminal NLS sequence (19 amino acids) and an amino acid linker (33 amino acids) that joins the C-terminus of the Cas9 nickase domain to the N-terminus of the RT domain. The PE2 fusion protein has the following structure: [NLS]-[Cas9(H840A)]-[linker]-[MMLV_RT(D200N)(T330P)(L603W)(T306K)(W313F)]. The amino acid sequence of PE2 is as follows:

PE2 FUSION MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPS PROTEIN KKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR CAS9(H840A)- KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNI MMLV_RT VDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHF D200N LIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSAR T330P LSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDA L603W KLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRV T306K NTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQ W313F SKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLR KQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFR IPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIE RMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPA FLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREM IEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSG KTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHE HIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQ TTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYL YYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTR SDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVG TALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYS NIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKV LSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKY GGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNP IDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKG NELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDE IIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLT NLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLS QLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS TLNIEDEYRLH ETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQ YPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQD LREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQ PLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHP DLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQV KYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPG FAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFE LFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAV LTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTD RVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADH TWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALK MAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKA LFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENS SP SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 134) KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 137) 33-AMINO ACID LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (SEQ ID NO: 139) PE2-N- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 124) TERMINAL NLS PE2-CAS9 DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGA (H840A) LLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFH (MET RLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDK MINUS) ADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFE ENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLG LTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKN LSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPE KYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLN REDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKIL TFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIE RMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLS GEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNA SLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTY AHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSD GFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKK GILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMK RIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDIN RLSDYDVD A IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKM KNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQI TKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMI AKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIV WDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIA RKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIM ERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHY LDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLT NLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLG GD (SEQ ID NO: 141) PE2- SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS (SEQ ID NO: 127) LINKER BETWEEN CAS9 DOMAIN AND RT DOMAIN (33 AMINO ACIDS) PE2- TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPL MMLV_RT IIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLL D200N PVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYT T330P VLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSP L603W TLF N EALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQ T306K TLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQ W313F PTPKTPRQLREFLG K AGFCRL F IPGFAEMAAPLYPLTK P GTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILA PHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEG QRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRG W LTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKR LSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP (SEQ ID NO: 143) PE2-C- SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 133) TERMINAL NLS

In still other embodiments, the prime editor fusion protein may have the following amino acid sequences:

PE FUSION MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQ PROTEIN AWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLD MMLV_RT(WT)- QGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYN 32AA- LLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLT CAS9(H840A) WTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELD CQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARK ETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNW GPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGP WRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPH AVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEE GLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAA VTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAH IHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAE ARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP S GGSSGGSSGSETPGTSES ATPESSGGSSGGSS DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRIC YLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVA YHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGD LNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSR RLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQL SKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEIT KAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNG YAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRT FDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYV GPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTN FDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSG EQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFN ASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEER LKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTIL DFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIAN LAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQ KGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYL QNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERG GLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIRE VKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALI KKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIM NFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGF DSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDF LEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNEL ALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQ ISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLG APAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLG GD SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 145) KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 147) 33-AMINO ACID LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (SEQ ID NO: 149) PE FUSION MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQ PROTEIN AWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLD MMLV_RT(WT)- QGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYN 60AA- LLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLT CAS9(H840A) WTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELD CQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARK ETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNW GPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGP WRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPH AVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEE GLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAA VTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAH IHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAE ARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP S GGSSGGSSGSETPGTSES ATPESAGSYPYDVPDYAGSAAPAAKKKKLDGSGSGGSSGGS DKKYS IGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLF DSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFH RLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDST DKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTY NQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLF GNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGD QYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQD LTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIK PILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKS EETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLY EYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVT VKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFL DNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKR RRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHD DSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVD ELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSD YDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKN YWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQ ITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQF YKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYD VRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIE TNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKES ILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSK KLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYS LFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKG SPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAY NKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKE VLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 150) KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 153) AMINO ACID LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 175) M-MLV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (SEQ ID NO: 149) PE FUSION MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPS PROTEIN KKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR CAS9(H840A)- KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNI FEN1- VDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHF MMLV_RT LIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSAR D200N LSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDA T330P KLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRV L603W NTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQ T306K SKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLR W313F KQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFR IPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIE RMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPA FLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREM IEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSG KTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHE HIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQ TTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYL YYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTR SDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVG TALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYS NIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKV LSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKY GGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNP IDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKG NELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDE IIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLT NLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLS QLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS GIQGLAKLIA DVAPSAIRENDIKSYFGRKVAIDASMSIYQFLIAVRQGGDVLQNEEGETT SHLMGMFYRTIRMMENGIKPVYVFDGKPPQLKSGELAKRSERRAEAE KQLQQAQAAGAEQEVEKFTKRLVKVTKQHNDECKHLLSLMGIPYLDA PSEAEASCAALVKAGKVYAAATEDMDCLTFGSPVLMRHLTASEAKKLP IQEFHLSRILQELGLNQEQFVDLCILLGSDYCESIRGIGPKRAVDLIQKHK SIEEIVRRLDPNKYPVPENWLHKEAHQLFLEPEVLDPESVELKWSEPNE EELIKFMCGEKQFSEERIRSGVKRLSKSRQGSTQGRLDDFFKVTGSLSS AKRKEPEPKGSTKKKAKTGAAGKFKRGK SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSES ATPESSGGSSGGSS TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETG GMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPC QSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPP SHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQG FKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRA LLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQP TPKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQK AYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVA YLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALV KQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHN CLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTET EVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEI YRRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGN RMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 154) KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 157) 33-AMINO ACID LINKER 1  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (SEQ ID NO: 159) 33-AMINO ACID LINKER 2  (SEQ ID NO: 127) FEN1 (SEQ ID NO: 161)

In other embodiments, the prime editor fusion proteins can be based on SaCas9 or on SpCas9 nickases with altered PAM specificities, such as the following exemplary sequences:

SACAS9-M-MLV MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVGKRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETR RT PRIME EDITOR DVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSKRGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKK LLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSAALLHLA KRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYVAELQLE RLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFID TYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPE ELRSVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLEYYEKFQIIEN VFKQKKKPTLKQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYH DIKDITARKEIIENAELLDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQE EIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLSLKAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKL VPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFIQSIKVINAIIKKYG LPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGK ENAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDHII PRSVSFDNSFNNKVLVKQEEASKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETF KKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDINRFSVQKDFINRNLVD TRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKWKFK KERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMF EEKQAESMPEIETEQEYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKK PNRELINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTLIVNNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLIN KSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDEKNPLYKYYEETGN YLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRNKVVK LSLKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYE EAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYNNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIE VNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPRIIKTIASKTQSIKKYSTDILGNL YEVKSKKHPQIIKKGSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSG GSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGL AVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGIL VPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVP NPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWR DPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDL ILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQ ICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREF LGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEI KQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRR PVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVI LAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVV ALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHT WYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAEL IALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSE GKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRM ADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKR KV (SEQ ID NO: 162) SPCAS9(H840A)- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEY VRQR-MALONEY KVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTAR MURINE RRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH LEUKEMIA VIRUS ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL REVERSE AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPIN TRANSCRIPTASE ASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSL PRIME EDITOR GLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTL LKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPI LEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTR KSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKH SLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKT NRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFD DKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSP AIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQN GRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSD KNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDEND KLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNA VVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATA KYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARK KDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGI TIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRK RMLASARELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQ KQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKQYRSTKEVL DATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESAT PESSGGSSGGSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQA WAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKP HIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVN KRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPT SQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDL ADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLG YRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPT PKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVL TQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAG KLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDT DRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTD QPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPA GTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIY RRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHS AEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADG SEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 163) SPCAS9(H840A)- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEY VRER-MALONEY KVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTAR MURINE RRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH LEUKEMIA VIRUS ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL REVERSE AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPIN TRANSCRIPTASE ASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSL PRIME EDITOR GLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTL LKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPI LEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTR KSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKH SLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKT NRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFD DKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSP AIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQN GRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSD KNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDEND KLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNA VVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATA KYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARK KDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGI TIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRK RMLASARELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQ KQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKEYRSTKEVL DATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESAT PESSGGSSGGSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQA WAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKP HIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVN KRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPT SQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDL ADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLG YRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPT PKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVL TQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAG KLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDT DRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTD QPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPA GTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIY RRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHS AEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADG SEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 164)

In yet other embodiments, the prime editor fusion proteins contemplated herein may include a Cas9 nickase (e.g., Cas9 (H840A)) fused to a truncated version of M-MLV reverse transcriptase. In this embodiment, the reverse transcriptase also contains 4 mutations (D200N, T306K, W313F, T330P; noting that the L603W mutation present in PE2 is no longer present due to the truncation). The DNA sequence encoding this truncated editor is 522 bp smaller than PE2, and therefore makes its potentially useful for applications where delivery of the DNA sequence is challenging due to its size (i.e. adeno-associated virus and lentivirus delivery). This embodiment is referred to as Cas9(H840A)-MMLV-RT(trunc) or “PE2-short” or “PE2-trunc” and has the following amino acid sequence:

CAS9(H840A)- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDE MMLV- YKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLK RT(TRUNC) OR RTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLV PE2-SHORT EEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDK ADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQ TYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDD DLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKA PLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSK NGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRED LLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREK IEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEV VDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYN ELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVK QLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDK DFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDK VMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSD GFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQ TTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNE KLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDD SIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAK LITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHV AQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQF YKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDY KVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLAN GEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIV KKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDS PTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKN PIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFV EQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKP IREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVL DATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSE SATPESSGGSSGGSS TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQ AWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHI QRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVE DIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFA FEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQH PDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQI CQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGK AGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQAL LTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSK KLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEA LVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLP EEGLQHNCLDNSRLIN SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 765) KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 157) 33-AMINO ACID LINKER 1  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV TRUNCATED REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (SEQ ID NO: 766)

See FIG. 75 , which provides a bar graph comparing the efficiency (i.e., “% of total sequencing reads with the specified edit or indels”) of PE2, PE2-trunc, PE3, and PE3-trunc over different target sites in various cell lines. The data shows that the prime editors comprising the truncated RT variants were about as efficient as the prime editors comprising the non-truncated RT proteins.

In various embodiments, the prime editor fusion proteins contemplated herein may also include any variants of the above-disclosed sequences having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to PE1, PE2, or any of the above indicated prime editor fusion sequences.

In certain embodiments, linkers may be used to link any of the peptides or peptide domains or moieties of the invention (e.g., a napDNAbp linked or fused to a reverse transcriptase).

[5] Linkers and Other Domains

The PE fusion proteins may comprise various other domains besides the napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 domain) and the polymerase domain (e.g., RT domain). For example, in the case where the napDNAbp is a Cas9 and the polymerase is a RT, the PE fusion proteins may comprise one or more linkers that join the Cas9 domain with the RT domain. The linkers may also join other functional domains, such as nuclear localization sequences (NLS) or a FEN1 (or other flap endonuclease) to the PE fusion proteins or a domain thereof.

In addition, in embodiments involving trans prime editing, linkers may be used to link tPERT recruitment protein to a prime editor, e.g., between the tPERt recruitment protein and the napDNAbp. See e.g., FIG. 3G for an exemplary schematic of a trans prime editor (tPE) that includes linkers to separately fuse a polymerase domain and a recruiting protein domain to a napDNAbp.

A. Linkers

As defined above, the term “linker,” as used herein, refers to a chemical group or a molecule linking two molecules or moieties, e.g., a binding domain and a cleavage domain of a nuclease. In some embodiments, a linker joins a gRNA binding domain of an RNA-programmable nuclease and the catalytic domain of a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase). In some embodiments, a linker joins a dCas9 and reverse transcriptase. Typically, the linker is positioned between, or flanked by, two groups, molecules, or other moieties and connected to each one via a covalent bond, thus connecting the two. In some embodiments, the linker is an amino acid or a plurality of amino acids (e.g., a peptide or protein). In some embodiments, the linker is an organic molecule, group, polymer, or chemical moiety. In some embodiments, the linker is 5-100 amino acids in length, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-150, or 150-200 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated.

The linker may be as simple as a covalent bond, or it may be a polymeric linker many atoms in length. In certain embodiments, the linker is a polpeptide or based on amino acids. In other embodiments, the linker is not peptide-like. In certain embodiments, the linker is a covalent bond (e.g., a carbon-carbon bond, disulfide bond, carbon-heteroatom bond, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker is a carbon-nitrogen bond of an amide linkage. In certain embodiments, the linker is a cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic or heteroaliphatic linker. In certain embodiments, the linker is polymeric (e.g., polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyamide, polyester, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminoalkanoic acid. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises an aminoalkanoic acid (e.g., glycine, ethanoic acid, alanine, beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, 4-aminobutanoic acid, 5-pentanoic acid, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminohexanoic acid (Ahx). In certain embodiments, the linker is based on a carbocyclic moiety (e.g., cyclopentane, cyclohexane). In other embodiments, the linker comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG). In other embodiments, the linker comprises amino acids. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a peptide. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises an aryl or heteroaryl moiety. In certain embodiments, the linker is based on a phenyl ring. The linker may included funtionalized moieties to facilitate attachment of a nucleophile (e.g., thiol, amino) from the peptide to the linker. Any electrophile may be used as part of the linker. Exemplary electrophiles include, but are not limited to, activated esters, activated amides, Michael acceptors, alkyl halides, aryl halides, acyl halides, and isothiocyanates.

In some other embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence (GGGGS)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 165), (G)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 166), (EAAAK)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 167), (GGS)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 168), (SGGS)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 169), (XP)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 170), or any combination thereof, wherein n is independently an integer between 1 and 30, and wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence (GGS)N(SEQ ID NO: 176), wherein n is 1, 3, or 7. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 171). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 172). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 173). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 174). In other embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 175, 60AA) SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESAGSYPYDVPDYAGSAAPAAKKKKLDG SGSGGSSGGS.

In certain embodiments, linkers may be used to link any of the peptides or peptide domains or moieties of the invention (e.g., a napDNAbp linked or fused to a reverse transcriptase).

As defined above, the term “linker,” as used herein, refers to a chemical group or a molecule linking two molecules or moieties, e.g., a binding domain and a cleavage domain of a nuclease. In some embodiments, a linker joins a gRNA binding domain of an RNA-programmable nuclease and the catalytic domain of a recombinase. In some embodiments, a linker joins a dCas9 and reverse transcriptase. Typically, the linker is positioned between, or flanked by, two groups, molecules, or other moieties and connected to each one via a covalent bond, thus connecting the two. In some embodiments, the linker is an amino acid or a plurality of amino acids (e.g., a peptide or protein). In some embodiments, the linker is an organic molecule, group, polymer, or chemical moiety. In some embodiments, the linker is 5-100 amino acids in length, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-150, or 150-200 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated.

The linker may be as simple as a covalent bond, or it may be a polymeric linker many atoms in length. In certain embodiments, the linker is a polypeptide or based on amino acids. In other embodiments, the linker is not peptide-like. In certain embodiments, the linker is a covalent bond (e.g., a carbon-carbon bond, disulfide bond, carbon-heteroatom bond, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker is a carbon-nitrogen bond of an amide linkage. In certain embodiments, the linker is a cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic or heteroaliphatic linker. In certain embodiments, the linker is polymeric (e.g., polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyamide, polyester, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminoalkanoic acid. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises an aminoalkanoic acid (e.g., glycine, ethanoic acid, alanine, beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, 4-aminobutanoic acid, 5-pentanoic acid, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminoHEXAnoic acid (Ahx). In certain embodiments, the linker is based on a carbocyclic moiety (e.g., cyclopentane, cycloHEXAne). In other embodiments, the linker comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG). In other embodiments, the linker comprises amino acids. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a peptide. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises an aryl or heteroaryl moiety. In certain embodiments, the linker is based on a phenyl ring. The linker may included funtionalized moieties to facilitate attachment of a nucleophile (e.g., thiol, amino) from the peptide to the linker. Any electrophile may be used as part of the linker. Exemplary electrophiles include, but are not limited to, activated esters, activated amides, Michael acceptors, alkyl halides, aryl halides, acyl halides, and isothiocyanates.

In some other embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 165), (G)n (SEQ ID NO: 166), (EAAAK). (SEQ ID NO: 167), (GGS). (SEQ ID NO: 168), (SGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 169), (XP)n (SEQ ID NO: 170), or any combination thereof, wherein n is independently an integer between 1 and 30, and wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence (GGS)N(SEQ ID NO: 176), wherein n is 1, 3, or 7. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 171). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 172). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 173). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 174).

In particular, the following linkers can be used in various embodiments to join prime editor domains with one another:

(SEQ ID NO: 767) GGS; (SEQ ID NO: 768) GGSGGS; (SEQ ID NO: 769) GGSGGSGGS; (SEQ ID NO: 127) SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS; (SEQ ID NO: 171) SGSETPGTSESATPES; (SEQ ID NO: 175) SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESAGSYPYDVPDYAGSAAPAAKKKKLDG SGSGGSSGGS.

B. Nuclear Localization Sequence (NLS)

In various embodiments, the PE fusion proteins may comprise one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS), which help promote translocation of a protein into the cell nucleus. Such sequences are well-known in the art and can include the following examples:

DESCRIPTION SEQUENCE SEQ ID NO: NLS OF PKKKRKV SEQ ID NO: 16 SV40 LARGE T- AG NLS MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV SEQ ID NO: 124 NLS MDSLLMNRRKFLYQFKNVRW SEQ ID NO: 17 AKGRRETYLC NLS OF AVKRPAATKKAGQAKKKKLD SEQ ID NO: 190 NUCLEOP LASMIN NLS OF MSRRRKANPTKLSENAKKLA SEQ ID NO: 191 EGL-13 KEVEN NLS OF C- PAAKRVKLD SEQ ID NO: 192 MYC NLS OF KLKIKRPVK SEQ ID NO: 193 TUS- PROTEIN NLS OF VSRKRPRP SEQ ID NO: 194 POLYOMA LARGE T- AG NLS OF EGAPPAKRAR SEQ ID NO: 195 HEPATITIS D VIRUS ANTIGEN NLS OF PPQPKKKPLDGE SEQ ID NO: 196 MURINE P53 NLS OF SGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV SEQ ID NO: 133 PE1 AND PE2

The NLS examples above are non-limiting. The PE fusion proteins may comprise any known NLS sequence, including any of those described in Cokol et al., “Finding nuclear localization signals,” EMBO Rep., 2000, 1(5): 411-415 and Freitas et al., “Mechanisms and Signals for the Nuclear Import of Proteins,” Current Genomics, 2009, 10(8): 550-7, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In various embodiments, the prime editors and constructs encoding the prime editors disclosed herein further comprise one or more, preferably, at least two nuclear localization signals. In certain embodiments, the prime editors comprise at least two NLSs. In embodiments with at least two NLSs, the NLSs can be the same NLSs or they can be different NLSs. In addition, the NLSs may be expressed as part of a fusion protein with the remaining portions of the prime editors. In some embodiments, one or more of the NLSs are bipartite NLSs (“bpNLS”). In certain embodiments, the disclosed fusion proteins comprise two bipartite NLSs. In some embodiments, the disclosed fusion proteins comprise more than two bipartite NLSs.

The location of the NLS fusion can be at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or within a sequence of a prime editor (e.g., inserted between the encoded napDNAbp component (e.g., Cas9) and a polymerase domain (e.g., a reverse transcriptase domain).

The NLSs may be any known NLS sequence in the art. The NLSs may also be any future-discovered NLSs for nuclear localization. The NLSs also may be any naturally-occurring NLS, or any non-naturally occurring NLS (e.g., an NLS with one or more desired mutations).

The term “nuclear localization sequence” or “NLS” refers to an amino acid sequence that promotes import of a protein into the cell nucleus, for example, by nuclear transport. Nuclear localization sequences are known in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, NLS sequences are described in Plank et al., International PCT application PCT/EP2000/011690, filed Nov. 23, 2000, published as WO/2001/038547 on May 31, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, an NLS comprises the amino acid sequence PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 16), MDSLLMNRRKFLYQFKNVRWAKGRRETYLC (SEQ ID NO: 17), KRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 3864), or KRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 125). In other embodiments, NLS comprises the amino acid sequences NLSKRPAAIKKAGQAKKKK (SEQ ID NO: 136), PAAKRVKLD (SEQ ID NO: 192), RQRRNELKRSF (SEQ ID NO: 3934), NQSSNFGPMKGGNFGGRSSGPYGGGGQYFAKPRNQGGY (SEQ ID NO: 3935).

In one aspect of the disclosure, a prime editor may be modified with one or more nuclear localization signals (NLS), preferably at least two NLSs. In certain embodiments, the prime editors are modified with two or more NLSs. The disclosure contemplates the use of any nuclear localization signal known in the art at the time of the disclosure, or any nuclear localization signal that is identified or otherwise made available in the state of the art after the time of the instant filing. A representative nuclear localization signal is a peptide sequence that directs the protein to the nucleus of the cell in which the sequence is expressed. A nuclear localization signal is predominantly basic, can be positioned almost anywhere in a protein's amino acid sequence, generally comprises a short sequence of four amino acids (Autieri & Agrawal, (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273: 14731-37, incorporated herein by reference) to eight amino acids, and is typically rich in lysine and arginine residues (Magin et al., (2000) Virology 274: 11-16, incorporated herein by reference). Nuclear localization signals often comprise proline residues. A variety of nuclear localization signals have been identified and have been used to effect transport of biological molecules from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of a cell. See, e.g., Tinland et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:7442-46; Moede et al., (1999) FEBS Lett. 461:229-34, which is incorporated by reference. Translocation is currently thought to involve nuclear pore proteins.

Most NLSs can be classified in three general groups: (i) a monopartite NLS exemplified by the SV40 large T antigen NLS (PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 16)); (ii) a bipartite motif consisting of two basic domains separated by a variable number of spacer amino acids and exemplified by the Xenopus nucleoplasmin NLS (KRXXXXXXXXXXKKKL (SEQ ID NO: 3936)); and (iii) noncanonical sequences such as M9 of the hnRNP A1 protein, the influenza virus nucleoprotein NLS, and the yeast Ga14 protein NLS (Dingwall and Laskey 1991).

Nuclear localization signals appear at various points in the amino acid sequences of proteins. NLS's have been identified at the N-terminus, the C-terminus and in the central region of proteins. Thus, the disclosure provides prime editors that may be modified with one or more NLSs at the C-terminus, the N-terminus, as well as at in internal region of the prime editor. The residues of a longer sequence that do not function as component NLS residues should be selected so as not to interfere, for example tonically or sterically, with the nuclear localization signal itself. Therefore, although there are no strict limits on the composition of an NLS-comprising sequence, in practice, such a sequence can be functionally limited in length and composition.

The present disclosure contemplates any suitable means by which to modify a prime editor to include one or more NLSs. In one aspect, the prime editors may be engineered to express a prime editor protein that is translationally fused at its N-terminus or its C-terminus (or both) to one or more NLSs, i.e., to form a prime editor-NLS fusion construct. In other embodiments, the prime editor-encoding nucleotide sequence may be genetically modified to incorporate a reading frame that encodes one or more NLSs in an internal region of the encoded prime editor. In addition, the NLSs may include various amino acid linkers or spacer regions encoded between the prime editor and the N-terminally, C-terminally, or internally-attached NLS amino acid sequence, e.g, and in the central region of proteins. Thus, the present disclosure also provides for nucleotide constructs, vectors, and host cells for expressing fusion proteins that comprise a prime editor and one or more NLSs.

The prime editors described herein may also comprise nuclear localization signals which are linked to a prime editor through one or more linkers, e.g., and polymeric, amino acid, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, chemical, or nucleic acid linker element. The linkers within the contemplated scope of the disclosure are not intented to have any limitations and can be any suitable type of molecule (e.g., polymer, amino acid, polysaccharide, nucleic acid, lipid, or any synthetic chemical linker domain) and be joined to the prime editor by any suitable strategy that effectuates forming a bond (e.g., covalent linkage, hydrogen bonding) between the prime editor and the one or more NLSs.

C. Flap Endonucleases (e.g., FEN1)

In various embodiments, the PE fusion proteins may comprise one or more flap endonulceases (e.g., FEN1), which refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of 5′ single strand DNA flaps. These are naturally occurring enzymes that process the removal of 5′ flaps formed during cellular processes, including DNA replication. The prime editing methods herein described may utilize endogenously supplied flap endonucleases or those provided in trans to remove the 5′ flap of endogenouse DNA formed at the target site during prime editing. Flap endonucleases are known in the art and can be found described in Patel et al., “Flap endonucleases pass 5′-flaps through a flexible arch using a disorder-thread-order mechanism to confer specificity for free 5′-ends,” Nucleic Acids Research, 2012, 40(10): 4507-4519 and Tsutakawa et al., “Human flap endonuclease structures, DNA double-base flipping, and a unified understanding of the FEN1 superfamily,” Cell, 2011, 145(2): 198-211 (each of which are incorporated herein by reference). An exemplary flap endonuclease is FEN1, which can be represented by the following amino acid sequence:

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: FEN1 MGIQGLAKLIADVAPSAIRENDIKSYFGRKVAIDASMSI SEQ ID NO: Wild type YQFLIAVRQGGDVLQNEEGETTSHLMGMFYRTIRMME 198 (wt) NGIKPVYVFDGKPPQLKSGELAKRSERRAEAEKQLQQ AQAAGAEQEVEKFTKRLVKVTKQHNDECKHLLSLMGI PYLDAPSEAEASCAALVKAGKVYAAATEDMDCLTFGS PVLMRHLTASEAKKLPIQEFHLSRILQELGLNQEQFVD LCILLGSDYCESIRGIGPKRAVDLIQKHKSIEEIVRRLDP NKYPVPENWLHKEAHQLFLEPEVLDPESVELKWSEPN EEELIKFMCGEKQFSEERIRSGVKRLSKSRQGSTQGRLD DFFKVTGSLSSAKRKEPEPKGSTKKKAKTGAAGKFKR GK

The flap endonucleases may also include any FEN1 variant, mutant, or other flap endonuclease ortholog, homolog, or variant. Non-limiting FEN1 variant examples are as follows:

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: FEN1 MGIQGLAKLIADVAPSAIRENDIKSYFGRKVAIDASMSI SEQ ID NO: K168R YQFLIAVRQGGDVLQNEEGETTSHLMGMFYRTIRMME 199 (relative to NGIKPVYVFDGKPPQLKSGELAKRSERRAEAEKQLQQ FEN1 wt) AQAAGAEQEVEKFTKRLVKVTKQHNDECKHLLSLMGI PYLDAPSEAEASCAALV R AGKVYAAATEDMDCLTFGS PVLMRHLTASEAKKLPIQEFHLSRILQELGLNQEQFVD LCILLGSDYCESIRGIGPKRAVDLIQKHKSIEEIVRRLDP NKYPVPENWLHKEAHQLFLEPEVLDPESVELKWSEPN EEELIKFMCGEKQFSEERIRSGVKRLSKSRQGSTQGRLD DFFKVTGSLSSAKRKEPEPKGSTKKKAKTGAAGKFKR GK FEN1 MGIQGLAKLIADVAPSAIRENDIKSYFGRKVAIDASMSI SEQ ID NO: S187A YQFLIAVRQGGDVLQNEEGETTSHLMGMFYRTIRMME 200 (relative to NGIKPVYVFDGKPPQLKSGELAKRSERRAEAEKQLQQ FEN1 wt) AQAAGAEQEVEKFTKRLVKVTKQHNDECKHLLSLMGI PYLDAPSEAEASCAALVKAGKVYAAATEDMDCLTFG A PVLMRHLTASEAKKLPIQEFHLSRILQELGLNQEQFV DLCILLGSDYCESIRGIGPKRAVDLIQKHKSIEEIVRRLD PNKYPVPENWLHKEAHQLFLEPEVLDPESVELKWSEP NEEELIKFMCGEKQFSEERIRSGVKRLSKSRQGSTQGRL DDFFKVTGSLSSAKRKEPEPKGSTKKKAKTGAAGKFK RGK FEN1 MGIQGLAKLIADVAPSAIRENDIKSYFGRKVAIDASMSI SEQ ID NO: K354R YQFLIAVRQGGDVLQNEEGETTSHLMGMFYRTIRMME 201 (relative to NGIKPVYVFDGKPPQLKSGELAKRSERRAEAEKQLQQ FEN1 wt) AQAAGAEQEVEKFTKRLVKVTKQHNDECKHLLSLMGI PYLDAPSEAEASCAALVKAGKVYAAATEDMDCLTFGS PVLMRHLTASEAKKLPIQEFHLSRILQELGLNQEQFVD LCILLGSDYCESIRGIGPKRAVDLIQKHKSIEEIVRRLDP NKYPVPENWLHKEAHQLFLEPEVLDPESVELKWSEPN EEELIKFMCGEKQFSEERIRSGVKRLSKSRQGSTQGRLD DFFKVTGSLSSA R RKEPEPKGSTKKKAKTGAAGKFKR GK GEN1 MGVNDLWQILEPVKQHIPLRNLGGKTIAVDLSLWVCE SEQ ID NO: AQTVKKMMGSVMKPHLRNLFFRISYLTQMDVKLVFV 202 MEGEPPKLKADVISKRNQSRYGSSGKSWSQKTGRSHF KSVLRECLHMLECLGIPWVQAAGEAEAMCAYLNAGG HVDGCLTNDGDTFLYGAQTVYRNFTMNTKDPHVDCY TMSSIKSKLGLDRDALVGLAILLGCDYLPKGVPGVGKE QALKLIQILKGQSLLQRFNRWNETSCNSSPQLLVTKKL AHCSVCSHPGSPKDHERNGCRLCKSDKYCEPHDYEYC CPCEWHRTEHDRQLSEVENNIKKKACCCEGFPFHEVIQ EFLLNKDKLVKVIRYQRPDLLLFQRFTLEKMEWPNHY ACEKLLVLLTHYDMIERKLGSRNSNQLQPIRIVKTRIRN GVHCFEIEWEKPEHYAMEDKQHGEFALLTIEEESLFEA AYPEIVAVYQKQKLEIKGKKQKRIKPKENNLPEPDEVM SFQSHMTLKPTCEIFHKQNSKLNSGISPDPTLPQESISAS LNSLLLPKNTPCLNAQEQFMSSLRPLAIQQIKAVSKSLI SESSQPNTSSHNISVIADLHLSTIDWEGTSFSNSPAIQRN TFSHDLKSEVESELSAIPDGFENIPEQLSCESERYTANIK KVLDEDSDGISPEEHLLSGITDLCLQDLPLKERIFTKLSY PQDNLQPDVNLKTLSILSVKESCIANSGSDCTSHLSKDL PGIPLQNESRDSKILKGDQLLQEDYKVNTSVPYSVSNT VVKTCNVRPPNTALDHSRKVDMQTTRKILMKKSVCLD RHSSDEQSAPVFGKAKYTTQRMKHSSQKHNSSHFKES GHNKLSSPKIHIKETEQCVRSYETAENEESCFPDSTKSS LSSLQCHKKENNSGTCLDSPLPLRQRLKLRFQST ERCC5 MGVQGLWKLLECSGRQVSPEALEGKILAVDISIWLNQ SEQ ID NO: ALKGVRDRHGNSIENPHLLTLFHRLCKLLFFRIRPIFVF 203 DGDAPLLKKQTLVKRRQRKDLASSDSRKTTEKLLKTF LKRQAIKTAFRSKRDEALPSLTQVRRENDLYVLPPLQE EEKHSSEEEDEKEWQERMNQKQALQEEFFHNPQAIDIE SEDFSSLPPEVKHEILTDMKEFTKRRRTLFEAMPEESDD FSQYQLKGLLKKNYLNQHIEHVQKEMNQQHSGHIRRQ YEDEGGFLKEVESRRVVSEDTSHYILIKGIQAKTVAEV DSESLPSSSKMHGMSFDVKSSPCEKLKTEKEPDATPPSP RTLLAMQAALLGSSSEEELESENRRQARGRNAPAAVD EGSISPRTLSAIKRALDDDEDVKVCAGDDVQTGGPGAE EMRINSSTENSDEGLKVRDGKGIPFTATLASSSVNSAEE HVASTNEGREPTDSVPKEQMSLVHVGTEAFPISDESMI KDRKDRLPLESAVVRHSDAPGLPNGRELTPASPTCTNS VSKNETHAEVLEQQNELCPYESKFDSSLLSSDDETKCK PNSASEVIGPVSLQETSSIVSVPSEAVDNVENVVSFNAK EHENFLETIQEQQTTESAGQDLISIPKAVEPMEIDSEESE SDGSFIEVQSVISDEELQAEFPETSKPPSEQGEEELVGTR EGEAPAESESLLRDNSERDDVDGEPQEAEKDAEDSLHE WQDINLEELETLESNLLAQQNSLKAQKQQQERIAATVT GQMFLESQELLRLFGIPYIQAPMEAEAQCAILDLTDQTS GTITDDSDIWLFGARHVYRNFFNKNKFVEYYQYVDFH NQLGLDRNKLINLAYLLGSDYTEGIPTVGCVTAMEILN EFPGHGLEPLLKFSEWWHEAQKNPKIRPNPHDTKVKK KLRTLQLTPGFPNPAVAEAYLKPVVDDSKGSFLWGKP DLDKIREFCQRYFGWNRTKTDESLFPVLKQLDAQQTQ LRIDSFFRLAQQEKEDAKRIKSQRLNRAVTCMLRKEKE AAASEIEAVSVAMEKEFELLDKAKRKTQKRGITNTLEE SSSLKRKRLSDSKRKNTCGGFLGETCLSESSDGSSSEDA ESSSLMNVQRRTAAKEPKTSASDSQNSVKEAPVKNGG ATTSSSSDSDDDGGKEKMVLVTARSVFGKKRRKLRRA RGRKRKT

In various embodiments, the prime editor fusion proteins contemplated herein may include any flap endonulcease variant of the above-disclosed sequences having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to any of the above sequences.

Other endonucleases that may be utilized by the instant methods to facilitate removal of the 5′ end single strand DNA flap include, but are not limited to (1) trex 2, (2) exol endonuclease (e.g., Keijzers et al., Biosci Rep. 2015, 35(3): e00206)

Trex 2

3′ three prime repair exonuclease 2 (TREX2) - human Accession No. NM_080701 (SEQ ID NO: 3865)  MSEAPRAETFVFLDLEATGLPSVEPEIAELSLFAVHRSSLENPEHDESGA LVLPRVLDKLTLCMCPERPFTAKASEITGLSSEGLARCRKAGFDGAVVRT LQAFLSRQAGPICLVAHNGFDYDFPLLCAELRRLGARLPRDTVCLDTLPA LRGLDRAHSHGTRARGRQGYSLGSLFHRYFRAEPSAAHSAEGDVHTLLLI FLHRAAELLAWADEQARGWAHIEPMYLPPDDPSLEA. 3′ three prime repair exonuclease 2 (TREX2) - mouse Accession No. NM_011907 (SEQ ID NO: 3866) MSEPPRAETFVFLDLEATGLPNMDPEIAEISLFAVHRSSLENPERDDSGS LVLPRVLDKLTLCMCPERPFTAKASEITGLSSESLMHCGKAGFNGAVVRT LQGFLSRQEGPICLVAHNGFDYDFPLLCTELQRLGAHLPQDTVCLDTLPA LRGLDRAHSHGTRAQGRKSYSLASLFHRYFQAEPSAAHSAEGDVHTLLLI FLHRAPELLAWADEQARSWAHIEPMYVPPDGPSLEA. 3′ three prime repair exonuclease 2 (TREX2) - rat Accession No. NM_001107580 (SEQ ID NO: 3867) MSEPLRAETFVFLDLEATGLPNMDPEIAEISLFAVHRSSLENPERDDSGS LVLPRVLDKLTLCMCPERPFTAKASEITGLSSEGLMNCRKAAFNDAVVRT LQGFLSRQEGPICLVAHNGFDYDFPLLCTELQRLGAHLPRDTVCLDTLPA LRGLDRVHSHGTRAQGRKSYSLASLFHRYFQAEPSAAHSAEGDVNTLLLI FLHRAPELLAWADEQARSWAHIEPMYVPPDGPSLEA. Exol

Human exonuclease 1 (EXO1) has been implicated in many different DNA metabolic processes, including DNA mismatch repair (MMR), micro-mediated end-joining, homologous recombination (HR), and replication. Human EXO1 belongs to a family of eukaryotic nucleases, Rad2/XPG, which also include FEN1 and GEN1. The Rad2/XPG family is conserved in the nuclease domain through species from phage to human. The EXO1 gene product exhibits both 5′ exonuclease and 5′ flap activity. Additionally, EXO1 contains an intrinsic 5′ RNase H activity. Human EXO1 has a high affinity for processing double stranded DNA (dsDNA), nicks, gaps, pseudo Y structures and can resolve Holliday junctions using its inherit flap activity. Human EXO1 is implicated in MMR and contain conserved binding domains interacting directly with MLH1 and MSH2. EXO1 nucleolytic activity is positively stimulated by PCNA, MutSa (MSH2/MSH6 complex), 14-3-3, MRN and 9-1-1 complex.

exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Accession No. NM_003686 (Homo sapiens exonuclease 1 (EXO1), transcript variant 3) - isoform A (SEQ ID NO: 3868) MGIQGLLQFIKEASEPIHVRKYKGQVVAVDTYCWLHKGAIACAEKLAKG EPTDRYVGFCMKFVNMLLSHGIKPILVFDGCTLPSKKEVERSRRERRQA NLLKGKQLLREGKVSEARECFTRSINITHAMAHKVIKAARSQGVDCLVA PYEADAQLAYLNKAGIVQAIITEDSDLLAFGCKKVILKMDQFGNGLEID QARLGMCRQLGDVFTEEKFRYMCILSGCDYLSSLRGIGLAKACKVLRLA NNPDIVKVIKKIGHYLKMNITVPEDYINGFIRANNTFLYQLVFDPIKRK LIPLNAYEDDVDPETLSYAGQYVDDSIALQIALGNKDINTFEQIDDYNP DTAMPAHSRSHSWDDKTCQKSANVSSIWHRNYSPRPESGTVSDAPQLKE NPSTVGVERVISTKGLNLPRKSSIVKRPRSAELSEDDLLSQYSLSFTKK TKKNSSEGNKSLSFSEVFVPDLVNGPTNKKSVSTPPRTRNKFATFLQRK NEESGAVVVPGTRSRFFCSSDSTDCVSNKVSIQPLDETAVTDKENNLHE SEYGDQEGKRLVDTDVARNSSDDIPNNHIPGDHIPDKATVFTDEESYSF ESSKFTRTISPPTLGTLRSCFSWSGGLGDFSRTPSPSPSTALQQFRRKS DSPTSLPENNMSDVSQLKSEESSDDESHPLREEACSSQSQESGEFSLQS SNASKLSQCSSKDSDSEESDCNIKLLDSQSDQTSKLRLSHFSKKDTPLR NKVPGLYKSSSADSLSTTKIKPLGPARASGLSKKPASIQKRKHHNAENK PGLQIKLNELWKNFGFKKF. exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Accession No. NM_006027 (Homo sapiens exonuclease 1 (EXO1), transcript variant 3) - isoform B (SEQ ID NO: 3869) MGIQGLLQFIKEASEPIHVRKYKGQVVAVDTYCWLHKGAIACAEKLAKG EPTDRYVGFCMKFVNMLLSHGIKPILVFDGCTLPSKKEVERSRRERRQA NLLKGKQLLREGKVSEARECFTRSINITHAMAHKVIKAARSQGVDCLVA PYEADAQLAYLNKAGIVQAIITEDSDLLAFGCKKVILKMDQFGNGLEID QARLGMCRQLGDVFTEEKFRYMCILSGCDYLSSLRGIGLAKACKVLRLA NNPDIVKVIKKIGHYLKMNITVPEDYINGFIRANNTFLYQLVFDPIKRK LIPLNAYEDDVDPETLSYAGQYVDDSIALQIALGNKDINTFEQIDDYNP DTAMPAHSRSHSWDDKTCQKSANVSSIWHRNYSPRPESGTVSDAPQLKE NPSTVGVERVISTKGLNLPRKSSIVKRPRSAELSEDDLLSQYSLSFTKK TKKNSSEGNKSLSFSEVFVPDLVNGPTNKKSVSTPPRTRNKFATFLQRK NEESGAVVVPGTRSRFFCSSDSTDCVSNKVSIQPLDETAVTDKENNLHE SEYGDQEGKRLVDTDVARNSSDDIPNNHIPGDHIPDKATVFTDEESYSF ESSKFTRTISPPTLGTLRSCFSWSGGLGDFSRTPSPSPSTALQQFRRKS DSPTSLPENNMSDVSQLKSEESSDDESHPLREEACSSQSQESGEFSLQS SNASKLSQCSSKDSDSEESDCNIKLLDSQSDQTSKLRLSHFSKKDTPLR NKVPGLYKSSSADSLSTTKIKPLGPARASGLSKKPASIQKRKHHNAENK PGLQIKLNELWKNFGFKKDSEKLPPCKKPLSPVRDNIQLTPEAEEDIFN KPECGRVQRAIFQ. exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Accession No. NM_001319224 (Homo sapiens exonuclease 1 (EXO1), transcript variant 4) - isoform C (SEQ ID NO: 3870) MGIQGLLQFIKEASEPIHVRKYKGQVVAVDTYCWLHKGAIACAEKLAKG EPTDRYVGFCMKFVNMLLSHGIKPILVFDGCTLPSKKEVERSRRERRQA NLLKGKQLLREGKVSEARECFTRSINITHAMAHKVIKAARSQGVDCLVA PYEADAQLAYLNKAGIVQAIITEDSDLLAFGCKKVILKMDQFGNGLEID QARLGMCRQLGDVFTEEKFRYMCILSGCDYLSSLRGIGLAKACKVLRLA NNPDIVKVIKKIGHYLKMNITVPEDYINGFIRANNTFLYQLVFDPIKRK LIPLNAYEDDVDPETLSYAGQYVDDSIALQIALGNKDINTFEQIDDYNP DTAMPAHSRSHSWDDKTCQKSANVSSIWHRNYSPRPESGTVSDAPQLKE NPSTVGVERVISTKGLNLPRKSIVKRPRSELSEDDLLSQYSLSFTKKTK KNSSEGNKSLSFSEVFVPDLVNGPTNKKSVSTPPRTRNKFATFLQRKNE ESGAVVVPGTRSRFFCSSDSTDCVSNKVSIQPLDETAVTDKENNLHESE YGDQEGKRLVDTDVARNSSDDIPNNHIPGDHIPDKATVFTDEESYSFES SKFTRTISPPTLGTLRSCFSWSGGLGDFSRTPSPSPSTALQQFRRKSDS PTSLPENNMSDVSQLKSEESSDDESHPLREEACSSQSQESGEFSLQSSN ASKLSQCSSKDSDSEESDCNIKLLDSQSDQTSKLRLSHFSKKDTPLRNK VPGLYKSSSADSLSTTKIKPLGPARASGLSKKPASIQKRKHHNAENKPG LQIKLNELWKNFGFKKDSEKLPPCKKPLSPVRDNIQLTPEAEEDIFNKP ECGRVQRAIFQ.

D. Inteins and Split-Inteins

It will be understood that in some embodiments (e.g., delivery of a prime editor in vivo using AAV particles), it may be advantageous to split a polypeptide (e.g., a deaminase or a napDNAbp) or a fusion protein (e.g., a prime editor) into an N-terminal half and a C-terminal half, delivery them separately, and then allow their colocalization to reform the complete protein (or fusion protein as the case may be) within the cell. Separate halves of a protein or a fusion protein may each comprise a split-intein tag to facilitate the reformation of the complete protein or fusion protein by the mechanism of protein trans splicing.

Protein trans-splicing, catalyzed by split inteins, provides an entirely enzymatic method for protein ligation. A split-intein is essentially a contiguous intein (e.g. a mini-intein) split into two pieces named N-intein and C-intein, respectively. The N-intein and C-intein of a split intein can associate non-covalently to form an active intein and catalyze the splicing reaction essentially in same way as a contiguous intein does. Split inteins have been found in nature and also engineered in laboratories. As used herein, the term “split intein” refers to any intein in which one or more peptide bond breaks exists between the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences such that the N-terminal and C-terminal sequences become separate molecules that can non-covalently reassociate, or reconstitute, into an intein that is functional for trans-splicing reactions. Any catalytically active intein, or fragment thereof, may be used to derive a split intein for use in the methods of the invention. For example, in one aspect the split intein may be derived from a eukaryotic intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from a bacterial intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from an archaeal intein. Preferably, the split intein so-derived will possess only the amino acid sequences essential for catalyzing trans-splicing reactions.

As used herein, the “N-terminal split intein (In)” refers to any intein sequence that comprises an N-terminal amino acid sequence that is functional for trans-splicing reactions. An In thus also comprises a sequence that is spliced out when trans-splicing occurs. An In can comprise a sequence that is a modification of the N-terminal portion of a naturally occurring intein sequence. For example, an In can comprise additional amino acid residues and/or mutated residues so long as the inclusion of such additional and/or mutated residues does not render the In non-functional in trans-splicing. Preferably, the inclusion of the additional and/or mutated residues improves or enhances the trans-splicing activity of the In.

As used herein, the “C-terminal split intein (Ic)” refers to any intein sequence that comprises a C-terminal amino acid sequence that is functional for trans-splicing reactions. In one aspect, the Ic comprises 4 to 7 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 4 amino acids of which are from the last β-strand of the intein from which it was derived. An Ic thus also comprises a sequence that is spliced out when trans-splicing occurs. An Ic can comprise a sequence that is a modification of the C-terminal portion of a naturally occurring intein sequence. For example, an Ic can comprise additional amino acid residues and/or mutated residues so long as the inclusion of such additional and/or mutated residues does not render the In non-functional in trans-splicing. Preferably, the inclusion of the additional and/or mutated residues improves or enhances the trans-splicing activity of the Ic.

In some embodiments of the invention, a peptide linked to an Ic or an In can comprise an additional chemical moiety including, among others, fluorescence groups, biotin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), amino acid analogs, unnatural amino acids, phosphate groups, glycosyl groups, radioisotope labels, and pharmaceutical molecules. In other embodiments, a peptide linked to an Ic can comprise one or more chemically reactive groups including, among others, ketone, aldehyde, Cys residues and Lys residues. The N-intein and C-intein of a split intein can associate non-covalently to form an active intein and catalyze the splicing reaction when an “intein-splicing polypeptide (ISP)” is present. As used herein, “intein-splicing polypeptide (ISP)” refers to the portion of the amino acid sequence of a split intein that remains when the Ic, In, or both, are removed from the split intein. In certain embodiments, the In comprises the ISP. In another embodiment, the Ic comprises the ISP. In yet another embodiment, the ISP is a separate peptide that is not covalently linked to In nor to Ic.

Split inteins may be created from contiguous inteins by engineering one or more split sites in the unstructured loop or intervening amino acid sequence between the −12 conserved beta-strands found in the structure of mini-inteins. Some flexibility in the position of the split site within regions between the beta-strands may exist, provided that creation of the split will not disrupt the structure of the intein, the structured beta-strands in particular, to a sufficient degree that protein splicing activity is lost.

In protein trans-splicing, one precursor protein consists of an N-extein part followed by the N-intein, another precursor protein consists of the C-intein followed by a C-extein part, and a trans-splicing reaction (catalyzed by the N- and C-inteins together) excises the two intein sequences and links the two extein sequences with a peptide bond. Protein trans-splicing, being an enzymatic reaction, can work with very low (e.g. micromolar) concentrations of proteins and can be carried out under physiological conditions.

Exemplary sequences are as follows:

NAME SEQUENCE OF LIGAND-DEPENDENT INTEIN 2-4 INTEIN: CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGD RVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEAS MMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEI LMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLAT SSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRA LDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEH LYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDD KFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVH NC (SEQ ID NO: 8) 3-2 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAVAKDGTLLARPVVS WFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGDR VAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEASM MGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEIL MIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATS SRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRAL DKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHL YSMKYTNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDK FLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVHN C (SEQ ID NO: 9) 30R3-1 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPIPYSEYDPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC (SEQ ID NO: 10) 30R3-2 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC (SEQ ID NO: 11) 30R3-3 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPIPYSEYDPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC (SEQ ID NO: 12) 37R3-1 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYNPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLERAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC ((SEQ ID NO: 13) 37R3-2 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGD RVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEAS MMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLERAWLEI LMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLAT SSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRA LDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEH LYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDD KFLHDMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVH NC (SEQ ID NO: 14) 37R3-3 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAVAKDGTLLARPVVS WFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGD RVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEAS MMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLERAWLEI LMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLAT SSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRA LDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEH LYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDD KFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVH NC (SEQ ID NO: 15)

Although inteins are most frequently found as a contiguous domain, some exist in a naturally split form. In this case, the two fragments are expressed as separate polypeptides and must associate before splicing takes place, so-called protein trans-splicing.

An exemplary split intein is the Ssp DnaE intein, which comprises two subunits, namely, DnaE-N and DnaE-C. The two different subunits are encoded by separate genes, namely dnaE-n and dnaE-c, which encode the DnaE-N and DnaE-C subunits, respectively. DnaE is a naturally occurring split intein in Synechocytis sp. PCC6803 and is capable of directing trans-splicing of two separate proteins, each comprising a fusion with either DnaE-N or DnaE-C.

Additional naturally occurring or engineered split-intein sequences are known in the or can be made from whole-intein sequences described herein or those available in the art. Examples of split-intein sequences can be found in Stevens et al., “A promiscuous split intein with expanded protein engineering applications,” PNAS, 2017, Vol. 114: 8538-8543; Iwai et al., “Highly efficient protein trans-splicing by a naturally split DnaE intein from Nostc punctiforme, FEBS Lett, 580: 1853-1858, each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Additional split intein sequences can be found, for example, in WO 2013/045632, WO 2014/055782, WO 2016/069774, and EP2877490, the contents each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In addition, protein splicing in trans has been described in vivo and in vitro (Shingledecker, et al., Gene 207:187 (1998), Southworth, et al., EMBO J. 17:918 (1998); Mills, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:3543-3548 (1998); Lew, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273:15887-15890 (1998); Wu, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 35732:1 (1998b), Yamazaki, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:5591 (1998), Evans, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:9091 (2000); Otomo, et al., Biochemistry 38:16040-16044 (1999); Otomo, et al., J. Biolmol. NMR 14:105-114 (1999); Scott, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:13638-13643 (1999)) and provides the opportunity to express a protein as to two inactive fragments that subsequently undergo ligation to form a functional product, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 66 and 67 with regard to the formation of a complete PE fusion protein from two separately-expressed halves.

E. RNA-Protein Interaction Domain

In various embodiments, two separate protein domains (e.g., a Cas9 domain and a polymerase domain) may be colocalized to one another to form a functional complex (akin to the function of a fusion protein comprising the two separate protein domains) by using an “RNA-protein recruitment system,” such as the “MS2 tagging technique.” Such systems generally tag one protein domain with an “RNA-protein interaction domain” (aka “RNA-protein recruitment domain”) and the other with an “RNA-binding protein” that specifically recognizes and binds to the RNA-protein interaction domain, e.g., a specific hairpin structure. These types of systems can be leveraged to colocalize the domains of a prime editor, as well as to recruitment additional functionalities to a prime editor, such as a UGI domain. In one example, the MS2 tagging technique is based on the natural interaction of the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (“MCP” or “MS2cp”) with a stem-loop or hairpin structure present in the genome of the phage, i.e., the “MS2 hairpin.” In the case of the MS2 hairpin, it is recognized and bound by the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (MCP). Thus, in one exemplarly scenario a deaminase-MS2 fusion can recruit a Cas9-MCP fusion.

A review of other modular RNA-protein interaction domains are described in the art, for example, in Johansson et al., “RNA recognition by the MS2 phage coat protein,” Sem Virol., 1997, Vol. 8(3): 176-185; Delebecque et al., “Organization of intracellular reactions with rationally designed RNA assemblies,” Science, 2011, Vol. 333: 470-474; Mali et al., “Cas9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering,” Nat. Biotechnol., 2013, Vol. 31: 833-838; and Zalatan et al., “Engineering complex synthetic transcriptional programs with CRISPR RNA scaffolds,” Cell, 2015, Vol. 160: 339-350, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other systems include the PP7 hairpin, which specifically recruits the PCP protein, and the “corn” hairpin, which specifically recruits the Com protein. See Zalatan et al.

The nucleotide sequence of the MS2 hairpin (or equivalently referred to as the “MS2 aptamer”) is: GCCAACATGAGGATCACCCATGTCTGCAGGGCC (SEQ ID NO: 763).

The amino acid sequence of the MCP or MS2cp is:

(SEQ ID NO: 764) GSASNFTQFVLVDNGGTGDVTVAPSNFANGVAEWISSNSRSQAYKVTCSV RQSSAQNRKYTIKVEVPKVATQTVGGEELPVAGWRSYLNMELTIPIFATN SDCELIVKAMQGLLKDGNPIPSAIAANSGIY.

F. UGI Domain

In other embodiments, the prime editors described herein may comprise one or more uracil glycosylase inhibitor domains. The term “uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI)” or “UGI domain,” as used herein, refers to a protein that is capable of inhibiting a uracil-DNA glycosylase base-excision repair enzyme. In some embodiments, a UGI domain comprises a wild-type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3873. In some embodiments, the UGI proteins provided herein include fragments of UGI and proteins homologous to a UGI or a UGI fragment. For example, in some embodiments, a UGI domain comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3873. In some embodiments, a UGI fragment comprises an amino acid sequence that comprises at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3873. In some embodiments, a UGI comprises an amino acid sequence homologous to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3873, or an amino acid sequence homologous to a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3873. In some embodiments, proteins comprising UGI or fragments of UGI or homologs of UGI or UGI fragments are referred to as “UGI variants.” A UGI variant shares homology to UGI, or a fragment thereof. For example a UGI variant is at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% identical to a wild type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3873. In some embodiments, the UGI variant comprises a fragment of UGI, such that the fragment is at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% to the corresponding fragment of wild-type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3873. In some embodiments, the UGI comprises the following amino acid sequence:

Uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor: >sp|P14739|UNGI_BPPB2 (SEQ ID NO: 3873) MTNLSDIIEKETGKQLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHTAYDES TDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKML.

The prime editors described herein may comprise more than one UGI domain, which may be separated by one or more linkers as described herein.

G. Additional PE elements

In certain embodiments, the prime editors described herein may comprise an inhibitor of base repair. The term “inhibitor of base repair” or “IBR” refers to a protein that is capable in inhibiting the activity of a nucleic acid repair enzyme, for example a base excision repair enzyme. In some embodiments, the IBR is an inhibitor of OGG base excision repair. In some embodiments, the IBR is an inhibitor of base excision repair (“iBER”). Exemplary inhibitors of base excision repair include inhibitors of APE1, Endo III, Endo IV, Endo V, Endo VIII, Fpg, hOGG1, hNEIL1, T7 EndoI, T4PDG, UDG, hSMUG1, and hAAG. In some embodiments, the IBR is an inhibitor of Endo V or hAAG. In some embodiments, the IBR is an iBER that may be a catalytically inactive glycosylase or catalytically inactive dioxygenase or a small molecule or peptide inhibitor of an oxidase, or variants thereof. In some embodiments, the IBR is an iBER that may be a TDG inhibitor, MBD4 inhibitor or an inhibitor of an AlkBH enzyme. In some embodiments, the IBR is an iBER that comprises a catalytically inactive TDG or catalytically inactive MBD4. An exemplary catalytically inactive TDG is an N140A mutant of SEQ ID NO: 3872 (human TDG).

Some exemplary glycosylases are provided below. The catalytically inactivated variants of any of these glycosylase domains are iBERs that may be fused to the napDNAbp or polymerase domain of the prime editors provided in this disclosure.

OGG (human) (SEQ ID NO: 3937) MPARALLPRRMGHRTLASTPALWASIPCPRSELRLDLVLPSGQSFRWREQ SPAHWSGVLADQVWTLTQTEEQLHCTVYRGDKSQASRPTPDELEAVRKYF QLDVTLAQLYHHWGSVDSHFQEVAQKFQGVRLLRQDPIECLFSFICSSNN NIARITGMVERLCQAFGPRLIQLDDVTYHGFPSLQALAGPEVEAHLRKLG LGYRARYVSASARAILEEQGGLAWLQQLRESSYEEAHKALCILPGVGTKV ADCICLMALDKPQAVPVDVHMWHIAQRDYSWHPTTSQAKGPSPQTNKELG NFFRSLWGPYAGWAQAVLFSADLRQSRHAQEPPAKRRKGSKGPEG MPG (human) (SEQ ID NO: 3938) MVTPALQMKKPKQFCRRMGQKKQRPARAGQPHSSSDAAQAPAEQPHSSSD AAQAPCPRERCLGPPTTPGPYRSIYFSSPKGHLTRLGLEFFDQPAVPLAR AFLGQVLVRRLPNGTELRGRIVETEAYLGPEDEAAHSRGGRQTPRNRGMF MKPGTLYVYIIYGMYFCMNISSQGDGACVLLRALEPLEGLETMRQLRSTL RKGTASRVLKDRELCSGPSKLCQALAINKSFDQRDLAQDEAVWLERGPLE PSEPAVVAAARVGVGHAGEWARKPLRFYVRGSPWVSVVDRVAEQDTQA MBD4 (human) (SEQ ID NO: 3871) MGTTGLESLSLGDRGAAPTVTSSERLVPDPPNDLRKEDVAMELERVGEDE EQMMIKRSSECNPLLQEPIASAQFGATAGTECRKSVPCGWERVVKQRLFG KTAGRFDVYFISPQGLKFRSKSSLANYLHKNGETSLKPEDFDFTVLSKRG IKSRYKDCSMAALTSHLQNQSNNSNWNLRTRSKCKKDVFMPPSSSSELQE SRGLSNFTSTHLLLKEDEGVDDVNFRKVRKPKGKVTILKGIPIKKTKKGC RKSCSGFVQSDSKRESVCNKADAESEPVAQKSQLDRTVCISDAGACGETL SVTSEENSLVKKKERSLSSGSNFCSEQKTSGIINKFCSAKDSEHNEKYED TFLESEEIGTKVEVVERKEHLHTDILKRGSEMDNNCSPTRKDFTGEKIFQ EDTIPRTQIERRKTSLYFSSKYNKEALSPPRRKAFKKWTPPRSPFNLVQE TLFHDPWKLLIATIFLNRTSGKMAIPVLWKFLEKYPSAEVARTADWRDVS ELLKPLGLYDLRAKTIVKFSDEYLTKQWKYPIELHGIGKYGNDSYRIFCV NEWKQVHPEDHKLNKYHDWLWENHEKLSLS TDG (human) (SEQ ID NO: 3872) MEAENAGSYSLQQAQAFYTFPFQQLMAEAPNMAVVNEQQMPEEVPAPAPA QEPVQEAPKGRKRKPRTTEPKQPVEPKKPVESKKSGKSAKSKEKQEKITD TFKVKRKVDRFNGVSEAELLTKTLPDILTFNLDIVIIGINPGLMAAYKGH HYPGPGNHFWKCLFMSGLSEVQLNHMDDHTLPGKYGIGFTNMVERTTPGS KDLSSKEFREGGRILVQKLQKYQPRIAVFNGKCIYEIFSKEVFGVKVKNL EFGLQPHKIPDTETLCYVMPSSSARCAQFPRAQDKVHYYIKLKDLRDQLK GIERNMDVQEVQYTFDLQLAQEDAKKMAVKEEKYDPGYEAAYGGAYGENP CSSEPCGFSSNGLIESVELRGESAFSGIPNGQWMTQSFTDQIPSFSNHCG TQEQEEESHA

In some embodiments, the fusion proteins described herein may comprise one or more heterologous protein domains (e.g., about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more domains in addition to the prime editor components). A fusion protein may comprise any additional protein sequence, and optionally a linker sequence between any two domains. Other exemplary features that may be present are localization sequences, such as cytoplasmic localization sequences, export sequences, such as nuclear export sequences, or other localization sequences, as well as sequence tags that are useful for solubilization, purification, or detection of the fusion proteins.

Examples of protein domains that may be fused to a prime editor or component thereof (e.g., the napDNAbp domain, the polymerase domain, or the NLS domain) include, without limitation, epitope tags, and reporter gene sequences. Non-limiting examples of epitope tags include histidine (His) tags, V5 tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags. Examples of reporter genes include, but are not limited to, glutathione-5-transferase (GST), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and autofluorescent proteins including blue fluorescent protein (BFP). A prime editor may be fused to a gene sequence encoding a protein or a fragment of a protein that bind DNA molecules or bind other cellular molecules, including, but not limited to, maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex A DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions. Additional domains that may form part of a prime editor are described in US Patent Publication No. 2011/0059502, published Mar. 10, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In an aspect of the disclosure, a reporter gene which includes, but is not limited to, glutathione-5-transferase (GST), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and autofluorescent proteins including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), may be introduced into a cell to encode a gene product which serves as a marker by which to measure the alteration or modification of expression of the gene product. In certain embodiments of the disclosure the gene product is luciferase. In a further embodiment of the disclosure the expression of the gene product is decreased.

Suitable protein tags provided herein include, but are not limited to, biotin carboxylase carrier protein (BCCP) tags, myc-tags, calmodulin-tags, FLAG-tags, hemagglutinin (HA)-tags, polyhistidine tags, also referred to as histidine tags or His-tags, maltose binding protein (MBP)-tags, nus-tags, glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tags, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tags, thioredoxin-tags, S-tags, Softags (e.g., Softag 1, Softag 3), strep-tags, biotin ligase tags, FlAsH tags, V5 tags, and SBP-tags. Additional suitable sequences will be apparent to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises one or more His tags.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the activity of the prime editing system may be temporally regulated by adjusting the residence time, the amount, and/or the activity of the expressed components of the PE system. For example, as described herein, the PE may be fused with a protein domain that is capable of modifying the intracellular half-life of the PE. In certain embodiments involving two or more vectors (e.g., a vector system in which the components described herein are encoded on two or more separate vectors), the activity of the PE system may be temporally regulated by controlling the timing in which the vectors are delivered. For example, in some embodiments a vector encoding the nuclease system may deliver the PE prior to the vector encoding the template. In other embodiments, the vector encoding the PEgRNA may deliver the guide prior to the vector encoding the PE system. In some embodiments, the vectors encoding the PE system and PEgRNA are delivered simultaneously. In certain embodiments, the simultaneously delivered vectors temporally deliver, e.g., the PE, PEgRNA, and/or second strand guide RNA components. In further embodiments, the RNA (such as, e.g., the nuclease transcript) transcribed from the coding sequence on the vectors may further comprise at least one element that is capable of modifying the intracellular half-life of the RNA and/or modulating translational control. In some embodiments, the half-life of the RNA may be increased. In some embodiments, the half-life of the RNA may be decreased. In some embodiments, the element may be capable of increasing the stability of the RNA. In some embodiments, the element may be capable of decreasing the stability of the RNA. In some embodiments, the element may be within the 3′ UTR of the RNA. In some embodiments, the element may include a polyadenylation signal (PA). In some embodiments, the element may include a cap, e.g., an upstream mRNA or PEgRNA end. In some embodiments, the RNA may comprise no PA such that it is subject to quicker degradation in the cell after transcription. In some embodiments, the element may include at least one AU-rich element (ARE). The AREs may be bound by ARE binding proteins (ARE-BPs) in a manner that is dependent upon tissue type, cell type, timing, cellular localization, and environment. In some embodiments the destabilizing element may promote RNA decay, affect RNA stability, or activate translation. In some embodiments, the ARE may comprise 50 to 150 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ARE may comprise at least one copy of the sequence AUUUA. In some embodiments, at least one ARE may be added to the 3′ UTR of the RNA. In some embodiments, the element may be a Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHP).

Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE), which creates a tertiary structure to enhance expression from the transcript. In further embodiments, the element is a modified and/or truncated WPRE sequence that is capable of enhancing expression from the transcript, as described, for example in Zufferey et al., J Virol, 73(4): 2886-92 (1999) and Flajolet et al., J Virol, 72(7): 6175-80 (1998). In some embodiments, the WPRE or equivalent may be added to the 3′ UTR of the RNA. In some embodiments, the element may be selected from other RNA sequence motifs that are enriched in either fast- or slow-decaying transcripts.

In some embodiments, the vector encoding the PE or the PEgRNA may be self-destroyed via cleavage of a target sequence present on the vector by the PE system. The cleavage may prevent continued transcription of a PE or a PEgRNA from the vector. Although transcription may occur on the linearized vector for some amount of time, the expressed transcripts or proteins subject to intracellular degradation will have less time to produce off-target effects without continued supply from expression of the encoding vectors.

[6] PEgRNAs

The prime editing system described herein contemplates the use of any suitable PEgRNAs. The inventors have discovered that the mechanism of target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) can be leveraged or adapted for conducting precision and versatile CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing through the use of a specially configured guide RNA comprising a reverse transcription (RT) template sequence that codes for the desired nucleotide change. The application refers to this specially configured guide RNA as an “extended guide RNA” or a “PEgRNA” since the RT template sequence can be provided as an extension of a standard or traditional guide RNA molecule. The application contemplates any suitable configuration or arrangement for the extended guide RNA.

PEgRNA Architecture

FIG. 3A shows one embodiment of an extended guide RNA usable in the prime editing system disclosed herein whereby a traditional guide RNA (the round dotted portion) includes a ˜20 nt protospacer sequence and a gRNA core region, which binds with the napDNAbp. In this embodiment, the guide RNA includes an extended RNA segment at the 5′ end, i.e., a 5′ extension. In this embodiment, the 5′ extension includes a reverse transcription template sequence, a reverse transcription primer binding site, and an optional 5-20 nucleotide linker sequence. As shown in FIGS. 1A-1B, the RT primer binding site hybrizes to the free 3′ end that is formed after a nick is formed in the non-target strand of the R-loop, thereby priming reverse transcriptase for DNA polymerization in the 5′-3′ direction.

FIG. 3B shows another embodiment of an extended guide RNA usable in the prime editing system disclosed herein whereby a traditional guide RNA (the round dotted portion) includes a ˜20 nt protospacer sequence and a gRNA core, which binds with the napDNAbp. In this embodiment, the guide RNA includes an extended RNA segment at the 3′ end, i.e., a 3′ extension. In this embodiment, the 3′ extension includes a reverse transcription template sequence, and a reverse transcription primer binding site. As shown in FIGS. 1C-1D, the RT primer binding site hybrizes to the free 3′ end that is formed after a nick is formed in the non-target strand of the R-loop, thereby priming reverse transcriptase for DNA polymerization in the 5′-3′ direction.

FIG. 3C shows another embodiment of an extend guide RNA usable in the prime editing system disclosed herein whereby a traditional guide RNA (the round dotted portion) includes a ˜20 nt protospacer sequence and a gRNA core, which binds with the napDNAbp. In this embodiment, the guide RNA includes an extended RNA segment at an intermolecular position within the gRNA core, i.e., an intramolecular extension. In this embodiment, the intramolecular extension includes a reverse transcription template sequence, and a reverse transcription primer binding site. The RT primer binding site hybrizes to the free 3′ end that is formed after a nick is formed in the non-target strand of the R-loop, thereby priming reverse transcriptase for DNA polymerization in the 5′-3′ direction.

In one embodiment, the position of the intermolecular RNA extension is not in the protospacer sequence of the guide RNA. In another embodiment, the position of the intermolecular RNA extension in the gRNA core. In still another embodiment, the position of the intermolecular RNA extension is any with the guide RNA molecule except within the protospacer sequence, or at a position which disrupts the protospacer sequence.

In one embodiment, the intermolecular RNA extension is inserted downstream from the 3′ end of the protospacer sequence. In another embodiment, the intermolecular RNA extension is inserted at least 1 nucleotide, at least 2 nucleotides, at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, at least 25 nucleotides downstream of the 3′ end of the protospacer sequence.

In other embodiments, the intermolecular RNA extension is inserted into the gRNA, which refers to the portion of the guide RNA corresponding or comprising the tracrRNA, which binds and/or interacts with the Cas9 protein or equivalent thereof (i.e, a different napDNAbp). Preferably the insertion of the intermolecular RNA extension does not disrupt or minimally disrupts the interaction between the tracrRNA portion and the napDNAbp.

The length of the RNA extension can be any useful length. In various embodiments, the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, at least 25 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

The RT template sequence can also be any suitable length. For example, the RT template sequence can be at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In still other embodiments, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

In other embodiments, the optional linker or spacer sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotides, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length.

The RT template sequence, in certain embodiments, encodes a single-stranded DNA molecule which is homologous to the non-target strand (and thus, complementary to the corresponding site of the target strand) but includes one or more nucleotide changes. The least one nucleotide change may include one or more single-base nucleotide changes, one or more deletions, and one or more insertions.

As depicted in FIG. 1G, the synthesized single-stranded DNA product of the RT template sequence is homologous to the non-target strand and contains one or more nucleotide changes. The single-stranded DNA product of the RT template sequence hybridizes in equilibrium with the complementary target strand sequence, thereby displacing the homologous endogenous target strand sequence. The displaced endogenous strand may be referred to in some embodiments as a 5′ endogenous DNA flap species (e.g., see FIG. 1E). This 5′ endogenous DNA flap species can be removed by a 5′ flap endonuclease (e.g., FEN1) and the single-stranded DNA product, now hybridized to the endogenous target strand, may be ligated, thereby creating a mismatch between the endogenous sequence and the newly synthesized strand. The mismatch may be resolved by the cell's innate DNA repair and/or replication processes.

In various embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the RT template sequence corresponds to the nucleotide sequence of the non-target strand which becomes displaced as the 5′ flap species and which overlaps with the site to be edited.

In various embodiments of the extended guide RNAs, the reverse transcription template sequence may encode a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change. The single-stranded DNA flap may displace an endogenous single-strand DNA at the nick site. The displaced endogenous single-strand DNA at the nick site can have a 5′ end and form an endogenous flap, which can be excised by the cell. In various embodiments, excision of the 5′ end endogenous flap can help drive product formation since removing the 5′ end endogenous flap encourages hybridization of the single-strand 3′ DNA flap to the corresponding complementary DNA strand, and the incorporation or assimilation of the desired nucleotide change carried by the single-strand 3′ DNA flap into the target DNA.

In various embodiments of the extended guide RNAs, the cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

In still other embodiments, the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −5 to +5 of the nick site, or between about −10 to +10 of the nick site, or between about −20 to +20 of the nick site, or between about −30 to +30 of the nick site, or between about −40 to +40 of the nick site, or between about −50 to +50 of the nick site, or between about −60 to +60 of the nick site, or between about −70 to +70 of the nick site, or between about −80 to +80 of the nick site, or between about −90 to +90 of the nick site, or between about −100 to +100 of the nick site, or between about −200 to +200 of the nick site.

In other embodiments, the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about +1 to +2 from the nick site, or about +1 to +3, +1 to +4, +1 to +5, +1 to +6, +1 to +7, +1 to +8, +1 to +9, +1 to +10, +1 to +11, +1 to +12, +1 to +13, +1 to +14, +1 to +15, +1 to +16, +1 to +17, +1 to +18, +1 to +19, +1 to +20, +1 to +21, +1 to +22, +1 to +23, +1 to +24, +1 to +25, +1 to +26, +1 to +27, +1 to +28, +1 to +29, +1 to +30, +1 to +31, +1 to +32, +1 to +33, +1 to +34, +1 to +35, +1 to +36, +1 to +37, +1 to +38, +1 to +39, +1 to +40, +1 to +41, +1 to +42, +1 to +43, +1 to +44, +1 to +45, +1 to +46, +1 to +47, +1 to +48, +1 to +49, +1 to +50, +1 to +51, +1 to +52, +1 to +53, +1 to +54, +1 to +55, +1 to +56, +1 to +57, +1 to +58, +1 to +59, +1 to +60, +1 to +61, +1 to +62, +1 to +63, +1 to +64, +1 to +65, +1 to +66, +1 to +67, +1 to +68, +1 to +69, +1 to +70, +1 to +71, +1 to +72, +1 to +73, +1 to +74, +1 to +75, +1 to +76, +1 to +77, +1 to +78, +1 to +79, +1 to +80, +1 to +81, +1 to +82, +1 to +83, +1 to +84, +1 to +85, +1 to +86, +1 to +87, +1 to +88, +1 to +89, +1 to +90, +1 to +90, +1 to +91, +1 to +92, +1 to +93, +1 to +94, +1 to +95, +1 to +96, +1 to +97, +1 to +98, +1 to +99, +1 to +100, +1 to +101, +1 to +102, +1 to +103, +1 to +104, +1 to +105, +1 to +106, +1 to +107, +1 to +108, +1 to +109, +1 to +110, +1 to +111, +1 to +112, +1 to +113, +1 to +114, +1 to +115, +1 to +116, +1 to +117, +1 to +118, +1 to +119, +1 to +120, +1 to +121, +1 to +122, +1 to +123, +1 to +124, or +1 to +125 from the nick site.

In still other embodiments, the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about +1 to +2 from the nick site, or about +1 to +5, +1 to +10, +1 to +15, +1 to +20, +1 to +25, +1 to +30, +1 to +35, +1 to +40, +1 to +45, +1 to +50, +1 to +55, +1 to +100, +1 to +105, +1 to +110, +1 to +115, +1 to +120, +1 to +125, +1 to +130, +1 to +135, +1 to +140, +1 to +145, +1 to +150, +1 to +155, +1 to +160, +1 to +165, +1 to +170, +1 to +175, +1 to +180, +1 to +185, +1 to +190, +1 to +195, or +1 to +200, from the nick site.

In various aspects, the extended guide RNAs are modified versions of a guide RNA. Guide RNAs may be naturally occurring, expressed from an encoding nucleic acid, or synthesized chemically. Methods are well known in the art for obtaining or otherwise synthesizing guide RNAs and for determining the appropriate sequence of the guide RNA, including the protospacer sequence which interacts and hybridizes with the target strand of a genomic target site of interest.

In various embodiments, the particular design aspects of a guide RNA sequence will depend upon the nucleotide sequence of a genomic target site of interest (i.e., the desired site to be edited) and the type of napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 protein) present in prime editing systems described herein, among other factors, such as PAM sequence locations, percent G/C content in the target sequence, the degree of microhomology regions, secondary structures, etc.

In general, a guide sequence is any polynucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity with a target polynucleotide sequence to hybridize with the target sequence and direct sequence-specific binding of a napDNAbp (e.g., a Cas9, Cas9 homolog, or Cas9 variant) to the target sequence. In some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a guide sequence and its corresponding target sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or more. Optimal alignment may be determined with the use of any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, non-limiting example of which include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g., the Burrows Wheeler Aligner), ClustalW, Clustal X, BLAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies, ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.), SOAP (available at soap.genomics.org.cn), and Maq (available at maq.sourceforge.net). In some embodiments, a guide sequence is about or more than about 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, or more nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a guide sequence is less than about 75, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 12, or fewer nucleotides in length. The ability of a guide sequence to direct sequence-specific binding of a prime editor (PE) to a target sequence may be assessed by any suitable assay. For example, the components of a prime editor (PE), including the guide sequence to be tested, may be provided to a host cell having the corresponding target sequence, such as by transfection with vectors encoding the components of a prime editor (PE) disclosed herein, followed by an assessment of preferential cleavage within the target sequence, such as by Surveyor assay as described herein. Similarly, cleavage of a target polynucleotide sequence may be evaluated in a test tube by providing the target sequence, components of a prime editor (PE), including the guide sequence to be tested and a control guide sequence different from the test guide sequence, and comparing binding or rate of cleavage at the target sequence between the test and control guide sequence reactions. Other assays are possible, and will occur to those skilled in the art.

A guide sequence may be selected to target any target sequence. In some embodiments, the target sequence is a sequence within a genome of a cell. Exemplary target sequences include those that are unique in the target genome. For example, for the S. pyogenes Cas9, a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXGG (SEQ ID NO: 204) where NNNNNNNNNNNNXGG (SEQ ID NO: 205) (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything). A unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. pyogenes Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXGG (SEQ ID NO: 206) where NNNNNNNNNNNXGG (SEQ ID NO: 207) (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything). For the S. thermophilus CRISPR1Cas9, a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 208) where NNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 209) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T). A unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. thermophilus CRISPR 1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 210) where NNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 211) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything;

and W is A or T). For the S. pyogenes Cas9, a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (SEQ ID NO: 212) where NNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (SEQ ID NO: 213) (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything). A unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. pyogenes Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (SEQ ID NO: 214) where NNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (SEQ ID NO: 215) (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything). In each of these sequences “M” may be A, G, T, or C, and need not be considered in identifying a sequence as unique.

In some embodiments, a guide sequence is selected to reduce the degree of secondary structure within the guide sequence. Secondary structure may be determined by any suitable polynucleotide folding algorithm. Some programs are based on calculating the minimal Gibbs free energy. An example of one such algorithm is mFold, as described by Zuker and Stiegler (Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (1981), 133-148). Another example folding algorithm is the online webserver RNAfold, developed at Institute for Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Vienna, using the centroid structure prediction algorithm (see e.g. A. R. Gruber et al., 2008, Cell 106(1): 23-24; and PA Can and GM Church, 2009, Nature Biotechnology 27(12): 1151-62). Further algorithms may be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 61/836,080; Broad Reference BI-2013/004A); incorporated herein by reference.

In general, a tracr mate sequence includes any sequence that has sufficient complementarity with a tracr sequence to promote one or more of: (1) excision of a guide sequence flanked by tracr mate sequences in a cell containing the corresponding tracr sequence; and (2) formation of a complex at a target sequence, wherein the complex comprises the tracr mate sequence hybridized to the tracr sequence. In general, degree of complementarity is with reference to the optimal alignment of the tracr mate sequence and tracr sequence, along the length of the shorter of the two sequences. Optimal alignment may be determined by any suitable alignment algorithm, and may further account for secondary structures, such as self-complementarity within either the tracr sequence or tracr mate sequence. In some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between the tracr sequence and tracr mate sequence along the length of the shorter of the two when optimally aligned is about or more than about 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or higher. In some embodiments, the tracr sequence is about or more than about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the tracr sequence and tracr mate sequence are contained within a single transcript, such that hybridization between the two produces a transcript having a secondary structure, such as a hairpin. Preferred loop forming sequences for use in hairpin structures are four nucleotides in length, and most preferably have the sequence GAAA. However, longer or shorter loop sequences may be used, as may alternative sequences. The sequences preferably include a nucleotide triplet (for example, AAA), and an additional nucleotide (for example C or G). Examples of loop forming sequences include CAAA and AAAG. In an embodiment of the invention, the transcript or transcribed polynucleotide sequence has at least two or more hairpins. In preferred embodiments, the transcript has two, three, four or five hairpins. In a further embodiment of the invention, the transcript has at most five hairpins. In some embodiments, the single transcript further includes a transcription termination sequence; preferably this is a polyT sequence, for example six T nucleotides. Further non-limiting examples of single polynucleotides comprising a guide sequence, a tracr mate sequence, and a tracr sequence are as follows (listed 5′ to 3′), where “N” represents a base of a guide sequence, the first block of lower case letters represent the tracr mate sequence, and the second block of lower case letters represent the tracr sequence, and the final poly-T sequence represents the transcription terminator:

(1) (SEQ ID NO: 216) NNNNNNNNGTTTTTGTACTCTCAAGATTTAGAAATAAATCTTGCAGAAGC TACAAAGATAAGGCTTCATGCCGAAATCAACACCCTGTCATTTTATGGCA GGGTGTTTTCGTTATTTAATTTTTT; (2) (SEQ ID NO: 217) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGTTTTTGTACTCTCAGAAATGCAGAAGCTACA AAGATAAGGCTTCATGCCGAAATCAACACCCTGTCATTTTATGGCAGGGT GTTTTCGTTATTTAATTTTTT; (3) (SEQ ID NO: 218) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGTTTTTGTACTCTCAGAAATGCAGAAGCTA CAAAGATAAGGCTTCATGCCGAAATCAACACCCTGTCATTTTATGGCAGG GTGTTTTTT; (4) (SEQ ID NO: 219) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAAT AAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTT TT; (5)  (SEQ ID NO: 220) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAAT AAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGTTTTTTT; AND (6) (SEQ ID NO: 221) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAAT AAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCATTTTTTTT.

In some embodiments, sequences (1) to (3) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. thermophilus CRISPR1. In some embodiments, sequences (4) to (6) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. pyogenes. In some embodiments, the tracr sequence is a separate transcript from a transcript comprising the tracr mate sequence.

It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that in order to target any of the fusion proteins comprising a Cas9 domain and a single-stranded DNA binding protein, as disclosed herein, to a target site, e.g., a site comprising a point mutation to be edited, it is typically necessary to co-express the fusion protein together with a guide RNA, e.g., an sgRNA. As explained in more detail elsewhere herein, a guide RNA typically comprises a tracrRNA framework allowing for Cas9 binding, and a guide sequence, which confers sequence specificity to the Cas9:nucleic acid editing enzyme/domain fusion protein.

In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises a structure 5′-[guide sequence]-GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUUU-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 222), wherein the guide sequence comprises a sequence that is complementary to the target sequence. The guide sequence is typically 20 nucleotides long. The sequences of suitable guide RNAs for targeting Cas9:nucleic acid editing enzyme/domain fusion proteins to specific genomic target sites will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on the instant disclosure. Such suitable guide RNA sequences typically comprise guide sequences that are complementary to a nucleic sequence within 50 nucleotides upstream or downstream of the target nucleotide to be edited. Some exemplary guide RNA sequences suitable for targeting any of the provided fusion proteins to specific target sequences are provided herein. Additional guide sequences are well known in the art and can be used with the prime editor (PE) described herein.

In other embodiments, the PEgRNAs include those depicted in FIG. 3D.

In still other embodiments, the PEgRNAs may include those depicted in FIG. 3E.

FIG. 3D provides the structure of an embodiment of a PEgRNA contemplated herein and which may be designed in accordance with the methodology defined in Example 2. The PEgRNA comprises three main component elements ordered in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm at the 3′ end. The extension arm may further be divided into the following structural elements in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a primer binding site (A), an edit template (B), and a homology arm (C). In addition, the PEgRNA may comprise an optional 3′ end modifier region (e1) and an optional 5′ end modifier region (e2). Still further, the PEgRNA may comprise a transcriptional termination signal at the 3′ end of the PEgRNA (not depicted). These structural elements are further defined herein. The depiction of the structure of the PEgRNA is not meant to be limiting and embraces variations in the arrangement of the elements. For example, the optional sequence modifiers (e1) and (e2) could be positioned within or between any of the other regions shown, and not limited to being located at the 3′ and 5′ ends.

FIG. 3E provides the structure of another embodiment of a PEgRNA contemplated herein and which may be designed in accordance with the methodology defined in Example 2. The PEgRNA comprises three main component elements ordered in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm at the 3′ end. The extension arm may further be divided into the following structural elements in the 5′ to 3′ direction, namely: a primer binding site (A), an edit template (B), and a homology arm (C). In addition, the PEgRNA may comprise an optional 3′ end modifier region (e1) and an optional 5′ end modifier region (e2). Still further, the PEgRNA may comprise a transcriptional termination signal on the 3′ end of the PEgRNA (not depicted). These structural elements are further defined herein. The depiction of the structure of the PEgRNA is not meant to be limiting and embraces variations in the arrangement of the elements. For example, the optional sequence modifiers (e1) and (e2) could be positioned within or between any of the other regions shown, and not limited to being located at the 3′ and 5′ ends.

PEgRNA Improvements

The PEgRNAs may also include additional design improvements that may modify the properties and/or characteristics of PEgRNAs thereby improving the efficacy of prime editing. In various embodiments, these improvements may belong to one or more of a number of different categories, including but not limited to: (1) designs to enable efficient expression of functional PEgRNAs from non-polymerase III (pol III) promoters, which would enable the expression of longer PEgRNAs without burdensome sequence requirements; (2) improvements to the core, Cas9-binding PEgRNA scaffold, which could improve efficacy; (3) modifications to the PEgRNA to improve RT processivity, enabling the insertion of longer sequences at targeted genomic loci; and (4) addition of RNA motifs to the 5′ or 3′ termini of the PEgRNA that improve PEgRNA stability, enhance RT processivity, prevent misfolding of the PEgRNA, or recruit additional factors important for genome editing.

In one embodiment, PEgRNA could be designed with pol III promoters to improve the expression of longer-length PEgRNA with larger extension arms. sgRNAs are typically expressed from the U6 snRNA promoter. This promoter recruits pol III to express the associated RNA and is useful for expression of short RNAs that are retained within the nucleus. However, pol III is not highly processive and is unable to express RNAs longer than a few hundred nucleotides in length at the levels required for efficient genome editing. Additionally, pol III can stall or terminate at stretches of U's, potentially limiting the sequence diversity that could be inserted using a PEgRNA. Other promoters that recruit polymerase II (such as pCMV) or polymerase I (such as the U1 snRNA promoter) have been examined for their ability to express longer sgRNAs. However, these promoters are typically partially transcribed, which would result in extra sequence 5′ of the spacer in the expressed PEgRNA, which has been shown to result in markedly reduced Cas9:sgRNA activity in a site-dependent manner. Additionally, while pol III-transcribed PEgRNAs can simply terminate in a run of 6-7 U's, PEgRNAs transcribed from pol II or pol I would require a different termination signal. Often such signals also result in polyadenylation, which would result in undesired transport of the PEgRNA from the nucleus. Similarly, RNAs expressed from pol II promoters such as pCMV are typically 5′-capped, also resulting in their nuclear export.

Previously, Rinn and coworkers screened a variety of expression platforms for the production of long-noncoding RNA-(lncRNA) tagged sgRNAs¹⁸³. These platforms include RNAs expressed from pCMV and that terminate in the ENE element from the MALAT1 ncRNA from humans¹⁸⁴, the PAN ENE element from KSHV¹⁸⁵, or the 3′ box from U1 snRNA¹⁸⁶. Notably, the MALAT1 ncRNA and PAN ENEs form triple helices protecting the polyA-tail 184, 187. These constructs could also enhance RNA stability. It is contemplated that these expression systems will also enable the expression of longer PEgRNAs.

In addition, a series of methods have been designed for the cleavage of the portion of the pol II promoter that would be transcribed as part of the PEgRNA, adding either a self-cleaving ribozyme such as the hammerhead¹⁸⁸, pistol¹⁸⁹, hatchet¹⁸⁹, hairpin¹⁹⁰, VS¹⁹¹, twister¹⁹², or twister sister¹⁹² ribozymes, or other self-cleaving elements to process the transcribed guide, or a hairpin that is recognized by Csy4¹⁹³ and also leads to processing of the guide. Also, it is hypothesized that incorporation of multiple ENE motifs could lead to improved PEgRNA expression and stability, as previously demonstrated for the KSHV PAN RNA and element¹⁸⁵. It is also anticipated that circularizing the PEgRNA in the form of a circular intronic RNA (ciRNA) could also lead to enhanced RNA expression and stability, as well as nuclear localization¹⁹⁴.

In various embodiments, the PEgRNA may include various above elements, as exemplified by the following sequence.

Non-limiting example 1 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairpin, the PEgRNA, and MALAT1 ENE (SEQ ID NO: 223) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTC CGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCC GCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCC ATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAA GTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGC CTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTA CGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCG TGGATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATG GGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTC CGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGC AGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGCCCAGA CTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAG TCTGTTTTAGGGTCATGAAGGTTTTTCTTTTCCTGAGAAAACAACACGTATTGTTTT CTCAGGTTTTGCTTTTTGGCCTTTTTCTAGCTTAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAAAAGAT GCTGGTGGTTGGCACTCCTGGTTTCCAGGACGGGGTTCAAATCCCTGCGGCGTCT TTGCTTTGACT Non-limiting example 2-PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairing, the PEgRNA, and PAN ENE (SEQ ID NO: 224) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTC CGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCC GCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCC ATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAA GTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGC CTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTA CGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCG TGGATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATG GGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTC CGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGC AGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGCCCAGA CTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAG TCTGTTTTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCA GACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAAT TTAACGTGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAAC ATAAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Non-limiting example 3 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairing, the PEgRNA, and 3xPAN ENE (SEQ ID NO: 225) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTC CGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCC GCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCC ATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAA GTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGC CTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTA CGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCG TGGATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATG GGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTC CGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGC AGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGCCCAGA CTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAG TCTGTTTTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCA GACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAAT TTAACGTGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAAC ATAAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACACACTGT TTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAG GTTTTTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGC CTAGAGCTCAAATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAA GGTCAATGTTTAATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATCTCTCTGTTTTGGCTGG GTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCC CAGTGTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGCCTAGAGCTCA AATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAAGGTCAATGTTT AATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Non-limiting example 4 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairing, the PEgRNA, and 3′box (SEQ ID NO: 226) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTC CGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCC GCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCC ATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAA GTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGC CTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTA CGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCG TGGATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATG GGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTC CGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGC AGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGCCCAGA CTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAG TCTGTTTGTTTCAAAAGTAGACTGTACGCTAAGGGTCATATCTTTTTTTGTTTGGTT TGTGTCTTGGTTGGCGTCTTAAA Non-limiting example 5 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pU1, Csy4 hairping, the PEgRNA, and 3′box (SEQ ID NO: 227) CTAAGGACCAGCTTCTTTGGGAGAGAACAGACGCAGGGGCGGGAGGGAAAAAG GGAGAGGCAGACGTCACTTCCCCTTGGCGGCTCTGGCAGCAGATTGGTCGGTTGA GTGGCAGAAAGGCAGACGGGGACTGGGCAAGGCACTGTCGGTGACATCACGGAC AGGGCGACTTCTATGTAGATGAGGCAGCGCAGAGGCTGCTGCTTCGCCACTTGCT GCTTCACCACGAAGGAGTTCCCGTGCCCTGGGAGCGGGTTCAGGACCGCTGATCG GAAGTGAGAATCCCAGCTGTGTGTCAGGGCTGGAAAGGGCTCGGGAGTGCGCGG GGCAAGTGACCGTGTGTGTAAAGAGTGAGGCGTATGAGGCTGTGTCGGGGCAGA GGCCCAAGATCTCAGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAG TTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAA AGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTCAGCAAG TTCAGAGAAATCTGAACTTGCTGGATTTTTGGAGCAGGGAGATGGAATAGGAGCT TGCTCCGTCCACTCCACGCATCGACCTGGTATTGCAGTACCTCCAGGAACGGTGC ACCCACTTTCTGGAGTTTCAAAAGTAGACTGTACGCTAAGGGTCATATCTTTTTTT GTTTGGTTTGTGTCTTGGTTGGCGTCTTAAA.

In various other embodiments, the PEgRNA may be improved by introducing improvements to the scaffold or core sequences. This can be done by introducing known

The core, Cas9-binding PEgRNA scaffold can likely be improved to enhance PE activity. Several such approaches have already been demonstrated. For instance, the first pairing element of the scaffold (P1) contains a GTTTT-AAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 3939) pairing element. Such runs of Ts have been shown to result in pol III pausing and premature termination of the RNA transcript. Rational mutation of one of the T-A pairs to a G-C pair in this portion of P1 has been shown to enhance sgRNA activity, suggesting this approach would also be feasible for PEgRNAs¹⁹⁵. Additionally, increasing the length of P1 has also been shown to enhance sgRNA folding and lead to improved activityl⁹⁵, suggesting it as another avenue for the improvement of PEgRNA activity. Example improvements to the core can include:

PEgRNA containing a 6 nt extension to P1 (SEQ ID NO: 228) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGCTCATGAAAATGAGCTA GCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGA GTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTTTT PEgRNA containing a T-A to G-C mutation within P1 (SEQ ID NO: 229) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTGAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTTAAAT AAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTG CCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTTTT

In various other embodiments, the PEgRNA may be improved by introducing modifications to the edit template region. As the size of the insertion templated by the PEgRNA increases, it is more likely to be degraded by endonucleases, undergo spontaneous hydrolysis, or fold into secondary structures unable to be reverse-transcribed by the RT or that disrupt folding of the PEgRNA scaffold and subsequent Cas9-RT binding. Accordingly, it is likely that modification to the template of the PEgRNA might be necessary to affect large insertions, such as the insertion of whole genes. Some strategies to do so include the incorporation of modified nucleotides within a synthetic or semi-synthetic PEgRNA that render the RNA more resistant to degradation or hydrolysis or less likely to adopt inhibitory secondary structures¹⁹⁶. Such modifications could include 8-aza-7-deazaguanosine, which would reduce RNA secondary structure in G-rich sequences; locked-nucleic acids (LNA) that reduce degradation and enhance certain kinds of RNA secondary structure; 2′-O-methyl, 2′-fluoro, or 2′-O-methoxyethoxy modifications that enhance RNA stability. Such modifications could also be included elsewhere in the PEgRNA to enhance stability and activity. Alternatively or additionally, the template of the PEgRNA could be designed such that it both encodes for a desired protein product and is also more likely to adopt simple secondary structures that are able to be unfolded by the RT. Such simple structures would act as a thermodynamic sink, making it less likely that more complicated structures that would prevent reverse transcription would occur. Finally, one could also split the template into two, separate PEgRNAs. In such a design, a PE would be used to initiate transcription and also recruit a separate template RNA to the targeted site via an RNA-binding protein fused to Cas9 or an RNA recognition element on the PEgRNA itself such as the MS2 aptamer. The RT could either directly bind to this separate template RNA, or initiate reverse transcription on the original PEgRNA before swapping to the second template. Such an approach could enable long insertions by both preventing misfolding of the PEgRNA upon addition of the long template and also by not requiring dissociation of Cas9 from the genome for long insertions to occur, which could possibly be inhibiting PE-based long insertions.

In still other embodiments, the PEgRNA may be improved by introducing additional RNA motifs at the 5′ and 3′ termini of the PEgRNAs, or even at positions therein between (e.g., in the gRNA core region, or the spacer). Several such motifs—such as the PAN ENE from KSHV and the ENE from MALAT1 were discussed above as possible means to terminate expression of longer PEgRNAs from non-pol III promoters. These elements form RNA triple helices that engulf the polyA tail, resulting in their being retained within the nucleus^(184, 187). However, by forming complex structures at the 3′ terminus of the PEgRNA that occlude the terminal nucleotide, these structures would also likely help prevent exonuclease-mediated degradation of PEgRNAs.

Other structural elements inserted at the 3′ terminus could also enhance RNA stability, albeit without enabling termination from non-pol III promoters. Such motifs could include hairpins or RNA quadruplexes that would occlude the 3′ terminus¹⁹⁷, or self-cleaving ribozymes such as HDV that would result in the formation of a 2′-3′-cyclic phosphate at the 3′ terminus and also potentially render the PEgRNA less likely to be degraded by exonucleases¹⁹⁸. Inducing the PEgRNA to cyclize via incomplete splicing—to form a ciRNA—could also increase PEgRNA stability and result in the PEgRNA being retained within the nucleus¹⁹⁴.

Additional RNA motifs could also improve RT processivity or enhance PEgRNA activity by enhancing RT binding to the DNA-RNA duplex. Addition of the native sequence bound by the RT in its cognate retroviral genome could enhance RT activityl⁹⁹. This could include the native primer binding site (PBS), polypurine tract (PPT), or kissing loops involved in retroviral genome dimerization and initiation of transcription¹⁹⁹.

Addition of dimerization motifs—such as kissing loops or a GNRA tetraloop/tetraloop receptor pair²⁰⁰—at the 5′ and 3′ termini of the PEgRNA could also result in effective circularization of the PEgRNA, improving stability. Additionally, it is envisioned that addition of these motifs could enable the physical separation of the PEgRNA spacer and primer, prevention occlusion of the spacer which would hinder PE activity. Short 5′ extensions or 3′ extensions to the PEgRNA that form a small toehold hairpin in the spacer region or along the primer binding site could also compete favorably against the annealing of intracomplementary regions along the length of the PEgRNA, e.g., the interaction between the spacer and the primer binding site that can occur. Finally, kissing loops could also be used to recruit other template RNAs to the genomic site and enable swapping of RT activity from one RNA to the other. As exemplary embodiments of various secondary structures, the PEgRNA depicted in FIG. 3D and FIG. 3E list a number secondary RNA structures that may be engineered into any region of the PEgRNA, including in the terminal portions of the extension arm (i.e., eland e2), as shown.

Example improvements include, but are not limited to:

PEgRNA-HDV fusion (SEQ ID NO: 230) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCC ATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGGGCCGGCATGGTCCCAGCCTCCTCGCTGGCG CCGGCTGGGCAACATGCTTCGGCATGGCGAATGGGACTTTTTTT PEgRNA-MMLV kissing loop (SEQ ID NO: 231) GGTGGGAGACGTCCCACCGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGA CCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTGGTGGGA GACGTCCCACCTTTTTTT PEgRNA-VS ribozyme kissing loop (SEQ ID NO: 232) GAGCAGCATGGCGTCGCTGCTCACGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAG AGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAA GTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTC CATCAGTTGACACCCTGAGGTTTTTTT PEgRNA-GNRA tetraloop/tetraloop receptor (SEQ ID NO: 233) GCAGACCTAAGTGGUGACATATGGTCTGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTT TTAGAGCTAUACGTAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTUA CGAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAG TCTGCATGCGATTAGAAATAATCGCATGTTTTTTT PEgRNA template switching secondary RNA-HDV fusion (SEQ ID NO: 234) TCTGCCATCAAAGCTGCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTGGTGGGAGACGTCCCACCG GCCGGCATGGTCCCAGCCTCCTCGCTGGCGCCGGCTGGGCAACATGCTTCG GCATGGCGAATGGGACTTTTTTT

PEgRNA scaffold could be further improved via directed evolution, in an analogous fashion to how SpCas9 and prime editor (PE) have been improved. Directed evolution could enhance PEgRNA recognition by Cas9 or evolved Cas9 variants. Additionally, it is likely that different PEgRNA scaffold sequences would be optimal at different genomic loci, either enhancing PE activity at the site in question, reducing off-target activities, or both. Finally, evolution of PEgRNA scaffolds to which other RNA motifs have been added would almost certainly improve the activity of the fused PEgRNA relative to the unevolved, fusion RNA. For instance, evolution of allosteric ribozymes composed of c-di-GMP-I aptamers and hammerhead ribozymes led to dramatically improved activity²⁰², suggesting that evolution would improve the activity of hammerhead-PEgRNA fusions as well. In addition, while Cas9 currently does not generally tolerate 5′ extension of the sgRNA, directed evolution will likely generate enabling mutations that mitigate this intolerance, allowing additional RNA motifs to be utilized.

The present disclosure contemplates any such ways to further improve the efficacy of the prime editing systems disclosed here.

In various embodiments, it may be advantageous to limit the appearance of consecutive sequence of Ts from the extension arm as consecutive series of T's may limit the capacity of the PEgRNA to be transcribed. For example, strings of at least consecutive three T's, at least consecutive four T's, at least consecutive five T's, at least consecutive six T's, at least consecutive seven T's, at least consecutive eight T's, at least consecutive nine T's, at least consecutive ten T's, at least consecutive elevent T's, at least consecutive twelve T's, at least consecutive thirteen T's, at least consecutive fourteen T's, or at least consecutive fifteen T's should be avoided when designing the PEgRNA, or should be at least removed from the final designed sequence. In one embodiment, one can avoid the includes of unwanted strings of consecutive T's in PEgRNA extension arms but avoiding target sites that are rich in consecutive A:T nucleobase pairs.

Split PEgRNA Designs for Trans Prime Editing

The instant disclosure also contemplates trans prime editing, which refers to a modified version of prime editing which operates by separating the PEgRNA into two distinct molecules: a guide RNA and a tPERT molecule. The tPERT molecule is programmed to co-localize with the prime editor complex at a target DNA site, bringing the primer binding site and the DNA synthesis template to the prime editor in trans. For example, see FIG. 3G for an embodiment of a trans prime editor (tPE) which shows a two-component system comprising (1) an recruiting protein (RP)-PE:gRNA complex and (2) a tPERT that includes a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template joined to an RNA-protein recruitment domain (e.g., stem loop or hairpin), wherein the recruiting protein component of the RP-PE:gRNA complex recruits the tPERT to a target site to be edited, thereby associating the PBS and DNA synthesis template with the prime editor in trans. Said another way, the tPERT is engineered to contain (all or part of) the extension arm of a PEgRNA, which includes the primer binding site and the DNA synthesis template. One advantage of this approach is to separate the extension arm of a PEgRNA from the guide RNA, thereby minimizing annealing interactions that tend to occur between the PBS of the extension arm and the spacer sequence of the guide RNA.

A key feature of trans prime editing is the ability of the trans prime editor to recruit the tPERT to the site of DNA editing, thereby effectively co-localizing all of the functions of a PEgRNA at the site of prime editing. Recruitment can be achieve by installing an RNA-protein recruitment domain, such as a MS2 aptamer, into the tPERT and fusing a corresponding recruiting protein to the prime editor (e.g., via a linker to the napDNAbp or via a linker to the polymerase) that is capable of specifically binding to the RNA-protein recruitment domain, thereby recruiting the tPERT molecule to the prime editor complex. As depicted in the process described in FIG. 3H, the RP-PE:gRNA complex binds to and nicks the target DNA sequence. Then, the recruiting protein (RP) recruits a tPERT to co-localize to the prime editor complex bound to the DNA target site, thereby allowing the primer binding site, located on the tPERT, to bind to the primer sequence on the nicked strand, and subsequently, allowing the polymerase (e.g., RT) to synthesize a single strand of DNA against the DNA synthesis template, located on the tPERT, up through the 5′ end of the tPERT.

While the tPERT is shown in FIG. 3G and FIG. 3H as comprising the PBS and DNA synthesis template on the 5′ end of the RNA-protein recruitment domain, the tPERT in other configurations may be designed with the PBS and DNA synthesis template located on the 3′ end of the RNA-protein recruitment domain. However, the tPERT with the 5′ extension has the advantage that synthesis of the single strand of DNA will naturally terminate at the 5′ end of the tPERT and thus, does not risk using any portion of the RNA-protein recruitment domain as a template during the DNA synthesis stage of prime editing.

PEgRNA Design Method

The present disclosure also relates to methods for designing PEgRNAs.

In one aspect of design, the design approach can take into account the particular application for which prime editing is being used. For instance, and as exampled and discussed herein, prime editing can be used, without limitation, to (a) install mutation-correcting changes to a nucleotide sequence, (b) install protein and RNA tags, (c) install immunoepitopes on proteins of interest, (d) install inducible dimerization domains in proteins, (e) install or remove sequences to alter that activity of a biomolecule, (f) install recombinase target sites to direct specific genetic changes, and (g) mutagenesis of a target sequence by using an error-prone RT. In addition to these methods which, in general, insert, change, or delete nucleotide sequences at target sites of interest, prime editors can also be used to construct highly programmable libraries, as well as to conduct cell data recording and lineage tracing studies. In these various uses, there may be as described herein particular design aspects pertaining to the preparation of a PEgRNA that is particularly useful for any given of these applications.

When designing a PEgRNA for any particular application or use of prime editing, a number of considerations may be taken into account, which include, but are not limited to:

(a) the target sequence, i.e., the nucleotide sequence in which one or more nucleobase modifications are desired to be installed by the prime editor;

(b) the location of the cut site within the target sequence, i.e., the specific nucleobase position at which the prime editor will induce a single-stand nick to create a 3′ end RT primer sequence on one side of the nick and the 5′ end endogenous flap on the other side of the nick (which ultimately is removed by FEN1 or equivalent thereto and replaced by the 3′ ssDNA flap. The cut site is analogous to the “edit location” since this what creates the 3′ end RT primer sequence which becomes extended by the RT during RNA-depending DNA polymerization to create the 3′ ssDNA flap containing the desired edit, which then replaces the 5′ endogenous DNA flap in the target sequence. (c) the available PAM sequences (including the canonical SpCas9 PAM sites, as well as non-canonical PAM sites recognized by Cas9 variants and equivalents with expanded or differing PAM specificities); (d) the spacing between the available PAM sequences and the location of the cut site in the target sequence; (e) the particular Cas9, Cas9 variant, or Cas9 equivalent of the prime editor being used; (f) the sequence and length of the primer binding site; (g) the sequence and length of the edit template; (h) the sequence and length of the homology arm; (i) the spacer sequence and length; and (j) the core sequence.

The instant disclosure discusses these aspects above.

In one embodiment, an approach to designing a suitable PEgRNA, and optionally a nicking-sgRNA design guide for second-site nicking, is hereby provided. This embodiment provides a step-by-step set of instructions for designing PEgRNAs and nicking-sgRNAs for prime editing which takes into account one or more of the above considerations. The steps reference the examples shown in FIGS. 70A-701 .

-   -   1. Define the target sequence and the edit. Retrieve the         sequence of the target DNA region (˜200 bp) centered around the         location of the desired edit (point mutation, insertion,         deletion, or combination thereof). See FIG. 70A.     -   2. Locate target PAMs. Identify PAMs in the proximity to the         desired edit location. PAMs can be identified on either strand         of DNA proximal to the desired edit location. While PAMs close         to the edit position are preferred (i.e., wherein the nick site         is less than 30 nt from the edit position, or less than 29 nt,         28 nt, 27 nt, 26 nt, 25 nt, 24 nt, 23 nt, 22 nt, 21 nt, 20 nt,         19 nt, 18 nt, 17 nt, 16 nt, 15 nt, 14 nt, 13 nt, 12 nt, 11 nt,         10 nt, 9 nt, 8 nt, 7 nt, 6 nt, 5 nt, 4 nt, 3 nt, or 2 nt from         the edit position to the nick site), it is possible to install         edits using protospacers and PAMs that place the nick ≥30 nt         from the edit position. See FIG. 70B.     -   3. Locate the nick sites. For each PAM being considered,         identify the corresponding nick site and on which strand. For Sp         Cas9 H840A nickase, cleavage occurs in the PAM-containing strand         between the 3^(rd) and 4^(th) bases 5′ to the NGG PAM. All         edited nucleotides must exist 3′ of the nick site, so         appropriate PAMs must place the nick 5′ to the target edit on         the PAM-containing strand. In the example shown below, there are         two possible PAMs. For simplicity, the remaining steps will         demonstrate the design of a PEgRNA using PAM 1 only. See FIG.         70C.     -   4. Design the spacer sequence. The protospacer of Sp Cas9         corresponds to the 20 nucleotides 5′ to the NGG PAM on the         PAM-containing strand. Efficient Pol III transcription         initiation requires a G to be the first transcribed nucleotide.         If the first nucleotide of the protospacer is a G, the spacer         sequence for the PEgRNA is simply the protospacer sequence. If         the first nucleotide of the protospacer is not a G, the spacer         sequence of the PEgRNA is G followed by the protospacer         sequence. See FIG. 70D.     -   5. Design a primer binding site (PBS). Using the starting allele         sequence, identify the DNA primer on the PAM-containing strand.         The 3′ end of the DNA primer is the nucleotide just upstream of         the nick site (i.e. the 4^(th) base 5′ to the NGG PAM for Sp         Cas9). As a general design principle for use with PE2 and PE3, a         PEgRNA primer binding site (PBS) containing 12 to 13 nucleotides         of complementarity to the DNA primer can be used for sequences         that contain ˜40-60% G•C content. For sequences with low G•C         content, longer (14- to 15-nt) PBSs should be tested. For         sequences with higher G•C content, shorter (8- to 11-nt) PBSs         should be tested. Optimal PBS sequences should be determined         empirically, regardless of G•C content. To design a length-p PBS         sequence, take the reverse complement of the first p nucleotides         5′ of the nick site in the PAM-containing strand using the         starting allele sequence. See FIG. 70E.     -   6. Design an RT template (or DNA synthesis template). The RT         template (or DNA synthesis template where the polymerase is not         reverse transcriptase) encodes the designed edit and homology to         the sequence adjacent to the edit. In one embodiment, these         regions correspond to the DNA synthesis template of FIG. 3D and         FIG. 3E, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises the “edit         template” and the “homology arm.” Optimal RT template lengths         vary based on the target site. For short-range edits         (positions+1 to +6), it is recommended to test a short (9 to 12         nt), a medium (13 to 16 nt), and a long (17 to 20 nt) RT         template. For long-range edits (positions+7 and beyond), it is         recommended to use RT templates that extend at least 5 nt         (preferably 10 or more nt) past the position of the edit to         allow for sufficient 3′ DNA flap homology. For long-range edits,         several RT templates should be screened to identify functional         designs. For larger insertions and deletions (≥5 nt),         incorporation of greater 3′ homology (˜20 nt or more) into the         RT template is recommended. Editing efficiency is typically         impaired when the RT template encodes the synthesis of a G as         the last nucleotide in the reverse transcribed DNA product         (corresponding to a C in the RT template of the PEgRNA). As many         RT templates support efficient prime editing, avoidance of G as         the final synthesized nucleotide is recommended when designing         RT templates. To design a length-r RT template sequence, use the         desired allele sequence and take the reverse complement of the         first r nucleotides 3′ of the nick site in the strand that         originally contained the PAM. Note that compared to SNP edits,         insertion or deletion edits using RT templates of the same         length will not contain identical homology. See FIG. 70F.     -   7. Assemble the full PEgRNA sequence. Concatenate the PEgRNA         components in the following order (5′ to 3′): spacer, scaffold,         RT template and PBS. See FIG. 70G.     -   8. Designing nicking-sgRNAs for PE3. Identify PAMs on the         non-edited strand upstream and downstream of the edit. Optimal         nicking positions are highly locus-dependent and should be         determined empirically. In general, nicks placed 40 to 90         nucleotides 5′ to the position across from the PEgRNA-induced         nick lead to higher editing yields and fewer indels. A nicking         sgRNA has a spacer sequence that matches the 20-nt protospacer         in the starting allele, with the addition of a 5′-G if the         protospacer does not begin with a G. See FIG. 70H.     -   9. Designing PE3b nicking-sgRNAs. If a PAM exists in the         complementary strand and its corresponding protospacer overlaps         with the sequence targeted for editing, this edit could be a         candidate for the PE3b system. In the PE3b system, the spacer         sequence of the nicking-sgRNA matches the sequence of the         desired edited allele, but not the starting allele. The PE3b         system operates efficiently when the edited nucleotide(s) falls         within the seed region (˜10 nt adjacent to the PAM) of the         nicking-sgRNA protospacer. This prevents nicking of the         complementary strand until after installation of the edited         strand, preventing competition between the PEgRNA and the sgRNA         for binding the target DNA. PE3b also avoids the generation of         simultaneous nicks on both strands, thus reducing indel         formation significantly while maintaining high editing         efficiency. PE3b sgRNAs should have a spacer sequence that         matches the 20-nt protospacer in the desired allele, with the         addition of a 5′ G if needed. See FIG. 70I.

The above step-by-step process for designing a suitable PEgRNA and a second-site nicking sgRNA is not meant to be limiting in any way. The disclosure contemplates variations of the above-described step-by-step process which would be derivable therefrom by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

[7] Applications Utilizing Prime Editing

In addition to the development of the prime editing system described herein as a new “search-and-replace” genome editing technology that mediates targeted insertions, deletions, and all 12 possible base-to-base conversions at targeted loci in human cells without requiring double-stranded DNA breaks, or donor DNA templates, the inventors have also contemplated the use of the prime editors in a wide-array of specific applications. For example, and as exampled and discussed herein, prime editing can be used to (a) install mutation-correcting changes to a nucleotide sequence, (b) install protein and RNA tags, (c) intallation of immunoepitopes on proteins of interest, (d) install inducible dimerization domains in proteins, (e) install or remove sequences to alter that activity of a biomolecule, (f) install recombinase target sites to direct specific genetic changes, and (g) mutagenesis of a target sequence by using an error-prone RT. In addition to these methods which, in general, insert, change, or delete nucleotide sequences at target sites of interest, prime editors can also be used to construct highly programmable libraries, as well as to conduct cell data recording and lineage tracing studies. The inventors have also contemplated additional design features of PEgRNAs that are aimed to improve the efficacy of prime editing. Still further, the inventors have conceived of methods for successfully delivering prime editors using vector delivery systems and which involve splitting the napDNAbp using intein domains.

These specific exemplary uses of prime editing are in no way intended to be limiting. The present Application contemplates any use for prime editing which involves, in general, some form of the installation, removal, and/or modification of one or more nucleobases at a target site in a nucleotide sequence, e.g., a genomic DNA.

For any of the exemplified uses for prime editing, one may use any prime editor disclosed herein, including PE1, PE2, PE3, and PE3b, or PE-short.

A. Prime Editing Mechanism

In various embodiments, prime editing (or “prime editing”) operates by contacting a target DNA molecule (for which a change in the nucleotide sequence is desired to be introduced) with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) complexed with an extended guide RNA. In reference to FIG. 1G, the extended guide RNA comprises an extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA and encodes the desired nucleotide change (e.g., single nucleotide change, insertion, or deletion). In step (a), the napDNAbp/extended gRNA complex contacts the DNA molecule and the extended gRNA guides the napDNAbp to bind to a target locus. In step (b), a nick in one of the strands of DNA of the target locus is introduced (e.g., by a nuclease or chemical agent), thereby creating an available 3′ end in one of the strands of the target locus. In certain embodiments, the nick is created in the strand of DNA that corresponds to the R-loop strand, i.e., the strand that is not hybridized to the guide RNA sequence, i.e., the “non-target strand.” The nick, however, could be introduced in either of the strands. That is, the nick could be introduced into the R-loop “target strand” (i.e., the strand hybridized to the protospacer sequence of the extended gRNA) or the “non-target strand” (i.e, the strand forming the single-stranded portion of the R-loop and which is complementary to the target strand). In step (c), the 3′ end of the DNA strand (formed by the nick) interacts with the extended portion of the guide RNA in order to prime reverse transcription (i.e, “target-primed RT”). In certain embodiments, the 3′ end DNA strand hybridizes to a specific RT priming sequence on the extended portion of the guide RNA, i.e, the “reverse transcriptase priming sequence.” In step (d), a reverse transcriptase is introduced (as a fusion protein with the napDNAbp or in trans) which synthesizes a single strand of DNA from the 3′ end of the primed site towards the 5′ end of the extended guide RNA. This forms a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired nucleotide change (e.g., the single base change, insertion, or deletion, or a combination thereof) and which is otherwise homologous to the endogenous DNA at or adjacent to the nick site. In step (e), the napDNAbp and guide RNA are released. Steps (f) and (g) relate to the resolution of the single strand DNA flap such that the desired nucleotide change becomes incorporated into the target locus. This process can be driven towards the desired product formation by removing the corresponding 5′ endogenous DNA flap (e.g., by FEN1 or similar enzyme that is provide in trans, as a fusion with the prime editor, or endogenously provided) that forms once the 3′ single strand DNA flap invades and hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence. Without being bound by theory, the cells endogenous DNA repair and replication processes resolves the mismatched DNA to incorporate the nucleotide change(s) to form the desired altered product. The process can also be driven towards product formation with “second strand nicking,” as exemplified in FIG. 1G, or “termporal second strand nicking,” as exemplified in FIG. 11 and discussed herein.

The process of prime editing may introduce at least one or more of the following genetic changes: transversions, transitions, deletions, and insertions. In addition, prime editing may be implemented for specific applications. For example, and as exampled and discussed herein, prime editing can be used to (a) install mutation-correcting changes to a nucleotide sequence, (b) install protein and RNA tags, (c) intallation of immunoepitopes on proteins of interest, (d) install inducible dimerization domains in proteins, (e) install or remove sequences to alter that activity of a biomolecule, (f) install recombinase target sites to direct specific genetic changes, and (g) mutagenesis of a target sequence by using an error-prone RT. In addition to these methods which, in general, insert, change, or delete nucleotide sequences at target sites of interest, prime editors can also be used to construct highly programmable libraries, as well as to conduct cell data recording and lineage tracing studies. The inventors have also contemplated additional design features of PEgRNAs that are aimed to improve the efficacy of prime editing. Still further, the inventors have conceived of methods for successfully delivering prime editors using vector delivery systems and which involve splitting the napDNAbp using intein domains.

The term “prime editing system” or “prime editor (PE)” refers the compositions involved in the method of genome editing using target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) describe herein, including, but not limited to the napDNAbps, reverse transcriptases, fusion proteins (e.g., comprising napDNAbps and reverse transcriptases), extended guide RNAs, and complexes comprising fusion proteins and extended guide RNAs, as well as accessory elements, such as second strand nicking components and 5′ endogenous DNA flap removal endonucleases (e.g., FEN1) for helping to drive the prime editing process towards the edited product formation.

In another embodiment, the schematic of FIG. 3F depicts the interaction of a typical PEgRNA with a target site of a double stranded DNA and the concomitant production of a 3′ single stranded DNA flap containing the genetic change of interest. The double strand DNA is shown with the top strand in the 3′ to 5′ orientation and the lower strand in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The top strand comprises the “protospacer” and the PAM sequence and is referred to as the “target strand.” The complementary lower strand is referred to as the “non-target strand.” Although not shown, the PEgRNA depicted would be complexed with a Cas9 or equivalent. As shown in the schematic, the spacer of the PEgRNA anneals to a complementary region on the target strand, which is referred to as the protospacer, which is located just downstream of the PAM sequence is approximately 20 nucleotides in length. This interaction forms as DNA/RNA hybrid between the spacer RNA and the protospacer DNA, and induces the formation of an R loop in the region opposite the protospacer. As taught elsewhere herein, the Cas9 protein (not shown) then induces a nick in the non-target strand, as shown. This then leads to the formation of the 3′ ssDNA flap region which, in accordance with *z*, interacts with the 3′ end of the PEgRNA at the primer binding site. The 3′ end of the ssDNA flap (i.e., the reverse transcriptase primer sequence) anneals to the primer binding site (A) on the PEgRNA, thereby priming reverse transcriptase. Next, reverse transcriptase (e.g., provided in trans or provided cis as a fusion protein, attached to the Cas9 construct) then polymerizes a single strand of DNA which is coded for by the edit template (B) and homology arm (C). The polymerization continues towards the 5′ end of the extension arm. The polymerized strand of ssDNA forms a ssDNA 3′ end flap which, as describe elsewhere (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1G), invades the endogenous DNA, displacing the corresponding endogenous strand (which is removed as a 5′ DNA flap of endogenous DNA), and installing the desired nucleotide edit (single nucleotide base pair change, deletions, insertions (including whole genes) through naturally occurring DNA repair/replication rounds.

This application of prime editing can be further described in Example 1.

B. Mutagenesis Using Prime Editing with Error-Prone RT

In various embodiments, the prime editing system (i.e., prime editing system) may include the use of an error-prone reverse transcriptase for performing targeted mutagenesis, i.e., to mutate only a well-defined stretch of DNA in a genome or other DNA element in a cell. FIG. 22 provides a schematic of an exemplary process for introducing conducting targeted mutagenesis with an error-prone reverse transcriptase on a target locus using a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) complexed with an extended guide RNA. This process may be referred to as an embodiment of prime editing for targeted mutagenesis. The extended guide RNA comprises an extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA. In step (a), the napDNAbp/gRNA complex contacts the DNA molecule and the gRNA guides the napDNAbp to bind to the target locus to be mutagenized. In step (b), a nick in one of the strands of DNA of the target locus is introduced (e.g., by a nuclease or chemical agent), thereby creating an available 3′ end in one of the strands of the target locus. In certain embodiments, the nick is created in the strand of DNA that corresponds to the R-loop strand, i.e., the strand that is not hybridized to the guide RNA sequence. In step (c), the 3′ end DNA strand interacts with the extended portion of the guide RNA in order to prime reverse transcription. In certain embodiments, the 3′ ended DNA strand hybridizes to a specific RT priming sequence on the extended portion of the guide RNA. In step (d), an error-prone reverse transcriptase is introduced which synthesizes a mutagenized single strand of DNA from the 3′ end of the primed site towards the 3′ end of the guide RNA. Exemplary mutations are indicated with an asterisk “*”. This forms a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired mutagenized region. In step (e), the napDNAbp and guide RNA are released. Steps (f) and (g) relate to the resolution of the single strand DNA flap (comprising the mutagenized region) such that the desired mutagenized region becomes incorporated into the target locus. This process can be driven towards the desired product formation by removing the corresponding 5′ endogenous DNA flap that forms once the 3′ single strand DNA flap invades and hybridizes to the complementary sequence on the other strand. The process can also be driven towards product formation with second strand nicking, as exemplified in FIG. 1F. Following endogenous DNA repair and/or replication processes, the mutagenized region becomes incorporated into both strands of DNA of the DNA locus.

This application of prime editing can be further described in Example 2.

Error-prone or mutagenic RT enzymes are known in the art. As used herein, the term “error-prone” reverse transcriptase refers to a reverse transcriptase enzyme that occurs naturally or which has been derived from another reverse transcriptase (e.g., a wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase) which has an error rate that is less than the error rate of wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase. The error rate of wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase is reported to be in the range of one error in 15,000 to 27,000 nucleobase incorporations. See Boutabout et al. (2001) “DNA synthesis fidelity by the reverse transcriptase of the yeast retrotransposon Ty1,” Nucleic Acids Res 29(11):2217-2222, which is incorporated herein by reference. Thus, for purposes of this application, the term “error prone” refers to those RT that have an error rate that is greater than one error in 15,000 nucleobase incorporation (6.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), e.g., 1 error in 14,000 nucleobases (7.14×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 13,000 nucleobases or fewer (7.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 12,000 nucleobases or fewer (7.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 11,000 nucleobases or fewer (9.1×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 10,000 nucleobases or fewer (1×10⁻⁴ or 0.0001 or higher), 1 error in 9,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00011 or higher), 1 error in 8,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00013 or higher) 1 error in 7,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00014 or higher), 1 error in 6,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00016 or higher), 1 error in 5,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.0002 or higher), 1 error in 4,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00025 or higher), 1 error in 3,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00033 or higher), 1 error in 2,000 nucleobase or fewer (0.00050 or higher), or 1 error in 1,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.001 or higher), or 1 error in 500 nucleobases or fewer (0.002 or higher), or 1 error in 250 nucleobases or fewer (0.004 or higher).

A variety of mutagenic RTs could be envisioned for generation of mutagenized sequences using prime editing. Two such examples are the mutagenic reverse transcriptases from Bordetella phage (see Handa, S., et al. Nucl Acids Res 9711-25 (2018), which is incorporated herein by reference) and Legionella pneumophila (see Arambula, D., et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8212-7 (2013), which is incorporated by reference). In the case of the RT from Bordetella phage (brt), an accessory protein might need to also be added (bavd) to Cas9—or delivered in trans—as well as additional RNA sequences to the PEgRNA to improve binding of the mutagenic RT to the target site (see Handa, S., et al. Nucl Acids Res 9711-25 (2018)). When using mutagenic RTs, the template region of the PEgRNA might be enriched in adenosines or AAY codons to enhance diversity.

The amino acid sequence of the mutagenic RT from Bordetella phage is provided as follows. Like other RTs disclosed herein, the Brt protein may be fused to a napDNAbp as a fusion protein to form a functional PE.

Name Sequence brt MGKRHRNLIDQITTWENLLDAYRKTSHGKRRTWGYLEFKEY mutagenic DLANLLALQAELKAGNYERGPYREFLVYEPKPRLISALEFK rt DRLVQHALCNIVAPIFEAGLLPYTYACRPDKGTHAGVCHVQ AELRRTRATHFLKSDFSKFFPSIDRAALYAMIDKKIHCAAT RRLLRVVLPDEGVGIPIGSLTSQLFANVYGGAVDRLLHDEL KQRHWARYMDDIVVLGDDPEELRAVFYRLRDFASERLGLKI SHWQVAPVSRGINFLGYRIWPTHKLLRKSSVKRAKRKVANF IKHGEDESLQRFLASWSGHAQWADTHNLFTWMEEQYGIACH (SEQ ID NO: 235)

In the case of Brt from Bodetella, the PE fusion may also include an additional accessory protein (Bavd). The accessory protein may be fused to the PE fusion protein or provided in trans. The amino acid sequence of Bavd accessory protein is provided as follows:

Name Sequence bavd MEPIEEATKCYDQMLIVERYERVISYLYPIAQSIP accessory  RKHGVAREMFLKCLLGQVELFIVAGKSNQVSKLYA protein ADAGLAMLRFWLRFLAGIQKPHAMTPHQVETAQVL to brt IAEVGRILGSWIARVNRKGQAGK (SEQ ID NO: 236)

In the case of Brt from Bodetella, the PEgRNA may comprise an additional nucleotide sequence added a PEgRNA, e.g., to the 5′ or 3′ end. Examplary sequence is as follows, which is originally from the Bordetella phage genome:

NAME SEQUENCE PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGG ADDITION CUGGCCUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUG 1 CUUCGGCGAACACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUU ACUGAAAAUGGAAAGGCGGGGCCGACUUCAAGGGCAGGCU GGGAAAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 237)

This PEgRNA addition sequence can be reduced in various ways to shorten the length. For example, the PEgRNA-addition 1 sequence could be reduced to the following exemplary alternative addition sequences:

NAME SEQUENCE PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGC ADDITION CUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCUUCGGCGAA 2 CACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACUGAAAAUGGAAAG GCGGGGCCGACUUC (SEQ ID NO: 238) PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGC ADDITION CUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAAAGGGCAGGCUGGGAAAUAA (SEQ 3 ID NO: 239) PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGC ADDITION CUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCA (SEQ ID NO: 277) 4 PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUUCCUCA ADDITION AUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCUUCGGCGAACACGUUACA 5 CGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACUGAAAAUGGAAAGGCGGGGCCG ACUUCAAGGGCAGGCUGGGAAAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 240) PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUUCCUCA ADDITION AUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCUUCGGCGAACACGUUACA 6 CGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACUGAAAAUGGAAAGGCGGGGCCG ACUUC (SEQ ID NO: 241) PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUUCCUCA ADDITION AUAGGUGGUCAAAGGGCAGGCUGGGAAAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 242) 7 PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUUCCUCA ADDITION AUAGGUGGUCA 8 (SEQ ID NO: 243)

In other embodiments, the PEgRNA addition sequence can be also be mutated. For example, the PEgRNA-addition 1 sequence could be mutated to the following exemplary alternative addition sequence:

NAME SEQUENCE PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGC ADDITION UGGCCUUUCCUCAAUAGAUGAGCCGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCU 1 UCGGCGAACACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACU MUTATED GAAAAUGGAAAGGCGGGGCCGACUUCAAGGGCAGGCUGGGA AAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 244)

In various embodiments relating to the use of PE for introducing mutations, special PEgRNA considerations may apply. For example, without wishing to be bound by theory, the additional PEgRNA sequences described above might be needed to enable efficient mutagenesis via mutagenic RTs.

Any mutagenic RT may be used with the prime editors disclosed herein. For example, the error-prone RT described in the following references may be used and are incorporated herein by reference:

Bebenek et al., “Error-prone polymerization by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Contribution of template-primer misalignment, miscoding, and termination probability to mutational hot spots.,” J. Biol Chem, 1993, 268: 10324-34; and

Menendez-Arias, “Mutation rates and instrinsic fidelity of retroviral reverse transcriptases,” 2009, Viruses, 1(3): 1137-1165.

Various error-prone RTs can include, but are not limited to, the following enzymes disclosed in Table 1 of Menendez-Arias et al. (the entire contents of the reference of which are incorporated by reference), as follows:

ERROR-PRONE RT REPORTED ERROR-RATE RANGE HIV-1 RT (GROUP M, 0.6 X 10-4 TO 2.0 X 10-4 SUBTYPE B) HIV-1 RT (GROUP O) 5.5 X 10-5 SIV AGM RT 2.9 X 10-5 SIV MNE RT 1.6 X 10-5 TO 1.2 X 10-4 PFV RT 1.7 X 10-4 FIV RT 6.2 X 10-5 AMV RT 5.9 X 10-5 MO-MLV RT 2.7 X 10-5 TO 3.3 X 10-5

C. Use of Prime Editing for Treating Triplet Expansion Disorders

The prime editing system or prime editing (PE) system described herein may be used to contract trinucleotide repeat mutations (or “triplet expansion diseases”) to treating conditions such as Huntington's disease and other trinucleotide repeat disorders. Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are complex, progressive disorders that involve developmental neurobiology and often affect cognition as well as sensory-motor functions. The disorders show genetic anticipation (i.e. increased severity with each generation). The DNA expansions or contractions usually happen meiotically (i.e. during the time of gametogenesis, or early in embryonic development), and often have sex-bias meaning that some genes expand only when inherited through the female, others only through the male. In humans, trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders can cause gene silencing at either the transcriptional or translational level, which essentially knocks out gene function. Alternatively, trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders can cause altered proteins generated with large repetitive amino acid sequences that either abrogate or change protein function, often in a dominant-negative manner (e.g. poly-glutamine diseases).

Without wishing to be bound by theory, triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication or during DNA repair synthesis. Because the tandem repeats have identical sequence to one another, base pairing between two DNA strands can take place at multiple points along the sequence. This may lead to the formation of “loop out” structures during DNA replication or DNA repair synthesis. This may lead to repeated copying of the repeated sequence, expanding the number of repeats. Additional mechanisms involving hybrid RNA:DNA intermediates have been proposed. Prime editing may be used to reduce or eliminate these triplet expansion regions by deletion one or more or the offending repeat codon triplets. In an embodiment of this use, FIG. 23 , provides a schematic of a PEgRNA design for contracting or reducing trinucleotide repeat sequences with prime editing.

Prime editing may be implemented to contract triplet expansion regions by nicking a region upstream of the triplet repeat region with the prime editor comprising a PEgRNA appropriated targeted to the cut site. The prime editor then synthesizes a new DNA strand (ssDNA flap) based on the PEgRNA as a template (i.e., the edit template thereof) that codes for a healthy number of triplet repeats (which depends on the particular gene and disease). The newly synthesized ssDNA strand comprising the healthy triplet repeat sequence also is synthesized to include a short stretch of homology (i.e., the homology arm) that matches the sequence adjacent to the other end of the repeat (bold strand). Invasion of the newly synthesized strand, and subsequent replacement of the endogenous DNA with the newly synthesized ssDNA flap, leads to a contracted repeat allele.

Depending on the particular trinucleotide expansion disorder, the defect-inducing triplet expansions may occur in “trinucleotide repeat expansion proteins.” Trinucleotide repeat expansion proteins are a diverse set of proteins associated with susceptibility for developing a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder, the presence of a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder, the severity of a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder or any combination thereof. Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are divided into two categories determined by the type of repeat. The most common repeat is the triplet CAG, which, when present in the coding region of a gene, codes for the amino acid glutamine (Q). Therefore, these disorders are referred to as the polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders and comprise the following diseases: Huntington Disease (HD); Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA); Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17); and Dentatorubro-Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA). The remaining trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders either do not involve the CAG triplet or the CAG triplet is not in the coding region of the gene and are, therefore, referred to as the non-polyglutamine disorders. The non-polyglutamine disorders comprise Fragile X Syndrome (FRAXA); Fragile XE Mental Retardation (FRAXE); Friedreich Ataxia (FRDA); Myotonic Dystrophy (DM); and Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA types 8, and 12).

The proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders can be selected based on an experimental association of the protein associated with a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder to a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder. For example, the production rate or circulating concentration of a protein associated with a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder may be elevated or depressed in a population having a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder relative to a population lacking the trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder. Differences in protein levels may be assessed using proteomic techniques including but not limited to Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mass spectrometry. Alternatively, the proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders may be identified by obtaining gene expression profiles of the genes encoding the proteins using genomic techniques including but not limited to DNA microarray analysis, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR).

Non-limiting examples of proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders which can be corrected by prime editing include AR (androgen receptor), FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1), HTT (huntingtin), DMPK (dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase), FXN (frataxin), ATXN2 (ataxin 2), ATN1 (atrophin 1), FEN1 (flap structure-specific endonuclease 1), TNRC6A (trinucleotide repeat containing 6A), PABPN1 (poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1), JPH3 (junctophilin 3), MED15 (mediator complex subunit 15), ATXN1 (ataxin 1), ATXN3 (ataxin 3), TBP (TATA box binding protein), CACNA1A (calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit), ATXN80S (ATXN8 opposite strand (non-protein coding)), PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, beta), ATXN7 (ataxin 7), TNRC6B (trinucleotide repeat containing 6B), TNRC6C (trinucleotide repeat containing 6C), CELF3 (CUGBP, Elav-like family member 3), MAB21L1 (mab-21-like 1 (C. elegans)), MSH2 (mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E. coli)), TMEM185A (transmembrane protein 185A), SIX5 (SIX homeobox 5), CNPY3 (canopy 3 homolog (zebrafish)), FRAXE (fragile site, folic acid type, rare, fra(X)(q28) E), GNB2 (guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2), RPL14 (ribosomal protein L14), ATXN8 (ataxin 8), INSR (insulin receptor), TTR (transthyretin), EP400 (E1A binding protein p400), GIGYF2 (GRB10 interacting GYF protein 2), OGG1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase), STC1 (stanniocalcin 1), CNDP1 (carnosine dipeptidase 1 (metallopeptidase M20 family)), C10orf2 (chromosome 10 open reading frame 2), MAML3 mastermind-like 3 (Drosophila), DKC1 (dyskeratosis congenita 1, dyskerin), PAXIP1 (PAX interacting (with transcription-activation domain) protein 1), CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (MAGUK family)), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau), SP1 (Sp1 transcription factor), POLG (polymerase (DNA directed), gamma), AFF2 (AF4/FMR2 family, member 2), THBS1 (thrombospondin 1), TP53 (tumor protein p53), ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1), CGGBP1 (CGG triplet repeat binding protein 1), ABT1 (activator of basal transcription 1), KLK3 (kallikrein-related peptidase 3), PRNP (prion protein), JUN (jun oncogene), KCNN3 (potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3), BAX (BCL2-associated X protein), FRAXA (fragile site, folic acid type, rare, fra(X)(q27.3) A (macroorchidism, mental retardation)), KBTBD10 (kelch repeat and BTB (POZ) domain containing 10), MBNL1 (muscleblind-like (Drosophila)), RAD51 (RAD51 homolog (RecA homolog, E. coli) (S. cerevisiae)), NCOA3 (nuclear receptor coactivator 3), ERDA1 (expanded repeat domain, CAG/CTG 1), TSC1 (tuberous sclerosis 1), COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein), GCLC (glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit), RRAD (Ras-related associated with diabetes), MSH3 (mutS homolog 3 (E. coli)), DRD2 (dopamine receptor D2), CD44 (CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)), CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor (zinc finger protein)), CCND1 (cyclin D1), CLSPN (claspin homolog (Xenopus laevis)), MEF2A (myocyte enhancer factor 2A), PTPRU (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, U), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), TRIM22 (tripartite motif-containing 22), WT1 (Wilms tumor 1), AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), GPX1 (glutathione peroxidase 1), TPMT (thiopurine S-methyltransferase), NDP (Norrie disease (pseudoglioma)), ARX (aristaless related homeobox), MUS81 (MUS81 endonuclease homolog (S. cerevisiae)), TYR (tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA)), EGR1 (early growth response 1), UNG (uracil-DNA glycosylase), NUMBL (numb homolog (Drosophila)-like), FABP2 (fatty acid binding protein 2, intestinal), EN2 (engrailed homeobox 2), CRYGC (crystallin, gamma C), SRP14 (signal recognition particle 14 kDa (homologous Alu RNA binding protein)), CRYGB (crystallin, gamma B), PDCD1 (programmed cell death 1), HOXA1 (homeobox A1), ATXN2L (ataxin 2-like), PMS2 (PMS2 postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (S. cerevisiae)), GLA (galactosidase, alpha), CBL (Cas-Br-M (murine) ecotropic retroviral transforming sequence), FTH1 (ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1), IL12RB2 (interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2), OTX2 (orthodenticle homeobox 2), HOXA5 (homeobox A5), POLG2 (polymerase (DNA directed), gamma 2, accessory subunit), DLX2 (distal-less homeobox 2), SIRPA (signal-regulatory protein alpha), OTX1 (orthodenticle homeobox 1), AHRR (aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor), MANF (mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor), TMEM158 (transmembrane protein 158 (gene/pseudogene)), and ENSG00000078687.

The prime editors herein disclosed may be used to contract triplet repeat expansion regions in any of the above-indicated disease proteins, including following polyglutamine triplet expansion disease genes (which show the particular location of the pathogenic repeats that may be removed wholly or in part by prime editing):

POSITION OF TRIPLET EXPANSION AFFECTED PATHOGENIC DISEASE GENE REPEATS DENTATORUBRO- ATN1 49-88 PALLIDOLUYSIAN ATROPHIN-1 ATROPHY HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE HTT 36-250 THE HUNTINGTIN GENE SPINAL AND BULBAR AR 38-62 MUSCULAR ATROPHY ANDROGEN RECEPTOR SPINOCEREBELLAR ATXN1 49-88 ATAXIA TYPE 1 ATAXIN 1 SPINOCEREBELLAR ATXN2 33-77 ATAXIA TYPE 2 ATAXIN 2 SPINOCEREBELLAR ATXN3 55-86 ATAXIA TYPE 3 ATAXIN 3 SPINOCEREBELLAR CACNA1A 21-30 ATAXIA TYPE 6 SPINOCEREBELLAR ATXN7 38-120 ATAXIA TYPE 7 ATAXIN 7 SPINOCEREBELLAR TBP 47-63 ATAXIA TYPE 17 TATA-BINDING PROTEIN

The prime editors herein disclosed may also be used to contract triplet repeat expansion regions typically found in the following non-polyglutamine triplet expansion disease genes:

POSITION OF TRIPLET EXPANSION PATHOGENIC DISEASE AFFECTED GENE REPEATS FRAXA (FRAGILE X FMR1 230+ SYNDROME) FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION PROTEIN FXTAS (FRAGILE X- FMR1  55-200 ASSOCIATED TREMOR/ATAXIA SYNDROME) FRAXE (FRAGILE XE AFF2 200+ MENTAL RETARDATION) FRDA (FRIEDREICH'S FXN 100+ ATAXIA) FRATAXIN DM1 (MYOTONIC DMPK  50+ DYSTROPHY TYPE 1) MYOTONIN- PROTEIN KINASE SCA8 SCA8 110-250 (SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIN 8 ATAXIA TYPE 8) SCA12 PPP2R2B  66-78 (SPINOCEREBELLAR SERINE/THREONIN ATAXIA TYPE 12) PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A

Prime editing may be implemented to contract triplet expansion regions using a PEgRNA with an edit template that is designed to delete at least one codon of a triplet expansion region. In other embodiments, the PEgRNAs for using in prime editing for this used to delete at least 1, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or 11, or 12, or 13, or 14, or 15, or 16, or 17, or 18, or 19, or 20, or 21, or 22, or 23, or 24, or 25, or 26, or 27, or 28, or 29, or 30, or 31, or 32, or 33, or 34, or 35, or 36, or 37, or 38, or 39, or 40, or 41, or 42, or 43, or 44, or 45, or 46, or 47, or 48, or 49, or 50, or 51, or 52, or 53, or 54, or 55, or 56, or 57, or 58, or 59, or 60, or 61, or 62, or 63, or 64, or 65, or 66, or 67, or 68, or 69, or 70, or 71, or 72, or 73, or 74, or 75, or 76, or 77, or 78, or 79, or 80, or 81, or 82, or 83, or 84, or 85, or 86, or 87, or 88, or 89, or 90, or 91, or 92, or 93, or 94, or 95, or 96, or 97, or 98, or 99, or 100, or more codons from a triplet expansion region in order to arrive at a healthy (i.e., not associated with producing the disease) number of triplet repeats.

In other embodiments, the PEgRNAs for using in prime editing for this used to delete at least 1, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or 11, or 12, or 13, or 14, or 15, or 16, or 17, or 18, or 19, or 20 or more codons from a triplet expansion region in order to arrive at a healthy (i.e., not associated with producing the disease) number of triplet repeats.

In other embodiments, the PEgRNAs for using in prime editing for this used to delete at least 1, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or 11, or 12, or 13, or 14, or 15, or more codons from a triplet expansion region in order to arrive at a healthy (i.e., not associated with producing the disease) number of triplet repeats.

In other embodiments, the PEgRNAs for using in prime editing for this used to delete at least 1, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or more codons from a triplet expansion region in order to arrive at a healthy (i.e., not associated with producing the disease) number of triplet repeats.

Prime editing may be configured to correct any triplet expansion region, such as those described in Budworth et al., “A Brief History of Triplet Repeat Diseases,” Methods Mol Biol, 2013, 1010: 3-17, US 20011/00165540 A1 (Genome editing of genes associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders in animals), US 2016/0355796 A1 (Compositions and methods of use of crispr-cas systems in nucleotide repeat disorders

In various embodiments, the disclosure provides a prime editing construct suitable for use in a cell having a trinucleotide repeat expansion region in a defective gene comprising (a) a prime editor fusion comprising a napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase, (b) a PEgRNA comprising a spacer sequence that targets the trinucleotide repeat expansion region and an extension arm comprising an edit template that codes for the removal of the trinucleotide repeat expansion region.

In various other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for deleting all or a portion of a trinucleotide repeat expansion region in a defective gene in a cell using prime editing comprising contacting the cell with a prime editor fusion comprising a napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase and a PEgRNA comprising a spacer sequence that targets the trinucleotide repeat expansion region and an extension arm comprising an edit template that codes for the removal of the trinucleotide repeat expansion region.

In various embodiments, the trinucleotide repeat comprises repeating CTG, CAG, CGG, CCG, GAA, or TTC trinucleotides.

In various other embodiments, the tetranucleotide repeats, pentanucleotide repeats, or hexanucleotide repeats.

D. Use of Prime Editing for Peptide Tagging

In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of using the herein described prime editors for genetically grafting one or more peptide tags onto a protein using prime editing, More in particular, the disclosure provides a method for genetically installing one or more peptide tags onto a protein comprising: contacting a target nucleotide sequence encoding the protein with a prime editor configured to insert therein a second nucleotide sequence encoding the one or more peptide tags to result in a recombinant nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein fused to the protein tag.

In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for making a fusion protein comprising a peptide of interest and one or more peptide tags, the method comprising: contacting a target nucleotide sequence encoding the protein with a prime editor configured to insert therein a second nucleotide sequence encoding the one or more peptide tags to result in a recombinant nucleotide sequence that encodes the fusion protein comprising the protein fused to the protein tag.

In various embodiments, the target nucleotide sequence is a specific gene of interest in a genomic DNA. The gene of interest may encode a protein of interest (e.g., a receptor, an enzyme, a therapeutic protein, a membrane protein, a transport protein, a signal transduction protein, or an immunological protein, etc.). The gene of interest may also encode an RNA molecule, including, but not limited to, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), antisense RNA, guide RNA, microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and cell-free RNA (cfRNA).

The peptide tag may be any peptide tag or variant thereof which imparts one or more functions onto a protein for purposes such as separation, purification, visualization, solubilization, or detection. The peptides tags can include “affinity tags” (to facilitate protein purification), “solubilization tags” (to assist in proper folding of proteins), “chromatography tags” (to alter chromatographic properties of proteins), “epitope tags” (to bind to high affinity antibodies), and “fluorescence tags” (to facilitate visualization of proteins in a cell or in vitro). Examples of peptide tags include, but are not limited to the following tags:

NAME AMINO ACID SEQUENCE SEQ ID NO: AVITAG ™ GLNDIFEAQKIEWHE SEQ ID NO: 245 C-TAG EPEA SEQ ID NO: 246 CALMODULIN-TAG KRRWKKNFIAVSAANRFKKISSSGA SEQ ID NO: 247 L POLYGLUTAMATE TAG EEEEEE SEQ ID NO: 248 E-TAG GAPVPYPDPLEPR SEQ ID NO: 249 FLAG-TAG DYKDDDDK SEQ ID NO: 250 HA-TAG YPYDVPDYA SEQ ID NO: 251 HIS-TAG H (HIS₁) SEQ ID NO: 252 HH (HIS₂) SEQ ID NO: 253 HHH (HIS₃) SEQ ID NO: 254 HHHH (HIS₄) SEQ ID NO: 255 HHHHH (HIS₅) SEQ ID NO: 256 HHHHHH (HIS₆) SEQ ID NO: 257 HHHHHHH (HIS₇) SEQ ID NO: 258 HHHHHHHH (HIS₈) SEQ ID NO: 259 HHHHHHHHH (HIS₉) SEQ ID NO: 260 HHHHHHHHHH (HIS₁₀) SEQ ID NO: 261 HHHHHHHHHH...H... (HIS_(N), SEQ ID NO: 262 WHEREIN N = 1-25) MYC-TAG EQKLISEEDL SEQ ID NO: 263 NE-TAG TKENPRSNQEESYDDNES SEQ ID NO: 264 RHO1D4-TAG TETSQVAPA SEQ ID NO: 265 S-TAG KETAAAKFERQHMDS SEQ ID NO: 266 SBP-TAG MDEKTTGWRGGHVVEGLAGELEQ SEQ ID NO: 267 LRARLEHHPQGQREP SOFTAG-1 SLAELLNAGLGGS SEQ ID NO: 268 SOFTAG-2 TQDPSRVG SEQ ID NO: 269 SPOT-TAG PDRVRAVSHWSS SEQ ID NO: 270 STREP-TAG WSHPQFEK SEQ ID NO: 271 TC TAG CCPGCC SEQ ID NO: 272 TY TAG EVHTNQDPLD SEQ ID NO: 273 V5 TAG GKPIPNPLLGLDST SEQ ID NO: 274 VSV-TAG YTDIEMNRLGK SEQ ID NO: 275 XPRESS TAG DLYDDDDK SEQ ID NO: 276

Peptide tags may also be the following affinity tags (for separation and/or purification of proteins) (as described in Table 9.9.1 of Kimple et al., “Overview of Affinity Tags for Protein Purification,” Curr Protoc Protein Sci, 2013, 73:Unit-9.9, which is incorporated herein by reference).

NAME AMINO ACID SEQUENCE AU1 EPITOPE DTYRYI SEQ ID NO: 278 AU5 EPITOPE TDFYLK SEQ ID NO: 279 BACTERIOPHAGE T7 MASMTGGQQMG SEQ ID NO: 280 EPITOPE (T7-TAG) BLUETONGUE VIRUS TAG QYPALT SEQ ID NO: 281 (B-TAG) E2 EPITOPE SSTSSDFRDR SEQ ID NO: 282 HISTIDINE AFFINITY TAG KDHLIHNVHKEFHAHAHNK SEQ ID NO: 283 (HAT) HSV EPITOPE QPELAPED SEQ ID NO: 284 POLYARGININE RRRRR SEQ ID NO: 285 (ARG-TAG) POLYASPARTATE CCCC SEQ ID NO: 286 (ASP-TAG) POLYPHENYLALANINE FFFFFFFFFFF SEQ ID NO: 287 (PHE-TAG) S1-TAG NANNPDWDF SEQ ID NO: 288 S-TAG KETAAAKFERQHMDS SEQ ID NO: 289 VSV-G YTDIEMNRLGK SEQ ID NO: 290

In particular embodiments, the peptide tags may include a His⁶ tag, FLAG-tag, V5-tag, GCN4-tag, HA-tag, Myc-Tag, FIAsH/ReAsH-tag, Sortase substrate, pi-clamp.

In various embodiments, the peptide tags may be used for applications that include protein fluorescent labeling, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, protein recruitment, inducible protein degrons, and genome-wide screening.

In various other embodiments, the peptide tag may include an intein sequence to install protein self-splicing function. As used herein, the term “intein” refers to auto-processing polypeptide domains found in organisms from all domains of life. An intein (intervening protein) carries out a unique auto-processing event known as protein splicing in which it excises itself out from a larger precursor polypeptide through the cleavage of two peptide bonds and, in the process, ligates the flanking extein (external protein) sequences through the formation of a new peptide bond. This rearrangement occurs post-translationally (or possibly co-translationally), as intein genes are found embedded in frame within other protein-coding genes. Furthermore, intein-mediated protein splicing is spontaneous; it requires no external factor or energy source, only the folding of the intein domain. This process is also known as cis-protein splicing, as opposed to the natural process of trans-protein splicing with “split inteins.” Inteins are the protein equivalent of the self-splicing RNA introns (see Perler et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1125-1127 (1994)), which catalyze their own excision from a precursor protein with the concomitant fusion of the flanking protein sequences, known as exteins (reviewed in Perler et al., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1:292-299 (1997); Perler, F. B. Cell 92(1):1-4 (1998); Xu et al., EMBO J. 15(19):5146-5153 (1996)).

The mechanism of the protein splicing process has been studied in great detail (Chong, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 22159-22168; Xu, M-Q & Perler, F. B. EMBO Journal, 1996, 15, 5146-5153) and conserved amino acids have been found at the intein and extein splicing points (Xu, et al., EMBO Journal, 1994, 13 5517-522).

Inteins can also exist as two fragments encoded by two separately transcribed and translated genes. These so-called split inteins self-associate and catalyze protein-splicing activity in trans. Split inteins have been identified in diverse cyanobacteria and archaea (Caspi et al, Mol Microbiol. 50: 1569-1577 (2003); Choi J. et al, J Mol Biol. 556: 1093-1106 (2006); Dassa B. et al, Biochemistry. 46:322-330 (2007); Liu X. and Yang J., J Biol Chem. 275:26315-26318 (2003); Wu H. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. £5:9226-9231 (1998); and Zettler J. et al, FEBS Letters. 553:909-914 (2009)), but have not been found in eukaryotes thus far. Recently, a bioinformatic analysis of environmental metagenomic data revealed 26 different loci with a novel genomic arrangement. At each locus, a conserved enzyme coding region is interrupted by a split intein, with a freestanding endonuclease gene inserted between the sections coding for intein subdomains. Among them, five loci were completely assembled: DNA helicases (gp41-1, gp41-8); Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH-1); and Ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunits (NrdA-2 and NrdJ-1). This fractured gene organization appears to be present mainly in phages (Dassa et al, Nucleic Acids Research. 57:2560-2573 (2009)).

In certain embodiments, the prime editors described herein can be used to insert split-intein tags in two different proteins, causing their intracellular ligation when co-expressed to form a fusion protein. In protein trans-splicing, one precursor protein consists of an N-extein part followed by the N-intein, another precursor protein consists of the C-intein followed by a C-extein part, and a trans-splicing reaction (catalyzed by the N- and C-inteins together) excises the two intein sequences and links the two extein sequences with a peptide bond. Protein trans-splicing, being an enzymatic reaction, can work with very low (e.g., micromolar) concentrations of proteins and can be carried out under physiological conditions.

The split intein Npu DnaE was characterized as having the highest rate reported for the protein trans-splicing reaction. In addition, the Npu DnaE protein splicing reaction is considered robust and high-yielding with respect to different extein sequences, temperatures from 6 to 37° C., and the presence of up to 6M Urea (Zettler J. et al, FEBS Letters. 553:909-914 (2009); Iwai I. et al, FEBS Letters 550: 1853-1858 (2006)). As expected, when the Cysl Ala mutation at the N-domain of these inteins was introduced, the initial N to S-acyl shift and therefore protein splicing was blocked. Unfortunately, the C-terminal cleavage reaction was also almost completely inhibited. The dependence of the asparagine cyclization at the C-terminal splice junction on the acyl shift at the N-terminal scissile peptide bond seems to be a unique property common to the naturally split DnaE intein alleles (Zettler J. et al. FEBS Letters. 555:909-914 (2009)).

Protein trans-splicing, catalyzed by split inteins, provides an entirely enzymatic method for protein ligation. A split-intein is essentially a contiguous intein (e.g. a mini-intein) split into two pieces named N-intein and C-intein, respectively. The N-intein and C-intein of a split intein can associate non-covalently to form an active intein and catalyze the splicing reaction essentially in same way as a contiguous intein does. Split inteins have been found in nature and also engineered in laboratories. As used herein, the term “split intein” refers to any intein in which one or more peptide bond breaks exists between the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences such that the N-terminal and C-terminal sequences become separate molecules that can non-covalently reassociate, or reconstitute, into an intein that is functional for trans-splicing reactions. Any catalytically active intein, or fragment thereof, may be used to derive a split intein for use in the methods of the invention. For example, in one aspect the split intein may be derived from a eukaryotic intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from a bacterial intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from an archaeal intein. Preferably, the split intein so-derived will possess only the amino acid sequences essential for catalyzing trans-splicing reactions.

Split inteins may be created from contiguous inteins by engineering one or more split sites in the unstructured loop or intervening amino acid sequence between the −12 conserved beta-strands found in the structure of mini-inteins. Some flexibility in the position of the split site within regions between the beta-strands may exist, provided that creation of the split will not disrupt the structure of the intein, the structured beta-strands in particular, to a sufficient degree that protein splicing activity is lost.

The prime editors described herein may incorporate peptide tags (including inteins) into the C-terminal end of a protein of interest. In other embodiments, the peptide tags (including inteins) may be incorporated into the N-terminal end of a protein of interest. The peptide tags may also be incorporated into the interior of a protein of interest. The resulting fusion proteins created by the herein described prime editors may have the following structures:

[protein of interest]-[peptide tag];

[peptide tag]-[protein of interest]; or

[protein of interest-N-terminal region]-[peptide tag]-[protein of interest-C-terminal region].

The principles of guide RNA design for use in peptide tagging throughout may be applied to peptide tagging. For example, in one embodiment, the PEgRNA structure for peptide tagging may have the following structure: 5′-[spacer sequence]-[gRNA core or scaffold]-[extension arm]-3′, wherein the extension arm comprises in the 5′ to 3′ direction, a homology arm, edit template (comprising the sequence that encodes the peptide tag), and a primer binding site. This configuration is depicted in FIG. 3D and in FIG. 24 .

In another embodiment, the PEgRNA structure for peptide tagging may have the following structure: 5′-[extension arm]-[spacer sequence]-[gRNA core or scaffold]-3′, wherein the extension arm comprises in the 5′ to 3′ direction, a homology arm, edit template (comprising the sequence that encodes the peptide tag), and a primer binding site. This configuration is depicted in FIG. 3E.

Embodiments of peptide tagging using prime editing is depicted in FIGS. 25 and 26 and described in Example 4.

E. Use of Prime Editing for Preventing or Treating Prion Disease

Prime editing can also be used to prevent or halt the progression of prion disease through the installation of one or more protective mutations into prion proteins (PRNP) which become misfolded during the course of disease. Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a family of rare progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. They are distinguished by long incubation periods, characteristic spongiform changes associated with neuronal loss, and a failure to induce inflammatory response.

In humans, prion disease includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, and Kuru. In animals, prion disease includes Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Scrapie, Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, and Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy. Prime editing may be used to install protective point mutations into a prion protein in order to prevent or halt the progression of any one of these prion diseases.

Classic CJD is a human prion disease. It is a neurodegenerative disorder with characteristic clinical and diagnostic features. This disease is rapidly progressive and always fatal. Infection with this disease leads to death usually within 1 year of onset of illness. CJD is a rapidly progressive, invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorder believed to be caused by an abnormal isoform of a cellular glycoprotein known as the prion protein. CJD occurs worldwide and the estimated annual incidence in many countries, including the United States, has been reported to be about one case per million population. The vast majority of CJD patients usually die within 1 year of illness onset. CJD is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) along with other prion diseases that occur in humans and animals. In about 85% of patients, CJD occurs as a sporadic disease with no recognizable pattern of transmission. A smaller proportion of patients (5 to 15%) develop CJD because of inherited mutations of the prion protein gene. These inherited forms include Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome and fatal familial insomnia. No treatment is currently known for CJD.

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a prion disease that was first described in 1996 in the United Kingdom. There is now strong scientific evidence that the agent responsible for the outbreak of prion disease in cows, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or ‘mad cow’ disease), is the same agent responsible for the outbreak of vCJD in humans. Variant CJD (vCJD) is not the same disease as classic CJD (often simply called CJD). It has different clinical and pathologic characteristics from classic CJD. Each disease also has a particular genetic profile of the prion protein gene. Both disorders are invariably fatal brain diseases with unusually long incubation periods measured in years, and are caused by an unconventional transmissible agent called a prion. No treatment is currently known for vCJD.

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy or “mad cow disease”) is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent called a prion. The nature of the transmissible agent is not well understood. Currently, the most accepted theory is that the agent is a modified form of a normal protein known as prion protein. For reasons that are not yet understood, the normal prion protein changes into a pathogenic (harmful) form that then damages the central nervous system of cattle. There is increasing evidence that there are different strains of BSE: the typical or classic BSE strain responsible for the outbreak in the United Kingdom and two atypical strains (H and L strains). No treatment is currently known for BSE.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer and moose. It has been found in some areas of North America, including Canada and the United States, Norway and South Korea. It may take over a year before an infected animal develops symptoms, which can include drastic weight loss (wasting), stumbling, listlessness and other neurologic symptoms. CWD can affect animals of all ages and some infected animals may die without ever developing the disease. CWD is fatal to animals and there are no treatments or vaccines.

The causative agents of TSEs are believed to be prions. The term “prions” refers to abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins called prion proteins that are found most abundantly in the brain. The functions of these normal prion proteins are still not completely understood. The abnormal folding of the prion proteins leads to brain damage and the characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease. Prion diseases are usually rapidly progressive and always fatal.

As used herein, the term “prion” shall mean an infectious particle known to cause diseases (spongiform encephalopathies) in humans and animals. The term “prion” is a contraction of the words “protein” and “infection” and the particles are comprised largely if not exclusively of PRNP^(Sc) molecules encoded by a PRNP gene which expresses PRNP^(C) which changes conformation to become PRNP^(Sc). Prions are distinct from bacteria, viruses and viroids. Known prions include those which infect animals to cause scrapie, a transmissible, degenerative disease of the nervous system of sheep and goats as well as bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) or mad cow disease and feline spongiform encephalopathies of cats. Four prion diseases, as discussed above, known to affect humans are (1) kuru, (2) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), (3) Gerstmann-Strassler-Scheinker Disease (GSS), and (4) fatal familial insomnia (FFI). As used herein prion includes all forms of prions causing all or any of these diseases or others in any animals used—and in particular in humans and in domesticated farm animals.

In general, and without wishing to be bound by theory, prior diseases are caused by misfolding of prion proteins. Such diseases—often called deposition diseases—the misfolding of the prion proteins can be accounted for as follows. If A is the normally synthesized gene product that carries out an intended physiologic role in a monomeric or oligomeric state, A* is a conformationally activated form of A that is competent to undergo a dramatic conformational change, B is the conformationally altered state that prefers multimeric assemblies (i.e., the misfolded form which forms depositions) and B_(n) is the multimeric material that is pathogenic and relatively difficult to recycle. For the prion diseases, PRNP^(Sc) and PRNP^(Sc) correspond to states A and B_(n) where A is largely helical and monomeric and B_(n) is β-rich and multimeric.

It is known that certain mutations in prion proteins can be associated with increased risk of prior disease. Conversely, certain mutations in prion proteins can be protective in nature. See Bagynszky et al., “Characterization of mutations in PRNP (prion) gene and their possible roles in neurodegenerative diseases,” Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat., 2018; 14: 2067-2085, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

PRNP (NCBI RefSeq No. NP_000302.1 (SEQ ID NO: 291))—the human prion protein—is encoded by a 16 kb long gene, located on chromosome 20 (4686151-4701588). It contains two exons, and the exon 2 carries the open reading frame which encodes the 253 amino acid (AA) long PrP protein. Exon 1 is a noncoding exon, which may serve as transcriptional initiation site. The post-translational modifications result in the removal of the first 22 AA N-terminal fragment (NTF) and the last 23 AA C-terminal fragment (CTF). The NTF is cleaved after PrP transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while the CTF (glycosylphosphatidylinositol [GPI] signal peptide [GPI-SP]) is cleaved by the GPI anchor. GPI anchor could be involved in PrP protein transport. It may also play a role of attachment of prion protein into the outer surface of cell membrane. Normal PrP is composed of a long N-terminal loop (which contains the octapeptide repeat region), two short (3 sheets, three a helices, and a C-terminal region (which contains the GPI anchor). Cleavage of PrP results in a 208 AA long glyocoprotein, anchored in the cell membrane.

The amino acid sequence of PRNP (NP_000302.1) is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 291) MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNRYPP QGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGGGTHSQWNKP SKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHFGSDYEDRYYREN MHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVTTTTKGENFTETDVK MMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPVILLISFLIFLIVG.

The amino acid sequence of PRNP (NP_000302.1) is encoded by the following nucleotide sequence (NCBI Ref. Seq No. NM_000311.5, “Homo sapiens prion protein (PRNP), transcript variant 1, mRNA), is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 292) GCGAACCTTGGCTGCTGGATGCTGGTTCTCTTTGTGGCCACATGGAGTGAC CTGGGCCTCTGCAAGAAGCGCCCGAAGCCTGGAGGATGGAACACTGGGGGC AGCCGATACCCGGGGCAGGGCAGCCCTGGAGGCAACCGCTACCCACCTCAG GGCGGTGGTGGCTGGGGGCAGCCTCATGGTGGTGGCTGGGGGCAGCCTCAT GGTGGTGGCTGGGGGCAGCCCCATGGTGGTGGCTGGGGACAGCCTCATGGT GGTGGCTGGGGTCAAGGAGGTGGCACCCACAGTCAGTGGAACAAGCCGAGT AAGCCAAAAACCAACATGAAGCACATGGCTGGTGCTGCAGCAGCTGGGGCA GTGGTGGGGGGCCTTGGCGGCTACATGCTGGGAAGTGCCATGAGCAGGCCC ATCATACATTTCGGCAGTGACTATGAGGACCGTTACTATCGTGAAAACATG CACCGTTACCCCAACCAAGTGTACTACAGGCCCATGGATGAGTACAGCAAC CAGAACAACTTTGTGCACGACTGCGTCAATATCACAATCAAGCAGCACACG GTCACCACAACCACCAAGGGGGAGAACTTCACCGAGACCGACGTTAAGATG ATGGAGCGCGTGGTTGAGCAGATGTGTATCACCCAGTACGAGAGGGAATCT CAGGCCTATTACCAGAGAGGATCGAGCATGGTCCTCTTCTCCTCTCCACCT GTGATCCTCCTGATCTCTTTCCTCATCTTCCTGATAGTGGGATGAGGAAGG TCTTCCTGTTTTCACCATCTTTCTAATCTTTTTCCAGCTTGAGGGAGGCGG TATCCACCTGCAGCCCTTTTAGTGGTGGTGTCTCACTCTTTCTTCTCTCTT TGTCCCGGATAGGCTAATCAATACCCTTGGCACTGATGGGCACTGGAAAAC ATAGAGTAGACCTGAGATGCTGGTCAAGCCCCCTTTGATTGAGTTCATCAT GAGCCGTTGCTAATGCCAGGCCAGTAAAAGTATAACAGCAAATAACCATTG GTTAATCTGGACTTATTTTTGGACTTAGTGCAACAGGTTGAGGCTAAAACA AATCTCAGAACAGTCTGAAATACCTTTGCCTGGATACCTCTGGCTCCTTCA GCAGCTAGAGCTCAGTATACTAATGCCCTATCTTAGTAGAGATTTCATAGC TATTTAGAGATATTTTCCATTTTAAGAAAACCCGACAACATTTCTGCCAGG TTTGTTAGGAGGCCACATGATACTTATTCAAAAAAATCCTAGAGATTCTTA GCTCTTGGGATGCAGGCTCAGCCCGCTGGAGCATGAGCTCTGTGTGTACCG AGAACTGGGGTGATGTTTTACTTTTCACAGTATGGGCTACACAGCAGCTGT TCAACAAGAGTAAATATTGTCACAACACTGAACCTCTGGCTAGAGGACATA TTCACAGTGAACATAACTGTAACATATATGAAAGGCTTCTGGGACTTGAAA TCAAATGTTTGGGAATGGTGCCCTTGGAGGCAACCTCCCATTTTAGATGTT TAAAGGACCCTATATGTGGCATTCCTTTCTTTAAACTATAGGTAATTAAGG CAGCTGAAAAGTAAATTGCCTTCTAGACACTGAAGGCAAATCTCCTTTGTC CATTTACCTGGAAACCAGAATGATTTTGACATACAGGAGAGCTGCAGTTGT GAAAGCACCATCATCATAGAGGATGATGTAATTAAAAAATGGTCAGTGTGC AAAGAAAAGAACTGCTTGCATTTCTTTATTTCTGTCTCATAATTGTCAAAA ACCAGAATTAGGTCAAGTTCATAGTTTCTGTAATTGGCTTTTGAATCAAAG AATAGGGAGACAATCTAAAAAATATCTTAGGTTGGAGATGACAGAAATATG ATTGATTTGAAGTGGAAAAAGAAATTCTGTTAATGTTAATTAAAGTAAAAT TATTCCCTGAATTGTTTGATATTGTCACCTAGCAGATATGTATTACTTTTC TGCAATGTTATTATTGGCTTGCACTTTGTGAGTATTCTATGTAAAAATATA TATGTATATAAAATATATATTGCATAGGACAGACTTAGGAGTTTTGTTTAG AGCAGTTAACATCTGAAGTGTCTAATGCATTAACTTTTGTAAGGTACTGAA TACTTAATATGTGGGAAACCCTTTTGCGTGGTCCTTAGGCTTACAATGTGC ACTGAATCGTTTCATGTAAGAATCCAAAGTGGACACCATTAACAGGTCTTT GAAATATGCATGTACTTTATATTTTCTATATTTGTAACTTTGCATGTTCTT GTTTTGTTATATAAAAAAATTGTAAATGTTTAATATCTGACTGAAATTAAA CGAGCGAAGATGAGCACCA

Mutation sites relative to PRNP (NP_000302.1) which are linked to CJD and FFI are reported are as follows. These mutations can be removed or installed using the prime editors disclosed herein.

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF MUTANT PRNP LINKED TO CJD PRION DISEASE (SEE TABLE 1 OF BAGYNSZKY ET AL., 2018) MUTATION  (RELATIVE TO SEQ ID NO: 291 OF PRNP NP_000302.1) D178N MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHNCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 293) T188K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHKVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 294) E196K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGKNFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 295) E196A MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGANFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 296) E200K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTKTDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 297) E200G MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTGTDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 298) V203I MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDIKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPVI LLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 299) R208H MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMEHVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 300) V210I MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVIEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPVI LLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 301) E211Q MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVQQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 302) M232R MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSRVLFSSPPVI LLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 303)

Mutation sites relative to PRNP (NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291) which are linked to GSS are reported, as follows:

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF MUTANT PRNP LINKED TO GSS PRION DISEASE (SEE TABLE 2 OF BAGYNSZKY ET AL., 2018) MUTATION (RELATIVE TO SEQ ID NO: 291 OF PRNP NP_000302.1) P102L MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKLSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 304) P105L MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKLKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 305) A117V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAVAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 306) G131V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLVSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 307) V176G MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFGHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 308) H187R MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQRTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 309) MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 291) F198S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENSTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 311) D202N MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETNVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 312) Q212P MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEPMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 313) Q217R MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITRYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 314) M232T MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSTVLFSSPPVI LLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 315)

Mutation sites relative to PRNP (NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291) which are linked to a possible protective nature against prion disease, as follows:

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF MUTANT PRNP LINKED TO A PROTECTIVE NATURE AGAINST PRION DISEASE (SEE TABLE 4 OF BAGYNSZKY ET MUTATION AL., 2018) (RELATIVE TO SEQ ID NO: 291 OF PRNP NP_000302.1) G127S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGSYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 316) G127V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGVYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 317) M129V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYVLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 318) D167G MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMGEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 319) D167N MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMNEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 320) N171S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSSQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 321) E219K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYKRESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 322) P238S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSSPV ILLISFLIFLIVG (SEQ ID NO: 323)

Thus, in various embodiments, prime editing may be used to remove a mutation in PRNP that is linked to prion disease or install a mutation in PRNP that is considered to be protective against prion disease. For example, prime editing may be use to remove or restore a D178N, V1801, T188K, E196K, E196A, E200K, E200G, V2031, R208H, V2101, E211Q, I215V, or M232R mutation in the PRNP protein (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291). In other embodiments, prime editing may be use to remove or restore a P102L, P105L, A117V, G131V, V176G, H187R, F198S, D202N, Q212P, Q217R, or M232T mutation in the PRNP protein (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291). By removing or correcting for the presence of such mutations in PRNP using prime editing, the risk of prion disease may be reduced or eliminated.

In other embodiments, prime editing may be used to install a protective mutation in PRNP that is linked to a protective effect against one or more prion diseases. For example, prime editing may be used to install a G127S, G127V, M129V, D167G, D167N, N171S, E219K, or P238S protective mutation in PRNP (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291). In still other embodiments, the protective mutation may be any alternate amino acid installed at G127, G127, M129, D167, D167, N171, E219, or P238 in PRNP (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291).

In particular embodiments, prime editing may be used to install a G127V protective mutation in PRNP, as illustrated in FIG. 27 and discussed in Example 5.

In another embodiment, prime editing may be used to install an E219K protective mutation in PRNP.

The PRNP protein and the protective mutation site are conserved in mammals, so in addition to treating human disease it could also be used to generate cows and sheep that are immune to prion disease, or even help cure wild populations of animals that are suffering from prion disease. Prime editing has already been used to achieve ˜25% installation of a naturally occurring protective allele in human cells, and previous mouse experiments indicate that this level of installation is sufficient to cause immunity from most prion diseases. This method is the first and potentially only current way to install this allele with such high efficiency in most cell types. Another possible strategy for treatment is to use prime editing to reduce or eliminate the expression of PRNP by installing an early stop codon in the gene.

Using the principles described herein for PEgRNA design, appropriate PEgRNAs may be designed for installing desired protective mutations, or for removing prion disease-associated mutations from PRNP. For example, the below list of PEgRNAs can be used to install the G127V protective allele and the E219K protective allele in human PRNP, as well as the G127V protective allele in PRNP of various animals.

HUMAN PEGRNA FOR GCAGTGGTGGGGGGCCTTGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA INSTALLATION OF G127V ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG IN HUMAN PRNP: AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCATGTAGACGCCA A GGCCCCCCAC(SEQ ID NO: 324) HUMAN PEGRNA FOR TGTGTATCACCCAGTACGAGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAA INSTALLATION OF E219K TAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGA IN HUMAN PRNP AAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGC AGATTCTCTCTT GTACTGGGTGA(SEQ ID NO: 325) COW (BOS TAURUS) GCAGTGGTAGGGGGCCTTGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA PEGRNA FOR ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG INSTALLATION OF G127V AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCATGTAGACACCA A IN COW PRNP GGCCCCCTAC(SEQ ID NO: 326) HAMSTER GCCGTGGTGGGGGGCCTTGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA (MESOCRICETUS ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG AURATUS) PEGRNA FOR AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCATGTAGACACCA A INSTALLATION OF G127V GGCCCCCCAC(SEQ ID NO: 327) IN HAMSTER PRNP MOUSE (MUS GCAGTAGTGGGGGGCCTTGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA MUSCULUS) PEGRNA ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG FOR INSTALLATION OF AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCATGTAGACACCA A G127V IN MOUST PRNP GGCCCCCCAC(SEQ ID NO: 328) DEER (ODOCOILEUS GCAGTGGTAGGGGGCCTTGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA VIRGINIANUS) PEGRNA ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG FOR INSTALLATION OF AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCATGTAGACACCA A G127V IN DEER PNRP GGCCCCCTAC(SEQ ID NO: 329) FERRET (MUSTELA GCGGTTGTGGGGGGCCTGGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA PUTORIUS FURO) ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG PEGRNA FOR AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCATGTAGACGCCC A INSTALLATION OF G127V GGCCCCCCAC(SEQ ID NO: 330) IN FERRET PRNP KEY: SPACER IS BOLDED. SGRNA SCAFFOLD IS NORMAL TEXT. RT TEMPLATE IS ONCE UNDERLINED. PBS IS TWICE UNDERLINED.

F. Use of Prime Editing for RNA Tagging

Prime editing may also be used to manipulate, alter, and otherwise modify the sequences of DNA encoding RNA functions through RNA tagging, and in this way provides a means to indirectly modify the structure and function of RNA. For example, PE can be used to insert motifs that are functional at the RNA level (hereafter RNA motifs) to tag or otherwise manipulate non-coding RNAs or mRNAs. These motifs could serve to increase gene expression, decrease gene expression, alter splicing, change post-transcriptional modification, affect the sub-cellular location of the RNA, enable isolation or determination of the intra- or extra-cellular location of the RNA (using, for instance, fluorescent RNA aptamers such as Spinach, Spinach2, Baby Spinach, or Broccoli), recruit endogenous or exogenous protein or RNA binders, introduce sgRNAs, or induce processing of the RNA, by either self-cleavage or RNAses (see FIG. 28B and Example 6 for further details).

The following RNA tags or motifs may be inserted into a gene of interest using prime editing with an appropriate PEgRNA (designed using the guidance provided herein) to affect various properties of RNA, including RNA transport, expression level, splicing, and detection.

EXEMPLARY PEGRNA FOR PRIME EDITING INSERTION OF RNA MOTIF INTO  FUNCTION/ THE EXEMPLARY RNA MOTIF SEQUENCE OF RNA MOTIF EFFECT HEXA GENE* POLYOMAVIRUS AACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTT TERMINATION ATCCTTCCAGTCAG SIMIAN ATAATGGTTACAAATAAAG OF GGCCATGTTTGAGA VIRUS 40 CAATAGCATCACAAATTTC TRANSCRIPTION GCTAGAAATAGCAA (SV40) TYPE1 ACAAATAAAGCATTTTTTT OF THE GTTTAAATAAGGCT CACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGG TAGGED AGTCCGTTATCAAC TTTGTCCAAACTCATCAAT GENE; TTGAAAAAGTGGG GTATCTTA (SEQ ID NO: TRANSPORT ACCGAGTCGGTCC A 331) OF MRNA CCTGAACCGTATATC INTO TAAGATACATTGAT CYTOSOL; GAGTTTGGACAAA INCREASED CCACAACTAGAAT RNA GCAGTGAAAAAAA STABILITY TGCTTTATTTGTG AND AAATTTGTGATGC EXPRESSION TATTGCTTTATTTG OF ENCODED TAACCATTATAAGC PROTEIN TGCAATAAACAAG TTCTATGGCCCTGA CTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 332) POLYOMAVIRUS CCATGGCCCAACTTGTTTA TERMINATION ATCCTTCCAGTCAG SIMIAN TTGCAGCTTATAATGGTTA OF GGCCATGTTTGAGA VIRUS 40 CAAATAAAGCAATAGCAT TRANSCRIPTION GCTAGAAATAGCAA (SV40) TYPE2 CACAAATTTCACAAATAA OF THE GTTTAAATAAGGCT AGCATTTTTTTCACTGCAT TAGGED AGTCCGTTATCAAC TCTAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCA GENE; TTGAAAAAGTGGG AACTCATCAATGTATCTTA TRANSPORT ACCGAGTCGGTCC A TCATGTCTGGATCTC (SEQ OF MRNA CCTGAACCGTATATC ID NO: 333) INTO GAGATCCAGACAT CYTOSOL; GATAAGATACATT INCREASED GATGAGTTTGGAC RNA AAACCACAACTAG STABILITY AATGCAGTGAAAA AND AAATGCTTTATTT EXPRESSION GTGAAATTTGTGA OF ENCODED TGCTATTGCTTTAT PROTEIN TTGTAACCATTATA AGCTGCAATAAAC AAGTTGGGCCATG GCTATGGCCCTGAC TGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 334) POLYOMAVIRUS TGATCATAATCAAGCCATA TERMINATION ATCCTTCCAGTCAG SIMIAN TCACATCTGTAGAGGTTTA OF GGCCATGTTTGAGA VIRUS 40 CTTGCTTTAAAAAACCTC TRANSCRIPTION GCTAGAAATAGCAA (SV40) TYPE3 CACACCTCCCCCTGAACC OF THE GTTTAAATAAGGCT TGAAACATAAAATGAATG TAGGED AGTCCGTTATCAAC CAATTGTTGTTGTTAACTT GENE; TTGAAAAAGTGGG GTTTATTGCAGCTTATAAT TRANSPORT ACCGAGTCGGTCC A GGTTACAAATAAAGCAAT OF MRNA CCTGAACCGTATATC AGCATCACAAATTTCACA INTO GCAGATCCAGACA AATAAAGCATTTTTTTCAC CYTOSOL; TGATAAGATACATT TGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTT INCREASED GATGAGTTTGGAC GTCCAAACTCATCAATGTA RNA AAACCACAACTAG TCTTATCATGTCTGGATCT STABILITY AATGCAGTGAAAA GC (SEQ ID NO: 335) AND AAATGCTTTATTT EXPRESSION GTGAAATTTGTGA OF ENCODED TGCTATTGCTTTAT PROTEIN TTGTAACCATTATA AGCTGCAATAAAC AAGTTAACAACAA CAATTGCATTCAT TTTATGTTTCAGG TTCAGGGGGAGG TGTGGAGGTTTTT TAAAGCAAGTAAA CCTCTACAGATGT GATATGGCTTGAT TATGATCACTATGG CCCTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 336) HUMAN ACGGGTGGCATCCCTGTG TRANSPORT ATCCTTCCAGTCAG GROWTH ACCCCTCCCCAGTGCCTC OF RNA INTO GGCCATGTTTGAGA HORMONE TCCTGGCCCTGGAAGTTG CYTOPLASM; GCTAGAAATAGCAA (HGH) CCACTCCAGTGCCCACCA ENHANCED GTTTAAATAAGGCT GCCTTGTCCTAATAAAATT RNA AGTCCGTTATCAAC AAGTTGCATCATTTTGTCT STABILITY TTGAAAAAGTGGG GACTAGGTGTCCTTCTATA AND ACCGAGTCGGTCC A ATATTATGGGGTGGAGGG EXPRESSION CCTGAACCGTATATC GGGTGGTATGGAGCAAGG OF ENCODED AAGGACAGGGAA GGCAAGTTGGGAAGACA PROTEIN GGGAGCAGTGGT ACCTGTAGGGCCTGCGGG TCACGCCTGTAAT GTCTATTGGGAACCAAGC CCCAGCAATTTGG TGGAGTGCAGTGGCACAA GAGGCCAAGGTG TCTTGGCTCACTGCAATCT GGTAGATCACCTG CCGCCTCCTGGGTTCAAG AGATTAGGAGTTG CGATTCTCCTGCCTCAGCC GAGACCAGCCTG TCCCGAGTTGTTGGGATT GCCAATATGGTGA CCAGGCATGCATGACCAG AACCCCGTCTCTA GCTCAGCTAATTTTTGTTT CCAAAAAAACAAA TTTTGGTAGAGACGGGGT AATTAGCTGAGCC TTCACCATATTGGCCAGGC TGGTCATGCATGC TGGTCTCCAACTCCTAATC CTGGAATCCCAAC TCAGGTGATCTACCCACCT AACTCGGGAGGCT TGGCCTCCCAAATTGCTG GAGGCAGGAGAAT GGATTACAGGCGTGAACC CGCTTGAACCCAG ACTGCTCCCTTCCCTGTCC GAGGCGGAGATTG TT (SEQ ID NO: 337) CAGTGAGCCAAGA TTGTGCCACTGCA CTCCAGCTTGGTT CCCAATAGACCCC GCAGGCCCTACAG GTTGTCTTCCCAA CTTGCCCCTTGCT CCATACCACCCCC CTCCACCCCATAA TATTATAGAAGGA CACCTAGTCAGAC AAAATGATGCAAC TTAATTTTATTAGG ACAAGGCTGGTG GGCACTGGAGTG GCAACTTCCAGGG CCAGGAGAGGCA CTGGGGAGGGGT CACAGGGATGCCA CCCGTCTATGGCCC TGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 338) BOVINE CGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTG TRANSPORT ATCCTTCCAGTCAG GROWTH CCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGC OF RNA INTO GGCCATGTTTGAGA HORMONE CCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCT CYTOPLASM; GCTAGAAATAGCAA (BGH) TGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCA ENHANCED GTTTAAATAAGGCT CTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTA RNA AGTCCGTTATCAAC ATAAAATGAGGAAATTGC STABILITY TTGAAAAAGTGGG ATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGG AND ACCGAGTCGGTCC A TGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGG EXPRESSION CCTGAACCGTATATC GTGGGGTGGGGCAGGAC OF ENCODED CCATAGAGCCCAC AGCAAGGGGGAGGATTG PROTEIN CGCATCCCCAGCA GGAAGACAATAGCAGGCA TGCCTGCTATTGT TGCTGGGGATGCGGTGGG CTTCCCAATCCTC CTCTATGG (SEQ ID NO: CCCCTTGCTGTCC 339) TGCCCCACCCCAC CCCCCAGAATAGA ATGACACCTACTC AGACAATGCGATG CAATTTCCTCATTT TATTAGGAAAGGA CAGTGGGAGTGG CACCTTCCAGGGT CAAGGAAGGCAC GGGGGAGGGGCA AACAACAGATGGC TGGCAACTAGAAG GCACAGTCGCTAT GGCCCTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 340) RABBIT TTCACTCCTCAGGTGCAG TRANSPORT ATCCTTCCAGTCAG BETA- GCTGCCTATCAGAAGGTG OF RNA INTO GGCCATGTTTGAGA GLOBIN GTGGCTGGTGTGGCCAAT CYTOPLASM; GCTAGAAATAGCAA (RBGLOB) GCCCTGGCTCACAAATAC ENHANCED GTTTAAATAAGGCT CACTGAGATCTTTTTCCCT RNA AGTCCGTTATCAAC CTGCCAAAAATTATGGGG STABILITY TTGAAAAAGTGGG ACATCATGAAGCCCCTTG AND ACCGAGTCGGTCC A AGCATCTGACTTCTGGCTA EXPRESSION CCTGAACCGTATATC ATAAAGGAAATTTATTTTC OF ENCODED GATCTCCATAAGA ATTGCAATAGTGTGTTGGA PROTEIN GAAGAGGGACAG ATTTTTTGTGTCTCTCACT CTATGACTGGGAG CGGAAGGACATATGGGAG TAGTCAGGAGAGG GGCAAATCATTTAAAACAT AGGAAAAATCTGG CAGAATGAGTATTTGGTTT CTAGTAAAACATG AGAGTTTGGCAACATATG TAAGGAAAATTTT CCCATATGCTGGCTGCCAT AGGGATGTTAAAG GAACAAAGGTTGGCTATA AAAAAAATAACAC AAGAGGTCATCAGTATATG AAAACAAAATATA AAACAGCCCCCTGCTGTC AAAAAAATCTAAC CATTCCTTATTCCATAGAA CTCAAGTCAAGGC AAGCCTTGACTTGAGGTT TTTTCTATGGAATA AGATTTTTTTTATATTTTGT AGGAATGGACAGC TTTGTGTTATTTTTTTCTTT AGGGGGCTGTTTC AACATCCCTAAAATTTTCC ATATACTGATGAC TTACATGTTTTACTAGCCA CTCTTTATAGCCA GATTTTTCCTCCTCTCCTG ACCTTTGTTCATG ACTACTCCCAGTCATAGCT GCAGCCAGCATAT GTCCCTCTTCTCTTATGGA GGGCATATGTTGC GATC (SEQ ID NO: 341) CAAACTCTAAACC AAATACTCATTCT GATGTTTTAAATG ATTTGCCCTCCCA TATGTCCTTCCGA GTGAGAGACACAA AAAATTCCAACAC ACTATTGCAATGA AAATAAATTTCCTT TATTAGCCAGAAG TCAGATGCTCAAG GGGCTTCATGATG TCCCCATAATTTTT GGCAGAGGGAAA AAGATCTCAGTGG TATTTGTGAGCCA GGGCATTGGCCAC ACCAGCCACCACC TTCTGATAGGCAG CCTGCACCTGAGG AGTGAACTATGGCC CTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 342) THYMIDINE GGGGGAGGCTAACTGAAA TRANSPORT ATCCTTCCAGTCAG KINASE (TK) CACGGAAGGAGACAATAC OF RNA INTO GGCCATGTTTGAGA CGGAAGGAACCCGCGCTA CYTOPLASM; GCTAGAAATAGCAA TGACGGCAATAAAAAGAC ENHANCED GTTTAAATAAGGCT AGAATAAAACGCACGGGT RNA AGTCCGTTATCAAC GTTGGGTCGTTTGTTCATA STABILITY TTGAAAAAGTGGG AACGCGGGGTTCGGTCCC AND ACCGAGTCGGTCC A AGGGCTGGCACTCTGTCG EXPRESSION CCTGAACCGTATATC ATACCCCACCGAGACCCC OF ENCODED CTATGGCAGGGCC ATTGGGGCCAATACGCCC PROTEIN TGCCGCCCCGACG GCGTTTCTTCCTTTTCCCC TTGGCTGCGAGCC ACCCCACCCCCCAAGTTC CTGGGCCTTCACC GGGTGAAGGCCCAGGGCT CGAACTTGGGGG CGCAGCCAACGTCGGGGC GTGGGGTGGGGA GGCAGGCCCTGCCATAG AAAGGAAGAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 343) GCGGGCGTATTGG CCCCAATGGGGTC TCGGTGGGGTATC GACAGAGTGCCA GCCCTGGGACCG AACCCCGCGTTTA TGAACAAACGACC CAACACCCGTGCG TTTTATTCTGTCTT TTTATTGCCGTCA TAGCGCGGGTTCC TTCCGGTATTGTC TCCTTCCGTGTTT CAGTTAGCCTCCC CCCTATGGCCCTGA CTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 344) MALAT1 ENE- TAGGGTCATGAAGGTTTTT RESULTS IN ATCCTTCCAGTCAG MASCRNA CTTTTCCTGAGAAAACAA RETENTION GGCCATGTTTGAGA CACGTATTGTTTTCTCAGG OF RNA IN GCTAGAAATAGCAA TTTTGCTTTTTGGCCTTTT NUCLEUS, GTTTAAATAAGGCT TCTAGCTTAAAAAAAAAA TRANSCRIPT AGTCCGTTATCAAC AAAGCAAAAGATGCTGGT TERMINATION TTGAAAAAGTGGG GGTTGGCACTCCTGGTTT AND ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCAGGACGGGGTTCAAAT STABILIZATION CCTGAACCGTATATC CCCTGCGGCGTCTTTGCTT AGTCAAAGCAAAG TGACT (SEQ ID NO: 345) ACGCCGCAGGGAT TTGAACCCCGTCC TGGAAACCAGGA GTGCCAACCACCA GCATCTTTTGCTT TTTTTTTTTTTAAG CTAGAAAAAGGCC AAAAAGCAAAACC TGAGAAAACAATA CGTGTTGTTTTCT CAGGAAAAGAAAA ACCTTCATGACCC TACTATGGCCCTGA CTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 346) KSHV PAN TGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTC RESULTS IN ATCCTTCCAGTCAG ENE CTTGTTCGCACCGGACAC RETENTION GGCCATGTTTGAGA CTCCAGTGACCAGACGGC OF RNA IN GCTAGAAATAGCAA AAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGT NUCLEUS, GTTTAAATAAGGCT ATATTGGAAAAACATGTTA TRANSCRIPT AGTCCGTTATCAAC TACTTTTGACAATTTAACG TERMINATION TTGAAAAAGTGGG TGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTA AND ACCGAGTCGGTCC A AACTAATACCATAACGTAA STABILIZATION CCTGAACCGTATATC TGCAACTTACAACATAAAT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT AAAGGTCAATGTTTAATCC TTTTTATGGATTAA ATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ACATTGACCTTTA AAAA (SEQ ID NO: 347) TTTATGTTGTAAG TTGCATTACGTTAT GGTATTAGTTTAAT TTGAGCTCTAGGC ACGTTAAATTGTC AAAAGTATAACAT GTTTTTCCAATATA CACTGGGATAAAA ACCTTGCCGTCTG GTCACTGGAGGTG TCCGGTGCGAACA AGGAAAAACCCAG CCAAAACACTATG GCCCTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 348) THREE, TGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTC RESULTS IN ATCCTTCCAGTCAG SEQUENTIAL CTTGTTCGCACCGGACAC RETENTION GGCCATGTTTGAGA KSHV PAN CTCCAGTGACCAGACGGC OF RNA IN GCTAGAAATAGCAA ENES WITH AAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGT NUCLEUS, GTTTAAATAAGGCT SHORT, ATATTGGAAAAACATGTTA TRANSCRIPT AGTCCGTTATCAAC UNCONSERVED TACTTTTGACAATTTAACG TERMINATION TTGAAAAAGTGGG RNA TGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTA AND ACCGAGTCGGTCC A LINKERS AACTAATACCATAACGTAA STABILIZATION, CCTGAACCGTATATC TGCAACTTACAACATAAAT PREDICTED TTTTTTTTTTTTTT AAAGGTCAATGTTTAATCC TO BE TTTTTATGGATTAA ATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GREATER ACATTGACCTTTA AAAAACACACTGTTTTGG THAN A TTTATGTTGTAAG CTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCG SINGLE PAN TTGCATTACGTTAT CACCGGACACCTCCAGTG ENE GGTATTAGTTTAAT ACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTT TTGAGCTCTAGGC TATCCCAGTGTATATTGGA ACGTTAAATTGTC AAAACATGTTATACTTTTG AAAAGTATAACAT ACAATTTAACGTGCCTAG GTTTTTCCAATATA AGCTCAAATTAAACTAATA CACTGGGATAAAA CCATAACGTAATGCAACTT ACCTTGCCGTCTG ACAACATAAATAAAGGTC GTCACTGGAGGTG AATGTTTAATCCATAAAAA TCCGGTGCGAACA AAAAAAAAAAAAAATCTC AGGAAAAACCCAG TCTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTT CCAAAACAGAGAG TCCTTGTTCGCACCGGAC ATTTTTTTTTTTTT ACCTCCAGTGACCAGACG TTTTTTATGGATTA GCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGT AACATTGACCTTT GTATATTGGAAAAACATGT ATTTATGTTGTAAG TATACTTTTGACAATTTAA TTGCATTACGTTAT CGTGCCTAGAGCTCAAAT GGTATTAGTTTAAT TAAACTAATACCATAACGT TTGAGCTCTAGGC AATGCAACTTACAACATA ACGTTAAATTGTC AATAAAGGTCAATGTTTA AAAAGTATAACAT ATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAA GTTTTTCCAATATA AAAAAAA (SEQ ID NO: CACTGGGATAAAA 349) ACCTTGCCGTCTG GTCACTGGAGGTG TCCGGTGCGAACA AGGAAAAACCCAG CCAAAACAGTGTG TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTATGGATTA AACATTGACCTTT ATTTATGTTGTAAG TTGCATTACGTTAT GGTATTAGTTTAAT TTGAGCTCTAGGC ACGTTAAATTGTC AAAAGTATAACAT GTTTTTCCAATATA CACTGGGATAAAA ACCTTGCCGTCTG GTCACTGGAGGTG TCCGGTGCGAACA AGGAAAAACCCAG CCAAAACACTATG GCCCTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 350) SMBOX/U1 CAGCAAGTTCAGAGAAAT RESULTS IN ATCCTTCCAGTCAG SNRNA BOX CTGAACTTGCTGGATTTTT RETENTION GGCCATGTTTGAGA GGAGCAGGGAGATGGAAT OF RNA IN GCTAGAAATAGCAA AGGAGCTTGCTCCGTCCA NUCLEUS GTTTAAATAAGGCT CTCCACGCATCGACCTGG AND AGTCCGTTATCAAC TATTGCAGTACCTCCAGG TRANSCRIPT TTGAAAAAGTGGG AACGGTGCACCCACTTTC TERMINATION ACCGAGTCGGTCC A TGGAGTTTCAAAAGTAGA CCTGAACCGTATATC CTGTACGCTAAGGGTCATA TTTAAGACGCCAA TCTTTTTTTGTTTGGTTTG CCAAGACACAAAC TGTCTTGGTTGGCGTCTTA CAAACAAAAAAAG AA (SEQ ID NO: 351) ATATGACCCTTAG CGTACAGTCTACT TTTGAAACTCCAG AAAGTGGGTGCAC CGTTCCTGGAGGT ACTGCAATACCAG GTCGATGCGTGGA GTGGACGGAGCA AGCTCCTATTCCA TCTCCCTGCTCCA AAAATCCAGCAAG TTCAGATTTCTCT GAACTTGCTGCTA TGGCCCTGACTGGA A (SEQ ID NO: 352) U1 SNRNA 3′ GTTTCAAAAGTAGACTGT RESULTS IN ATCCTTCCAGTCAG BOX ACGCTAAGGGTCATATCTT RETENTION GGCCATGTTTGAGA TTTTTGTTTGGTTTGTGTC OF RNA IN GCTAGAAATAGCAA TTGGTTGGCGTCTTAAA NUCLEUS GTTTAAATAAGGCT (SEQ ID NO: 353) AND AGTCCGTTATCAAC TRANSCRIPT TTGAAAAAGTGGG TERMINATION ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCTGAACCGTATATC TTTAAGACGCCAA CCAAGACACAAAC CAAACAAAAAAAG ATATGACCCTTAG CGTACAGTCTACT TTTGAAACCTATGG CCCTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 354) TRNA-LYSINE GCCCGGCTAGCTCAGTCG REPORTED ATCCTTCCAGTCAG GTAGAGCATGAGACTCTT TO ENABLE GGCCATGTTTGAGA AATCTCAGGGTCGTGGGT TRANSPORT GCTAGAAATAGCAA TCGAGCCCCACGTTGGGC OF RNA TO GTTTAAATAAGGCT G (SEQ ID NO: 355) MITOCHONDRIA AGTCCGTTATCAAC TTGAAAAAGTGGG ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCTGAACCGTATATC CGCCCAACGTGG GGCTCGAACCCAC GACCCTGAGATTA AGAGTCTCATGCT CTACCGACTGAGC TAGCCGGGCCTAT GGCCCTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 356) BROCCOLI GAGACGGTCGGGTCCAGA VISUALIZATION ATCCTTCCAGTCAG APTAMER TATTCGTATCTGTCGAGTA (FLUORESCENCE) GGCCATGTTTGAGA GAGTGTGGGCTC (SEQ ID GCTAGAAATAGCAA NO: 357) GTTTAAATAAGGCT AGTCCGTTATCAAC TTGAAAAAGTGGG ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCTGAACCGTATATC GAGCCCACACTCT ACTCGACAGATAC GAATATCTGGACC CGACCGTCTCCTA TGGCCCTGACTGGA A (SEQ ID NO: 358) SPINACH GACGCAACTGAATGAAAT VISUALIZATION ATCCTTCCAGTCAG APTAMER GGTGAAGGACGGGTCCA (FLUORESCENCE) GGCCATGTTTGAGA GGTGTGGCTGCTTCGGCA GCTAGAAATAGCAA GTGCAGCTTGTTGAGTAG GTTTAAATAAGGCT AGTGTGAGCTCCGTAACT AGTCCGTTATCAAC AGTCGCGTC (SEQ ID NO: TTGAAAAAGTGGG 359) ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCTGAACCGTATATC GACGCGACTAGTT ACGGAGCTCACAC TCTACTCAACAAG CTGCACTGCCGAA GCAGCCACACCTG GACCCGTCCTTCA CCATTTCATTCAG TTGCGTCCTATGGC CCTGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 360) SPINACH2 GATGTAACTGAATGAAAT VISUALIZATION ATCCTTCCAGTCAG APTAMER GGTGAAGGACGGGTCCA (FLUORESCENCE) GGCCATGTTTGAGA GTAGGCTGCTTCGGCAGC GCTAGAAATAGCAA CTACTTGTTGAGTAGAGT GTTTAAATAAGGCT GTGAGCTCCGTAACTAGT AGTCCGTTATCAAC TACATC (SEQ ID NO: 361) TTGAAAAAGTGGG ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCTGAACCGTATATC GATGTAACTAGTT ACGGAGCTCACAC TCTACTCAACAAG TAGGCTGCCGAAG CAGCCTACTGGAC CCGTCCTTCACCA TTTCATTCAGTTA CATCCTATGGCCCT GACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 362) MANGO GGCACGTACGAAGGGACG VISUALIZATION ATCCTTCCAGTCAG APTAMER GTGCGGAGAGGAGAGTAC (FLUORESCENCE) GGCCATGTTTGAGA GTGC (SEQ ID NO: 363) GCTAGAAATAGCAA GTTTAAATAAGGCT AGTCCGTTATCAAC TTGAAAAAGTGGG ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCTGAACCGTATATC GCACGTACTCTCC TCTCCGCACCGTC CCTTCGTACGTGC CCTATGGCCCTGAC TGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 364) HDV GGCCGGCATGGTCCCAGC 3′ END RNA ATCCTTCCAGTCAG RIBOZYME CTCCTCGCTGGCGCCGGC PROCESSING GGCCATGTTTGAGA TGGGCAACATGCTTCGGC GCTAGAAATAGCAA ATGGCGAATGGGAC (SEQ GTTTAAATAAGGCT ID NO: 365) AGTCCGTTATCAAC TTGAAAAAGTGGG ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CCTGAACCGTATATC GTCCCATTCGCCA TGCCGAAGCATGT TGCCCAGCCGGC GCCAGCGAGGAG GCTGGGACCATGC CGGCCCTATGGCCC TGACTGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 366) N⁶- GGACTCTAGGACTGGACT TARGET FOR ATCCTTCCAGTCAG METHYLADE TTGGACT (SEQ ID NO: 367) METHYLATION GGCCATGTTTGAGA NOSINE (UNDERLINED GCTAGAAATAGCAA MARKER A'S ARE GTTTAAATAAGGCT (M⁶ A) METHYLATED). AGTCCGTTATCAAC M6A TTGAAAAAGTGGG METHYLATION ACCGAGTCGGTCC A CAN CCTGAACCGTATATC RESULT IN AGTCCAAAGTCCA ENHANCED GTCCTAGAGTCCC RNA TATGGCCCTGACTG STABILITY GAA AND (SEQ ID NO: 368) EXPRESSION, BUT IS NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD *each PEgRNA is shown in the 5′ to 3′ direction and has the following structural elements of FIG. 3F as designated by font type, as follows: 5′ - spacer sequence (normal font) - gRNA core (underlined sequence) - homology arm (italicized) - RT template (bolded font) - primer binding site (italicized) - 3′.

The PEgRNAs of the above table are designed to site-specifically insert examples of the above motifs into the HEXA gene (defective in Tay-Sachs disease) (e.g., GenBank No. KR710351.1 (SEQ ID NO: 369), however, this is only for purposes of illustration. The use of prime editing in RNA tagging is not limited to the HEXA gene and indeed may be any. The HEXA mRNA has the following nucleotide sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 369) GTTCGTTGCAACAAATTGATGAGCAATGCTTTTTTATAATGCCAACTTTGT ACAAAAAAGTTGGCATGACAAGTTCCAGGCTTTGGTTTTCGCTGCTGCTGG CGGCAGCGTTCGCAGGACGGGCGACGGCCCTCTGGCCCTGGCCTCAGAACT TCCAAACCTCCGACCAGCGCTACGTCCTTTACCCGAACAACTTTCAATTCC AGTACGATGTCAGCTCGGCCGCGCAGCCCGGCTGCTCAGTCCTCGACGAGG CCTTCCAGCGCTATCGTGACCTGCTTTTCGGTTCCGGGTCTTGGCCCCGTC CTTACCTCACAGGGAAACGGCATACACTGGAGAAGAATGTGTTGGTTGTCT CTGTAGTCACACCTGGATGTAACCAGCTTCCTACTTTGGAGTCAGTGGAGA ATTATACCCTGACCATAAATGATGACCAGTGTTTACTCCTCTCTGAGACTG TCTGGGGAGCTCTCCGAGGTCTGGAGACTTTTAGCCAGCTTGTTTGGAAAT CTGCTGAGGGCACATTCTTTATCAACAAGACTGAGATTGAGGACTTTCCCC GCTTTCCTCACCGGGGCTTGCTGTTGGATACATCTCGCCATTACCTGCCAC TCTCTAGCATCCTGGACACTCTGGATGTCATGGCGTACAATAAATTGAACG TGTTCCACTGGCATCTGGTAGATGATCCTTCCTTCCCATATGAGAGCTTCA CTTTTCCAGAGCTCATGAGAAAGGGGTCCTACAACCCTGTCACCCACATCT ACACAGCACAGGATGTGAAGGAGGTCATTGAATACGCACGGCTCCGGGGTA TCCGTGTGCTTGCAGAGTTTGACACTCCTGGCCACACTTTGTCCTGGGGAC CAGGTATCCCTGGATTACTGACTCCTTGCTACCCTGGGTCTGAGCCCTCTG GCACCTTTGGACCAGTGAATCCCAGTCTCAATAATACCTATGAGTTCATGA GCACATTCTTCTTAGAAGTCAGCTCTGTCTTCCCAGATTTTTATCTTCATC TTGGAGGAGATGAGGTTGATTTCACCTGCTGGAAGTCCAACCCAGAGATCC AGGACTTTATGAGGAAGAAAGGCTTCGGTGAGGACTTCAAGCAGCTGGAGT CCTTCTACATCCAGACGCTGCTGGACATCGTCTCTTCTTATGGCAAGGGCT ATGTGGTGTGGCAGGAGGTGTTTGATAATAAAGTAAAGATTCAGCCAGACA CAATCATACAGGTGTGGCGAGAGGATATTCCAGTGAACTATATGAAGGAGC TGGAACTGGTCACCAAGGCCGGCTTCCGGGCCCTTCTCTCTGCCCCCTGGT ACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCCCTGACTGGAAGGATTTCTACGTAGTGG AACCCCTGGCATTTGAAGGTACCCCTGAGCAGAAGGCTCTGGTGATTGGTG GAGAGGCTTGTATGTGGGGAGAATATGTGGACAACACAAACCTGGTCCCCA GGCTCTGGCCCAGAGCAGGGGCTGTTGCCGAAAGGCTGTGGAGCAACAAGT TGACATCTGACCTGACATTTGCCTATGAACGTTTGTCACACTTCCGCTGTG AGTTGCTGAGGCGAGGTGTCCAGGCCCAACCCCTCAATGTAGGCTTCTGTG AGCAGGAGTTTGAACAGACCTGCCCAACTTTCTTGTACAAAGTTGGCATTA TAAGAAAGCATTGCTTATCAATTTGTTGCAACGAAC.

The corresponding HEXA protein has the following amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 370) MTSSRLWFSLLLAAAFAGRATALWPWPQNFQTSDQRYVLYPNNFQFQYDVS SAAQPGCSVLDEAFQRYRDLLFGSGSWPRPYLTGKRHTLEKNVLVVSVVTP GCNQLPTLESVENYTLTINDDQCLLLSETVWGALRGLETFSQLVWKSAEGT FFINKTEIEDFPRFPHRGLLLDTSRHYLPLSSILDTLDVMAYNKLNVFHWH LVDDPSFPYESFTFPELMRKGSYNPVTHIYTAQDVKEVIEYARLRGIRVLA EFDTPGHTLSWGPGIPGLLTPCYPGSEPSGTFGPVNPSLNNTYEFMSTFFL EVSSVFPDFYLHLGGDEVDFTCWKSNPEIQDFMRKKGFGEDFKQLESFYIQ TLLDIVSSYGKGYVVWQEVFDNKVKIQPDTIIQVWREDIPVNYMKELELVT KAGFRALLSAPWYLNRISYGPDWKDFYVVEPLAFEGTPEQKALVIGGEACM WGEYVDNTNLVPRLWPRAGAVAERLWSNKLTSDLTFAYERLSHFRCELLRR GVQAQPLNVGFCEQEFEQT.

Notably, the resulting RNA motifs would be included within the translated region of the HEXA gene, disrupting the function of the protein coding gene. Inserted polyadenylation motifs would result in premature transcript termination. This site is merely illustrative of the potential PEgRNAs that could result in insertion of the listed RNA motifs of the above table within a genomic site that is transcribed and thus which would produce an RNA product.

PEgRNAs for use with PE for RNA tagging could be expressed from a U6 promoter (in which case a single guanosine would be added to the 5′ end of the PEgRNA for guides that include proto spacers that do not begin with a G and 6-7 thymine would be added to the 3′ end) or a pol II promoter such as pCMV (in which case it might be necessary to remove the intrinsically transcribed sequence of this promoter from the 5′ end of the RNA via a self-cleaving element or Csy4 motif, and a termination motif would need to be added to the 3′ end of the RNA that does not result in export of the RNA from the nucleus, such as the 3′ box motif listed above. Note that this motif would not be inserted into the genome as a result of PE, as it would be 3′ of the annealing region). The core PEgRNA scaffold is underlined, the homology and annealing regions are italicized, and the inserted sequence is bolded. Note that the sequence inserted is the reverse complement of the above examples—as described below and therefore these PEgRNAs would need to be targeted to the coding strand.

Also, note that self-cleaving ribozymes other than HDV need in some embodiments to be tailored to the given target site; that is, while HDV cleaves the encoded transcript immediately 5′ to itself, the cut sites for all other self-cleaving ribozymes are within the ribozyme itself. Therefore, the first and last roughly 5-10 nucleotides (and in some instances potentially more than 10) would actually be a part of the encoded sequence. As an example, to cleave the sequence 5′-NNNNNTCATCCTGATAAACTGCAAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 371) after the 5 Ns, where N is any nucleotide, using a hammerhead self-cleaving ribozyme, the following sequence would be inserted, where the underlined sequences form an imperfect RNA pairing element.

(SEQ ID NO: 372) 5′NNNNNCAGTTTGTACGGATGACTGATGAGTCCCAAATAGGACGAAACG CGCTTCGGTGCGTCTCATCCTGATAAACTGCAAA-3′.

There is significant flexibility in terms of the length and nature of this pairing element, and this would be true for any of the non-HDV self-cleaving ribozymes listed in the original submission. To install a hammerhead ribozyme to cleave the hexA mRNA using a PEgRNA with the same protospacer as the above listed constructs, the following PEgRNA sequence could be used (labels same as above):

(SEQ ID NO: 373) 5′ACCTGAACCGTATATCGACGCACCGAAGCGCGTTTCGTCCTATTTGGGA CTCATCAGGATATACGGTTCAGGTGATATACGGTTCAGGTGACGCACCGAA GCGCGTTTCGTCCTATTTGGGACTCATCAGACCTGAACCGTATATCATCCT TCCAGTCAGGGCCATGTTTGAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTTAAATAAGGCT AGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCACCTGAACCGT ATATCGACGCACCGAAGCGCGTTTCGTCCTATTTGGGACTCATCAGGATAT ACGGTTCAGGTCTATGGCCCTGACTGGAA-3′ (wherein the core PEgRNA scaffold is underlined, the homology and annealing regions are italicized, and the inserted sequence is bolded).

Designing other PEgRNA for insertion of RNA motifs may follow the general principle described herein. However, it is noted that many of RNA motifs are potentially highly structured, which could make it difficult for them to be reverse-transcribed and inserted into the genome. Although for some RNA sequences, such as simple hairpins, both the RNA sequence itself and its complement are structured. However, that is unlikely to be true for the sequences noted above. Therefore, when inserting these motifs, it would most likely be best for the PEgRNA to encode the reverse complement of these sequences, resulting in the insertion of the DNA sequence actually encoding the motif into the genome. Similarly, inclusion of a self-cleaving ribozyme in the PEgRNA template region would result in processing and inefficient activity, while inclusion of its reverse complement would not. Thus, these PEgRNAs will likely have to target the coding strand, whereas PEgRNAs encoding other types of insertions (such as therapeutic correction) would be able to theoretically target either strand.

Also, note that for many of the inserted motifs, the resulting PEgRNA might not be able to be transcribed from the U6 promoter, necessitating use of other promoters, such as pCMV. Similarly, longer PEgRNAs could also be less stable. Shorter motifs, such as m⁶A markers, would not have this challenge.

G. Use of Prime Editing for Generation of Sophisticated Gene Libraries

Prime editing may also be used to generate sophisticated libraries of protein- or RNA-coding genes with defined or variable insertions, deletions, or defined amino acid/nucleotide conversions, and their use in high-throughput screening and directed evolution is described herein. This application of prime editing can be further described in Example 7.

The generation of variable genetic libraries has most commonly been accomplished through mutagenic PCR (see Cadwell R C and Joyce G F. PCR Methods Appl. 1992). This method relies on either using reaction conditions that reduce the fidelity of DNA polymerase, or using modified DNA polymerases with higher mutation rates. As such, biases in these polymerases are reflected in the library product (e.g. a preference for transition mutations versus transversions). An inherent limitation of this approach to library construction is a relative inability to affect the size of the gene being varied. Most DNA polymerases have extremely low rates of indel mutations (insertions or deletions), and most of these will result in frameshift mutations in protein-coding regions, rendering members of the library unlikely to pass any downstream selection (See McInerney P, Adams P, and Hadi M Z. Mol Biol Int. 2014).

Additionally, biases in PCR and cloning can make it difficult to generate single libraries consisting of genes of different sizes. These limitations can severely limit the efficacy of directed evolution to enhance existing or engineer novel protein functions. In natural evolution, large changes in protein function or efficacy are typically associated with insertion and deletion mutations that are unlikely to occur during canonical library generation for mutagenesis. Furthermore, these mutations most commonly occur in regions of the protein in question that are predicted to form loops, as opposed to the hydrophobic core. Thus, most indels generated using a traditional unbiased approach are likely to either be deleterious or ineffective.

Libraries that could bias such mutations to the sites within the protein where they would be most likely to be beneficial, e.g., loop regions, would have a significant advantage over traditional libraries given that all libraries access only a fraction of the possible mutation space. Finally, although it is possible to generate genetic libraries with site-specific indel mutations through multistep PCR and clonal assembly using NNK primers or via DNA shuffling, these libraries cannot undergo additional rounds of ‘indelgenesis’ in continual evolution. Continuous evolution is a type of directed evolution with minimal user intervention. One such example is PACE (see Esvelt K M, Carlson J C, and Liu D R. Nature. 2011). Because continuous evolution occurs with minimal user intervention, any increase in library diversity during the evolution must occur using the native replication machinery. As such, although libraries of genes with inserted or removed codons as specific loci can be generated and screened in PACE, additional rounds of ‘indelgenesis’ are not possible.

It is envisioned that the programmability of prime editing (PE) can be leveraged to generate highly sophisticated, programmed genetic libraries for use in high-throughput screening and directed evolution (see FIG. 29A). PE can insert, change or remove defined numbers of nucleotides from specified genetic loci using information encoded in a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) (see FIG. 29B). This enables the generation of targeted libraries with one or more amino acids inserted or removed from the loop regions wherein mutations are most likely to give rise to changes in function, without background introduction of nonfunctional frameshift mutations (see FIG. 29C). PE can be used to install specific sets of mutations without regard for biases inherent in either DNA polymerase or the sequence being mutated.

For instance, while converting a CCC codon to a stop codon would be an unlikely occurrence via canonical library generation because it would require three consecutive mutations, including two transversions, PE could be used to convert any given, targeted codon to a TGA stop codon in one step. They could also be used to install programmed diversity at given positions, for instance by incorporating codons encoding any hydrophobic amino acid at a given site, while not encoding any others. Furthermore, because of the programmability of PE, multiple PEgRNAs could be utilized to generate multiple different edits at multiple sites simultaneously, enabling the generation of highly programmed libraries (see FIG. 29D). Additionally, it is possible to use reverse transcriptases with lower fidelity to generate regions of mutagenesis within an otherwise invariable library (such as the HIV-I reverse transcriptase or Bordetella phage reverse transcriptase) (see Naorem S S, Hin J, Wang S, Lee W R, Heng X, Miller J F, Guo H. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2017 and Martinez M A, Vartanian J P, Wain-Hobson S. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994).

The possibility of iterative rounds of PE on the same site is also envisioned, allowing— for instance—the repeated insertion of codons at a single site, e.g., in a loop region. Also, it is envisioned that all of the above described approaches can be incorporated into continual evolution, enabling the generation of novel in situ evolving libraries (see FIG. 30 ). They could also be used to construct these libraries within other cell types where it would otherwise be difficult to assemble large libraries, for instance within mammalian cells. Generation of PE-encoding bacterial strains that have been optimized for directed evolution would be a useful additional tool for the identification of proteins and RNAs with improved or novel functionality. All of these uses of PE are non-obvious due to the novel nature of PEs. In conclusion, library generation via PE would be a highly useful tool in synthetic biology and directed evolution, as well as for high-throughput screening of protein and RNA combinatorial mutants.

Competing Approaches

The chief method by which diverse libraries are currently generated is by mutagenic PCR (see Cadwell R C and Joyce G F. PCR Methods Appl. 1992), described above. Insertions or deletions can be introduced via degenerated NNK primers at defined sites during PCR, although introducing such mutations at multiple sites requires multiple rounds of iterative PCR and cloning before constructing a more diverse library via mutagenic PCR, rendering the method slow. An alternative, complementary method is DNA shuffling, where fragments of a library of genes generated via DNase treatment are introduced into a PCR reaction without primers, resulting in the annealing of different fragments to each other and the rapid generation of more diverse libraries than via mutagenic PCR alone (see Meyer A J, Ellefson J W, Ellington A D. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 2014). Although this approach can theoretically generate indel mutations, it more often results in frameshift mutations that destroy gene function. Furthermore, DNA shuffling requires a high degree of homology between gene fragments.

Both of these methods must be done in vitro, with the resulting library transformed into cells, while libraries generated by PE can be constructed in situ, enabling their use in continual evolution. While libraries can be constructed in situ through in vivo mutagenesis, these libraries rely on the host cellular machinery and exhibit biases against indels. Similarly, although traditional cloning methods can be used to generate site-specific mutational profiles, they cannot be used in situ and are generally assembled one at a time in vitro before being transformed into cells. The efficiency and broad functionality of PE in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types further suggests that these libraries could be constructed directly in the cell type of interest, as opposed to being cloned into a model organism such as E. coli and then transferred into the cell or organism of interest. Another competing approach for targeted diversification is automated multiplex genome engineering, or MAGE, wherein multiple single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides can be incorporated within replication forks and result in programmable mutations. However, MAGE requires significant modification of the host strain and can lead to a 100-fold increase in off-target or background mutations (see Nyerges Á et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016), whereas PE is more highly programmed and anticipated to result in fewer off-target effects. Additionally, MAGE has not been demonstrated in a wide variety of cell types, including mammalian cells.

By contrast, prime editing is a novel and non-obvious complementary technique for library generation.

Use of PE for Constructing Gene Libraries

PE may be used to construct gene libraries in a programmable manner.

In one example, PE can be used in a directed evolution experiment to introduce protein variants into gene libraries during a continual evolution experiment using PACE, permitting iterative accumulation of both point mutations and indels in a manner not possible via traditional approaches.

It has already been shown that PE can site-specifically and programmably insert nucleotides into a genetic sequence in E. coli. Directed evolution can be used to identify monobodies with improved binding to a specific epitope via a modified two-hybrid protein:protein binding PACE selection. Specific and highly variable loops within these monobodies contribute significantly to affinity and specificity. Improved monobody binding might be obtained rapidly in PACE by varying the length and composition of these loops in a targeted fashion. However, varying sequence length is not an established functionality of PACE. While library of varied loop sizes might be used as a starting point for PACE, no subsequent improvements to length would arise throughout the PACE selection, barring access to beneficial synergistic combinations of point mutations and indel mutations.

In various embodiments, PE can be used to improve the PACE selection by enabling the in situ generation and evolution of monobodies with varying loop lengths. To do so, the PACE E. coli strain may be introduced to an additional PE plasmid, which encodes the PE enzyme and one or more PEgRNAs. Expression of PE enzyme and PEgRNAs in the E. coli would be under the control of a small molecule delivered to the PACE lagoon at a rate selected by the experimenter.

In various embodiments, the PEgRNA components would contain a spacer directing the PE to the site of interest on the selection phage and would be designed such that a multiple of three nucleotides could be inserted at the target site such that a new PEgRNA binding site would be introduced, enabling the iterative insertion of one or more codons at the targeted site.

In parallel, another host E. coli strain might include PEgRNAs that would template the removal of one or more codons, enabling loop size to shrink during the evolution. A PACE experiment might utilize a mixture of both strains or alternate the two to permit the slow and controlled addition or removal of loop sequences.

In addition to the use of PE and PACE to create monobody libraries, this technique can also be applied to the evolution of antibodies using PE and PACE. The binding principles governing antibodies are very similar to those governing monobodies: the length of antibody complement-determining region loops is critical to their binding function. Further, longer loop lengths have been found to be critical in the development of rare antibodies with broadly protective activity against HIV-1 and other viral infections (see Mascola J R, Haynes B F. Immunol Rev. 2013). Application of PE as described above to an antibody or antibody-derived molecule would permit the generation of antibodies with diverse loop length and varied loop sequence. In combination with PACE, such an approach would permit enhanced binding through loop geometries not accessible to standard PACE, and thus permit evolution of highly functional antibodies.

As a non-limiting example, the following PEgRNAs could be used to programmably modify the genome of a bacteriophage used in a continuous evolution experiment:

MODIFICATION PEGRNA SEQUENCE CCA UACACCAUCACGGUCUAUGCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAA INSERTION UAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUU GAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUAUCUUCGCCCC AUGCAUAGACCGUGAUGG (SEQ ID NO: 101) 1 NT DELETION CGCGUCGCGCUCGUCAGAUCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAA UAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUU GAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUCCGCCUACC UGCAUCUGACGAGCGCGA (SEQ ID NO: 102) POINT AUCGGAGAAUACAUGAACAUGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAA MUTATION UAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUU GAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCCGGAGAAUACAU GAACAUCGGACCCGCGCUAUCUUC (SEQ ID NO: 103) NNN UACACCAUCACGGUCUAUGCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAA INSERTION UAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUU (N = A/T/G/C) GAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUAUCUUCGCCNN NUGCAUAGACCGUGAUGG (SEQ ID NO: 104) ITERATIVE UACACCAUCACGGUCUAUGCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAA GGG UAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUU INSERTION GAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGGGGGGGGGGG GUGCAUAGACCGUGAUGG (SEQ ID NO: 105)

In various embodiments, the use of PE for constructing gene libraries may make the use of the mutagenic activity of error-prone reverse transcriptases. The use of such mutagenic reverse transcriptase may facilitate the generation of mutagenized programmable libraries due to the lower fidelity of the error-prone RTs. As used herein, the term “error-prone” reverse transcriptase refers to a reverse transcriptase enzyme that occurs naturally or which has been derived from another reverse transcriptase (e.g., a wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase) which has an error rate that is less than the error rate of wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase. The error rate of wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase is reported to be in the range of one error in 15,000 to 27,000 nucleobase incorporations. See Boutabout et al. (2001) “DNA synthesis fidelity by the reverse transcriptase of the yeast retrotransposon Ty1,” Nucleic Acids Res 29(11):2217-2222, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Thus, for purposes of this application, the term “error prone” refers to those RT that have an error rate that is greater than one error in 15,000 nucleobase incorporation (6.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), e.g., 1 error in 14,000 nucleobases (7.14×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 13,000 nucleobases or fewer (7.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 12,000 nucleobases or fewer (7.7×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 11,000 nucleobases or fewer (9.1×10⁻⁵ or higher), 1 error in 10,000 nucleobases or fewer (1×10⁻⁴ or 0.0001 or higher), 1 error in 9,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00011 or higher), 1 error in 8,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00013 or higher) 1 error in 7,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00014 or higher), 1 error in 6,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00016 or higher), 1 error in 5,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.0002 or higher), 1 error in 4,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00025 or higher), 1 error in 3,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.00033 or higher), 1 error in 2,000 nucleobase or fewer (0.00050 or higher), or 1 error in 1,000 nucleobases or fewer (0.001 or higher), or 1 error in 500 nucleobases or fewer (0.002 or higher), or 1 error in 250 nucleobases or fewer (0.004 or higher).

A variety of mutagenic RTs could be envisioned for generation of highly mutagenized programmable libraries. Two such examples are the mutagenic reverse transcriptases from Bordetella phage (see Handa, S., et al. Nucl Acids Res 9711-25 (2018), which is incorporated herein by reference) and Legionella pneumophila (see Arambula, D., et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8212-7 (2013), which is incorporated by reference). In the case of the RT from Bordetella phage (brt), an accessory protein might need to also be added (bavd) to Cas9—or delivered in trans—as well as additional RNA sequences to the PEgRNA to improve binding of the mutagenic RT to the target site (see Handa, S., et al. Nucl Acids Res 9711-25 (2018)). When using mutagenic RTs, the template region of the PEgRNA might be enriched in adenosines or AAY codons to enhance diversity.

The amino acid sequence of the mutagenic RT from Bordetella phage is provided as follows. Like other RTs disclosed herein, the Brt protein may be fused to a napDNAbp as a fusion protein to form a functional PE.

Name Sequence brt MGKRHRNLIDQITTWENLLDAYRKTSHGKRRTWGYLEF mutagenic KEYDLANLLALQAELKAGNYERGPYREFLVYEPKPRLI rt SALEFKDRLVQHALCNIVAPIFEAGLLPYTYACRPDKG THAGVCHVQAELRRTRATHFLKSDFSKFFPSIDRAALY AMIDKKIHCAATRRLLRVVLPDEGVGIPIGSLTSQLFA NVYGGAVDRLLHDELKQRHWARYMDDIVVLGDDPEELR AVFYRLRDFASERLGLKISHWQVAPVSRGINFLGYRIW PTHKLLRKSSVKRAKRKVANFIKHGEDESLQRFLASWS GHAQWADTHNLFTWMEEQYGIACH (SEQ ID NO: 129)

In the case of Brt from Bordetella, the PE fusion may also include an additional accessory protein (Bavd). The accessory protein may be fused to the PE fusion protein or provided in trans. The amino acid sequence of Bavd accessory protein is provided as follows:

Name Sequence bavd MEPIEEATKCYDQMLIVERYERVISYLYPIAQSIPRKHGV accessory AREMFLKCLLGQVELFIVAGKSNQVSKLYAADAGLAMLRF protein WLRFLAGIQKPHAMTPHQVETAQVLIAEVGRILGS to brt WIARVNRKGQAGK (SEQ ID NO: 236)

In the case of Brt from Bodetella, the PEgRNA may comprise an additional nucleotide sequence added a PEgRNA, e.g., to the 5′ or 3′ end. Examplary sequence is as follows, which is originally from the Bordetella phage genome:

NAME SEQUENCE PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGC ADDITION UGGCCUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCU 1 UCGGCGAACACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACU GAAAAUGGAAAGGCGGGGCCGACUUCAAGGGCAGGCUGGGA AAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 237)

This PEgRNA addition sequence can be reduced in various ways to shorten the length. For example, the PEgRNA-addition 1 sequence could be reduced to the following exemplary alternative addition sequences:

NAME SEQUENCE PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGG ADDITION CUGGCCUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUG 2 CUUCGGCGAACACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUU ACUGAAAAUGGAAAGGCGGGGCCGACUUC (SEQ ID NO: 238) PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGG ADDITION CUGGCCUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAAAGGGCAGGCUGGGA 3 AAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 239) PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGG ADDITION CUGGCCUUUCCUCAAUAGGUGGUCA (SEQ ID NO: 4 277) PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUU ADDITION CCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCUUCGGCGA 5 ACACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACUGAAAAU GGAAAGGCGGGGCCGACUUCAAGGGCAGGCUGGGAAAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 240) PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUU ADDITION CCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCUUCGGCGA 6 ACACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACUGAAAAU GGAAAGGCGGGGCCGACUUC (SEQ ID NO: 241) PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUU ADDITION CCUCAAUAGGUGGUCAAAGGGCAGGCUGGGAAAUAA 7 (SEQ ID NO: 242) PEGRNA- CAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGCUGGCCUUU ADDITION CCUCAAUAGGUGGUCA 8 (SEQ ID NO: 243)

In other embodiments, the PEgRNA addition sequence can be also be mutated. For example, the PEgRNA-addition 1 sequence could be mutated to the following exemplary alternative addition sequence:

NAME SEQUENCE PEGRNA- ACCUUCUUGCAUGGCUCUGCCAACGCUACGGCUUGGCGGGC ADDITION UGGCCUUUCCUCAAUAGAUGAGCCGCCGGUUCUGUCCUGCU 1 UCGGCGAACACGUUACACGGUUCGGCAAAACGUCGAUUACU MUTATED GAAAAUGGAAAGGCGGGGCCGACUUCAAGGGCAGGCUGGGA AAUAA (SEQ ID NO: 244)

In various embodiments relating to the use of PE for designing gene libraries, special PEgRNAs considerations may apply. For example, without wishing to be bound by theory, the additional PEgRNA sequences described above might be needed to enable efficient mutagenesis via mutagenic RTs. In another embodiment, iterative codon insertion using PE may required specific PEgRNA designs. For example, to insert a GGG (glycine) codon iteratively, the entire homology region of the PEgRNA might need to be composed of Gs, as shown above. This would mean that only certain sites could go iterative insertion. Additionally, the PAM sequence would not be able to be disrupted by the PE.

H. Use of Prime Editing for Insertion of Immunoepitopes

Prime editors may also be used as a means to insert known immunogenicity epitopes into endogenous or foreign genomic DNA, resulting in modification of the corresponding proteins for therapeutic or biotechnological applications (see FIGS. 31 and 32 ). Prior to the invention of prime editing, such insertions could be achieved only inefficiently and with high rates of indel formation from DSBs. prime editing solves the problem of high indel formation from insertion edits while generally offering higher efficiency than HDR. This lower rate of indel formation presents a major advantage of prime editing over HDR as a method for targeted DNA insertions, especially in the described application of inserting immunogenicity epitopes. The length of epitopes is in a range from few bases to hundreds of bases. Prime editor is an efficient approach to achieve such targeted insertions in mammalian cells.

The key concept of the invention is the use of prime editors to insert a nucleotide sequence containing previously described immunogenicity epitopes into endogenous or foreign genomic DNA for the downregulation and/or destruction of their protein products and/or expressing cell types. Nucleotide sequences for immunogenic epitope insertion would be targeted to genes in a manner to produce fusion proteins of the targeted gene's coded protein and the inserted immunogenic epitope's corresponding protein translation. Patient's immune systems will have been previously trained to recognize these epitopes as a result of standard prior immunization from routine vaccination against, for example, tetanus or diphtheria or measles. As a result of the immunogenic nature of the fused epitopes, patient's immune systems would be expected to recognize and disable the prime edited protein (not just the inserted epitope) and potentially the cells from which it was expressed.

Precise genome targeting technologies using the CRISPR/Cas system have recently been explored in a wide range of applications, including the insertion of engineered DNA sequences into targeted genomic loci. Previously, homology-directed repair (HDR) has been used for this application, requiring an ssDNA donor template and repair initiation by means of a double-stranded DNA break (DSB). This strategy offers the broadest range of possible changes to be made in cells and is the only method available to insert large DNA sequences into mammalian cells. However, HDR is hampered by undesired cellular side effects stemming from its initiating DSB, such as high levels of indel formation, DNA translocations, large deletions, and P53 activation. In addition to these drawbacks, HDR is limited by low efficiency in many cell types (T cells are a notable exception to this observation). Recent efforts to overcome these drawbacks include fusing human Rad51 mutants to a Cas9 D10A nickase (RDN), resulting in a DSB-free HDR system that features improved HDR product:indel ratios and lower off target editing, but is still hampered by cell-type dependencies and only modest HDR editing efficiency.

Recently developed fusions of Cas9 to reverse transcriptases (“Prime editors”) coupled with PEgRNAs represent a novel genome editing technology that offers a number of advantages over existing genome editing methods, including the ability to install any single nucleotide substitution, and to insert or delete any short stretch of nucleotides (up to at least several dozen bases) in a site-specific manner. Notably, PE edits are achieved with generally low rates of unintended indels. As such, PE enables targeted insertion-based editing applications that have been previously impossible or impractical.

This particular aspect describes a method for using prime editing as a means to insert known immunogenicity epitopes into endogenous or foreign genomic DNA, resulting in modification of the corresponding proteins for therapeutic or biotechnological applications (see FIGS. 31 and 32 ). Prior to the invention of prime editing, such insertions could be achieved only inefficiently and with high rates of indel formation from DSBs. prime editing solves the problem of high indel formation from insertion edits while generally offering higher efficiency than HDR. This lower rate of indel formation presents a major advantage of prime editing over HDR as a method for targeted DNA insertions, especially in the described application of inserting immunogenicity epitopes. The length of epitopes is in a range from few bases to hundreds of bases. Prime editor is the most efficient and cleanest technology to achieve such targeted insertions in mammalian cells.

The key concept of this aspect is the use of prime editors to insert a nucleotide sequence containing previously described immunogenicity epitopes into endogenous or foreign genomic DNA for the downregulation and/or destruction of their protein products and/or expressing cell types. Nucleotide sequences for immunogenic epitope insertion would be targeted to genes in a manner to produce fusion proteins of the targeted gene's coded protein and the inserted immunogenic epitope's corresponding protein translation. Patient's immune systems will have been previously trained to recognize these epitopes as a result of standard prior immunization from routine vaccination against, for example, tetanus or diphtheria or measles. As a result of the immunogenic nature of the fused epitopes, patient's immune systems would be expected to recognize and disable the prime edited protein (not just the inserted epitope) and potentially the cells from which it was expressed.

Fusions to targeted genes would be engineered as needed to ensure the inserted epitope protein translation is exposed for immune system recognition. This could include targeted nucleotide insertions resulting in protein translations yielding C-terminal fusions of immunogenicity epitopes to targeted genes, N-terminal fusions of immunogenicity epitopes to targeted genes, or the insertion of nucleotides into genes so that immunogenicity epitopes are coded within surfaced-exposed regions of protein structure.

Protein linkers encoded as nucleotides inserted between the target gene sequence and the inserted immunogenicity epitope nucleotide sequence may need to be engineered as part of this invention to facilitate immune system recognition, cellular trafficking, protein function, or protein folding of the targeted gene. These inserted nucleotide-encoded protein linkers may include (but are not limited to) variable lengths and sequences of the XTEN linker or variable lengths and sequences of Glycine-Serine linkers. These engineered linkers have been previous used to successfully facilitate protein fusions. Examplary linkers may include any of those described herein, including the amino acid sequence (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 165), (G)n (SEQ ID NO: 166), (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 167), (GGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 168), (SGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 169), (XP)n (SEQ ID NO: 170), or any combination thereof, wherein n is independently an integer between 1 and 30, and wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence (GGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 176), wherein n is 1, 3, or 7. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 171). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 172). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 173). In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 174).

Distinguishing features of this aspect include the ability to use previously acquired immune responses to specific amino acid sequences as a means to induce an immune response against otherwise non-immunogenic proteins. Another distinguishing feature is the ability to insert the nucleotide sequences of these immunogenic epitopes in a targets manner that does not induce high levels of unwanted indels as a by-product editing and is efficient in its insertion. This specific application of PE has the ability to combine cell type-specific delivery methods (such as AAV serotypes) to insert epitopes in cell types that are of interest to trigger an immune response to.

Prime editing as a means of inserting immunogenic epitopes into pathogenic genes could be used to program the patient's immune system to fight a wide variety of diseases (not limited to cancer as with immuno-oncology strategies). An immediately relevant use of this technology would be as a cancer therapeutic as it could undermine a tumor's immune escape mechanism by causing an immune response to a relevant oncogene like HER2 or growth factors like EGFR. Such an approach could seem similar to T-cell engineering, but one novel advance of this approach is that it can be utilized in many cell types and for diseases beyond cancer, without needed to generate and introduce engineered T-cells into patients.

Using PE to insert an immunogenicity epitope which most people are already vaccinated against (tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, etc.) into a foreign or endogenous gene that drives a disease, so the patient's immune system learns to disable that protein.

Diseases that stand to have a potential therapeutic benefit from the aforementioned strategy include those caused by aggregation of toxic proteins, such as in fatal familial insomnia. Other diseases that could benefit include those caused by pathogenic overexpression of an otherwise nontoxic endogenous protein, and those caused by foreign pathogens.

Primary therapeutic indications include those mentioned above such as therapeutics for cancer, prion and other neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, and preventative medicine. Secondary therapeutic indications may include preventative care for patients with late-onset genetic diseases. It is expected that current standard of care medicines may be used in conjunction with prime editing for some diseases, like particularly aggressive cancers, or in cases where medications help alleviate disease symptoms until the disease completely cured. Below are examples of immunoepitopes that may be inserted into genes by the herein disclosed prime editors:

EPITOPE AMINO EXAMPLE NUCLEIC ACID VACCINE DISEASE ACID SEQUENCE SEQUENCE (8) 1 TETANUS QYIKANSKFIGITE CATGATATAAAAGCAAATTCTAAATTTA TOXOID L (SEQ ID NO: 396) TAGGTATAACTGAACTA (SEQ ID NO: 397) 2 DIPHTHERIA GADDVVDSSKSF GGCGCCGACGACGTGGTGGACAGCAG TOXIN VMENFSSYHGTK CAAGAGCTTCGTGATGGAGAACTTCA MUTANT PGYVDSIQKGIQK GCAGCTACCACGGCACCAAGCCCGGC CRM197 PKSGTQGNYDDD TACGTGGACAGCATCCAGAAGGGCAT WKEFYSTDNKYD CCAGAAGCCCAAGAGCGGCACCCAGG AAGYSVDNENPL GCAACTACGACGACGACTGGAAGGAG SGKAGGVVKVTY TTCTACAGCACCGACAACAAGTACGA PGLTKVLALKVD CGCCGCCGGCTACAGCGTGGACAACG NAETIKKELGLSL AGAACCCCCTGAGCGGCAAGGCCGGC TEPLMEQVGTEEF GGCGTGGTGAAGGTGACCTACCCCGG IKRFGDGASRVVL CCTGACCAAGGTGCTGGCCCTGAAGG SLPFAEGSSSVEYI TGGACAACGCCGAGACCATCAAGAAG NNWEQAKALSVE GAGCTGGGCCTGAGCCTGACCGAGCC LEINFETRGKRGQ CCTGATGGAGCAGGTGGGCACCGAGG DAMYEYMAQAC AGTTCATCAAGAGGTTCGGCGACGGC AGNRVRRSVGSSL GCCAGCAGGGTGGTGCTGAGCCTGCC SCINLDWDVIRDK CTTCGCCGAGGGCAGCAGCAGCGTGG TKTKIESLKEHGPI AGTACATCAACAACTGGGAGCAGGCC KNKMSESPNKTV AAGGCCCTGAGCGTGGAGCTGGAGAT SEEKAKQYLEEFH CAACTTCGAGACCAGGGGCAAGAGGG QTALEHPELSELK GCCAGGACGCCATGTACGAGTACATGG TVTGTNPVFAGA CCCAGGCCTGCGCCGGCAACAGGGTG NYAAWAVNVAQV AGGAGGAGCGTGGGCAGCAGCCTGAG IDSETADNLEKTT CTGCATCAACCTGGACTGGGACGTGAT AALSILPGIGSVM CAGGGACAAGACCAAGACCAAGATCG GIADGAVHHNTEE AGAGCCTGAAGGAGCACGGCCCCATC IVAQSIALSSLMVA AAGAACAAGATGAGCGAGAGCCCCAA QAIPLVGELVDIGF CAAGACCGTGAGCGAGGAGAAGGCC AAYNFVESIINLFQ AAGCAGTACCTGGAGGAGTTCCACCA VVHNSYNRPAYSP GACCGCCCTGGAGCACCCCGAGCTGA GHKTQPFLHDGY GCGAGCTGAAGACCGTGACCGGCACC AVSWNTVEDSIIR AACCCCGTGTTCGCCGGCGCCAACTA TGFQGESGHDIKI CGCCGCCTGGGCCGTGAACGTGGCCC TAENTPLPIAGVL AGGTGATCGACAGCGAGACCGCCGAC LPTIPGKLDVNKS AACCTGGAGAAGACCACCGCCGCCCT KTHISVNGRKIRM GAGCATCCTGCCCGGCATCGGCAGCGT RCRAIDGDVTFCR GATGGGCATCGCCGACGGCGCCGTGC PKSPVYVGNGVH ACCACAACACCGAGGAGATCGTGGCC ANLHVAFHRSSSE CAGAGCATCGCCCTGAGCAGCCTGAT KIHSNEISSDSIGV GGTGGCCCAGGCCATCCCCCTGGTGG LGYQKTVDHTKV GCGAGCTGGTGGACATCGGCTTCGCC NSKLSLFFEIKS GCCTACAACTTCGTGGAGAGCATCATC (SEQ ID NO: 398) AACCTGTTCCAGGTGGTGCACAACAG CTACAACAGGCCCGCCTACAGCCCCG GCCACAAGACCCAGCCCTTCCTGCAC GACGGCTACGCCGTGAGCTGGAACAC CGTGGAGGACAGCATCATCAGGACCG GCTTCCAGGGCGAGAGCGGCCACGAC ATCAAGATCACCGCCGAGAACACCCC CCTGCCCATCGCCGGCGTGCTGCTGCC CACCATCCCCGGCAAGCTGGACGTGA ACAAGAGCAAGACCCACATCAGCGTG AACGGCAGGAAGATCAGGATGAGGTG CAGGGCCATCGACGGCGACGTGACCT TCTGCAGGCCCAAGAGCCCCGTGTAC GTGGGCAACGGCGTGCACGCCAACCT GCACGTGGCCTTCCACAGGAGCAGCA GCGAGAAGATCCACAGCAACGAGATC AGCAGCGACAGCATCGGCGTGCTGGG CTACCAGAAGACCGTGGACCACACCA AGGTGAACAGCAAGCTGAGCCTGTTC TTCGAGATCAAGAGC (SEQ ID NO: 399) 3 MUMPS GTYRLIPNARANL GGCACCTACAGGCTGATCCCCAACGC IMMUNOE TA (SEQ ID NO: CAGGGCCAACCTGACCGCC (SEQ ID PITOPE 1 400) NO: 401) 4 MUMPS PSKFFTISDSATFA CCGAGCAAATTTTTTACCATTAGCGAT IMMUNOE PGPVSNA (SEQ ID AGCGCGACCTTTGCGCCGGGCCCGGT PITOPE 2 NO: 402) GAGCAACGCG (SEQ ID NO: 403) MUMPS PSKLFIMLDNATF CCGAGCAAACTGTTTATTATGCTGGAT IMMUNOE APGPVVNA (SEQ AACGCGACCTTTGCGCCGGGCCCGGT PITOPE 1 ID NO: 404) GGTGAACGCG (SEQ ID NO: 405) SELECTED EXAMPLES FROM HEMAGGLUTININ-NEURAMINIDASE (HN) DIVERSITY AMONG OUTBREAK STRAINS (TABLE 1) DIVERGENCE BETWEEN VACCINE STRAIN JL5 AND OUTBREAK STRAINS (TABLE 2) 5 RUBELLA TPPPYQVSCGGES ACCCCCCCCCCCTACCAGGTGAGCTGC VIRUS DRASARVIDPAAQ GGCGGCGAGAGCGACAGGGCCAGCG (RV) S (SEQ ID NO: 406) CCAGGGTGATCGACCCCGCCGCCCAG AGC (SEQ ID NO: 407) 6 HEMAGGLUTININ PEYAYKIVKNKK CCCGAGTACGCCTACAAGATCGTGAA MEDGFLQGMVD GAACAAGAAGATGGAGGACGGCTTCC GWYGHHSNEQGS TGCAGGGCATGGTGGACGGCTGGTAC GLMENERTLDKA GGCCACCACAGCAACGAGCAGGGCAG NPNNDLCSWSDH CGGCCTGATGGAGAACGAGAGGACCC EASSNNTNQEDLL TGGACAAGGCCAACCCCAACAACGAC QRESRRKKRIGTS CTGTGCAGCTGGAGCGACCACGAGGC TLNQRGNCNTKC CAGCAGCAACAACACCAACCAGGAGG QTEEARLKREEVS ACCTGCTGCAGAGGGAGAGCAGGAGG LVKSDQCSNGSLQ AAGAAGAGGATCGGCACCAGCACCCT CRANNSTEQVD GAACCAGAGGGGCAACTGCAACACCA (SEQ ID NO: 408) AGTGCCAGACCGAGGAGGCCAGGCTG AAGAGGGAGGAGGTGAGCCTGGTGA AGAGCGACCAGTGCAGCAACGGCAGC CTGCAGTGCAGGGCCAACAACAGCAC CGAGCAGGTGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 409) 7 NEURAMI TKSTNSRSGGISG ACCAAGAGCACCAACAGCAGGAGCG NIDASE PDNEAPVGEAPSP GCGGCATCAGCGGCCCCGACAACGAG YGDNPRPNDGNN GCCCCCGTGGGCGAGGCCCCCAGCCC IRIGSKGYNGIITD CTACGGCGACAACCCCAGGCCCAACG TIEESCSCYPDAK ACGGCAACAACATCAGGATCGGCAGC VVKSVELDSTIWT AAGGGCTACAACGGCATCATCACCGA SGSSPNQKIITIGW CACCATCGAGGAGAGCTGCAGCTGCT DPNGWTGTPMSP ACCCCGACGCCAAGGTGGTGAAGAGC NGAYGTDGPSNG GTGGAGCTGGACAGCACCATCTGGAC QANQHQAESISA CAGCGGCAGCAGCCCCAACCAGAAGA GNSSLCPIRDNWH TCATCACCATCGGCTGGGACCCCAACG GSNRSWSWPDGA GCTGGACCGGCACCCCCATGAGCCCC E (SEQ ID NO: 410) AACGGCGCCTACGGCACCGACGGCCC CAGCAACGGCCAGGCCAACCAGCACC AGGCCGAGAGCATCAGCGCCGGCAAC AGCAGCCTGTGCCCCATCAGGGACAA CTGGCACGGCAGCAACAGGAGCTGGA GCTGGCCCGACGGCGCCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 411) 8 TAP1 EKIVLLLAMMEKI GAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCCATG (TRANSPORT VLLLAKCQTPMG ATGGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCC ANTIGEN AIKAVDGVTNKCP AAGTGCCAGACCCCCATGGGCGCCAT PRESENTATION) YLGSPSF (SEQ ID CAAGGCCGTGGACGGCGTGACCAACA ON NO: 412) AGTGCCCCTACCTGGGCAGCCCCAGC H5N1 TTC (SEQ ID NO: 413) VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ 9 TAP2 IRPCFWVELNPNQ ATCAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGCTG (TRANSPORT KIITIRPCFWVELI AACCCCAACCAGAAGATCATCACCATC ANTIGEN CYPDAGEIT(SEQ AGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGCTGATC PRESENTATION) ID NO: 414) TGCTACCCCGACGCCGGCGAGATCAC ON C (SEQ ID NO: 415) H5N1 VIRUS NEURAMINIDASE 10 HEMAGGLUTININ MEKIVLLLAEKIV ATGGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCC EPITOPES LLLAMCPYLGSPS GAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCCATG TOWARD FKCQTPMGAIKAV TGCCCCTACCTGGGCAGCCCCAGCTTC CLASS I DGVTNK (SEQ ID AAGTGCCAGACCCCCATGGGCGCCAT HLA NO: 416) CAAGGCCGTGGACGGCGTGACCAACA AG (SEQ ID NO: 417) 11 NEURAMINIDASE NPNQKIITICYPDAG AACCCCAACCAGAAGATCATCACCATCT EITIRPCFWVELRPC GCTACCCCGACGCCGGCGAGATCACCAT EPITOPES FWVELI (SEQ ID CAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGCTGAG TOWARD NO: 418) GCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGCTGATC CLASS I (SEQ ID NO: 419) HLA 12 HEMAGGLUTININ MVSLVKSDQIGTST ATGGTGAGCCTGGTGAAGAGCGACCAG EPITOPES LNQR (SEQ ID NO: ATCGGCACCAGCACCCTGAACCAGAGG TOWARD 420) (SEQ ID NO: 421) CLASS II HLA 13 NEURAMINIDASE YNGIITDTI (SEQ ID TACAACGGCATCATCACCGACACCATC NO: 422) (SEQ ID NO: 423) EPITOPES TOWARD CLASS II HLA 14 HEMAGGLUTININ MEKIVLLLAEKIVL ATGGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCC EPITOPE LLAMMVSLVKSDQ GAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCCATG H5N1- CPYLGSPSFIGTSTL ATGGTGAGCCTGGTGAAGAGCGACCAG BOUND NQRKCQTPMGAIK TGCCCCTACCTGGGCAGCCCCAGCTTCA CLASS I AVDGVTNK(SEQ TCGGCACCAGCACCCTGAACCAGAGG AND ID NO: 424) (SEQ ID NO: 425) CLASS II HLA 15 NEURAMINIDASE NPNQKIITIYNGIIT AACCCCAACCAGAAGATCATCACCATCT EPITOPE DTICYPDAGEITIRP ACAACGGCATCATCACCGACACCATCTG H5N1- CFWVELRPCFWVE CTACCCCGACGCCGGCGAGATCACCATC BOUND LI (SEQ ID NO: 426) AGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGCTGAGG CLASS I CCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGCTGATC (SEQ AND ID NO: 427) CLASS II HLA

Additional immunoepitopes may also be installed which are known in the art. Any of the immunoepitopes available from the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (iedb.org/epitopedetails_v3.php) (the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference) may be installed by the prime editors disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the immunoepitopes which may be installed by the prime editors disclosed herein may include any of the following epitopes:

SEQ ID ACCESS. NO. DISEASE EPITOPE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE NO NO. 1 TETANUS QYIKANSKFIGITEL 396 NA TOXOID 2 DIPHTHERIA GADDVVDSSKSFVMENFSSYHGTKP 428 NA TOXIN MUTANT GYVDSIQKGIQKPKSGTQGNYDDDW CRM197 KEFYSTDNKYDAAGYSVDNENPLSG KAGGVVKVTYPGLTKVLALKVDNA ETIKKELGLSLTEPLMEQVGTEEFIKR FGDGASRVVLSLPFAEGSSSVEYINN WEQAKALSVELEINFETRGKRGQDA MYEYMAQACAGNRVRRSVGSSLSCI NLDWDVIRDKTKTKIESLKEHGPIKN KMSESPNKTVSEEKAKQYLEEFHQT ALEHPELSELKTVTGTNPVFAGANYA AWAVNVAQVIDSETADNLEKTTAALS ILPGIGSVMGIADGAVHHNTEEIVAQS IALSSLMVAQAIPLVGELVDIGFAAYN FVESIINLFQVVHNSYNRPAYSPGHKT QPFLHDGYAVSWNTVEDSIIRTGFQG ESGHDIKITAENTPLPIAGVLLPTIPGK LDVNKSKTHISVNGRKIRMRCRAIDG DVTFCRPKSPVYVGNGVHANLHVAF HRSSSEKIHSNEISSDSIGVLGYQKTV DHTKVNSKLSLFFEIKS 3 MUMPS GTYRLIPNARANLTA 400 NA 4 MUMPS PSKFFTISDSATFAPGPVSNA; 402; 404 NA PSKLFIMLDNATFAPGPVVNA 5 RUBELLA VIRUS TPPPYQVSCGGESDRASARVIDPAAQ 406 NA (RV) S 6 HEMAGGLUTININ PEYAYKIVKNKKMEDGFLQGMVDG 408 NA WYGHHSNEQGSGLMENERTLDKAN PNNDLCSWSDHEASSNNTNQEDLLQ RESRRKKRIGTSTLNQRGNCNTKCQT EEARLKREEVSLVKSDQCSNGSLQCR ANNSTEQVD 7 NEURAMINIDASE TKSTNSRSGGISGPDNEAPVGEAPSP 410 NA YGDNPRPNDGNNIRIGSKGYNGIITD TIEESCSCYPDAKVVKSVELDSTIWTS GSSPNQKIITIGWDPNGWTGTPMSPN GAYGTDGPSNGQANQHQAESISAGN SSLCPIRDNWHGSNRSWSWPDGAE 8 TAP (TRANSPORT EKIVLLLAMMEKIVLLLAKCQTPMG 412 NA ANTIGEN AIKAVDGVTNKCPYLGSPSF PRESENTATION) ON H5N1 VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ 9 TAP (TRANSPORT IRPCFWVELNPNQKIITIRPCFWVELIC 414 NA ANTIGEN YPDAGEIT PRESENTATION) ON H5N1 VIRUS NEURAMINIDASE 10 HEMAGGLUTININ MEKIVLLLAEKIVLLLAMCPYLGSPS 416 NA EPITOPES FKCQTPMGAIKAVDGVTNK TOWARD CLASS I HLA 11 NEURAMINIDASE NPNQKIITICYPDAGEITIRPCFWVELR 418 NA EPITOPES PCFWVELI TOWARD CLASS I HLA 12 HEMAGGLUTININ MVSLVKSDQIGTSTLNQR 420 NA EPITOPES TOWARD CLASS II HLA 13 NEURAMINIDASE YNGIITDTI 422 NA EPITOPES TOWARD CLASS II HLA 14 HEMAGGLUTININ MEKIVLLLAEKIVLLLAMMVSLVKSD 424 NA EPITOPE H5N1- QCPYLGSPSFIGTSTLNQRKCQTPMG BOUND CLASS I AIKAVDGVTNK AND CLASS II HLA 15 NEURAMINIDASE NPNQKIITIYNGIITDTICYPDAGEITIR 426 NA EPITOPE H5N1- PCFWVELRPCFWVELI BOUND CLASS I AND CLASS II HLA 16 CORYNEBACTERIUM AACAGNRVRRSVGSSLKC 899 SRC280292 DIPHTHERIAE 17 MEASLES VIRUS AADHCPVVEVNGVTI 900 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 18 MEASLES VIRUS AAHLPTGTPLDID 901 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 19 BORDETELLA AALAVWAGLAVQ 902 Q00879.1 PERTUSSIS 20 MEASLES VIRUS AALGVATAAQITAGI 903 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 21 RUBELLA VIRUS AALLNTPPPYQVSCGGESDRATAR 904 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 22 RUBELLA VIRUS AAQSFTGVVYGTHTT 905 BAA28178.1 23 RUBELLA VIRUS ACEVEPAFGHSDAAC 906 BAA28178.1 24 RUBELLA VIRUS ACTFWAVNAYSSGGY 907 BAA28178.1 25 RUBELLA VIRUS ADDPLLR 908 BAA19893.1 26 RUBELLA VIRUS ADDPLLRT 909 CAJ88851.1 27 MEASLES VIRUS AEMICDIDTYIVEAG 910 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 28 MEASLES VIRUS AEMICDIDTYIVEAGLASFI 911 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 29 MEASLES VIRUS AEPLLSC 912 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 30 BORDETELLA AFVSTSSSRRYTEVY 913 CAD44970.1 PERTUSSIS 31 BORDETELLA AGFIYRETFCITTIYKTGQPAADHYYS 914 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS KVTA 32 RUBELLA VIRUS AGLLACCAKCLYYLR 915 BAA28178.1 33 RUBELLA VIRUS AHTTSDPWHPPG 916 BAA19893.1 34 MEASLES VIRUS AIAKLEDAKELLESS 917 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 35 MEASLES VIRUS AIDNLRASLETTNQA 918 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 36 BORDETELLA AKGVEFR 919 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 37 MEASLES VIRUS AKWAVPTTRTDDKLR 920 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 38 MEASLES VIRUS ALAEVLKKPV 921 ABO69699.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 39 MEASLES VIRUS ALGVINTLEWIPRFK 922 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 40 MEASLES VIRUS ALHQSMLNSQAIDNL 923 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 41 MEASLES VIRUS ALIGILSLFV 924 ABI54110.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 42 RUBELLA VIRUS ALLNTPPPYQVSCGGESDRA 925 CAJ88851.1 43 RUBELLA VIRUS ALLNTPPPYQVSCGGESDRASARV 926 CAJ88851.1 STRAIN M33 44 RUBELLA VIRUS ALVEGLAPGGGNCHL 927 BAA28178.1 45 BORDETELLA AMAAWSERAGEA 928 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 46 MEASLES VIRUS ANCASILCKCYTTGT 929 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 47 BORDETELLA ANPNPYTSRRSV 930 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 48 RUBELLA VIRUS APGPGEVW 931 CAJ88851.1 49 RUBELLA VIRUS APLPPHTTERIETRSARHPWRIR 932 ABD64214.1 50 RUBELLA VIRUS APPMPPQPPRAHGQHYGHHHHQLPF 933 CAA33016.1 VACCINE STRAIN LG RA27/3 51 RUBELLA VIRUS APPTLPQPPCAHGQHYGHHHHQLPF 934 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN LG 52 RUBELLA VIRUS APPTLPQPPRAHGQHYGHHHHQLPF 935 ABD64214.1 LG 53 BORDETELLA APQPGPQPPQPPQPQPEAPAPQ 936 P14283.3 PERTUSSIS 54 RUBELLA VIRUS AQLASYFNPGGSYYK 937 BAA28178.1 55 MEASLES VIRUS ARAAHLPTGTPLD 938 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 56 MEASLES VIRUS ARLVSEIAMHTTEDK 939 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 57 MEASLES VIRUS ARLVSEIAMHTTEDKISRAV 940 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 58 MEASLES VIRUS ASDVETAEGGEIHELLR 941 P03422.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 59 MEASLES ASDVETAEGGEIHELLRLQ 942 ABO69699.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 60 MEASLES VIRUS ASDVETAEGGEIHELLRLQSR 943 P03422.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 61 MEASLES ASDVETAEGGEIHKLLRLQ 944 AAA63285.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 62 RUBELLA VIRUS ASDVLPGHWLQG 945 NP_740663.1 STRAIN M33 63 MEASLES VIRUS ASELGITAEDARLVS 946 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 64 MEASLES VIRUS ASELGITAEDARLVSEIAMH 947 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 65 MEASLES VIRUS ASESSQDPQDSRR 948 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 66 MEASLES VIRUS ASILCKCYTTGTIIN 949 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 67 RUBELLA VIRUS ASPVCQRHSPDCSRL 950 BAA28178.1 68 BORDETELLA ASQARWTGATRA 951 BAF35031.1 PERTUSSIS 69 RUBELLA VIRUS ASYFNPGGSYYKQYHPTACEVEPAFG 952 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN HS 70 MEASLES VIRUS ASYKVMTRSSHQSLV 953 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 71 BORDETELLA ASYVKKPKEDVD 954 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 72 MEASLES VIRUS ATAAQITAGIALHQS 955 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 73 RUBELLA VIRUS ATPERPRL 956 CAJ88851.1 74 MEASLES VIRUS AVCLGGLIGIPALIC 957 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 75 MEASLES VIRUS AVGPRQAQVSF 958 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 76 RUBELLA VIRUS AVNAYSSGGYAQLAS 959 BAA28178.1 77 RUBELLA VIRUS AVSETRQTWAEWAAA 960 BAA28178.1 78 MEASLES VIRUS AVTAPDTAADSELRR 961 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 79 MEASLES VIRUS AVTAPDTAADSELRRWIKYT 962 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 80 BORDETELLA AYGGIIKDAPPGAGFIYRETFC 963 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 81 RUBELLA VIRUS CALPLAGLLACCAKC 964 BAA28178.1 82 RUBELLA VIRUS CARIWNGTQRACTFW 965 BAA28178.1 83 MEASLES VIRUS CARTLVSGSFGNRFI 966 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 84 BORDETELLA CASPYEGRYRDMYDALRBRLLY 967 SRC280066 PERTUSSIS 85 BORDETELLA CAVFVRSGQPVIGA 968 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 86 RUBELLA VIRUS CCAKCLYYLRGAIAPR 969 BAA28178.1 87 MEASLES VIRUS CCRGRCNKKGEQVGM 970 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 88 RUBELLA VIRUS CEIPTDVSCEGLGAW 971 BAA28178.1 89 BORDETELLA CFGKDLKRPGSSPMEV 972 P0A3R5.1 PERTUSSIS 90 MEASLES CFQQACKGKIQALCE 973 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 91 MEASLES CFQQACKGKIQALCENPEWAPLKDN 974 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS RIPS 92 RUBELLA VIRUS CGGESDRASARVIDP 975 BAA28178.1 93 BORDETELLA CITTIYKTGQPAADHYYSKVTA 976 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 94 MEASLES CKGKIQALCENPEWA 977 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 95 MEASLES VIRUS CKPWQESRKNKAQ 978 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 96 MEASLES VIRUS CNKKGEQVGMSRPGL 979 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 97 RUBELLA VIRUS CNVTTEHPFCNTPHG 980 BAA28178.1 98 BORDETELLA CQVGSSNSAF 981 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 99 MEASLES CSGPTTIRGQFS 982 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 100 BORDETELLA CTSPYDGKYWSMYSRL 983 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 101 MEASLES VIRUS CVLADSESGGHITHS 984 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 102 MEASLES CYTTGTIINQDPDKILTYIAADHC 985 AAF02706.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 103 RUBELLA VIRUS DADDPLLR 986 CAJ88851.1 104 MEASLES VIRUS DARAAHLPTGTPLDI 987 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 105 MEASLES VIRUS DARAAHLPTGTPLDIDTASE 988 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 106 MEASLES VIRUS DCHAPTYLPAEVDGD 989 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 107 RUBELLA VIRUS DCSRLVGATPERPRL 990 BAA28178.1 108 MEASLES VIRUS DDKLRMETCFQQACK 991 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 109 RUBELLA VIRUS DDPLLRTA 992 CAJ88851.1 110 RUBELLA VIRUS DDPLLRTAPGPGEVW 993 BAA28178.1 111 BORDETELLA DDPPATVYRYD 994 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 112 BORDETELLA DDPPATVYRYDSRPPED 995 CAD44970.1 PERTUSSIS 113 BORDETELLA DDPPATVYRYDSRPPEDV 996 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 114 MEASLES DEVGLRTPQRFTDLV 997 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 115 MEASLES VIRUS DHCPVVEVNGVTIQV 998 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 116 MEASLES VIRUS DIDTASESSQDPQ 999 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 117 MEASLES VIRUS DINKVLEKLGYSGGD 1000 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 118 BORDETELLA DLIAYKQ 1001 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 119 MEASLES VIRUS DLIGQKLGLKLLRYY 1002 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 120 RUBELLA VIRUS DLQKALEAQSRALRAELAA 1003 P07566.1 121 MEASLES DLQYVLATYDTSRVE 1004 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 122 MEASLES VIRUS DLSLRRFMV 1005 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 123 MEASLES VIRUS DLSNCMVALGELKLA 1006 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 124 RUBELLA VIRUS DLVEYIMNYTGNQQSRWGLGSPNC 1007 CAJ88851.1 125 MEASLES DLVKFISDKIKFLNP 1008 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 126 MEASLES DLVKFISTKIKFLNP 1009 SRC280117 MORBILLIVIRUS 127 MEASLES VIRUS DLYKSNHNNV 1010 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 128 BORDETELLA DNVLDHLTGR 1011 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 129 BORDETELLA DNVLDHLTGRSC 1012 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 130 BORDETELLA DNVLDHLTGRSCQ 1013 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 131 MEASLES DPDKILTYIAA 1014 AAF02706.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 132 RUBELLA VIRUS DPGDLVEYIMNYTGNQQSR 1015 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 133 RUBELLA VIRUS DPLLRTAP 1016 CAJ88851.1 134 RUBELLA VIRUS DPLLRTAPGPGEVWVTPVIGSQ 1017 CAJ88851.1 135 MEASLES VIRUS DPQDSRRSAEPLL 1018 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 136 MEASLES VIRUS DPVIDRLYLSSHRGV 1019 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 137 MEASLES VIRUS DQILRSMKGLSSTSI 1020 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 138 MEASLES DQYCADVAAEELMNA 1021 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 139 MEASLES VIRUS DSESGGHITH 1022 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 140 MEASLES VIRUS DTASESSQDPQDS 1023 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 141 RUBELLA VIRUS DTVMSVFALASYVQH 1024 BAA28178.1 142 BORDETELLA DVFQNGFTAWGNND 1025 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 143 RUBELLA VIRUS DVGAVPPGKFVTAAL 1026 BAA28178.1 144 CORYNEBACTERIUM DVNKSKTHISVNGRKI 1027 CAE11230.1 DIPHTHERIAE 145 RUBELLA VIRUS DVSCEGLGAWVPAAP 1028 BAA28178.1 146 RUBELLA VIRUS DWASPVCQRHSPDCSRLVGATPERPR 1029 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN L 147 MEASLES VIRUS EARESYRETGPSR 1030 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 148 BORDETELLA EAVEAERAGRGTG 1031 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 149 MEASLES VIRUS EDAKELLESSDQILR 1032 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 150 MEASLES VIRUS EDRRVKQSRGEAR 1033 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 151 MEASLES VIRUS EDSITIPYQGSGKGV 1034 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 152 RUBELLA VIRUS EEAFTYLCTAPGCAT 1035 BAA28178.1 153 MEASLES VIRUS EGFNMILGTILAQIW 1036 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 154 MEASLES VIRUS EGFNMILGTILAQIWVLLAK 1037 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 155 RUBELLA VIRUS EHPFCNTPHGQLEVQ 1038 BAA28178.1 156 MEASLES VIRUS EISDIEVQDPEGFNM 1039 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 157 MEASLES VIRUS EISDIEVQDPEGFNMILGTI 1040 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 158 MEASLES VIRUS EKPNLSSKRSE 1041 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 159 MEASLES VIRUS ELKLAALCHGEDSIT 1042 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 160 MEASLES ELMNALVNSTLLETR 1043 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 161 MEASLES VIRUS ELPRL 1044 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 162 MEASLES ENPEWAPLKDNRIPSYGVLSVDL 1045 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 163 MEASLES VIRUS EPIRDALNAMTQNIR 1046 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 164 MEASLES VIRUS EQVGMSRPGLKPDLT 1047 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 165 RUBELLA VIRUS ERPRLRLV 1048 CAJ88851.1 166 RUBELLA VIRUS ERPRLRLVDADDPLL 1049 BAA28178.1 167 MEASLES VIRUS ESPGQLIQRITDDPDVS 1050 P04851.1 CAM/RB 168 MEASLES VIRUS ESRGIKARITHVDTE 1051 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 169 MEASLES VIRUS ESSCTFMPEGTVCSQ 1052 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 170 MEASLES VIRUS ESSQDPQDSRRSA 1053 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 171 MEASLES VIRUS ETRTTNQFLAVSKGN 1054 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 172 MEASLES VIRUS EVDGDVKLSSNLVIL 1055 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 173 MEASLES VIRUS EVNGVTIQV 1056 P26031.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 174 RUBELLA VIRUS EVWVTPVI 1057 CAJ88851.1 175 RUBELLA VIRUS EVWVTPVIGSQA 1058 BAA19893.1 176 RUBELLA VIRUS EWAAAHWWQLTLGAT 1059 BAA28178.1 177 MEASLES EWIPRFKVSPYLFTV 1060 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 178 BORDETELLA FEYVDTYGDNAG 1061 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 179 MEASLES FGPLITHGSGMDLYK 1062 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 180 MEASLES VIRUS FIFDALAEV 1063 ABK40531.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 181 MEASLES VIRUS FISDKIKFL 1064 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 182 MEASLES VIRUS FKRNKDKPPITSGSG 1065 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 183 MEASLES VIRUS FKRNKDKPPITSGSGGAIRG 1066 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 184 RUBELLA VIRUS FKTVRPVALPRTLAP 1067 BAA28178.1 185 MEASLES VIRUS FLMDRHIIV 1068 ABK40531.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 186 MEASLES VIRUS FMAVLLTLQTPTGQI 1069 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 187 MEASLES VIRUS FMPEGTVCSQNALYP 1070 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 188 MEASLES FMYMSLLGV 1071 AAN09804.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 189 MEASLES VIRUS FNVPIKEAGEDCHAP 1072 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 190 MEASLES FRDLTWCINPPERIK 1073 AAC35876.2 MORBILLIVIRUS 191 MEASLES VIRUS FSHDDPISSDQSRFG 1074 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 192 MEASLES VIRUS FSHDDPISSDQSRFGWFENK 1075 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 193 MEASLES FTDLVKFISDKIKFL 1076 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 194 MEASLES FTWDQKLWCRHFCVL 1077 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 195 BORDETELLA FVRDGQSVIGACASPYEGRYRDLYD 1078 SRC280066 PERTUSSIS ALRRLLY 196 BORDETELLA FVRSGQPVIGACTSPYDGKYWSILYS 1079 SRC280066 PERTUSSIS RLRKMLY 197 MEASLES FYKDNPHPKGSRIVI 1080 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 198 BORDETELLA GAASSYFEYVDTYG 1081 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 199 BORDETELLA GAFDLKTTFCIMTTRNTGQPA 1082 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 200 MEASLES VIRUS GALIGILSLFVESPG 1083 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 201 MEASLES VIRUS GALIGILSLFVESPGQLIQR 1084 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 202 RUBELLA VIRUS GATPERPR 1085 CAJ88851.1 203 BORDETELLA GAYGRCPNGTRALTVAELRGNAEL 1086 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 204 RUBELLA VIRUS GCFAPWDLEATGACI 1087 BAA28178.1 205 MEASLES GDINKVLEKLGYS 1088 BAB60865.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 206 MEASLES GDINKVLEKLGYSGGDLLG 1089 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 207 RUBELLA VIRUS GDLRAVHHRPVPA 1090 CAA28880.1 208 RUBELLA VIRUS GDLVEYIMNYTGNQQ 1091 BAA28178.1 209 MEASLES VIRUS GDSSITTRSRLLDRL 1092 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 210 MEASLES VIRUS GDSSITTRSRLLDRLVRLIG 1093 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 211 MEASLES GEDCHAPTYLPAEVD 1094 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 212 MEASLES VIRUS GELSTLESLMNLYQQ 1095 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 213 MEASLES VIRUS GELSTLESLMNLYQQMGKPA 1096 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 214 MUMPS GEQARYLALLEA 1097 P21186.1 RUBULAVIRUS 215 RUBELLA VIRUS GEVWVT 1098 BAA19893.1 216 RUBELLA VIRUS GEVWVTPV 1099 CAJ88851.1 217 RUBELLA VIRUS GEVWVTPVIGSQAR 1100 BAA19893.1 218 BORDETELLA GEYGGVIKDGTPGGA 1101 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 219 RUBELLA VIRUS GFLSGVGPMRLRHGADT 1102 SRC265968 220 MEASLES VIRUS GFRASDVETAEGGEIHELLRLQ 1103 P03422.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 221 BORDETELLA GGAVPGGAVPGGAVPGGFGPGGFGP 1104 P14283.3 PERTUSSIS 222 BORDETELLA GGAVPGGAVPGGFGPGGFGPGGFGP 1105 CAA09475.1 PERTUSSIS 223 BORDETELLA GGAVPGGAVPGGFGPGGFGPGGFGP 1106 CAA09474.1 PERTUSSIS GGFGP 224 MEASLES GGHITHSGMVGMGVS 1107 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 225 MEASLES GILESRGIKARITHVDTESY 1108 P26032.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 226 BORDETELLA GITGETTTTEYSNARYV 1109 CAD44970.1 PERTUSSIS 227 MEASLES VIRUS GKEDRRVKQSRGE 1110 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 228 BORDETELLA GKVTNGS 1111 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 229 RUBELLA VIRUS GLGAWVPAAPCARIW 1112 BAA28178.1 230 MEASLES VIRUS GLIGIPALICCCRGR 1113 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 231 RUBELLA VIRUS GLLACCAKCLYYLRGAIAPR 1114 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 232 MEASLES GLLAIAGIRLHRAAI 1115 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 233 RUBELLA VIRUS GLQPRADMAAPPTLPQ 1116 NP_740663.1 234 MEASLES GMGVSCTVTREDGTNRR 1117 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 235 MEASLES GMYGGTYLVEKP 1118 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 236 BORDETELLA GNAELQTYLRQITPGWSIYGLYDGTY 1119 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS LG 237 RUBELLA VIRUS GNCHLTVNGEDVGAV 1120 BAA28178.1 238 BORDETELLA GNNDNVLDHLTGR 1121 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 239 BORDETELLA GNNDNVLDHLTGRSC 1122 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 240 MEASLES VIRUS GNRFILSQGNLIANC 1123 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 241 RUBELLA VIRUS GNRGRGQRRDWSRAPPPPEERQETR 1124 P07566.1 SQTPAPKPS 242 RUBELLA VIRUS GPGEVWVT 1125 CAJ88851.1 243 RUBELLA VIRUS GPMRLRHGADTRCGRLI 1126 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 244 BORDETELLA GPNHTKV 1127 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 245 MEASLES VIRUS GPRQAQVSF 1128 P10050.1 STRAIN HALLE 246 MEASLES VIRUS GPRQAQVSFLQGDQS 1129 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 247 MEASLES VIRUS GPRQAQVSFLQGDQSENELP 1130 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 248 MEASLES GRGYNVSSIVTMTSQ 1131 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 249 BORDETELLA GRTPFII 1132 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 250 RUBELLA VIRUS GSPNCHGPDWASPVC 1133 BAA28178.1 251 RUBELLA VIRUS GSQARKCGLHIRAGP 1134 BAA28178.1 252 BORDETELLA GSSNSAFVSTSSSRR 1135 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 253 MEASLES VIRUS GSTKSCARTLVSGSF 1136 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 254 RUBELLA VIRUS GSYYKQYHPTACEVE 1137 BAA28178.1 255 RUBELLA VIRUS GTHTTAVSETRQTWA 1138 BAA28178.1 256 MEASLES VIRUS GTIINQDPDKILTYI 1139 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 257 BORDETELLA GTLVRMAPVIG 1140 ADA85124.1 PERTUSSIS 258 MEASLES VIRUS GTPLDIDTASESS 1141 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 259 BORDETELLA GTYLGQAYGGIIKDAPPGAGFIYRETF 1142 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS C 260 BORDETELLA GVATKGLGVHAKSSDWG 1143 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 261 CORYNEBACTERIUM GVLLPTIPGKLDVNKSKTHI 1144 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 262 MEASLES GVLSVDLSLTVELKI 1145 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 263 MEASLES GVPIELQVECFTWDQ 1146 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 264 MEASLES VIRUS GVSCTVTREDGTNRR 1147 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 265 MEASLES VIRUS GVSYNIGSQEWYTTV 1148 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 266 MEASLES VIRUS GYNVSSIVTMTSQGM 1149 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 267 MEASLES HFCVLADSESGGHIT 1150 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 268 MEASLES HGEDSITIPYQGSGK 1151 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 269 RUBELLA VIRUS HGPDWASP 1152 BAA19893.1 270 RUBELLA VIRUS HGPDWASPVCQRHSP 1153 BAA28178.1 271 RUBELLA VIRUS HGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCSRLVG 1154 CAJ88851.1 272 RUBELLA VIRUS HGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCSRLVGATPE 1155 CAJ88851.1 STRAIN M33 RPRLRLV 273 MEASLES VIRUS HITHSGMEGMGVSCT 1156 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 274 MEASLES HKSLSTNLDVTNSIE 1157 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 275 MEASLES VIRUS HLMIDRPYV 1158 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 276 MEASLES VIRUS HLPTGTPLDIDTA 1159 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 277 MEASLES VIRUS HLPTGTPLDIDTATESSQDPQDSR 1160 Q77M43.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 278 MEASLES HMTNYLEQPVSNDLS 1161 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 279 MEASLES VIRUS HQSLVIKLMPNITLL 1162 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 280 MEASLES HRAAIYTAEIHKSLS 1163 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 281 BORDETELLA HRMQEAVEAERAGRGTGH 1164 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 282 MEASLES VIRUS HVDTESYFIVLSIAY 1165 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 283 MEASLES VIRUS HWGNLSKIGVVGIGS 1166 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 284 RUBELLA VIRUS HWWQLTLGATCALPL 1167 BAA28178.1 285 RUBELLA VIRUS HYRNASDVLPGHWLQGGWGCYNL 1168 NP_740663.1 286 MEASLES VIRUS IDLGPPISLERLDVG 1169 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 287 MEASLES VIRUS IEAIRQAGQEMILAV 1170 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 288 RUBELLA VIRUS IETRSARHP 1171 CAA28880.1 STRAIN M33 289 MEASLES VIRUS IGSQEWYTTVPKYVA 1172 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 290 MEASLES VIRUS IKGVIVHRLEGVSYN 1173 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 291 MEASLES VIRUS IKHIIIVPIPGDSSI 1174 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 292 MEASLES VIRUS IKHIIIVPIPGDSSITTRSR 1175 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 293 BORDETELLA IKLKDCP 1176 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 294 MEASLES VIRUS IKLMPNITLLNNCTR 1177 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 295 MEASLES ILLERLDVGT 1178 AAF85664.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 296 MEASLES ILPGQDLQYV 1179 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 297 MEASLES VIRUS ILTYIAADHCPVVEV 1180 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 298 MEASLES INQDPDKILTY 1181 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 299 MEASLES VIRUS IPRFKVSPYLFNVPI 1182 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 300 MEASLES VIRUS IQALSYALGGDINKV 1183 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 301 RUBELLA VIRUS IRAGPYGHATVEMPE 1184 BAA28178.1 302 BORDETELLA IRMGTDK 1185 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 303 MEASLES VIRUS ISNFDESSCTFMPEG 1186 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 304 MEASLES VIRUS ITAGIALHQSMLNSQ 1187 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 305 MEASLES VIRUS ITDDPDVSIRLLEVV 1188 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 306 MEASLES VIRUS ITDDPDVSIRLLEVVQSDQS 1189 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 307 BORDETELLA ITTYV 1190 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 308 MEASLES VIRUS IVEAGLASFILTIKF 1191 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 309 MEASLES VIRUS IVEAGLASFILTIKFGIETM 1192 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 310 MEASLES VIRUS IVEAGLASFILTIKFGIETMYPALG 1193 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 311 RUBELLA VIRUS KALEAQSRALRAELAA 1194 P07566.1 312 MEASLES VIRUS KARITHVDTESYFIV 1195 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 313 RUBELLA VIRUS KCGLHIRAGPYGHAT 1196 BAA28178.1 314 MEASLES VIRUS KCYTTGTIINQDPDK 1197 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 315 MEASLES VIRUS KDNPHPKGSR 1198 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 316 MEASLES VIRUS KDNRIPSYGVLSVDL 1199 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 317 MEASLES KFLNPDREYDFRDLT 1200 AAC35876.2 MORBILLIVIRUS 318 RUBELLA VIRUS KFVTAALLN 1201 BAA28178.1 319 MEASLES VIRUS KGNCSGPTTIR 1202 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 320 MEASLES KIKFLNPDREYDFRD 1203 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 321 RUBELLA VIRUS KIVDGGCFAPWDLEA 1204 BAA28178.1 322 MEASLES VIRUS KLGLKLLRYYTEILS 1205 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 323 MEASLES VIRUS KLGVWKSPTDMQSWV 1206 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 324 BORDETELLA KLKECPQ 1207 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 325 MEASLES KLLRYYTEI 1208 P26031.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 326 MEASLES VIRUS KLMPFSGDFV 1209 ABK40531.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 327 MEASLES KLMPNITLL 1210 P26031.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 328 MEASLES KLRMETCFQQACKGKIQALCENPEW 1211 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS A 329 MEASLES KLWCRHFCV 1212 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 330 MEASLES VIRUS KLWCRHFCVL 1213 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 331 MEASLES KLWESPQEI 1214 BAB60863.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 332 MEASLES VIRUS KMSSAVGFV 1215 ABO69699.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 333 MEASLES VIRUS KMSSAVGFVPDTGPASR 1216 P03422.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 334 BORDETELLA KMVYATN 1217 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 335 MEASLES VIRUS KPDLTGTSKSYVRSL 1218 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 336 MEASLES KPNLSSKRSELSQLS 1219 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 337 MEASLES VIRUS KPNLSSKRSELSQLSMYRVF 1220 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 338 MEASLES VIRUS KQSRGEARESYRETG 1221 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 339 MEASLES VIRUS KQSRGEARESYRETGPSRAS 1222 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 340 MEASLES VIRUS KRFAGVVLAGAALGV 1223 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 341 MEASLES VIRUS KRTPGNKPRIAEMIC 1224 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 342 MEASLES VIRUS KRTPGNKPRIAEMICDIDTY 1225 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 343 MEASLES KSNHNNVYWLTIPPMKNLALGVINT 1226 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS L 344 MEASLES KVSPYLFNV 1227 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 345 BORDETELLA KVVQLPKISKNALKANG 1228 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 346 BORDETELLA KVVQLPKISKNALRNDG 1229 ACI16087.1 PERTUSSIS 347 BORDETELLA LAHRRIPPENIR 1230  P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 348 BORDETELLA LALALWAGFALS 1231 P11092.1 PERTUSSIS 349 RUBELLA VIRUS LAPGGGNCHLTVNGE 1232 BAA28178.1 350 MEASLES VIRUS LAQIWVLLAKAVTAP 1233 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 351 MEASLES VIRUS LAQIWVLLAKAVTAPDTAAD 1234 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 352 RUBELLA VIRUS LASYFNPGGSYYKQYHPTACEVEPAF 1235 BAA19893.1 GHS 353 MEASLES LAVSKGNCSGPTTIR 1236 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 354 MEASLES VIRUS LCENPEWAPLKDNRI 1237 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 355 MEASLES LDRLVRLIG 1238 ABI54110.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 356 CORYNEBACTERI LEEEGVTPL 1239 P33120.2 DIPHTHERIAEUM 357 BORDETELLA LEHRMQEAVEAERAGRGTGHFI 1240 CAD44970.1 PERTUSSIS 358 MEASLES VIRUS LEKLGYSGGDLLGIL 1241 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 359 MEASLES VIRUS LEQPVSNDLS 1242 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 360 MEASLES VIRUS LERKWLDVVRNIIAE 1243 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 361 MEASLES VIRUS LERKWLDVVRNIIAEDLSLR 1244 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 362 MEASLES VIRUS LFGPSLRDPISAEIS 1245 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 363 MEASLES LGELKLAALCHGEDS 1246 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 364 MEASLES VIRUS LGGKEDRRVKQSR 1247 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 365 RUBELLA VIRUS LGHDGHHGGTLRVGQHHRNASDVL 1248 ABD64214.1 366 RUBELLA VIRUS LGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHS 1249 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 367 RUBELLA VIRUS LGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCSRL 1250 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN V 368 RUBELLA VIRUS LHDPDTEAPTEACVTSWL 1251 ABD64214.1 369 MEASLES VIRUS LIANCASILCKCYTT 1252 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 370 MEASLES LIGLLAIAGIRLHRAAIYTAEIHK 1253 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 371 MEASLES VIRUS LIPSMNQLSCDLIGQ 1254 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 372 MEASLES VIRUS LKIKIASGFGPLITH 1255 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 373 MEASLES LKIKIASGFGPLITHGSGMDLYK 1256 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 374 BORDETELLA LKLYFEP 1257 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 375 MEASLES VIRUS LLAVLFVMFL 1258 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 376 MEASLES VIRUS LLDRLVRLIGNPDVS 1259 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 377 MEASLES VIRUS LLDRLVRLIGNPDVSGPKLT 1260 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 378 MEASLES VIRUS LLESSDQILRSMKGL 1261 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 379 MEASLES LLETRTTNQFLAVSK 1262 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 380 MEASLES VIRUS LLEVVQSDQSQSGLT 1263 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 381 MEASLES VIRUS LLEVVQSDQSQSGLTFASR 1264 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 382 MEASLES VIRUS LLEVVQSDQSQSGLTFASRG 1265 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 383 MEASLES LLGILESRGIKARIT 1266 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 384 RUBELLA VIRUS LLRTAPGP 1267 CAJ88851.1 385 MEASLES VIRUS LLRYYTEILSLFGPS 1268 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 386 RUBELLA VIRUS LLVPWVLIFMVCRRACRRRG 1269 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 387 MEASLES VIRUS LLWRSRCKIV 1270 ABK40528.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 388 MEASLES LLWSYAMGV 1271 P04851.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 389 MEASLES VIRUS LLWSYAMGVGVELEN 1272 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 390 MEASLES VIRUS LLWSYAMGVGVELENSMGGL 1273 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 391 MEASLES LMIDRPYVL 1274 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 392 MEASLES VIRUS LNAMTQNIRPVQSVA 1275 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 393 RUBELLA VIRUS LNTPPPYQVSCGGES 1276 BAA28178.1 394 MEASLES VIRUS LRDPISAEISIQALS 1277 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 395 BORDETELLA LRGSGDLQEYLRHVTR 1278 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 396 RUBELLA VIRUS LRLVDADD 1279 CAJ88851.1 397 RUBELLA VIRUS LRLVDADDPLLR 1280 BAA19893.1 398 RUBELLA VIRUS LRLVDADDPLLRTAPGPGEVWVTPVI 1281 BAA19893.1 GSQAR 399 BORDETELLA LRRLLYMIYMSGLAVRVHVSKEEQY 1282 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS YDY 400 RUBELLA VIRUS LRTAPGPG 1283 CAJ88851.1 401 RUBELLA VIRUS LRVGQHYRNASDVLPGHWLQ 1284 NP_740663.1 402 BORDETELLA LRYLA 1285 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 403 MEASLES VIRUS LSCKPWQESRKNK 1286 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 404 MEASLES LSEIKGVIVHRLEGV 1287 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 405 MEASLES VIRUS LSIAYPTLSEIKGVI 1288 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 406 MEASLES VIRUS LSLLDLYLGRGYNVS 1289 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 407 MEASLES VIRUS LSQGNLIANCASILC 1290 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 408 MEASLES LSSHRGVIADNQAKW 1291 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 409 MEASLES VIRUS LSVDLSLTVELKIKI 1292 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 410 BORDETELLA LTGISICNPGSSLC 1293 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 411 MEASLES VIRUS LTIKFGIETMYPALG 1294 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 412 MEASLES VIRUS LTIKFGIETMYPALGLHEFA 1295 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 413 MEASLES VIRUS LTLQTPTGQIHWGNL 1296 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 414 RUBELLA VIRUS LVDADDPL 1297 CAJ88851.1 415 RUBELLA VIRUS LVDADDPLLR 1298 BAA19893.1 416 MEASLES VIRUS LVEKPNLSSKRSELS 1299 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 417 RUBELLA VIRUS LVGATPE 1300 BAA19893.1 418 RUBELLA VIRUS LVGATPER 1301 CAJ88851.1 419 MEASLES LVKLGVWKSPTGMQS 1302 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 420 MEASLES VIRUS LVSGSFGNRFILSQGNLI 1303 P26031.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 421 MEASLES VIRUS LYKSNHNNVYWLTIP 1304 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 422 MEASLES VIRUS LYPMSPLLQECLRGSTKSCARTLVS 1305 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 423 RUBELLA VIRUS MASTTPITMEDLQKALEA 1306 P07566.1 424 RUBELLA VIRUS MASTTPITMEDLQKALEAQSR 1307 ABD64200.1 425 RUBELLA VIRUS MASTTPITMEDLQKALEAQSRALRA 1308 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN ELAA 426 RUBELLA VIRUS MASTTPITMEDLQKALEAQSRALRA 1309 ABD64200.1 GLAA 427 RUBELLA VIRUS MASTTPITMEDLQKALETQSRVLRAG 1310 CAA33016.1 VACCINE STRAIN LTA RA27/3 428 MEASLES VIRUS MATLLRSLALFKRNK 1311 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 429 MEASLES VIRUS MATLLRSLALFKRNKDKPPI 1312 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 430 MEASLES MDLYKSNHNNVYWLT 1313 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 431 RUBELLA VIRUS MEDLQKALEAQSRA 1314 P07566.1 432 RUBELLA VIRUS MEDLQKALEAQSRALRAELAA 1315 P07566.1 433 MEASLES VIRUS MGLKVNVSAIFMAVL 1316 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 434 MEASLES MIDRPYVLLAVLFVM 1317 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 435 MEASLES VIRUS MILAVQGVQDYINNE 1318 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 436 MEASLES VIRUS MLNSQAIDNLRASLE 1319 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 437 MEASLES VIRUS MNALVNSTLLETRTT 1320 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 438 RUBELLA VIRUS MNYTGNQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWA 1321 BAA19893.1 SPVCQRHS 439 MEASLES VIRUS MQSWVPLSTDDPVID 1322 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 440 MEASLES MSLSLLDLYLGRGYN 1323 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 441 MEASLES VIRUS MSPLLQECLRGSTKS 1324 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 442 MEASLES MSPQRDRINAFYKDN 1325 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 443 MEASLES MYRVFEVSVIRNPGL 1326 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 444 MEASLES VIRUS NALYPMSPLLQECLR 1327 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 445 RUBELLA VIRUS NCHGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCSRLVGA 1328 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN T 446 MEASLES VIRUS NFGRSYFDPAYFRLG 1329 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 447 MEASLES VIRUS NFGRSYFDPAYFRLGQEMVR 1330 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 448 RUBELLA VIRUS NGTQRACTFWAVNAY 1331 BAA28178.1 449 MEASLES VIRUS NGVTIQVGSRRYPDA 1332 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 450 MEASLES VIRUS NIIAEDLSLRRFMVA 1333 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 451 MEASLES VIRUS NIIAEDLSLRRFMVALILDI 1334 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 452 MEASLES VIRUS NITLLNNCTRVEIAE 1335 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 453 MEASLES NLALGVINTLEWIPR 1336 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 454 CORYNEBACTERIUM NLFQVVHWSYNRPAYSPG 1337 SRC280292 DIPHTHERIAE 455 MEASLES VIRUS NLVILPGQDLQYVLA 1338 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 456 MEASLES VIRUS NLYQQMGKPAPYMVN 1339 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 457 MEASLES VIRUS NLYQQMGKPAPYMVNLENSI 1340 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 458 MEASLES VIRUS NNCTRVEIAEYRRLL 1341 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 459 MEASLES VIRUS NPDREYDFRD 1342 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 460 MEASLES VIRUS NPDVSGPKL 1343 P10050.1 STRAIN HALLE 461 MEASLES VIRUS NPDVSGPKLTGALIG 1344 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 462 MEASLES VIRUS NPDVSGPKLTGALIGILSLF 1345 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 463 MEASLES NPPERIKLDYDQYCA 1346 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 464 MEASLES NQAKWAVPTTRTDDK 1347 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 465 MEASLES NQDPDKILTYIAADH 1348 AAF02706.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 466 MEASLES VIRUS NQLSCDLIGQKLGLK 1349 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 467 RUBELLA VIRUS NQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQR 1350 ABD64214.1 HS 468 MUMPS NSTLGVKSAREF 1351 ABP48111.1 RUBULAVIRUS 469 RUBELLA VIRUS NTPHGQLEVQVPPDP 1352 BAA28178.1 470 MEASLES VIRUS NVSAIFMAVLLTLQT 1353 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 471 MEASLES PAEVDGDVKLSSNLV 1354 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 472 RUBELLA VIRUS PAFGHSDAACWGFPT 1355 BAA28178.1 473 MEASLES VIRUS PALICCCRGRCNKKG 1356 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 474 MEASLES PDKILTYIAADHC 1357 AAF02706.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 475 MEASLES VIRUS PERIKLDYDQYCADV 1358 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 476 RUBELLA VIRUS PERPRLRL 1359 CAJ88851.1 477 RUBELLA VIRUS PGCATQAPVPVRLAG 1360 BAA28178.1 478 RUBELLA VIRUS PGCATQAPVPVRLAGVRFESKIVDGG 1361 CAJ88851.1 VACCINE STRAIN CFA RA27/3 479 RUBELLA VIRUS PGEVWVTP 1362 CAJ88851.1 480 RUBELLA VIRUS PGEVWVTPVIGSQAR 1363 BAA28178.1 481 CORYNEBACTERIUM PGKLDVNKSKTHISVN 1364 CAE11230.1 DIPHTHERIAE 482 MEASLES VIRUS PGLGAPVFHMTNYLE 1365 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 483 RUBELLA VIRUS PGPGEVWV 1366 CAJ88851.1 484 RUBELLA VIRUS PHKTVRVKFHTETRT 1367 BAA28178.1 485 MEASLES PIELQVECFTWDQKL 1368 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 486 MEASLES VIRUS PISLERLDVG 1369 P26031.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 487 MEASLES VIRUS PISLERLDVGTNLGN 1370 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 488 BORDETELLA PKALFTQQGGAYGRC 1371 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 489 MEASLES VIRUS PKYVATQGYLISNFD 1372 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 490 MEASLES VIRUS PLDIDTASESSQD 1373 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 491 RUBELLA VIRUS PLGLKFKTVRPVALP 1374 BAA28178.1 492 MEASLES VIRUS PLITHGSGMDLYKSN 1375 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 493 MEASLES PLKDNRIPSYGVLSV 1376 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 494 RUBELLA VIRUS PLLRTAPG 1377 CAJ88851.1 495 MEASLES VIRUS PLLSCKPWQESRK 1378 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 496 BORDETELLA PPATVYRYDSRPPE 1379 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 497 MEASLES PPISLERLDVGT 1380 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 498 RUBELLA VIRUS PPPPEERQETRSQTPAPKPS 1381 P07566.1 499 BORDETELLA PQEQITQHGSPYGRC 1382 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 500 BORDETELLA PQEQITQHGSPYGRCANK 1383 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 501 BORDETELLA PQPGPQPPQPPQPQPEAPAPQPPAG 1384 P14283.3 PERTUSSIS 502 MEASLES VIRUS PRLGGKEDRRVKQ 1385 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 503 RUBELLA VIRUS PRLRLVDA 1386 CAJ88851.1 504 RUBELLA VIRUS PRNVRVTGCYQCGTP 1387 BAA28178.1 505 MEASLES VIRUS PSRASDARAAHLP 1388 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 506 MEASLES VIRUS PTGQIHWGNLSKIGV 1389 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 507 MEASLES VIRUS PTGTPLDIDTASE 1390 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 508 MEASLES VIRUS PTLSEIKGVIVHRLE 1391 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 509 MEASLES PTTIRGQFSNMSLSL 1392 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 510 MEASLES PTTRTDDKLR 1393 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 511 MEASLES PTTRTDDKLRMETCFQQACKG 1394 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 512 RUBELLA VIRUS PVALPRTLAPPRNVR 1395 BAA28178.1 513 CORYNEBACTERIUM PVFAGANYAAWAVNVAQVI 1396 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 514 RUBELLA VIRUS PVIGSQAR 1397 CAJ88851.1 515 MEASLES PVVEVNGVTIQVGSR 1398 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 516 RUBELLA VIRUS PWELVVLTARPEDGWTCRGV 1399 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 517 MEASLES VIRUS PWQESRKNKAQTR 1400 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 518 MEASLES VIRUS PYMVNLENSIQNKFS 1401 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 519 MEASLES VIRUS PYMVNLENSIQNKFSAGSYP 1402 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 520 MEASLES VIRUS PYQGSGKGVS 1403 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 521 RUBELLA VIRUS PYQVSCGGESDRASA 1404 BAA28178.1 522 MEASLES QACKGKIQALCEN 1405 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 523 MEASLES VIRUS QAGQEMILAVQGVQD 1406 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 524 MEASLES QALCENPECVPLKDN 1407 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 525 BORDETELLA QALGALK 1408 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 526 RUBELLA VIRUS QAPVPVRLAGVRFES 1409 BAA28178.1 527 RUBELLA VIRUS QCGTPALVEGLAPGG 1410 BAA28178.1 528 MEASLES VIRUS QDPDKILTYIAADHC 1411 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 529 MEASLES VIRUS QECLRGSTKSCARTL 1412 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 530 BORDETELLA QEQITQHGSPYGRC 1413 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 531 MEASLES VIRUS QESRKNKAQTRTP 1414 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 532 MEASLES VIRUS QGDQSENELPRLGGK 1415 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 533 MEASLES VIRUS QGDQSENELPRLGGKEDRRV 1416 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 534 CORYNEBACTERIUM QGESGHDIKITAENTPLPIA 1417 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 535 MEASLES QGSGKGVSFQLVKLG 1418 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 536 MEASLES VIRUS QGVQDYINNELIPSM 1419 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 537 RUBELLA VIRUS QLEVQVPPDPGDLVE 1420 BAA28178.1 538 MEASLES QLPEATFMV 1421 ABK40528.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 539 RUBELLA VIRUS QLPFLGHDGHHGGTLRVGQHYRNAS 1422 NP_740663.1 540 MEASLES VIRUS QLSMYRVFEV 1423 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 541 BORDETELLA QLSNIT 1424 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 542 MEASLES VIRUS QNIRPVQSVASSRRH 1425 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 543 MEASLES VIRUS QNKFSAGSYPLLWSY 1426 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 544 MEASLES VIRUS QNKFSAGSYPLLWSYAMGVG 1427 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 545 MEASLES VIRUS QNKFSAGSYPLLWSYAMGVGVELEN 1428 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 546 MEASLES VIRUS QQACKGKIQALCENP 1429 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 547 MEASLES VIRUS QQRRVVGEFRLERKW 1430 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 548 MEASLES VIRUS QQRRVVGEFRLERKWLDVVR 1431 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 549 BORDETELLA QQTRANPNPYTSRRSVAS 1432 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 550 RUBELLA VIRUS QRHSPDCSRLVGATP 1433 BAA28178.1 551 MEASLES VIRUS QSGLTFASRGTNMED 1434 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 552 MEASLES VIRUS QSGLTFASRGTNMEDEADQY 1435 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 553 CORYNEBACTERIUM QSIALSSLMVAQAIPLVGEL 1436 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 554 MEASLES VIRUS QSRFGWFENKEISDI 1437 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 555 MEASLES VIRUS QSRFGWFENKEISDIEVQDP 1438 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 556 MEASLES VIRUS QSRGEAR 1439 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 557 MEASLES VIRUS QSRGEARESYRETGPSRA 1440 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 558 RUBELLA VIRUS QTGRGGSAPRPELGPPTN 1441 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 559 RUBELLA VIRUS QTPAPKPSRAPPQQPQPPRMQTGRG 1442 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 560 MEASLES VIRUS QVGSRRYPDAVYLHR 1443 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 561 MEASLES VIRUS QVSFLQGDQSENE 1444 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 562 RUBELLA VIRUS QYHPTACEVEPAFGH 1445 BAA28178.1 563 MEASLES VIRUS QYVLATYDTSRVEHA 1446 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 564 BORDETELLA RANPNPYTSRRSV 1447 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 565 MEASLES VIRUS RASDARAAHLPTG 1448 P04851.1 566 MEASLES VIRUS RASLETTNQAIEAIR 1449 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 567 RUBELLA VIRUS RCGRLICGLSTTAQYPPTRF 1450 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 568 BORDETELLA RDGQSVIGACASPYEGRYR 1451 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 569 MEASLES VIRUS RESYRETGPSRAS 1452 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 570 MEASLES VIRUS RETGPSRASDARA 1453 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 571 MUMPS RFAKYQQQGRLEAR 1454 P21186.1 RUBULAVIRUS 572 RUBELLA VIRUS RFGAPQAFLAGLLLATVAVGTARA 1455 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 573 MEASLES VIRUS RFMVALILDIKRTPG 1456 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 574 MEASLES VIRUS RFMVALILDIKRTPGNKPRI 1457 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 575 MEASLES VIRUS RGEARESYRETGP 1458 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 576 RUBELLA VIRUS RGTTPPAYG 1459 CAA28880.1 577 RUBELLA VIRUS RIETRSARH 1460 ABD64214.1 STRAIN M33 578 BORDETELLA RILAGALATYQ 1461 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 579 BORDETELLA RIPPENIRRVT 1462 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 580 BORDETELLA RISNLND 1463 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 581 BORDETELLA RLANLNG 1464 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 582 MEASLES VIRUS RLDVGTNLGNAIAKL 1465 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 583 MEASLES VIRUS RLERKWLDV 1466 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 584 MEASLES VIRUS RLGGKEDRRVKQSRG 1467 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 585 MEASLES VIRUS RLGGKEDRRVKQSRGEARES 1468 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 586 MEASLES VIRUS RLLDRLVRL 1469 ABI54110.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 587 RUBELLA VIRUS RLRLVDAD 1470 CAJ88851.1 588 RUBELLA VIRUS RLRLVDADDPLLR 1471 BAA19893.1 589 RUBELLA VIRUS RLRLVDADDPLLRTAPGPGEVWVTP 1472 BAA19893.1 VIGSQA 590 RUBELLA VIRUS RLRLVQDADDPLLRIAPGPGEVWVTP 1473 SRC265968 VIGSQA 591 MEASLES VIRUS RLSDNGYYTV 1474 ABK40528.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 592 RUBELLA VIRUS RLVDADDP 1475 CAJ88851.1 593 RUBELLA VIRUS RLVDADDPLLRTAPG 1476 BAA28178.1 594 RUBELLA VIRUS RLVGATPE 1477 CAJ88851.1 595 RUBELLA VIRUS RMQTGRGGSAPRPELGPPTNPFQAAV 1478 ABD64216.1 A 596 MEASLES RMSKGVFKV 1479 ABY21184.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 597 MEASLES RNPGLGAPVFHMTNY 1480 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 598 RUBELLA VIRUS RPRLRLVD 1481 CAJ88851.1 599 BORDETELLA RQAESSEAMAAWSERAGEA 1482 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 600 RUBELLA VIRUS RQTWAEWAAAHWWQL 1483 BAA28178.1 601 MEASLES VIRUS RRVKQSRGEARES 1484 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 602 MEASLES RRYPDAVYL 1485 ACA09725.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 603 MEASLES VIRUS RRYPDAVYLHRIDLG 1486 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 604 MEASLES VIRUS RSAGKVSSTLASELG 1487 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 605 MEASLES VIRUS RSAGKVSSTLASELGITAED 1488 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 606 MEASLES VIRUS RSELSQLS 1489 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 607 MEASLES VIRUS RSELSQLSMYRVFEV 1490 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 608 RUBELLA VIRUS RSQTPAPKPSRAPPQQPQPPRMQT 1491 ABD64214.1 609 RUBELLA VIRUS RTAPGPGE 1492 CAJ88851.1 610 RUBELLA VIRUS RTAPGPGEVWVTPVI 1493 BAA28178.1 611 MEASLES RTDDKLRMETCFQQA 1494 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 612 RUBELLA VIRUS RTLAPPRNVRVTGCY 1495 BAA28178.1 613 MEASLES VIRUS RTVLEPIRDALNAMT 1496 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 614 MEASLES VIRUS RVEHAVVYYVYSPSR 1497 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 615 MEASLES VIRUS RVFEVGVIRNPGLGA 1498 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 616 BORDETELLA RVHVSKEEQYYDYEDATFE 1499 P04978.2 PERTUSSIS 617 RUBELLA VIRUS RVIDPAAQ 1500 BAA28178.1 618 RUBELLA VIRUS RVKFHTETRTVWQLS 1501 BAA28178.1 619 BORDETELLA RVYHNGITGET 1502 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 620 BORDETELLA RYDSRPPEDVF 1503 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 621 MEASLES VIRUS RYPDAVYLHRIDLGP 1504 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 622 MEASLES VIRUS SAEISIQALSYALGG 1505 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 623 MEASLES VIRUS SAEPLLSCKPWQESR 1506 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 624 MEASLES VIRUS SAEPLLSCKPWQESRKNKAQ 1507 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 625 MEASLES SAGKVSSTLASELG 1508 P04851.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 626 MEASLES VIRUS SAGKVSSTLASELGITAEDARLVS 1509 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 627 MEASLES VIRUS SCTVTREDGT 1510 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 628 RUBELLA VIRUS SDAACWGFPTDTVMS 1511 BAA28178.1 629 MEASLES VIRUS SDARAAHLPTGTP 1512 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 630 RUBELLA VIRUS SDWHQGTHVCHTKHMDFWCVEHD 1513 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 631 MEASLES VIRUS SELRRWIKYTQQRRV 1514 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 632 MEASLES VIRUS SELRRWIKYTQQRRVVGEFR 1515 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 633 MEASLES VIRUS SELSQL 1516 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 634 MEASLES VIRUS SELSQLS 1517 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 635 BORDETELLA SEYLAHRRIPPENIRRVTRV 1518 CAD44970.1 PERTUSSIS 636 MEASLES VIRUS SFLQGDQSENELP 1519 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 637 MEASLES VIRUS SGKGVSFQLVKLGVW 1520 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 638 MEASLES VIRUS SHRGVIADNQAKWAV 1521 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 639 MEASLES VIRUS SIEHQVKDVLTPLFK 1522 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 640 MEASLES VIRUS SKIGVVGIGSASYKV 1523 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 641 MEASLES SKRSELSQLSMYRVF 1524 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 642 MEASLES SLFVESPGQLIQRITDDPDVS 1525 ABI54110.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 643 MEASLES VIRUS SLSTNLDVTNSIEHQ 1526 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 644 MEASLES VIRUS SLSTNLDVTNSIEHQVKDVLTPLFK 1527 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 645 MEASLES VIRUS SLWGSGLLML 1528 BAE98296.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 646 MEASLES VIRUS SMKGLSSTSIVYILI 1529 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 647 MEASLES SMYRVFEVGV 1530 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 648 MEASLES SNDLSNCMVALGELK 1531 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 649 MEASLES VIRUS SPGQLIQR 1532 P10050.1 STRAIN HALLE 650 MEASLES VIRUS SQDPQDSRRSAEP 1533 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 651 MEASLES SRIVINREHLMIDRP 1534 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 652 MEASLES VIRUS SRKNKAQTRTPLQ 1535 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 653 RUBELLA VIRUS SRLVGATP 1536 CAJ88851.1 654 RUBELLA VIRUS SRLVGATPERPRLRLVDADDPLLR 1537 CAJ88851.1 655 MEASLES VIRUS SRPGLKPDLTGTSKS 1538 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 656 BORDETELLA SRRSVASIVGTLVRM 1539 CAD44970.1 PERTUSSIS 657 RUBELLA VIRUS SRWGLGSPNCHGPDW 1540 BAA28178.1 658 BORDETELLA SSATK 1541 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 659 RUBELLA VIRUS SSGGYAQLASYFNPG 1542 BAA28178.1 660 BORDETELLA SSLGNGV 1543 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 661 MEASLES SSNLVILPGQDLQYV 1544 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 662 MEASLES VIRUS SSQDPQDSRRSAEPL 1545 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 663 MEASLES VIRUS SSQDPQDSRRSAEPLLSCKP 1546 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 664 MEASLES VIRUS SSRRHKRFAGVVLAG 1547 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 665 MEASLES VIRUS SSTSIVYILIAVCLG 1548 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 666 BORDETELLA STPGIVI 1549 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 667 BORDETELLA STPGIVIPPQEQITQHGSPYGRC 1550 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 668 BORDETELLA STSSSRRYTEVY 1551 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 669 MEASLES VIRUS SYFIVLSIAYPTLSE 1552 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 670 MEASLES VIRUS SYRETGPSRASDA 1553 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 671 BORDETELLA SYVK 1554 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 672 RUBELLA VIRUS SYVQHPHKTVRVKFH 1555 BAA28178.1 673 RUBELLA VIRUS TAPGPGEV 1556 CAJ88851.1 674 BORDETELLA TATRLLSSTNSRLC 1557 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 675 MEASLES TDDPVIDRLYLSSHR 1558 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 676 MEASLES VIRUS TEILSLFGPSLRDPI 1559 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 677 RUBELLA VIRUS TETRTVWQLSVAGVS 1560 BAA28178.1 678 BORDETELLA TEVYLEHRMQEAVE 1561 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 679 MEASLES VIRUS TFMPEGTVCSQNALY 1562 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 680 RUBELLA VIRUS TGACICEIPTDVSCE 1563 BAA28178.1 681 BORDETELLA TGDLRAY 1564 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 682 MEASLES TGMQSWVPLSTDDPV 1565 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 683 RUBELLA VIRUS TGNQQSRWGLGSPNC 1566 BAA28178.1 684 MEASLES VIRUS TGPSRASDARAAH 1567 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 685 MEASLES TGTIINQDPDKILTY 1568 AAF02706.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 686 RUBELLA VIRUS TGVVYGTHTTAVSET 1569 BAA28178.1 687 MEASLES VIRUS TIRGQFSNMSLSLLD 1570 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 688 RUBELLA VIRUS TLGATCALPLAGLLA 1571 BAA28178.1 689 MEASLES TLLNNCTRV 1572 P26031.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 690 MEASLES VIRUS TLNVPPPPDPGR 1573 P03422.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 691 MEASLES VIRUS TLNVPPPPDPGRASTSGTPIKK 1574 P03422.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 692 MEASLES TMTSQGMYGGTYPVE 1575 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 693 MEASLES VIRUS TNLGNAIAKLEDAKE 1576 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 694 MEASLES VIRUS TNMEDEADQYFSHDD 1577 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 695 MEASLES VIRUS TNMEDEADQYFSHDDPISSD 1578 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 696 RUBELLA VIRUS TNPFQAAVARGLRPP 1579 CAA28880.1 STRAIN M33 697 MEASLES TNSIEHQVKDVLTPL 1580 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 698 MEASLES VIRUS TNYLEQPVSNDLSNC 1581 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 699 MEASLES TNYLEQPVSNDLSNCMVALGELKLA 1582 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS AL 700 RUBELLA VIRUS TPERPRLR 1583 CAJ88851.1 701 RUBELLA VIRUS TPERPRLRLVDADDPLLRTA 1584 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 702 MEASLES VIRUS TPGNKPRIA 1585 P10050.1 STRAIN HALLE 703 MEASLES VIRUS TPLDIDTASESSQDP 1586 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 704 MEASLES VIRUS TPLDIDTASESSQDPQDSRR 1587 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 705 MEASLES VIRUS TPLFKIIGDEVGLRT 1588 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 706 MEASLES VIRUS TPLQCTM 1589 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 707 RUBELLA VIRUS TPVIGSQA 1590 CAJ88851.1 708 RUBELLA VIRUS TPVIGSQARK 1591 BAA19893.1 709 MEASLES VIRUS TQGYLISNFDESSCT 1592 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 710 BORDETELLA TRANPNPYTSRRSVASIVGTLVRM 1593 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 711 RUBELLA VIRUS TRFGCAMRWGLPP 1594 NP_740663.1 712 BORDETELLA TRNTGQPATDHYYSNV 1595 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 713 MEASLES VIRUS TRTPLQCTMTEIF 1596 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 714 RUBELLA VIRUS TRWHRLLRMPVR 1597 ABD64216.1 715 MEASLES VIRUS TSGSGGAIRGIKHII 1598 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 716 MEASLES VIRUS TSGSGGAIRGIKHIIIVPIP 1599 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 717 MEASLES VIRUS TSQGMYGGTYLVEKP 1600 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 718 MEASLES TSRVEHAVVYYVYSP 1601 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 719 BORDETELLA TSSSRRYTEVYL 1602 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 720 BORDETELLA TSYVG 1603 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 721 MEASLES VIRUS TTEDKISRAVGPRQA 1604 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 722 MEASLES VIRUS TTEDKISRAVGPRQAQVSFL 1605 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 723 RUBELLA VIRUS TTERIETRSARHP 1606 ABD64214.1 STRAIN M33 724 MEASLES VIRUS TTNQAIEAIRQAGQE 1607 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 725 RUBELLA VIRUS TTSDPWHPPGPLGLK 1608 BAA28178.1 726 MEASLES VIRUS TVCSQNALYPMSPLL 1609 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 727 RUBELLA VIRUS TVNGEDVGAVPPGKF 1610 BAA28178.1 728 MEASLES TYPVEKPNLSSKRSE 1611 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 729 RUBELLA VIRUS VAGVSCNVTTEHPFC 1612 BAA28178.1 730 BORDETELLA VAPGIVIPPKALFTQQGGAYGRC 1613 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 731 RUBELLA VIRUS VCHTKHMDFWCVEHDRPPPATPTPL 1614 NP_740663.1 732 RUBELLA VIRUS VCQRHSPDCSRLVGATPER 1615 BAA19893.1 733 RUBELLA VIRUS VDADDPLL 1616 CAJ88851.1 734 RUBELLA VIRUS VDADDPLLRTAPGPGEVWVT 1617 BAA19893.1 735 CORYNEBACTERIUM VDIGFAAYNFVESIINLFQV 1618 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 736 MEASLES VIRUS VEIAEYRRLLRTVLE 1619 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 737 MEASLES VIRUS VELENSMGGLNFGRS 1620 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 738 MEASLES VIRUS VELENSMGGLNFGRSYFDPA 1621 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 739 MEASLES VELKIKIASGFGPLI 1622 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 740 RUBELLA VIRUS VEMDEWIHAHTTSD 1623 SRC265968 741 RUBELLA VIRUS VEMPEWIHAHTTSDP 1624 BAA28178.1 742 CORYNEBACTERIUM VERRLVKVL 1625 P33120.2 DIPHTHERIAE 743 MEASLES VESPGQLI 1626 ABI54110.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 744 MEASLES VIRUS VESPGQLIQRITDDP 1627 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 745 MEASLES VIRUS VESPGQLIQRITDDPDVSIR 1628 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 746 RUBELLA VIRUS VFALASYVQHPHKTV 1629 BAA28178.1 747 RUBELLA VIRUS VGATPERP 1630 CAJ88851.1 748 RUBELLA VIRUS VGATPERPRL 1631 BAA19893.1 749 RUBELLA VIRUS VGATPERPRLRLVDA 1632 BAA28178.1 750 MEASLES VIRUS VGIGSASYKVMTRSS 1633 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 751 MEASLES VIRUS VGLRTPQRFTDLVKF 1634 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 752 CORYNEBACTERIUM VHHNTEEIVAQSIALSSLMV 1635 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 753 MEASLES VIRUS VHRLEGVSYNIGSQE 1636 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 754 RUBELLA VIRUS VIGSQARK 1637 CAJ88851.1 755 BORDETELLA VITGSI 1638 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 756 BORDETELLA VITGTI 1639 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 757 MEASLES VIRUS VKQSRGEA 1640 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 758 MEASLES VIRUS VLFVMFLSLI 1641 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 759 MEASLES VLFVMFLSLIGLLAI 1642 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 760 MEASLES VLTPLFKIIGDEVGL 1643 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 761 MEASLES VIRUS VMTRSSHQSLVIKLM 1644 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 762 RUBELLA VIRUS VPAAPCARIWNGTQR 1645 BAA28178.1 763 RUBELLA VIRUS VPPDPGDLVEYIMNY 1646 BAA28178.1 764 MEASLES VIRUS VQSVASSRRHKRFAG 1647 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 765 BORDETELLA VQTGGTSRTVTMRYLAS 1648 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 766 BORDETELLA VQVRI 1649 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 767 RUBELLA VIRUS VRAYNQPAGDV 1650 NP_740662.1 768 RUBELLA VIRUS VRFESKIVDGGCFAP 1651 BAA28178.1 769 RUBELLA VIRUS VRLAGVRFESKIVDG 1652 BAA28178.1 770 MEASLES VIRUS VSGSFGNRFILSQGN 1653 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 771 BORDETELLA VSKEEQYYDYEDAT 1654 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 772 MEASLES VIRUS VSKGNCSGPTTIRGQ 1655 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 773 RUBELLA VIRUS VTAALLNTPPPYQVS 1656 BAA28178.1 774 RUBELLA VIRUS TGCYQCGTPALVEG 1657 BAA28178.1 775 RUBELLA VIRUS VTPVIGSQ 1658 CAJ88851.1 776 RUBELLA VIRUS VTTEHPFCNTPHGQLEVQVPPD 1659 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 777 MEASLES VIRUS VVLAGAALGVATAAQ 1660 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 778 RUBELLA VIRUS VWQLSVAGVSCNVTT 1661 BAA28178.1 779 RUBELLA VIRUS VWVTPVIG 1662 CAJ88851.1 780 RUBELLA VIRUS VWVTPVIGSQAR 1663 BAA19893.1 781 MEASLES VIRUS VYILIAVCLGGLIGI 1664 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 782 MEASLES VIRUS VYLHRIDLGPPISLE 1665 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 783 BORDETELLA VYRYDSRP 1666 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 784 BORDETELLA VYRYDSRPPEDV 1667 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 785 MEASLES VYWLTIPPMKNLALG 1668 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 786 RUBELLA VIRUS WDLEATGACICEIPT 1669 BAA28178.1 787 MEASLES WDQKLWCRHFCVLAD 1670 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 788 RUBELLA VIRUS WGFPTDTVMSVFALA 1671 BAA28178.1 789 RUBELLA VIRUS WHPPGPLGLKFKTVR 1672 BAA28178.1 790 RUBELLA VIRUS WIHAHTTSDPWHPPG 1673 BAA28178.1 791 MEASLES VIRUS WLTIPPMKNLALGVI 1674 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 792 MEASLES VIRUS WQESRKNKAQTRTPLQCTMT 1675 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 793 RUBELLA VIRUS WVCIFMVCRRACR 1676 SRC265968 794 RUBELLA VIRUS WVTPVIGS 1677 CAJ88851.1 795 MEASLES VIRUS WYTTVPKYVATQGYL 1678 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 796 MEASLES VIRUS YALGGDINKVLEKLG 1679 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 797 MEASLES VIRUS YAMGVGVELE 1680 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 798 MEASLES YAMGVGVELEN 1681 ABI54110.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 799 MEASLES YCADVAAEELMNALV 1682 AAR89413.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 800 MEASLES YDFRDLTWCINPPER 1683 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 801 BORDETELLA YFEPGPT 1684 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 802 RUBELLA VIRUS YFNPGGSYYKQYHPT 1685 BAA28178.1 803 MEASLES VIRUS YFRLGQEMVRRSAGK 1686 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 804 MEASLES VIRUS YFRLGQEMVRRSAGKVSSTL 1687 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 805 MEASLES YFYPFRLPIKGVPIE 1688 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 806 BORDETELLA YGDNAGRILAGALAT 1689 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 807 RUBELLA VIRUS YGHATVEMPEWIHAH 1690 BAA28178.1 808 RUBELLA VIRUS YIMNYTGNQQSRWGL 1691 BAA28178.1 809 MEASLES VIRUS YINNELIPSMNQLSC 1692 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 810 RUBELLA VIRUS YLCTAPGCATQAPVP 1693 BAA28178.1 811 MEASLES YLFTVPIKEAGEDCH 1694 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 812 MEASLES VIRUS YLHDPEFNL 1695 ABK40531.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 813 MEASLES VIRUS YLNMSRLFV 1696 ABK40531.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 814 MEASLES VIRUS YPALGLHEF 1697 P10050.1 STRAIN HALLE 815 MEASLES YPALGLHEFA 1698 ABI54110.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 816 MEASLES VIRUS YPALGLHEFAGELST 1699 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 817 MEASLES VIRUS YPALGLHEFAGELSTLESLM 1700 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 818 MEASLES VIRUS YPFRLPIKGVPIELQ 1701 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 819 MEASLES VIRUS YPLLWSYAM 1702 P10050.1 STRAIN HALLE 820 MUMPS YQQQGRL 1703 P21186.1 RUBULAVIRUS 821 BORDETELLA YQSEYLAHRR 1704 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 822 MEASLES VIRUS YRETGPSRASDARAA 1705 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 823 MEASLES VIRUS YRETGPSRASDARAAHLPTG 1706 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 824 RUBELLA VIRUS YRNASDVLPGHWLQGGWGCYNLSDW 1707 NP_740663.1 825 MEASLES VIRUS YRRLLRTVLEPIRDA 1708 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 826 BORDETELLA YRYDSRPP 1709 P04977.1 PERTUSSIS 827 MEASLES VIRUS YSGGDLLGILESRGI 1710 P69353.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 828 BORDETELLA YSKVTATBLLASTNSRLCAVFVRDG 1711 SRC280066 PERTUSSIS 829 MEASLES VIRUS YSPSRSFSYFYPFRL 1712 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 830 RUBELLA VIRUS YTGNQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASPV 1713 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 831 MEASLES YVLLAVLFV 1714 P08362.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 832 MEASLES YVYSPGRSFSYFYPF 1715 P06830.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 833 BORDETELLA YYDYEDATFQTYALTGISLCNPAASIC 1716 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 834 MEASLES GDLLGILESRGIKAR 1717 AAF02706.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 835 MEASLES TVPKYVATQGYLISN 1718 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 836 MEASLES KPWDSPQEI 1719 P26035.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 837 MEASLES KPWESPQEI 1720 CAA34579.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 838 BORDETELLA ATYQSEYLAHRRIPP 1721 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 839 BORDETELLA CMARQAESSEAMAAWSERAGEAMV 1722 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS LVYYESIAYSF 840 BORDETELLA CQVGSSNSAFVSTSSSRRYTEVYL 1723 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 841 BORDETELLA DDPPATVYRYDSRPP 1724 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 842 BORDETELLA GALATYQSEYLAHRRIPP 1725 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 843 BORDETELLA MAAWSERAGEAMVLVYYESIAYSF 1726 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 844 BORDETELLA MVLVYYESIAYSF 1727 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 845 BORDETELLA PATVYRYDSRPPEDV 1728 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 846 BORDETELLA YDSRPPEDV 1729 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 847 BORDETELLA EPGITTNYDT 1730 ACI16087.1 PERTUSSIS 848 BORDETELLA GDLRAYKMVYATNPQTQLSN 1731 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 849 BORDETELLA KNGDVEASAITTYVGFSVVYP 1732 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 850 BORDETELLA KVTNGSKSYTLRYLASYVK 1733 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 851 BORDETELLA QALGALKLYFEPGITTNYDTGDLIAY 1734 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS KQTYNASGN 852 BORDETELLA YATNPQTQLS 1735 ACI16083.1 PERTUSSIS 853 CORYNEBACTERIUM DNENPLSGKAGGVVKVTYPGLTKV 1736 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 854 CORYNEBACTERIUM ENFSSYHGTKPGYVDSI 1737 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 855 CORYNEBACTERIUM KVDNAETIKKELGLSLTEP 1738 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 856 RUBELLA VIRUS MEDLQKALEAQSRALRAGLAA 1739 CAA28880.1 STRAIN M33 857 CORYNEBACTERIUM QKGIQKPKSGTQGNYDDDWKGFY 1740 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 858 RUBELLA VIRUS RTGAWQRKDWSRAPPPPEERQESRS 1741 CAA28880.1 STRAIN M33 QTPAPKPSR 859 RUBELLA VIRUS AAGASQSRRPRPPRHARAQHLPEMT 1742 SRC265968 PAVT 860 RUBELLA VIRUS CVTSWLWSEGEGAVFYRVDLHFINL 1743 CAA28880.1 GTP 861 RUBELLA VIRUS FRVGGTRWHRLLRMPVRGLDGDTAP 1744 CAA28880.1 LP 862 CORYNEBACTERIUM GRKIRMRCRAIDGDVTFCRPKSPVYV 1745 1007216A DIPHTHERIAE GN 863 RUBELLA VIRUS GTPPLDEDGRWDPALMYNPCGPEPPA 1746 CAA28880.1 HV 864 CORYNEBACTERIUM GVHANLHVAFHRSSSEKIHSNEISSDS 1747 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE IGVLGYQKTVDHTKVNSKLSLFFEIK S 865 RUBELLA VIRUS MASTTPITMEDLQKALEAQSRALRA 1748 ABD64200.1 GLAAG 866 RUBELLA VIRUS PELGPPTNPFQAAVARGLRPPLHDPD 1749 CAA28880.1 TEAPTEAC 867 RUBELLA VIRUS PLPPHTTERIETRSARHPWRIRFGAP 1750 CAA28880.1 868 RUBELLA VIRUS SRAPPPPEERQESRSQTPAPKPSRAPP 1751 CAA28880.1 869 RUBELLA VIRUS SRAPPQQPQPPRMQTGRGGSAPRPEL 1752 CAA28880.1 GP 870 RUBELLA VIRUS TPAVTPEGPAPPRTGAWQRKDWSRAP 1753 CAA28880.1 P 871 RUBELLA VIRUS VRAYNQPAGDVRGVWGKGERTYAE 1754 CAA28880.1 QDFRV 872 RUBELLA VIRUS AFGHSDAACWGFPTDTVMSV 1755 CAA28880.1 873 RUBELLA VIRUS CARIWNGTQRACTFWAVNAYS 1756 CAA28880.1 874 RUBELLA VIRUS EEAFTYLCTAPGCATQTPVPVR 1757 CAA28880.1 875 RUBELLA VIRUS FAPWDLEATGACICEIPTDV 1758 CAA28880.1 876 RUBELLA VIRUS GEDVGAFPPGKFVTAAL 1759 CAA28880.1 877 RUBELLA VIRUS GEVWVTPVIGSQARKCGLHI 1760 CAA28880.1 878 RUBELLA VIRUS GQLEVQVPPDPGDLVEYIMN 1761 CAA28880.1 879 RUBELLA VIRUS GSYYKQYHPTACEVEPAFGH 1762 CAA28880.1 880 RUBELLA VIRUS IHAHTTSDPWHPPGPLGLKF 1763 CAA28880.1 881 RUBELLA VIRUS IMNYTGNQQSRWGLGSPNCH 1764 CAA28880.1 882 RUBELLA VIRUS LHIRAGPYGHATVEMPEWIH 1765 CAA28880.1 883 RUBELLA VIRUS LKFKTVRPVALPRALAPPRN 1766 CAA28880.1 884 RUBELLA VIRUS LNTPPPYQVSCGGESDRASAGH 1767 CAA28880.1 885 RUBELLA VIRUS NCHGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCS 1768 CAA28880.1 886 RUBELLA VIRUS PDCSRLVGATPERPRLRLVD 1769 CAA28880.1 887 RUBELLA VIRUS PRNVRVTGCYQCGTPALVEG 1770 CAA28880.1 888 RUBELLA VIRUS PTDVSCEGLGAWVPTAPCARI 1771 CAA28880.1 889 RUBELLA VIRUS RLVDADDPLLRTAPGPGEVW 1772 CAA28880.1 890 RUBELLA VIRUS SVFALASYVQHPHKTVRVKF 1773 CAA28880.1 891 RUBELLA VIRUS VEGLAPGGGNCHLTVNGEDV 1774 CAA28880.1 892 RUBELLA VIRUS VKFHTETRTVWQLSVAGVSC 1775 CAA28880.1 893 RUBELLA VIRUS VPVRLAGVGFESKIVDGGCF 1776 CAA28880.1 894 RUBELLA VIRUS VSCNVTTEHPFCNTPHGQLE 1777 CAA28880.1 895 BORDETELLA AAASSPDAHVPF 1778 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 896 BORDETELLA AASSPDA 1779 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 897 BORDETELLA AKLGAAASSPDA 1780 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 898 BORDETELLA AMKPYEVTPTRM 1781 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 899 BORDETELLA AMTHLSPALADVPYVLVKTNMVVTS 1782 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 900 BORDETELLA ASSPDAHVPFCF 1783 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 901 BORDETELLA ASSPDAHVPFCFGKDLKRPGSSPME 1784 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 902 BORDETELLA CFGKDLKRPGSS 1785 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 903 BORDETELLA CFGKDLKRPGSSPMEVMLRAVFMQQ 1786 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 904 BORDETELLA CGIAAKLGAAAS 1787 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 905 BORDETELLA CGIAAKLGAAASSPDAHVPFCFGKD 1788 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 906 BORDETELLA DAHVPFCFGKDL 1789 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 907 BORDETELLA DLKRPGSSPMEV 1790 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 908 BORDETELLA DVPYVLVKTNMV 1791 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 909 BORDETELLA DVPYVLVKTNMVVTSVAMKPYEVTP 1792 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS T 910 BORDETELLA EVMLRAVFMQQR 1793 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 911 BORDETELLA FEGKPALELIRM 1794 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 912 BORDETELLA FLGPKQLTFEGK 1795 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 913 BORDETELLA FLGPKQLTFEGKPALELIRMVECSG 1796 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 914 BORDETELLA FMQQRPLRMFLGPKQLT 1797 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 915 BORDETELLA GKDLKRPGSSPM 1798 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 916 BORDETELLA GKDLKRPGSSPME 1799 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 917 BORDETELLA GKPALELIRMVE 1800 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 918 BORDETELLA GPKQLTFEGKPA 1801 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 919 BORDETELLA HVPFCFGKDLKR 1802 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 920 BORDETELLA IAAKLGAAASSP 1803 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 921 BORDETELLA KPYEVTPTRMLV 1804 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 922 BORDETELLA KQLTFEGKPALE 1805 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 923 BORDETELLA KRPGSSPMEVML 1806 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 924 BORDETELLA LELIRMVECSGK 1807 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 925 BORDETELLA LGAAASSPDAHV 1808 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 926 BORDETELLA LIRMVECSGKQD 1809 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 927 BORDETELLA LVCGIAAKLGAA 1810 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 928 BORDETELLA MKPYEVTPTRM 1811 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 929 BORDETELLA MLRAVFMQQRPL 1812 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 930 BORDETELLA MQQRPLRM 1813 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 931 BORDETELLA MQQRPLRMFLGP 1814 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 932 BORDETELLA MVVTSVAMKPYE 1815 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 933 BORDETELLA MVVTSVAMKPYEVTPTRMLVCGIAA 1816 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 934 BORDETELLA PALELIRMVECS 1817 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 935 BORDETELLA PALELIRMVECSGK 1818 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 936 BORDETELLA PFCFGKDLKRPG 1819 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 937 BORDETELLA PGSSPMEVMLRA 1820 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 938 BORDETELLA PGSSPMEVMLRAVF 1821 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 939 BORDETELLA PKQLTFEGK 1822 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 940 BORDETELLA PLRMFLGPKQLT 1823 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 941 BORDETELLA PTRMLVCGIAAK 1824 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 942 BORDETELLA PYVLVKTNMVVT 1825 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 943 BORDETELLA QLTFEGKPALELIRMVECSGKQDCP 1826 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 944 BORDETELLA QRPLRMFLGPKQ 1827 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 945 BORDETELLA RAVFMQQRPLRM 1828 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 946 BORDETELLA RMFLGPKQLTFE 1829 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 947 BORDETELLA RMLVCGIAAKLG 1830 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 948 BORDETELLA RMVECSGKQDCP 1831 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 949 BORDETELLA SPDAHVPFCFGK 1832 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 950 BORDETELLA SSPMEVMLRAVF 1833 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 951 BORDETELLA SSPMEVMLRAVFMQQRPLRMFLGPK 1834 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 952 BORDETELLA SVAMKPYEVTPT 1835 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 953 BORDETELLA VECSGKQDCP 1836 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 954 BORDETELLA VFMQQRPLRMFL 1837 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 955 BORDETELLA VFMQQRPLRMFLGPKQLTFEGKPAL 1838 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 956 BORDETELLA VKTNMVVTSVAM 1839 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 957 BORDETELLA VLVKTNMVVTSV 1840 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 958 BORDETELLA VTPTRMLVCGIA 1841 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 959 BORDETELLA VTSVAMKPYEVT 1842 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 960 BORDETELLA YEVTPTRMLVCG 1843 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 961 BORDETELLA YEVTPTRMLVCGIAAKLGAAASSPD 1844 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 962 BORDETELLA CASPYEGRYRDMYDALR 1845 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 963 BORDETELLA CAVFVRDGQSV 1846 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 964 BORDETELLA CITTIYKTG 1847 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 965 BORDETELLA CPNGTRALTV 1848 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 966 BORDETELLA DALRRLLYMIYMSG 1849 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 967 RUBELLA VIRUS GNRGRGQRRDWSRAPPPPEERQETR 1850 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN S 968 BORDETELLA GQPAADHYYSKVT 1851 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 969 RUBELLA VIRUS GSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHS 1852 ABD64214.1 970 MEASLES VIRUS HKSLSTNLDVTNSIEHQ 1853 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 971 BORDETELLA LFTQQGGAYGRC 1854 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 972 MEASLES VIRUS LIGLLAIAGIRLHRAAIYTAEI 1855 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 973 MEASLES PDTAADSELRRWIKY 1856 ABI54110.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 974 RUBELLA VIRUS PNCHGPDWASPVCQRHS 1857 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 975 RUBELLA VIRUS QTPAPKPSRAPPQQPQPPRMQTGR 1858 ABD64216.1 976 RUBELLA VIRUS RAGLTAGASQSRRPRPPR 1859 CAA33016.1 VACCINE STRAIN RA27/3 977 RUBELLA VIRUS RFGAPQAFLAGLLLAAVAVGTARA 1860 ABD64214.1 VACCINE STRAIN RA27/3 978 BORDETELLA RGNAELQTYLRQITPG 1861 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 979 BORDETELLA RVHVSKEEQYYDYED 1862 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 980 BORDETELLA SIYGLYDGTYL 1863 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 981 BORDETELLA SKVTATRLLASTNS 1864 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 982 BORDETELLA TQQGGAYGRCPNGTRA 1865 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 983 BORDETELLA VAPGIVIPPKAL 1866 P04979.1 PERTUSSIS 984 BORDETELLA DSRPPEDVFQNGFTAWG 1867 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 985 BORDETELLA EHRMQEAVEAERAGR 1868 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 986 MEASLES VIRUS ETCFQQACKGKIQALCENPEWA 1869 P08362.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 987 BORDETELLA EYVDTYGDNAGRILAGALATYQ 1870 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 988 BORDETELLA HRRIPPENIRRVTR 1871 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 989 BORDETELLA MARQAESSE 1872 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 990 BORDETELLA MQEAVEAERAGR 1873 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 991 BORDETELLA SQQTRANPNPYTSRR 1874 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 992 BORDETELLA TRANPNPYTSRRSVASIVGTLVHG 1875 SRC280066 PERTUSSIS 993 BORDETELLA TVYRYDSRPPED 1876 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 994 MEASLES NDRNLLD 1877 P10050.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 995 MEASLES NMEDEADQYFSHDDPISSDQSRFGW 1878 P04851.1 MORBILLIVIRUS FENK 996 MEASLES SRASDARAAHLPTGTPLDID 1879 P04851.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 997 BORDETELLA EDVFQNGFTAW 1880 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 998 CORYNEBACTERIUM AEGSSSVEYINNWEQAK 1881 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 999 CORYNEBACTERIUM GPIKNKMSESPNKT 1882 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1000 MEASLES VIRUS GPKLTGALIGILSLFVESPGQLIQRITD 1883 P10050.1 STRAIN HALLE DPDV 1001 CORYNEBACTERIUM GYQKTVDHTKVNSK 1884 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1002 CORYNEBACTERIUM KTVDH 1885 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1003 CORYNEBACTERIUM SESPNK 1886 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1004 CORYNEBACTERIUM AEGSSSVEYINNWEQAKALS 1887 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1005 CORYNEBACTERIUM AQAIPLVGELVDIGFAAYNF 1888 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1006 CORYNEBACTERIUM ASRVVLSLPFAEGSSSVEYI 1889 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1007 CORYNEBACTERIUM CINLDWDVIRDKTKTKIESL 1890 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1008 CORYNEBACTERIUM CRAIDGDVTFCRPKSPVYVG 1891 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1009 CORYNEBACTERIUM CRPKSPVYVGNGVHANLHVA 1892 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1010 CORYNEBACTERIUM DAAGYSVDNENPLSGKAGGV 1893 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1011 CORYNEBACTERIUM DKTKTKIESLKEHGPIKNKM 1894 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1012 CORYNEBACTERIUM EEFIKRFGDGASRVVLSLPF 1895 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1013 CORYNEBACTERIUM EKAKQYLEEFHQTALEHPEL 1896 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1014 CORYNEBACTERIUM FHRSSSEKIHSNEISSDSIG 1897 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1015 CORYNEBACTERIUM GADDVVDSSKSFVMENFSSY 1898 CAE11230.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1016 CORYNEBACTERIUM GKRGQDAMYEYMAQACAGNR 1899 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1017 CORYNEBACTERIUM GSVMGIADGAVHHNTEEIVA 1900 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1018 CORYNEBACTERIUM GTQGNYDDDWKGFYSTDNKY 1901 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1019 CORYNEBACTERIUM HDGYAVSWNTVEDSIIRTGF 1902 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1020 CORYNEBACTERIUM HGTKPGYVDSIQKGIQKPKS 1903 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1021 CORYNEBACTERIUM HQTALEHPELSELKTVTGTN 1904 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1022 CORYNEBACTERIUM IQKGIQKPKSGTQGNYDDDW 1905 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1023 CORYNEBACTERIUM KEHGPIKNKMSESPNKTVSE 1906 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1024 CORYNEBACTERIUM KGFYSTDNKYDAAGYSVDNE 1907 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1025 CORYNEBACTERIUM LDVNKSKTHISVNGRKIRMR 1908 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1026 RUBELLA VIRUS MASTIPITMEDLQKALEA 1909 SRC265968 1027 CORYNEBACTERIUM NGVHANLHVAFHRSSSEKIH 1910 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1028 CORYNEBACTERIUM NNWEQAKALSVELEINFETR 1911 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1029 CORYNEBACTERIUM NPLSGKAGGVVKVTYPGLTK 1912 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1030 CORYNEBACTERIUM PVFAGANYAAWAVNVAQVID 1913 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1031 CORYNEBACTERIUM SELKTVTGTNPVFAGANYAA 1914 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1032 CORYNEBACTERIUM SESPNKTVSEEKAKQYLEEF 1915 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1033 CORYNEBACTERIUM SETADNLEKTTAALSILPGI 1916 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1034 CORYNEBACTERIUM SFVMENFSSYHGTKPGYVDS 1917 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1035 CORYNEBACTERIUM SNEISSDSIGVLGYQKTVDH 1918 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1036 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPGHKTQPFLHDGYAVSWNT 1919 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1037 CORYNEBACTERIUM SVNGRKIRMRCRAIDGDVTF 1920 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1038 CORYNEBACTERIUM TAALSILPGIGSVMGIADGA 1921 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1039 CORYNEBACTERIUM TAENTPLPIAGVLLPTIPGK 1922 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1040 CORYNEBACTERIUM TEPLMEQVGTEEFIKRFGDG 1923 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1041 CORYNEBACTERIUM TIKKELGLSLTEPLMEQVGT 1924 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1042 CORYNEBACTERIUM TKVNSKLSLFFEIKS 1925 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1043 CORYNEBACTERIUM VEDSIIRTGFQGESGHDIKI 1926 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1044 CORYNEBACTERIUM VELEINFETRGKRGQDAMYE 1927 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1045 CORYNEBACTERIUM VESIINLFQVVHNSYNRPAY 1928 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1046 CORYNEBACTERIUM VHNSYNRPAYSPGHKTQPFL 1929 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1047 CORYNEBACTERIUM VKVTYPGLTKVLALKVDNAE 1930 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1048 CORYNEBACTERIUM VLALKVDNAETIKKELGLSL 1931 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1049 CORYNEBACTERIUM VLGYQKTVDHTKVNSKLSLF 1932 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1050 CORYNEBACTERIUM VRRSVGSSLSCINLDWDVIR 1933 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1051 CORYNEBACTERIUM WAVNVAQVIDSETADNLEKT 1934 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1052 CORYNEBACTERIUM YMAQACAGNRVRRSVGSSLS 1935 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1053 BORDETELLA AKAPPAPKPAPQPGP 1936 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1054 BORDETELLA APKPAPQPGP 1937 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1055 BORDETELLA APKPAPQPGPQPPQP 1938 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1056 MEASLES VIRUS AQTRTPLQCTMTEIF 1939 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1057 MEASLES VIRUS ASRGTNMEDEADQYFSHDD 1940 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1058 BORDETELLA ATIRR 1941 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1059 BORDETELLA DNRAG 1942 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1060 BORDETELLA EAPAPQPPAGRELSA 1943 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1061 MEASLES VIRUS EMVRRSAGKVSSTLASELGI 1944 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1062 BORDETELLA GASEL 1945 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1063 BORDETELLA GDALAGGAVP 1946 AAA22980.1 PERTUSSIS 1064 BORDETELLA GDAPAGGAVP 1947 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1065 BORDETELLA GDTWDDD 1948 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1066 BORDETELLA GERQH 1949 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1067 BORDETELLA GGAVP 1950 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1068 BORDETELLA GGFGP 1951 P14283.3 PERTUSSIS 1069 BORDETELLA GGFGPGGFGP 1952 BAF35031.1 PERTUSSIS 1070 BORDETELLA GGFGPVLDGW 1953 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1071 MEASLES VIRUS GGKEDRRVKQSRGEARESYR 1954 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1072 BORDETELLA GILLEN 1955 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1073 BORDETELLA GIRRFL 1956 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1074 MEASLES VIRUS HDDPISSDQSRFGWFENKEI 1957 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1075 MEASLES VIRUS HEFAGELSTLESLMNLY 1958 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1076 BORDETELLA HLGGLAGY 1959 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1077 MEASLES VIRUS HTTEDKISRAVGPRQAQVSFL 1960 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1078 MEASLES VIRUS ICDIDTYIVEAGLASFILTI 1961 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1079 MEASLES VIRUS IIIVPIPGDSSITTRSRLLD 1962 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1080 MEASLES VIRUS ILDIKRTPGNKPRIAEMICD 1963 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1081 BORDETELLA KALLYR 1964 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1082 MEASLES VIRUS KPPITSGSGGAIRGIKHIII 1965 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1083 BORDETELLA LAGSGL 1966 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1084 MEASLES VIRUS LGITAEDARLVSEIAMHTTE 1967 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1085 MEASLES VIRUS LGTILAQIWVLLAKAVTA 1968 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1086 MEASLES VIRUS LPTGTPLDIDTASESSQD 1969 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1087 MEASLES VIRUS MATLLRSLALFKRNKDK 1970 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1088 BORDETELLA PAPQPP 1971 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1089 MEASLES VIRUS PDTAADSELRRWIKYTQQRR 1972 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1090 MEASLES VIRUS PKLTGALIGILSLFVESPGQ 1973 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1091 BORDETELLA PQP 1974 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1092 BORDETELLA PQPGP 1975 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1093 BORDETELLA PQPGPQPPQPPQPQP 1976 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1094 MEASLES VIRUS QDPQDSRRSAEPLLSCKPWQ 1977 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1095 MEASLES VIRUS QRRVVGEFRLERKWLDVVR 1978 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1096 BORDETELLA RELSA 1979 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1097 BORDETELLA RFAPQ 1980 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1098 MEASLES VIRUS SIQNKFSAGSYPLLWSYAMG 1981 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1099 BORDETELLA SITLQAGAH 1982 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1100 BORDETELLA SLQPED 1983 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1101 BORDETELLA SNALSKRL 1984 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1102 MEASLES VIRUS SPGQLIQRITDDPDVSIRLL 1985 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1103 BORDETELLA TELPSIPG 1986 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1104 BORDETELLA TFTLANK 1987 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1105 BORDETELLA TWDDD 1988 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1106 MEASLES VIRUS VSFLQGDQSENELPRLGGKE 1989 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1107 MEASLES VIRUS WQESRKNKAQTRTPLQC 1990 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1108 MEASLES VIRUS YAMGVGVELENSMGGLNFGR 1991 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1109 MEASLES VIRUS YQQMGKPAPYMVNLENSI 1992 P04851.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON 1110 MEASLES VIRUS MTRSSHQSLVIKLMP 1993 P69355.1 STRAIN HALLE 1111 MEASLES VIRUS PIRDALNAMTQNIRP 1994 P69355.1 STRAIN HALLE 1112 RUBELLA VIRUS ALLNTPPPYQVSCGGESDRASAGH 1995 CAA28880.1 STRAIN M33 1113 RUBELLA VIRUS GLGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHS 1996 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 1114 RUBELLA VIRUS GLGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCS 1997 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN RLV 1115 RUBELLA VIRUS NYTGNQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASP 1998 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN V 1116 RUBELLA VIRUS TLPQPPCAHGQHYGHHHHQL 1999 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN 1117 RUBELLA VIRUS TVRVKFHTETRTVWQLSVAGVSCNV 2000 P07566.1 STRAIN THERIEN T 1118 RUBELLA VIRUS ASYFNPGGSYYKQYH 2001 BAA28178.1 1119 RUBELLA VIRUS FALASYVQHPHKTVR 2002 BAA28178.1 1120 RUBELLA VIRUS GGESDRASARVIDPAAQSFTG 2003 BAA28178.1 1121 RUBELLA VIRUS GPGEVWVTPVIGSQARKC 2004 BAA28178.1 1122 RUBELLA VIRUS GSQARKCGLHIRAG 2005 BAA28178.1 1123 RUBELLA VIRUS LVGATPERPRLRLVDADDPLLRTAP 2006 BAA28178.1 1124 RUBELLA VIRUS TAPGPGEVWVTPVI 2007 BAA28178.1 1125 MEASLES FIVLSIAYPTLSEIK 2008 AAL29688.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1126 MEASLES VIRUS ETCFQQACKGKIQALCENPEWAPLK 2009 P08362.1 STRAIN DNRIPSY EDMONSTON- ZAGREB 1127 MEASLES LPRLGGKEDR 2010 P04851.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1128 MEASLES MSKTEWNASQ 2011 SRC280080 MORBILLIVIRUS 1129 MEASLES SRFGWFENKE 2012 P04851.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1130 RUBELLA VIRUS EACVTSWLWSEGEGAVFYRVDLHFI 2013 CAA28880.1 NLGT 1131 RUBELLA VIRUS MDFWCVEHDRPPPATPTSLTT 2014 CAA33016.1 1132 RUBELLA VIRUS PFLGHDGHHGGTLRVGQHHRNASDV 2015 CAA33016.1 1133 RUBELLA VIRUS RVKFHTETRTVWQLSVAGVSC 2016 BAA19893.1 1134 MEASLES AEEQARHVKNGLE 2017 ABO69699.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1135 MEASLES ESPQEISKHQALG 2018 SRC280080 MORBILLIVIRUS 1136 MEASLES GVGVELENSMGGLNF 2019 ABI54110.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1137 MEASLES IKGANDLAKFHQMLMKIIMK 2020 ABO69699.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1138 MEASLES MSKTLHAQLGFKKT 2021 ABK40528.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1139 MEASLES NASGLSRPSPSAH 2022 BAE98296.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1140 MEASLES VRVIDPSLGDRKDE 2023 SRC280148 MORBILLIVIRUS 1141 BORDETELLA DLSDGDLLV 2024 AAC31207.1 PERTUSSIS 1142 BORDETELLA EAERAGRGTG 2025 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 1143 BORDETELLA YRYDSRPPEDV 2026 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 1144 BORDETELLA YVDTYGDNAG 2027 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 1145 MEASLES SFSYFYPFR 2028 CAB43772.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1146 MUMPS DIFIVSPR 2029 ADF49557.1 RUBULAVIRUS 1147 MEASLES QDSRRSADALLRLQAMAGISEEQGS 2030 CAA59302.1 MORBILLIVIRUS DTDTPIVYNDRN 1148 MEASLES SAEALLRLQA 2031 BAH22350.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1149 MEASLES RIVINREHL 2032 BAB39835.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1150 MEASLES VIRUS IPRFK 2033 BAB39848.1 GENOTYPEA 1151 BORDETELLA AAALSPMEI 2034 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1152 BORDETELLA AAASVVGAPV 2035 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1153 BORDETELLA AALGRQDSI 2036 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1154 BORDETELLA AAQRLVHAIA 2037 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1155 BORDETELLA AAVEAAEL 2038 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1156 BORDETELLA AGANVLNGL 2039 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1157 BORDETELLA AGYANAAD 2040 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1158 BORDETELLA AGYEQFEFRV 2041 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1159 BORDETELLA AITGNADNL 2042 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1160 BORDETELLA AKEKNATLM 2043 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1161 BORDETELLA AKGVFLSL 2044 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1162 BORDETELLA APHEYGFGI 2045 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1163 BORDETELLA ARQGNDLEI 2046 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1164 BORDETELLA ASVVGAPV 2047 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1165 BORDETELLA ATLMFRLV 2048 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1166 BORDETELLA AVAAAQRL 2049 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1167 BORDETELLA DAGANVLNGL 2050 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1168 BORDETELLA DALLAQLYR 2051 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1169 BORDETELLA DANGVLKHSI 2052 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1170 BORDETELLA DGDMNIGVI 2053 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1171 BORDETELLA DHVKNIENL 2054 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1172 BORDETELLA DIDMFAIM 2055 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1173 BORDETELLA DMFAIMPHL 2056 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1174 BORDETELLA DNVRNVENV 2057 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1175 BORDETELLA DNVRNVENVI 2058 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1176 BORDETELLA DTVDYSAM 2059 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1177 BORDETELLA DTVDYSAMI 2060 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1178 BORDETELLA DYLRQAGL 2061 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1179 BORDETELLA DYYDNVRNV 2062 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1180 BORDETELLA EFTTFVEI 2063 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1181 BORDETELLA EFTTFVEIV 2064 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1182 BORDETELLA EGYVFYEN 2065 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1183 BORDETELLA ENVQYRHV 2066 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1184 BORDETELLA EQLANSDGL 2067 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1185 BORDETELLA FGVGYGHDTI 2068 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1186 BORDETELLA FSPDVLETVP 2069 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1187 BORDETELLA FSVDHVKNI 2070 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1188 BORDETELLA GDDTYLFGV 2071 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1189 BORDETELLA GDDVFLQDL 2072 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1190 BORDETELLA GEDGNDIFL 2073 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1191 BORDETELLA GERFNVRKQL 2074 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1192 BORDETELLA GGAGNDTLV 2075 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1193 BORDETELLA GGDDFEAV 2076 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1194 BORDETELLA GKSEFTTFV 2077 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1195 BORDETELLA GKSLFDDGL 2078 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1196 BORDETELLA GNADNLKSV 2079 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1197 BORDETELLA GQLVEVDTL 2080 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1198 BORDETELLA GRSKFSPDV 2081 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1199 BORDETELLA GSSAYDTV 2082 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1200 BORDETELLA GTVEKWPAL 2083 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1201 BORDETELLA GVDYYDNV 2084 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1202 BORDETELLA GYEQFEFRV 2085 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1203 BORDETELLA HAVGAQDVV 2086 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1204 BORDETELLA IAAGRIGLGI 2087 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1205 BORDETELLA IGDAQANTL 2088 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1206 BORDETELLA IGLGILADL 2089 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1207 BORDETELLA IGNAAGIPL 2090 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1208 BORDETELLA IGTSMKDVL 2091 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1209 BORDETELLA IGVITDFEL 2092 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1210 BORDETELLA IPLTADIDM 2093 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1211 BORDETELLA ISKSALEL 2094 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1212 BORDETELLA ITGNADNL 2095 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1213 BORDETELLA KIFVVSAT 2096 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1214 BORDETELLA KQLNNANVYR 2097 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1215 BORDETELLA KVIGNAAGI 2098 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1216 BORDETELLA LAKVVSQL 2099 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1217 BORDETELLA LANDYARKI 2100 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1218 BORDETELLA LDYLRQAGL 2101 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1219 BORDETELLA LGKGFASL 2102 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1220 BORDETELLA LGKGFASLM 2103 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1221 BORDETELLA LGVDYYDN 2104 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1222 BORDETELLA LGVDYYDNV 2105 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1223 BORDETELLA LKHSIKLDVI 2106 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1224 BORDETELLA LQAGYIPV 2107 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1225 BORDETELLA LQLTGGTVE 2108 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1226 BORDETELLA LSAAVFGL 2109 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1227 BORDETELLA LSLGKGFASL 2110 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1228 BORDETELLA LSPMEIYGL 2111 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1229 BORDETELLA NAHDNFLAGG 2112 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1230 BORDETELLA NANVYREGV 2113 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1231 BORDETELLA NDTLYGGL 2114 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1232 BORDETELLA NGLAGNDVL 2115 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1233 BORDETELLA NNANVYREGV 2116 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1234 BORDETELLA NTVSYAAL 2117 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1235 BORDETELLA NVLRNIENAV 2118 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1236 BORDETELLA PALTFITPL 2119 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1237 BORDETELLA PETSNVLRNI 2120 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1238 BORDETELLA PMEIYGLV 2121 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1239 BORDETELLA PQAYFEKNL 2122 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1240 BORDETELLA PVNPNLSKL 2123 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1241 BORDETELLA QAGWNASSV 2124 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1242 BORDETELLA QAGWNASSVI 2125 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1243 BORDETELLA QDAANAGNL 2126 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1244 BORDETELLA QDAANAGNLL 2127 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1245 BORDETELLA QDSGYDSL 2128 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1246 BORDETELLA QQSHYADQL 2129 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1247 BORDETELLA RALQGAQAV 2130 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1248 BORDETELLA RGGLGLDTL 2131 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1249 BORDETELLA RKQLNNANV 2132 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1250 BORDETELLA RQDSGYDSL 2133 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1251 BORDETELLA RQFRYDGDM 2134 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1252 BORDETELLA RSKFSPDVL 2135 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1253 BORDETELLA SAGAAAGAL 2136 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1254 BORDETELLA SAHWGQRAL 2137 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1255 BORDETELLA SAMIHPGRI 2138 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1256 BORDETELLA SAMIHPGRIV 2139 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1257 BORDETELLA SAYDTVSGI 2140 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1258 BORDETELLA SAYGYEGD 2141 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1259 BORDETELLA SGGAGDDVL 2142 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1260 BORDETELLA SGLQVAGA 2143 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1261 BORDETELLA SGYDSLDGV 2144 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1262 BORDETELLA SLLTGALNGI 2145 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1263 BORDETELLA SPMEIYGL 2146 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1264 BORDETELLA SQMLTRGQL 2147 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1265 BORDETELLA SSAYDTVSGI 2148 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1266 BORDETELLA SSLAHGHTA 2149 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1267 BORDETELLA SSVTSGDSV 2150 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1268 BORDETELLA SVIGVQTTEI 2151 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1269 BORDETELLA TNTVSYAAL 2152 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1270 BORDETELLA TSLIAEGV 2153 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1271 BORDETELLA TSLLTGAL 2154 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1272 BORDETELLA TVPASPGL 2155 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1273 BORDETELLA VAKEKNATL 2156 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1274 BORDETELLA VAPHEYGFGI 2157 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1275 BORDETELLA VAVVTSLL 2158 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1276 BORDETELLA VFYENRAYG 2159 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1277 BORDETELLA VFYENRAYGV 2160 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1278 BORDETELLA VITDFELEV 2161 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1279 BORDETELLA VNPHSTSL 2162 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1280 BORDETELLA VNPHSTSLI 2163 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1281 BORDETELLA VNPNLSKL 2164 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1282 BORDETELLA VNPNLSKLF 2165 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1283 BORDETELLA VQQPIIEKL 2166 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1284 BORDETELLA VQYRHVEL 2167 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1285 BORDETELLA VSIAAAASV 2168 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1286 BORDETELLA VSIAAAASVV 2169 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1287 BORDETELLA VTSLLTGAL 2170 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1288 BORDETELLA VVLANASRI 2171 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1289 BORDETELLA WPALNLFSV 2172 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1290 BORDETELLA WVRKASAL 2173 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1291 BORDETELLA YAVQYRRKGG 2174 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1292 BORDETELLA YGGLGDDTL 2175 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1293 BORDETELLA YGLVQQSHYA 2176 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1294 BORDETELLA YGYEGDALL 2177 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1295 BORDETELLA YIPVNPNL 2178 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1296 BORDETELLA YSAMIHPGRI 2179 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1297 BORDETELLA YSQTGAHAGI 2180 P15318.2 PERTUSSIS 1298 CORYNEBACTERIUM AYNFVESIINLFQVVHNSYN 2181 CAE11230.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1299 BORDETELLA SGTTIK 2182 BAF35031.1 PERTUSSIS 1300 BORDETELLA RGHTLESAEGRKIFG 2183 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1301 BORDETELLA AGAMTVRDVAAAADLALQAGDA 2184 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1302 BORDETELLA AGAMTVRDVAAAADLALQAGDAL 2185 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1303 BORDETELLA ALAAVLVNPHIFTRIGAAQTSLADGA 2186 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS AGPA 1304 BORDETELLA ALSIDSMTALGA 2187 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1305 BORDETELLA DLSAARGADISGEGR 2188 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1306 BORDETELLA DQNRYEYIWGLY 2189 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1307 BORDETELLA DYTVSADAIALA 2190 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1308 BORDETELLA GPIVVEAGELVSHAGG 2191 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1309 BORDETELLA GRPEGLKIGAHSATSVSGSFDAL 2192 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1310 BORDETELLA ITVTSRGGFDNEGKMESNK 2193 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1311 BORDETELLA LDQNRYEYIWGLYP 2194 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1312 BORDETELLA LSAARGADISG 2195 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1313 BORDETELLA NKIRLMGPLQ 2196 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1314 BORDETELLA NKLGRIRAGEDM 2197 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1315 BORDETELLA NKLGRIRAGEDMHLDAPRIE 2198 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1316 BORDETELLA PHLRNTGQVVAG 2199 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1317 BORDETELLA QVDLHDLSAARGADISG 2200 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1318 BORDETELLA RDVAAAADLALQ 2201 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1319 BORDETELLA SAARGADISGEG 2202 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1320 BORDETELLA TKGEMQIAGKGGGSP 2203 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1321 BORDETELLA TVSADAIALAAQ 2204 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1322 BORDETELLA VVAGHDIHI 2205 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1323 BORDETELLA PSGPNHTKVVQLPKISKNALKANG 2206 CAD12823.1 PERTUSSIS 1324 RUBELLA VIRUS LVGATPERPRLRLVDADDPLLRTAPG 2207 BAA19902.1 PGEVWVTPVIGSQAR 1325 RUBELLA VIRUS QQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRH 2208 BAA19902.1 SP 1326 BORDETELLA AGEAMVLVYYESIAYSF 2209 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 1327 BORDETELLA GGVGLASTLWYAESNALSKRLGEL 2210 AAZ74322.1 PERTUSSIS 1328 BORDETELLA GTLVRIAPVIGACMARQA 2211 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 1329 BORDETELLA IRRVTRVYHNGITGETTT 2212 ACI04548.1 PERTUSSIS 1330 BORDETELLA IVKTGERQHGIHIQGSDP 2213 AAZ74322.1 PERTUSSIS 1331 BORDETELLA IVKTGERQHGIHIQGSDPGGVRTA 2214 AAZ74338.1 PERTUSSIS 1332 BORDETELLA LRDTNVTAVPASGAPAAVSVLGAS 2215 AAZ74338.1 PERTUSSIS 1333 BORDETELLA PEAPAPQPPAGRELSAAANAAVNT 2216 AAZ74322.1 PERTUSSIS 1334 BORDETELLA AAADFAHAE 2217 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1335 BORDETELLA AAAEVAGAL 2218 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1336 BORDETELLA AAESTFESY 2219 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1337 BORDETELLA AAGFDPEVQ 2220 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1338 BORDETELLA AALGRGHSL 2221 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1339 BORDETELLA AAMQGAVVH 2222 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1340 BORDETELLA AAPAAHADW 2223 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1341 BORDETELLA AAQATVVQR 2224 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1342 BORDETELLA AARVAGDNY 2225 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1343 BORDETELLA AAVALLNKL 2226 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1344 BORDETELLA ADDPPATVY 2227 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1345 BORDETELLA AEAGRFKVL 2228 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1346 BORDETELLA AEATQLVTA 2229 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1347 BORDETELLA AEGGATLGA 2230 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1348 BORDETELLA AEHGEVSIQ 2231 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1349 BORDETELLA AEIAFYPKE 2232 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1350 BORDETELLA AEKVTTPAV 2233 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1351 BORDETELLA AELQTYLRQ 2234 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1352 BORDETELLA AEQSLIEVG 2235 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1353 BORDETELLA AESNALSKR 2236 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1354 BORDETELLA AESSEAMAA 2237 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1355 BORDETELLA AEVKVGYRA 2238 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1356 BORDETELLA AEVTDTSPS 2239 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1357 BORDETELLA AGKSLKKKN 2240 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1358 BORDETELLA AGLAGPSAV 2241 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1359 BORDETELLA AIRVGRGAR 2242 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1360 BORDETELLA ALAAIASAA 2243 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1361 BORDETELLA ALADVPYVL 2244 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1362 BORDETELLA ALANDGTIV 2245 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1363 BORDETELLA ALGRGHSLY 2246 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1364 BORDETELLA ALILAASPV 2247 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1365 BORDETELLA ALMLACTGL 2248 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1366 BORDETELLA AMQGAVVHL 2249 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1367 BORDETELLA AMTHLSPAL 2250 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1368 BORDETELLA AMYGKHITL 2251 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1369 BORDETELLA ANEANALLW 2252 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1370 BORDETELLA APLSITLQA 2253 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1371 BORDETELLA APNALAWAL 2254 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1372 BORDETELLA APPAPKPAP 2255 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1373 BORDETELLA APPGAGFIY 2256 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1374 BORDETELLA APQAAPLSI 2257 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1375 BORDETELLA PRIENTAK 2258 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1376 BORDETELLA AQGKALLYR 2259 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1377 BORDETELLA AQITSYVGF 2260 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1378 BORDETELLA AQLEVRGQR 2261 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1379 BORDETELLA AQQLKQADR 2262 WP_019247699.1 PERTUSSIS 1380 BORDETELLA AQVTVAGRY 2263 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1381 BORDETELLA ARRSRVRAL 2264 N_882284.1 PERTUSSIS 1382 BORDETELLA ASPRRARRA 2265 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1383 BORDETELLA ASSPDAHVP 2266 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1384 BORDETELLA ASVSNPGTF 2267 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1385 BORDETELLA ATWNFQSTY 2268 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1386 BORDETELLA ATYIADSGF 2269 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1387 BORDETELLA AVAAPAVGA 2270 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1388 BORDETELLA AVFMQQRPL 2271 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1389 BORDETELLA AVLVNPHIF 2272 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1390 BORDETELLA CFGKDLKRP 2273 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1391 BORDETELLA CPSSLGNGV 2274 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1392 BORDETELLA DAGHEHDTW 2275 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1393 BORDETELLA DAKHDLTVT 2276 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1394 BORDETELLA DASGQHRLW 2277 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1395 BORDETELLA DATFETYAL 2278 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1396 BORDETELLA DATFQTYAL 2279 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1397 BORDETELLA DATLVGAKF 2280 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1398 BORDETELLA DDEVDVSGR 2281 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1399 BORDETELLA DENGKPQTY 2282 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1400 BORDETELLA DGPPSRPTT 2283 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1401 BORDETELLA DHLTGRSCQ 2284 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1402 BORDETELLA DNEGKMESN 2285 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1403 BORDETELLA DPPATVYRY 2286 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1404 BORDETELLA EATEGDATL 2287 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1405 BORDETELLA EATQQAAGF 2288 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1406 BORDETELLA ECSGKQDCP 2289 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1407 BORDETELLA EGGKLRGKD 2290 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1408 BORDETELLA EGKMESNKD 2291 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1409 BORDETELLA EHRMQEAVE 2292 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1410 BORDETELLA EKRLDIDDA 2293 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1411 BORDETELLA EPASANTLL 2294 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1412 BORDETELLA EPQAELAVF 2295 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1413 BORDETELLA EPVKLTLTG 2296 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1414 BORDETELLA ESAEGRKIF 2297 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1415 BORDETELLA ESYSESHNF 2298 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1416 BORDETELLA ETFCITTIY 2299 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1417 BORDETELLA EVAGALELS 2300 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1418 BORDETELLA EVAKVEVVP 2301 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1419 BORDETELLA EVDGIIQEF 2302 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1420 BORDETELLA EVRADNNFY 2303 WP_019248344.1 PERTUSSIS 1421 BORDETELLA FAILSSTTE 2304 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1422 BORDETELLA FAISAYALK 2305 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1423 BORDETELLA FALYDGTYL 2306 AFK26303.1 PERTUSSIS 1424 BORDETELLA FDTMLGFAI 2307 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1425 BORDETELLA FEGKPALEL 2308 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1426 BORDETELLA FELGADHAV 2309 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1427 BORDETELLA FEPGITTNY 2310 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1428 BORDETELLA FETYALTGI 2311 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1429 BORDETELLA FIYRETFCI 2312 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1430 BORDETELLA FPTRTTAPG 2313 NP_882284.1 PERTUSSIS 1431 BORDETELLA FQTYALTGI 2314 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1432 BORDETELLA FTHADGWFL 2315 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1433 BORDETELLA FVRDGQSVI 2316 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1434 BORDETELLA FVRSGQPVI 2317 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1435 BORDETELLA FVWYVDTVI 2318 WP_019248866.1 PERTUSSIS 1436 BORDETELLA GAASSRQAL 2319 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1437 BORDETELLA GAASSYFEY 2320 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1438 BORDETELLA GAFDLKTTF 2321 AFK26303.1 PERTUSSIS 1439 BORDETELLA GAPAAVSVL 2322 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1440 BORDETELLA GATRAVDSL 2323 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1441 BORDETELLA GAVPGGAVP 2324 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1442 BORDETELLA GEAMVLVYY 2325 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1443 BORDETELLA GEIALGDAT 2326 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1444 BORDETELLA GELMAAQVA 2327 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1445 BORDETELLA GGVPGGAVP 2328 AAZ74338.1 PERTUSSIS 1446 BORDETELLA GHEHDTWFD 2329 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1447 BORDETELLA GIGALKAGA 2330 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1448 BORDETELLA GIVIPPKAL 2331 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1449 BORDETELLA GKDLKRPGS 2332 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1450 BORDETELLA GKLPKPVTV 2333 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1451 BORDETELLA GKSLKKKNQ 2334 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1452 BORDETELLA GLDVQQGTV 2335 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1453 BORDETELLA GLTDGVSRI 2336 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1454 BORDETELLA GLYPTYTEW 2337 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1455 BORDETELLA GLYQTYTEW 2338 YP_006626470.1 PERTUSSIS 1456 BORDETELLA GPPSRPTTP 2339 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1457 BORDETELLA GPSAVAAPA 2340 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1458 BORDETELLA GVAPTAQQL 2341 WP_019248866.1 PERTUSSIS 1459 BORDETELLA GVGLASTLW 2342 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1460 BORDETELLA GYEAGFSLG 2343 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1461 BORDETELLA HADDGTIVI 2344 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1462 BORDETELLA HADWNNQSI 2345 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1463 BORDETELLA HAEHEKDVR 2346 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1464 BORDETELLA HANHYGTRI 2347 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1465 BORDETELLA HAQGKALLY 2348 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1466 BORDETELLA HFIGYIYEV 2349 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1467 BORDETELLA HLSPALADV 2350 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1468 BORDETELLA HSLYASYEY 2351 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1469 BORDETELLA HVRGMLVPV 2352 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1470 BORDETELLA HVSKEEQYY 2353 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1471 BORDETELLA HVTRGWSIF 2354 AFK26303.1 PERTUSSIS 1472 BORDETELLA IADSGFYLD 2355 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1473 BORDETELLA IAHRTELRG 2356 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1474 BORDETELLA IENTAKLSG 2357 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1475 BORDETELLA IESKISQSV 2358 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1476 BORDETELLA IETGGARRF 2359 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1477 BORDETELLA IIKDAPPGA 2360 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1478 BORDETELLA IIQEFAADL 2361 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1479 BORDETELLA ILAGALATY 2362 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1480 BORDETELLA ILLENPAAE 2363 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1481 BORDETELLA ILPILVLAL 2364 NP_882286.1 PERTUSSIS 1482 BORDETELLA IPFQRALRL 2365 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1483 BORDETELLA ISVRVHVSK 2366 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1484 BORDETELLA ITNETGKTY 2367 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1485 BORDETELLA ITNKRAALI 2368 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1486 BORDETELLA ITSYVGFSV 2369 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1487 BORDETELLA ITVTSRGGF 2370 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1488 BORDETELLA IVIPPKALF 2371 1BCP_C PERTUSSIS 1489 BORDETELLA IVVEAGELV 2372 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1490 BORDETELLA KAAKSVNLM 2373 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1491 BORDETELLA KAAPLRRTT 2374 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1492 BORDETELLA KAGKLSATG 2375 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1493 BORDETELLA KAGTIAAPW 2376 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1494 BORDETELLA KAKSLTTEI 2377 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1495 BORDETELLA KATVTTVQV 2378 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1496 BORDETELLA KDYRDKDGG 2379 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1497 BORDETELLA KEAATIVAA 2380 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1498 BORDETELLA KEDVDAAQI 2381 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1499 BORDETELLA KEVDGIIQE 2382 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1500 BORDETELLA KGPKLAMPW 2383 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1501 BORDETELLA KLASGGGAV 2384 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1502 BORDETELLA KLKGKNQEF 2385 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1503 BORDETELLA KLLHHILPI 2386 NP882286.1 PERTUSSIS 1504 BORDETELLA KPAPQPGPQ 2387 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1505 BORDETELLA KPAPTAPPM 2388 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1506 BORDETELLA KPAVSVKVA 2389 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1507 BORDETELLA KPDRAARVA 2390 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1508 BORDETELLA KPLADIAVI 2391 YP_006626470.1 PERTUSSIS 1509 BORDETELLA KPLADIAVV 2392 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1510 BORDETELLA KPLPKPLPV 2393 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1511 BORDETELLA KQADRDFVW 2394 WP_019247699.1 PERTUSSIS 1512 BORDETELLA KSLPGGKLP 2395 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1513 BORDETELLA KSYTLRYLA 2396 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1514 BORDETELLA KTNMVVTSV 2397 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1515 BORDETELLA KVLAPRLYL 2398 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1516 BORDETELLA KVLSTKTTL 2399 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1517 BORDETELLA LAAGAGLTL 2400 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1518 BORDETELLA LAAIASAAH 2401 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1519 BORDETELLA LAANGNGQW 2402 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1520 BORDETELLA LAAQVTQRG 2403 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1521 BORDETELLA LAARGDGAL 2404 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1522 BORDETELLA LAAVLVNPH 2405 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1523 BORDETELLA LAGSGLFRM 2406 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1524 BORDETELLA LAKALSAAL 2407 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1525 BORDETELLA LALQAGDAL 2408 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1526 BORDETELLA LAMPWTFHA 2409 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1527 BORDETELLA LANDGTIVI 2410 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1528 BORDETELLA LAPTVGVAF 2411 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1529 BORDETELLA LASDGSVDF 2412 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1530 BORDETELLA LATYQSEYL 2413 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1531 BORDETELLA LAWALMLAC 2414 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1532 BORDETELLA LEAGRRFTH 2415 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1533 BORDETELLA LFTQQGGAY 2416 1BCPC PERTUSSIS 1534 BORDETELLA LKRPGSSPM 2417 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1535 BORDETELLA LLGSHVARA 2418 AFK26303.1 PERTUSSIS 1536 BORDETELLA LLHHILPIL 2419 NP882286.1 PERTUSSIS 1537 BORDETELLA LLNAGGTLL 2420 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1538 BORDETELLA LMGPLQVNA 2421 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1539 BORDETELLA LNDSKITMG 2422 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1540 BORDETELLA LPEPVKLTL 2423 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1541 BORDETELLA LPILVLALL 2424 NP882286.1 PERTUSSIS 1542 BORDETELLA LPKISKNAL 2425 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1543 BORDETELLA LPKPVTVKL 2426 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1544 BORDETELLA LPLKANPMH 2427 NP882285.1 PERTUSSIS 1545 BORDETELLA LPPRPVVAE 2428 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1546 BORDETELLA LPSIPGTSI 2429 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1547 BORDETELLA LPTHLYKNF 2430 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1548 BORDETELLA LPVRGVALV 2431 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1549 BORDETELLA LPVSLTALD 2432 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1550 BORDETELLA LQGGNKVPV 2433 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1551 BORDETELLA LSAALGADW 2434 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1552 BORDETELLA LSDAGHEHD 2435 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1553 BORDETELLA LSGEVQRKG 2436 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1554 BORDETELLA LSSPSAITV 2437 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1555 BORDETELLA LTWLAILAV 2438 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1556 BORDETELLA LVFSHVRGM 2439 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1557 BORDETELLA LVSDAGADL 2440 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1558 BORDETELLA LVYYESIAY 2441 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1559 BORDETELLA MAAESTFES 2442 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1560 BORDETELLA MAAGHDATL 2443 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1561 BORDETELLA MAAWSERAG 2444 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1562 BORDETELLA MALGALGAA 2445 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1563 BORDETELLA MAPVMGACM 2446 ADA85123.1 PERTUSSIS 1564 BORDETELLA MATKGEMQI 2447 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1565 BORDETELLA MDAKGGTLL 2448 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1566 BORDETELLA MESNKDIVI 2449 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1567 BORDETELLA MEVMLRAVF 2450 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1568 BORDETELLA MEYFKTPLP 2451 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1569 BORDETELLA MHTIASILL 2452 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1570 BORDETELLA MIYMSGLAV 2453 1BCPC PERTUSSIS 1571 BORDETELLA MLACTGLPL 2454 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1572 BORDETELLA MPIDRKTLC 2455 AFK26303.1 PERTUSSIS 1573 BORDETELLA MPKAPELDL 2456 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1574 BORDETELLA MQRQAGLPL 2457 NP882285.1 PERTUSSIS 1575 BORDETELLA NALAWALML 2458 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1576 BORDETELLA NITNKRAAL 2459 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1577 BORDETELLA NLMAAESTF 2460 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1578 BORDETELLA NNETMSGRQ 2461 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1579 BORDETELLA NPGSLIAEV 2462 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1580 BORDETELLA NPMHTIASI 2463 NP882285.1 PERTUSSIS 1581 BORDETELLA NPQTQLSNI 2464 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1582 BORDETELLA NPYTSRRSV 2465 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1583 BORDETELLA PAPTAPPMP 2466 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1584 BORDETELLA PASANTLLL 2467 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1585 BORDETELLA PAVALPRPL 2468 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1586 BORDETELLA PDAHVPFCF 2469 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1587 BORDETELLA PELGAAIRV 2470 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1588 BORDETELLA PFIIKLKDC 2471 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1589 BORDETELLA PGPQPPQPP 2472 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1590 BORDETELLA PGPQPPQPQ 2473 AAZ74338.1 PERTUSSIS 1591 BORDETELLA PGPTTDYST 2474 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1592 BORDETELLA PGTFTAGKD 2475 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1593 BORDETELLA PGTPGDLLE 2476 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1594 BORDETELLA PKPKPKAER 2477 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1595 BORDETELLA PKPKPKPKA 2478 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1596 BORDETELLA PKPKPKPKP 2479 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1597 BORDETELLA PLPPRPVVA 2480 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1598 BORDETELLA PPAPKPAPQ 2481 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1599 BORDETELLA PPKPAPVAK 2482 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1600 BORDETELLA PPRPVAAQV 2483 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1601 BORDETELLA PPRPVVAEK 2484 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1602 BORDETELLA PPSRPTTPP 2485 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1603 BORDETELLA PRRARRALR 2486 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1604 BORDETELLA QAAPLSITL 2487 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1605 BORDETELLA QADRDFVWY 2488 WP_019247699.1 PERTUSSIS 1606 BORDETELLA QAIVVGKDL 2489 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1607 BORDETELLA QALGALKLY 2490 ACI16088.1 PERTUSSIS 1608 BORDETELLA QELALKLKG 2491 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1609 BORDETELLA QITQHGGPY 2492 NP882283.1 PERTUSSIS 1610 BORDETELLA QITQHGSPY 2493 AFK26303.1 PERTUSSIS 1611 BORDETELLA QPLPPRPVA 2494 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1612 BORDETELLA QPPAGRELS 2495 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1613 BORDETELLA QQLKQADRD 2496 WP_019247699.1 PERTUSSIS 1614 BORDETELLA QQVQVLQRQ 2497 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1615 BORDETELLA QSIVEAPEL 2498 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1616 BORDETELLA QVGSSNSAF 2499 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1617 BORDETELLA RAGLSPATW 2500 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1618 BORDETELLA RARRALRQD 2501 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1619 BORDETELLA RASASRARI 2502 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1620 BORDETELLA RELSAAANA 2503 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1621 BORDETELLA RETFCITTI 2504 1BCPC PERTUSSIS 1622 BORDETELLA RGFAQRQQL 2505 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1623 BORDETELLA RGSAATFTL 2506 WP_019248295.1 PERTUSSIS 1624 BORDETELLA RGWSIFALY 2507 AFK26303.1 PERTUSSIS 1625 BORDETELLA RKMLYLIYV 2508 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1626 BORDETELLA RLRKMLYLI 2509 YP_00662 8018.1 PERTUSSIS 1627 BORDETELLA RPQITDAVT 2510 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1628 BORDETELLA RPSVNGGRI 2511 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1629 BORDETELLA RRFTHADGW 2512 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1630 BORDETELLA RSGARATSL 2513 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1631 BORDETELLA RSRVRALAW 2514 NP882284.1 PERTUSSIS 1632 BORDETELLA RSRVRALSW 2515 YP_006628019.1 PERTUSSIS 1633 BORDETELLA RTHGVGASL 2516 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1634 BORDETELLA RTRGQARSG 2517 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1635 BORDETELLA RVAPPAVAL 2518 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1636 BORDETELLA RVLPEPVKL 2519 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1637 BORDETELLA RVRALAWLL 2520 NP882284.1 PERTUSSIS 1638 BORDETELLA RVRALSWLL 2521 YP_006628019.1 PERTUSSIS 1639 BORDETELLA RVTVSGGSL 2522 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1640 BORDETELLA SEAMAAWSE 2523 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1641 BORDETELLA SESHNFHAS 2524 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1642 BORDETELLA SGEGRVNIG 2525 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1643 BORDETELLA SGLAVRVHV 2526 1BCPC PERTUSSIS 1644 BORDETELLA SLADISLGA 2527 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1645 BORDETELLA SLFAILSST 2528 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1646 BORDETELLA SLFAPHGNV 2529 AAZ74338.1 PERTUSSIS 1647 BORDETELLA SLSIDNATW 2530 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1648 BORDETELLA SPMEVMLRA 2531 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1649 BORDETELLA SPQPIRATV 2532 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1650 BORDETELLA SPRRARRAL 2533 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1651 BORDETELLA SPSRLAGTL 2534 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1652 BORDETELLA SSTPLGSLF 2535 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1653 BORDETELLA STYELLDYL 2536 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1654 BORDETELLA SVAMKPYEV 2537 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1655 BORDETELLA SVAPNALAW 2538 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1656 BORDETELLA SVKVAKKLF 2539 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1657 BORDETELLA TAFMSGRSL 2540 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1658 BORDETELLA TAGATPFDI 2541 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1659 BORDETELLA TAPVTSPAW 2542 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1660 BORDETELLA TARTGWLTW 2543 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1661 BORDETELLA TEAQGVQVR 2544 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1662 BORDETELLA TEVYLEHRM 2545 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1663 BORDETELLA TFEGKPALE 2546 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1664 BORDETELLA TFTGKVTNG 2547 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1665 BORDETELLA TGDGGGHTD 2548 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1666 BORDETELLA TLAKALSAA 2549 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1667 BORDETELLA TLANVGDTW 2550 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1668 BORDETELLA TLNASNLTL 2551 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1669 BORDETELLA TLSSAHGNV 2552 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1670 BORDETELLA TPFDIKLKE 2553 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1671 BORDETELLA TPFIIKLKD 2554 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1672 BORDETELLA TPGWSIYGL 2555 1BCPC PERTUSSIS 1673 BORDETELLA TPLGSAATF 2556 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1674 BORDETELLA TPLGSLFAI 2557 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1675 BORDETELLA TPLPVSLTA 2558 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1676 BORDETELLA TRQGIMDQY 2559 YP_006626873.1 PERTUSSIS 1677 BORDETELLA TSKQDERNY 2560 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1678 BORDETELLA TSPYDGKYW 2561 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1679 BORDETELLA TSRRSVASI 2562 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1680 BORDETELLA TSRTVTMRY 2563 NP879898.1 PERTUSSIS 1681 BORDETELLA TTEYPNARY 2564 ADA85123.1 PERTUSSIS 1682 BORDETELLA TTEYSNARY 2565 AFK26302.1 PERTUSSIS 1683 BORDETELLA TTLGLEQTF 2566 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1684 BORDETELLA TVLAAGAGL 2567 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1685 BORDETELLA TVQELALKL 2568 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1686 BORDETELLA TVVQRNKHW 2569 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1687 BORDETELLA VAAAADLAL 2570 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1688 BORDETELLA VALASQARW 2571 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1689 BORDETELLA VAMKPYEVT 2572 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1690 BORDETELLA VARLVKLQG 2573 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1691 BORDETELLA VAVAGGRWH 2574 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1692 BORDETELLA VEASAITTY 2575 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1693 BORDETELLA VEDIGGKNY 2576 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1694 BORDETELLA VEVSSPPPV 2577 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1695 BORDETELLA VGAGGYEAG 2578 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1696 BORDETELLA VGGGEHGRW 2579 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1697 BORDETELLA VHVSKEEQY 2580 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1698 BORDETELLA VIDGQKVLA 2581 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1699 BORDETELLA VIGACTSPY 2582 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1700 BORDETELLA VKLGGVYEA 2583 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1701 BORDETELLA VLAPRLYLT 2584 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1702 BORDETELLA VLVKTNMVV 2585 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1703 BORDETELLA VPASGAPAA 2586 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1704 BORDETELLA VPFCFGKDL 2587 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1705 BORDETELLA VPVSEHCTV 2588 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1706 BORDETELLA VPVTPPKVE 2589 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1707 BORDETELLA VRTVSAMEY 2590 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1708 BORDETELLA VSGGSLSAP 2591 AGT50936.1 PERTUSSIS 1709 BORDETELLA VSSATKAKG 2592 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1710 BORDETELLA VSSPPPVSV 2593 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1711 BORDETELLA VSVKVAKKL 2594 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1712 BORDETELLA VTMRYLASY 2595 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1713 BORDETELLA VTSVAMKPY 2596 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1714 BORDETELLA VVAEKVTTP 2597 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1715 BORDETELLA VVDGPPSRP 2598 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1716 BORDETELLA VVETAQPLP 2599 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1717 BORDETELLA WLTWLAILA 2600 AAW72734.1 PERTUSSIS 1718 BORDETELLA WTFHAGYRY 2601 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1719 BORDETELLA WVMTDNSNV 2602 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1720 BORDETELLA YAEHGEVSI 2603 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1721 BORDETELLA YAIDGTACAG 2584 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1722 BORDETELLA YALKSRIAL 2605 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1723 BORDETELLA YATNPQTQL 2606 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1724 BORDETELLA YDTGDLIAY 2607 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1725 BORDETELLA YEAGFSLGS 2608 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1726 BORDETELLA YEDATFETY 2609 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1727 BORDETELLA YENKSSTPL 2610 WP_019247158.1 PERTUSSIS 1728 BORDETELLA YEVTPTRML 2611 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1729 BORDETELLA YEYIWGLYP 2612 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1730 BORDETELLA YEYIWGLYQ 2613 YP_006626470.1 PERTUSSIS 1731 BORDETELLA YEYSKGPKL 2614 AGS56996.1 PERTUSSIS 1732 BORDETELLA YFEPGPTTD 2615 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1733 BORDETELLA YIWGLYPTY 2616 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1734 BORDETELLA YIWGLYQTY 2617 YP_006626470.1 PERTUSSIS 1735 BORDETELLA YLRQITPGW 2618 1BCPC PERTUSSIS 1736 BORDETELLA YMIYMSGLA 2619 1BCPC PERTUSSIS 1737 BORDETELLA YPALRAALI 2620 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1738 BORDETELLA YPGTPGDLL 2621 AAA22984.1 PERTUSSIS 1739 BORDETELLA YPTYTEWSV 2622 WP_019249248.1 PERTUSSIS 1740 BORDETELLA YQTYTEWSV 2623 YP_006626470.1 PERTUSSIS 1741 BORDETELLA YSTGDLRAY 2624 WP_019248145.1 PERTUSSIS 1742 BORDETELLA YTLRYLASY 2625 WP_019248658.1 PERTUSSIS 1743 BORDETELLA YVLVKTNMV 2626 AAA22983.1 PERTUSSIS 1744 BORDETELLA YYDYEDATF 2627 YP_006628018.1 PERTUSSIS 1745 BORDETELLA AAFIALYPNSQLAPT 2628 Q7VUO5 PERTUSSIS 509 1746 BORDETELLA GGAEYNLALGQRRA 2629 Q7VUO4 PERTUSSIS 509 1747 BORDETELLA GGAEYNLALGQRRADA 2630 Q7VUO4 PERTUSSIS 509 1748 BORDETELLA IALYPNSQLAPT 2631 Q7VUO5 PERTUSSIS 509 1749 BORDETELLA KPDQGEVVAVGPGKKTED 2632 P0A339.1 PERTUSSIS 509 1750 BORDETELLA KPDQGEVVAVGPGKKTEDG 2633 P0A339.1 PERTUSSIS 509 1751 BORDETELLA LAEVLDYHNFVLTQ 2634 Q7VWM1.1 PERTUSSIS 509 1752 CORYNEBACTERIUM QSIALSSLMVAQAIP 2635 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1753 CORYNEBACTERIUM SIGVLGYQKTVDHTKVNSKLSLF 2636 AAV70486.1 DIPHTHERIAE 1754 BORDETELLA AAHADWNNQSIVKT 2637 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1755 BORDETELLA AALGRG 2638 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1756 BORDETELLA AALGRGHSLYASYE 2639 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1757 BORDETELLA AAPLRRTTLAMALG 2640 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1758 BORDETELLA AAPLSITLQAGAHA 2641 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1759 BORDETELLA ADAQGDIVATELPS 2642 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1760 BORDETELLA ADSGFYLDATLRAS 2643 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1761 BORDETELLA AELA 2644 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1762 BORDETELLA AELAVFRAGGGAYR 2645 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1763 BORDETELLA AELQFRNGSVTSSG 2646 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1764 BORDETELLA AGGRWHLGGLAGYT 2647 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1765 BORDETELLA AGVAAMQGAVVHLQ 2648 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1766 BORDETELLA AGYTRGDRGFTGDG 2649 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1767 BORDETELLA ALASQARWTGATRA 2650 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1768 BORDETELLA AMPWTFHAGYRYSW 2651 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1769 BORDETELLA AMQGAVVHLQRATIRRGDAP 2652 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1770 BORDETELLA ANGLRVRDE 2653 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1771 BORDETELLA ANGLRVRDEGGSSV 2654 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1772 BORDETELLA ANKDGKVDIGTYRY 2655 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1773 BORDETELLA APAAVSVLGASELT 2656 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1774 BORDETELLA APPAPKPAPQPGPQ 2657 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1775 BORDETELLA AQGILLENPAAELQ 2658 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1776 BORDETELLA ARWTGATRAVDSLS 2659 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1777 BORDETELLA ASLEAGRRFTHADG 2660 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1778 BORDETELLA ASYEYSKGPKLAMP 2661 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1779 BORDETELLA ATFTLANKD 2662 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1780 BORDETELLA ATFTLANKDGKVDI 2663 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1781 BORDETELLA ATRAVDSLSIDNAT 2664 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1782 BORDETELLA DDDGIALYVAGEQAQ 2665 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1783 BORDETELLA DDGIALYVAGEQAQ 2666 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1784 BORDETELLA DGGHITGGRAAGVA 2667 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1785 BORDETELLA DGIRRFLGTVTVKAGK 2668 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1786 BORDETELLA DGSVDFQQPAEAGR 2669 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1787 BORDETELLA DGYAVKGKYRTHGV 2670 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1788 BORDETELLA DIVATELPSIPGTS 2671 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1789 BORDETELLA DKLVVMQDASGQHR 2672 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1790 BORDETELLA DLGLSDKLVVMQDA 2673 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1791 BORDETELLA DNATWVMTDNSNVGA 2674 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1792 BORDETELLA DNATWVMTDNSNVGALRLA 2675 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1793 BORDETELLA DNRAGRRFDQKVAG 2676 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1794 BORDETELLA EAGRFKVLTVNTLA 2677 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1795 BORDETELLA ELAQSIVEAPELGA 2678 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1796 BORDETELLA ELGAAIRVGRGARV 2679 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1797 BORDETELLA ELGADHAVAVAGGR 2680 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1798 BORDETELLA ELPSIPGTSIGPLD 2681 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1799 BORDETELLA EPVKLTLTGGADAQ 2682 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1800 BORDETELLA EQAQASIADSTLQG 2683 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1801 BORDETELLA ERGANVTVQRSAIV 2684 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1802 BORDETELLA ERQHGIHIQGSDPG 2685 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1803 BORDETELLA EVGKRIELAGGRQV 2686 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1804 BORDETELLA FDGAGTVHTNGIAH 2687 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1805 BORDETELLA FQQPAEAGRFKVLT 2688 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1806 BORDETELLA FRAGGGAYRAANGL 2689 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1807 BORDETELLA GAHAQGKALLYRVL 2690 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1808 BORDETELLA GARVTVSGGSLSAP 2691 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1809 BORDETELLA GAYRAANGLRVRDE 2692 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1810 BORDETELLA GDAPAGGAVPGGAV 2693 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1811 BORDETELLA GGAVPGGAVPGGFG 2694 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1812 BORDETELLA GGAVPGGFGPVLDG 2695 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1813 BORDETELLA GGFGPVLDGWYGVD 2696 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1814 BORDETELLA GGLHIGALQSLQPE 2697 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1815 BORDETELLA GGVQIERGANVTVQ 2698 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1816 BORDETELLA GHSLYASYEYSKGP 2699 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1817 BORDETELLA GHTDSVHVGGYATY 2700 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1818 BORDETELLA GIAHRTELRGTRAE 2701 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1819 BORDETELLA GKALLYRVLPEPVK 2702 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1820 BORDETELLA GLGMAAALGRGHSL 2703 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1821 BORDETELLA GNVIETGGARRFAP 2704 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1822 BORDETELLA GPLDVALASQARWT 2705 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1823 BORDETELLA GQHRLWVRN 2706 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1824 BORDETELLA GRGFAQRQQLDNRA 2707 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1825 BORDETELLA GRLGLEVGKRIELA 2708 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1826 BORDETELLA GRQVQPYIKASVLQ 2709 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1827 BORDETELLA GRRFTHADGWFLEPQAELA 2710 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1828 BORDETELLA GSEPASANTLLLVQ 2711 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1829 BORDETELLA GSSVLGRLGLEVGK 2712 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1830 BORDETELLA GTTIKVSGRQAQGI 2713 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1831 BORDETELLA GTVTVKAGKLVADH 2714 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1832 BORDETELLA HAVAVAGGRWHLGG 2715 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1833 BORDETELLA IELAGGRQVQPYIK 2716 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1834 BORDETELLA IHIQGSDPGGVRTA 2717 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1835 BORDETELLA IRRFLGTVTVKAGK 2718 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1836 BORDETELLA IRVGRGARVTVSGG 2719 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1837 BORDETELLA ITLQAGAHA 2720 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1838 BORDETELLA ITLQAGAHAQGKAL 2721 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1839 BORDETELLA IVEAPELGAAIRVG 2722 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1840 BORDETELLA IVKTGERQHGIHIQ 2723 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1841 BORDETELLA KAGKLVADHATLAN 2724 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1842 BORDETELLA KGKYRTHGVGASLE 2725 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1843 BORDETELLA KPAPQPGPQPPQPP 2726 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1844 BORDETELLA KVAGFELGADHAVA 2727 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1845 BORDETELLA KVAGSDGYAVKGKY 2728 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1846 BORDETELLA KVDIGTYRYRLAAN 2729 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1847 BORDETELLA KVLTVNTLAGSGLF 2730 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1848 BORDETELLA LAANGNGQWSLVGA 2731 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1849 BORDETELLA LAMPWTFHAGYRYS 2732 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1850 BORDETELLA LASTLWYAESNALS 2733 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1851 BORDETELLA LENDFKVAGSDGYA 2734 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1852 BORDETELLA LENPAAELQFRNGS 2735 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1853 BORDETELLA LGAAPAAHADWNNQ 2736 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1854 BORDETELLA LGGLAGYTRGDRGFTGDG 2737 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1855 BORDETELLA LLENP 2738 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1856 BORDETELLA LLVQTPLGSAATFT 2739 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1857 BORDETELLA LPPSRVVLRDTNVT 2740 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1858 BORDETELLA LQPEDLPPS 2741 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1859 BORDETELLA LQPEDLPPSRVVLR 2742 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1860 BORDETELLA LRASRLENDFKVAG 2743 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1861 BORDETELLA LRLASDGSVDFQQP 2744 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1862 BORDETELLA LSAAANAAVNTGGV 2745 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1863 BORDETELLA LSAPHGNVIETGGA 2746 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1864 BORDETELLA LSDDGIRRFLGTVT 2747 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1865 BORDETELLA LVGAKAPPAPKPAP 2748 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1866 BORDETELLA LYVAGEQAQASIAD 2749 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1867 BORDETELLA MALGALGAAPAAHA 2750 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1868 BORDETELLA MNMSLSRIVKAAPL 2751 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1869 BORDETELLA MQDASGQHR 2752 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1870 BORDETELLA MQGAVVHLQRATIR 2753 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1871 BORDETELLA NAAVNTGGVGLAST 2754 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1872 BORDETELLA NALSKRLGELRLNP 2755 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1873 BORDETELLA NGQWSLVGAKAPPA 2756 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1874 BORDETELLA NTLAGSGLFRMNVF 2757 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1875 BORDETELLA PAGRELSAAANAAV 2758 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1876 BORDETELLA PAPQPPAGRELSAA 2759 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1877 BORDETELLA PGPQPPQPPQPQPE 2760 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1878 BORDETELLA PGTSIGPLDVALAS 2761 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1879 BORDETELLA PLGSAATFTLANKD 2762 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1880 BORDETELLA PQPEAPAPQPPAGR 2763 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1881 BORDETELLA PQPPQPQPEAPAPQ 2764 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1882 BORDETELLA PYIKASVLQEFDGA 2765 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1883 BORDETELLA RFAPQAAPLSITLQ 2766 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1884 BORDETELLA RLGELRLNPDAGGA 2767 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1885 BORDETELLA RLNPDAGGAWGRGF 2768 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1886 BORDETELLA RNGSVTSSGQLSDD 2769 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1887 BORDETELLA RRFDQKVAGFELGA 2770 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1888 BORDETELLA RTTLAMALGALGAA 2771 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1889 BORDETELLA SAIVDGGLHIGALQ 2772 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1890 BORDETELLA SANTLLLVQTPLGS 2773 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1891 BORDETELLA SDPGGVRTASGTTI 2774 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1892 BORDETELLA SELTLDGGHITGGR 2775 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1893 BORDETELLA SGLFRMNVF 2776 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1894 BORDETELLA SGLFRMNVFADLGL 2777 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1895 BORDETELLA SGSSVELAQSIVEA 2778 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1896 BORDETELLA SIADSTLQGAGGVQ 2779 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1897 BORDETELLA SKGPKLAMPWTFHA 2780 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1898 BORDETELLA SNVGALRLASDGSV 2781 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1899 BORDETELLA SRIVKAAPLRRTTL 2782 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1900 BORDETELLA SVLGASELTLDGGH 2783 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1901 BORDETELLA SVLQEFDGA 2784 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1902 BORDETELLA SVLQEFDGAGTVHT 2785 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1903 BORDETELLA TELR 2786 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1904 BORDETELLA TELRGTRAELGLGM 2787 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1905 BORDETELLA TGDGGGHTDSVHVG 2788 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1906 BORDETELLA TGGARRFAPQAAPL 2789 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1907 BORDETELLA TGGRAAGVAAMQGA 2790 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1908 BORDETELLA TGGVGLASTLWYAE 2791 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1990 BORDETELLA THGVGASLEAGRRF 2792 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1910 BORDETELLA TIRRGDAPA 2793 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1911 BORDETELLA TLANVGDTWDDDGI 2794 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1912 BORDETELLA TLQGAGGVQIERGA 2795 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1913 BORDETELLA TLTGGADAQGDIVA 2796 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1914 BORDETELLA TNVTAVPASGAPAA 2797 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1915 BORDETELLA TRAELGLGMAAALG 2798 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1916 BORDETELLA TSSGQLSDDGIRRF 2799 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1917 BORDETELLA TVHTNGIAHRTELR 2800 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1918 BORDETELLA TYRYRLAANGNGQW 2801 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1919 BORDETELLA VADHATLANVGDTW 2802 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1920 BORDETELLA VHVGGYATYIADSG 2803 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1921 BORDETELLA VLDGWYGVD 2804 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1922 BORDETELLA VPASGAPAAVSVLG 2805 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1923 BORDETELLA VRDEGGSSVLGRLG 2806 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1924 BORDETELLA VRTASGTTIKVSGR 2807 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1925 BORDETELLA VSGGSLSAPHGNVI 2808 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1926 BORDETELLA VSGRQAQGILLENP 2809 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1927 BORDETELLA VTVQRSAIVDGGLH 2810 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1928 BORDETELLA VVLRDTNVTAVPAS 2811 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1929 BORDETELLA WNNQSIVKTGERQH 2812 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1930 BORDETELLA WVRNSGSEPASANT 2813 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1931 BORDETELLA WYAESNALSKRLGE 2814 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1932 BORDETELLA YATYIADSGFYLDA 2815 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1933 BORDETELLA YGVDVSGSS 2816 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1934 BORDETELLA YGVDVSGSSVELAQ 2817 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1935 BORDETELLA YLDATLRASRLEND 2818 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1936 BORDETELLA YRVLPEPVKLTLTG 2819 ABO77783.1 PERTUSSIS 1937 BORDETELLA VKAQNITNKRAALIEA 2820 AAA22974.1 PERTUSSIS 1938 BORDETELLA YYSNVTATRLLSSTNS 2821 AAA83981.1 PERTUSSIS 1939 BORDETELLA SPNLTDERAAQAGVT 2822 CPP72976.1 PERTUSSIS 1940 MEASLES SSRASDERAAHLPTS 2823 BAA33867.1 MORBILLIVIRUS 1941 CORYNEBACTERIUM QVVHNSYNRPAYSPG 2824 1007216A DIPHTHERIAE 1942 MEASLES VIRUS AEGGEIHEL 2825 AAF85692.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1943 MISEASLES VIRUS AENLISNGIGKY 2826 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1944 MISEASLES VIRUS AEVDGDVKL 2827 CAB43772.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1945 MISEASLES VIRUS AIYTAEIHK 2828 AAF85697.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1946 MISEASLES VIRUS APVFHMTNY 2829 CAB43772.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1947 MISEASLES VIRUS APVFHMTNYLEQPVSN 2830 AAR89413.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1948 MISEASLES VIRUS AQRLNEIY 2831 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1949 MISEASLES VIRUS ARVPHAYSL 2832 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1950 MISEASLES VIRUS AVRDLERAM 2833 P03424.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1951 MISEASLES VIRUS AVRDLERAMTTLK 2834 P03424.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1952 MISEASLES VIRUS DALLRLQAM 2835 Q89933.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1953 MISEASLES VIRUS DIKEKVINL 2836 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1954 MISEASLES VIRUS DQGLFKVL 2837 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1955 MISEASLES VIRUS DTGVDTRIW 2838 Q9EMA9.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1956 MISEASLES VIRUS EPIGSLAIEEAM 2839 AAF85692.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1957 MISEASLES VIRUS EPIRDALNAM 2840 P69354.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1958 MISEASLES VIRUS FPKLGKTL 2841 AAF85692.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1959 MISEASLES VIRUS FRSVNAVAF 2842 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1960 MISEASLES VIRUS GKIIDNTEQL 2843 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1961 MISEASLES VIRUS GLNEKLVFY 2844 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1962 MISEASLES VIRUS GMYGGTYLVEK 2845 AAC35876.2 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1963 MISEASLES VIRUS GPPISLERLDVGTN 2846 P69354.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1964 MISEASLES VIRUS GPRQAQVSFL 2847 Q89933.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1965 MISEASLES VIRUS GRLVPQVRVID 2848 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1966 MISEASLES VIRUS GSAPISMGFR 2849 AAF85692.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1967 MISEASLES VIRUS HILAKSTAL 2850 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1968 MISEASLES VIRUS HYREVNLVY 2851 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1969 MISEASLES VIRUS IPPMKNLAL 2852 AAC35876.2 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1970 MISEASLES VIRUS IPYQGSGKGVSF 2853 CAB43772.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1971 MISEASLES VIRUS ISKESQHVY 2854 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1972 MISEASLES VIRUS IVSSHFFVY 2855 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1973 MISEASLES VIRUS KEIKETGRLF 2856 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1974 MISEASLES VIRUS KESQHVYYL 2857 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1975 MISEASLES VIRUS KIIDNTEQL 2858 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1976 MISEASLES VIRUS KKQINRQN 2859 AAA63285.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1977 MISEASLES VIRUS KKVDTNFIYQ 2860 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1978 MISEASLES VIRUS KLIDGFFPA 2861 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1979 MISEASLES VIRUS KPNLSSKRSEL 2862 BAB39848.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1980 MISEASLES VIRUS KVSPYLFTV 2863 AAR89413.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1981 MISEASLES VIRUS LETRTTNQFL 2864 CAB43772.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1982 MISEASLES VIRUS LLKEATEL 2865 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1983 MISEASLES VIRUS LLKKGNSLY 2866 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1984 MISEASLES VIRUS LPAPIGGMNY 2867 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1985 MISEASLES VIRUS MPEETLHQVM 2868 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1986 MISEASLES VIRUS PTTIRGQFS 2869 CAB43772.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1987 MISEASLES VIRUS QEISRHQALGY 2870 P03424.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1988 MISEASLES VIRUS RITHVDTESY 2871 P69354.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1989 MISEASLES VIRUS RPGLKPDL 2872 P69354.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1990 MISEASLES VIRUS RPIYGLEV 2873 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1991 MISEASLES VIRUS RQAGQEMILAV 2874 P69354.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1992 MISEASLES VIRUS SAVRIATVY 2875 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1993 MISEASLES VIRUS SLMPEETLHQV 2876 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1994 MISEASLES VIRUS SMIDLVTKF 2877 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1995 MISEASLES VIRUS SMLNSQAIDNLRA 2878 P69354.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1996 MISEASLES VIRUS SMYRVFEV 2879 CAB43772.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1997 MISEASLES VIRUS SQQGMFHAY 2880 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1998 MISEASLES VIRUS TDTPIVYNDRNLLD 2881 Q89933.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 1999 MISEASLES VIRUS VIINDDQGLFKV 2882 AAF85695.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 2000 MISEASLES VIRUS YESGVRIASL 2883 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 2001 MISEASLES VIRUS YLKDKALA 2884 AAF85698.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 2002 MISEASLES VIRUS YVYDHSGEAVK 2885 AAF85692.1 STRAIN EDMONSTON-B 2003 RUBELLA VIRUS ARVIDPAAQSFTGVV 2886 BAA28178.1 2004 RUBELLA VIRUS SDRASARVIDPAAQS 2887 BAA28178.1 2005 RUBELLA VIRUS VPPGKFVTAALLNTP 2888 BAA28178.1 2006 RUBELLA VIRUS WVTPVIGSQARKCGL 2889 BAA28178.1 2007 MUMPS GTYRLIPNARANLTA 400 AGC97176.1 RUBULAVIRUS

I. Delivery of Prime Editors

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides for the delivery of prime editors in vitro and in vivo using various strategies, including on separate vectors using split inteins and as well as direct delivery strategies of the ribonucleoprotein complex (i.e., the prime editor complexed to the PEgRNA and/or the second-site gRNA) using techniques such as electroporation, use of cationic lipid-mediated formulations, and induced endocytosis methods using receptor ligands fused to the ribonucleotprotein complexes. Any such methods are contemplated herein.

Overview of Delivery Options

In some aspects, the invention provides methods comprising delivering one or more prime editor-encoding polynucleotides, such as or one or more vectors as described herein encoding one or more components of the prime editing system described herein, one or more transcripts thereof, and/or one or proteins transcribed therefrom, to a host cell. In some aspects, the invention further provides cells produced by such methods, and organisms (such as animals, plants, or fungi) comprising or produced from such cells. In some embodiments, a prime editor as described herein in combination with (and optionally complexed with) a guide sequence is delivered to a cell. Conventional viral and non-viral based gene transfer methods can be used to introduce nucleic acids in mammalian cells or target tissues. Such methods can be used to administer nucleic acids encoding components of a prime editor to cells in culture, or in a host organism. Non-viral vector delivery systems include DNA plasmids, RNA (e.g. a transcript of a vector described herein), naked nucleic acid, and nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle, such as a liposome. Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes after delivery to the cell. For a review of gene therapy procedures, see Anderson, Science 256:808-813 (1992); Nabel & Felgner, TIBTECH 11:211-217 (1993); Mitani & Caskey, TIBTECH 11:162-166 (1993); Dillon, TIBTECH 11:167-175 (1993); Miller, Nature 357:455-460 (1992); Van Brunt, Biotechnology 6(10):1149-1154 (1988); Vigne, Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 8:35-36 (1995); Kremer & Perricaudet, British Medical Bulletin 51(1):31-44 (1995); Haddada et al., in Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Doerfler and Bihm (eds) (1995); and Yu et al., Gene Therapy 1:13-26 (1994).

Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA. Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., Transfectam™ and Lipofectin™) Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Feigner, WO 91/17424; WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (e.g. in vitro or ex vivo administration) or target tissues (e.g. in vivo administration).

The preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes, is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).

The use of RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids take advantage of highly evolved processes for targeting a virus to specific cells in the body and trafficking the viral payload to the nucleus. Viral vectors can be administered directly to patients (in vivo) or they can be used to treat cells in vitro, and the modified cells may optionally be administered to patients (ex vivo). Conventional viral based systems could include retroviral, lentivirus, adenoviral, adeno-associated and herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer. Integration in the host genome is possible with the retrovirus, lentivirus, and adeno-associated virus gene transfer methods, often resulting in long term expression of the inserted transgene. Additionally, high transduction efficiencies have been observed in many different cell types and target tissues.

The tropism of a viruses can be altered by incorporating foreign envelope proteins, expanding the potential target population of target cells. Lentiviral vectors are retroviral vectors that are able to transduce or infect non-dividing cells and typically produce high viral titers. Selection of a retroviral gene transfer system would therefore depend on the target tissue. Retroviral vectors are comprised of cis-acting long terminal repeats with packaging capacity for up to 6-10 kb of foreign sequence. The minimum cis-acting LTRs are sufficient for replication and packaging of the vectors, which are then used to integrate the therapeutic gene into the target cell to provide permanent transgene expression. Widely used retroviral vectors include those based upon murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), Simian Immuno deficiency virus (SIV), human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), and combinations thereof (see, e.g., Buchscher et al., J. Virol. 66:2731-2739 (1992); Johann et al., J. Virol. 66:1635-1640 (1992); Sommnerfelt et al., Virol. 176:58-59 (1990); Wilson et al., J. Virol. 63:2374-2378 (1989); Miller et al., J. Virol. 65:2220-2224 (1991); PCT/US94/05700). In applications where transient expression is preferred, adenoviral based systems may be used. Adenoviral based vectors are capable of very high transduction efficiency in many cell types and do not require cell division. With such vectors, high titer and levels of expression have been obtained. This vector can be produced in large quantities in a relatively simple system. Adeno-associated virus (“AAV”) vectors may also be used to transduce cells with target nucleic acids, e.g., in the in vitro production of nucleic acids and peptides, and for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy procedures (see, e.g., West et al., Virology 160:38-47 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368; WO 93/24641; Kotin, Human Gene Therapy 5:793-801 (1994); Muzyczka, J. Clin. Invest. 94:1351 (1994). Construction of recombinant AAV vectors are described in a number of publications, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,414; Tratschin et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3251-3260 (1985); Tratschin, et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2072-2081 (1984); Hermonat & Muzyczka, PNAS 81:6466-6470 (1984); and Samulski et al., J. Virol. 63:03822-3828 (1989).

Packaging cells are typically used to form virus particles that are capable of infecting a host cell. Such cells include 293 cells, which package adenovirus, and ψ2 cells or PA317 cells, which package retrovirus. Viral vectors used in gene therapy are usually generated by producing a cell line that packages a nucleic acid vector into a viral particle. The vectors typically contain the minimal viral sequences required for packaging and subsequent integration into a host, other viral sequences being replaced by an expression cassette for the polynucleotide(s) to be expressed. The missing viral functions are typically supplied in trans by the packaging cell line. For example, AAV vectors used in gene therapy typically only possess ITR sequences from the AAV genome which are required for packaging and integration into the host genome. Viral DNA is packaged in a cell line, which contains a helper plasmid encoding the other AAV genes, namely rep and cap, but lacking ITR sequences. The cell line may also be infected with adenovirus as a helper. The helper virus promotes replication of the AAV vector and expression of AAV genes from the helper plasmid. The helper plasmid is not packaged in significant amounts due to a lack of ITR sequences. Contamination with adenovirus can be reduced by, e.g., heat treatment to which adenovirus is more sensitive than AAV. Additional methods for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells are known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, US20030087817, incorporated herein by reference.

In various embodiments, the PE constructs (including, the split-constructs) may be engineered for delivery in one or more rAAV vectors. An rAAV as related to any of the methods and compositions provided herein may be of any serotype including any derivative or pseudotype (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 2/1, 2/5, 2/8, 2/9, 3/1, 3/5, 3/8, or 3/9). An rAAV may comprise a genetic load (i.e., a recombinant nucleic acid vector that expresses a gene of interest, such as a whole or split PE fusion protein that is carried by the rAAV into a cell) that is to be delivered to a cell. An rAAV may be chimeric.

As used herein, the serotype of an rAAV refers to the serotype of the capsid proteins of the recombinant virus. Non-limiting examples of derivatives and pseudotypes include rAAV2/1, rAAV2/5, rAAV2/8, rAAV2/9, AAV2-AAV3 hybrid, AAVrh.10, AAVhu.14, AAV3a/3b, AAVrh32.33, AAV-HSC15, AAV-HSC17, AAVhu.37, AAVrh.8, CHt-P6, AAV2.5, AAV6.2, AAV2i8, AAV-HSC15/17, AAVM41, AAV9.45, AAV6(Y445F/Y731F), AAV2.5T, AAV-HAE1/2, AAV clone 32/83, AAVShH10, AAV2 (Y->F), AAV8 (Y733F), AAV2.15, AAV2.4, AAVM41, and AAVr3.45. A non-limiting example of derivatives and pseudotypes that have chimeric VP1 proteins is rAAV2/5-1VP1u, which has the genome of AAV2, capsid backbone of AAV5 and VP1u of AAV1. Other non-limiting example of derivatives and pseudotypes that have chimeric VP1 proteins are rAAV2/5-8VP1u, rAAV2/9-1VP1u, and rAAV2/9-8VP1u.

AAV derivatives/pseudotypes, and methods of producing such derivatives/pseudotypes are known in the art (see, e.g., Mol Ther. 2012 April; 20(4):699-708. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.287. Epub 2012 Jan. 24. The AAV vector toolkit: poised at the clinical crossroads. Asokan Al, Schaffer D V, Samulski R J). Methods for producing and using pseudotyped rAAV vectors are known in the art (see, e.g., Duan et al., J. Virol., 75:7662-7671, 2001; Halbert et al., J. Virol., 74:1524-1532, 2000; Zolotukhin et al., Methods, 28:158-167, 2002; and Auricchio et al., Hum. Molec. Genet., 10:3075-3081, 2001).

Methods of making or packaging rAAV particles are known in the art and reagents are commercially available (see, e.g., Zolotukhin et al. Production and purification of serotype 1, 2, and 5 recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Methods 28 (2002) 158-167; and U.S. Patent Publication Numbers US20070015238 and US20120322861, which are incorporated herein by reference; and plasmids and kits available from ATCC and Cell Biolabs, Inc.). For example, a plasmid comprising a gene of interest may be combined with one or more helper plasmids, e.g., that contain a rep gene (e.g., encoding Rep78, Rep68, Rep52 and Rep40) and a cap gene (encoding VP1, VP2, and VP3, including a modified VP2 region as described herein), and transfected into a recombinant cells such that the rAAV particle can be packaged and subsequently purified.

Recombinant AAV may comprise a nucleic acid vector, which may comprise at a minimum: (a) one or more heterologous nucleic acid regions comprising a sequence encoding a protein or polypeptide of interest or an RNA of interest (e.g., a siRNA or microRNA), and (b) one or more regions comprising inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences (e.g., wild-type ITR sequences or engineered ITR sequences) flanking the one or more nucleic acid regions (e.g., heterologous nucleic acid regions). Herein, heterologous nucleic acid regions comprising a sequence encoding a protein of interest or RNA of interest are referred to as genes of interest.

Any one of the rAAV particles provided herein may have capsid proteins that have amino acids of different serotypes outside of the VP1u region. In some embodiments, the serotype of the backbone of the VP1 protein is different from the serotype of the ITRs and/or the Rep gene. In some embodiments, the serotype of the backbone of the VP1 capsid protein of a particle is the same as the serotype of the ITRs. In some embodiments, the serotype of the backbone of the VP1 capsid protein of a particle is the same as the serotype of the Rep gene. In some embodiments, capsid proteins of rAAV particles comprise amino acid mutations that result in improved transduction efficiency.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid vector comprises one or more regions comprising a sequence that facilitates expression of the nucleic acid (e.g., the heterologous nucleic acid), e.g., expression control sequences operatively linked to the nucleic acid. Numerous such sequences are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of expression control sequences include promoters, insulators, silencers, response elements, introns, enhancers, initiation sites, termination signals, and poly(A) tails. Any combination of such control sequences is contemplated herein (e.g., a promoter and an enhancer).

Final AAV constructs may incorporate a sequence encoding the PEgRNA. In other embodiments, the AAV constructs may incorporate a sequence encoding the second-site nicking guide RNA. In still other embodiments, the AAV constructs may incorporate a sequence encoding the second-site nicking guide RNA and a sequence encoding the PEgRNA.

In various embodiments, the PEgRNAs and the second-site nicking guide RNAs can be expressed from an appropriate promoter, such as a human U6 (hU6) promoter, a mouse U6 (mU6) promoter, or other appropriate promoter. The PEgRNAs and the second-site nicking guide RNAs can be driven by the same promoters or different promoters.

In some embodiments, a rAAV constructs or the herein compositions are administered to a subject enterally. In some embodiments, a rAAV constructs or the herein compositions are administered to the subject parenterally. In some embodiments, a rAAV particle or the herein compositions are administered to a subject subcutaneously, intraocularly, intravitreally, subretinally, intravenously (IV), intracerebro-ventricularly, intramuscularly, intrathecally (IT), intracisternally, intraperitoneally, via inhalation, topically, or by direct injection to one or more cells, tissues, or organs. In some embodiments, a rAAV particle or the herein compositions are administered to the subject by injection into the hepatic artery or portal vein.

Split PE Vector-Based Strategies

In this aspect, the prime editors can be divided at a split site and provided as two halves of a whole/complete prime editor. The two halves can be delivered to cells (e.g., as expressed proteins or on separate expression vectors) and once in contact inside the cell, the two halves form the complete prime editor through the self-splicing action of the inteins on each prime editor half. Split intein sequences can be engineered into each of the halves of the encoded prime editor to facilitate their transplicing inside the cell and the concomitant restoration of the complete, functioning PE.

These split intein-based methods overcome several barriers to in vivo delivery. For example, the DNA encoding prime editors is larger than the rAAV packaging limit, and so requires special solutions. One such solution is formulating the editor fused to split intein pairs that are packaged into two separate rAAV particles that, when co-delivered to a cell, reconstitute the functional editor protein. Several other special considerations to account for the unique features of prime editing are described, including the optimization of second-site nicking targets and properly packaging prime editors into virus vectors, including lentiviruses and rAAV.

In this aspect, the prime editors can be divided at a split site and provided as two halves of a whole/complete prime editor. The two halves can be delivered to cells (e.g., as expressed proteins or on separate expression vectors) and once in contact inside the cell, the two halves form the complete prime editor through the self-splicing action of the inteins on each prime editor half. Split intein sequences can be engineered into each of the halves of the encoded prime editor to facilitate their transplicing inside the cell and the concomitant restoration of the complete, functioning PE.

FIG. 66 depicts one embodiment of a prime editor being provided as two PE half proteins which regenerate as whole prime editor through the self-splicing action of the split-intein halves located at the end or beginning of each of the prime editor half proteins. As used herein, the term “PE N-terminal half” refers to the N-terminal half of a complete prime editor and which comprises the “N intein” at the C-terminal end of the PE N-terminal half (i.e., the N-terminal extein) of the complete prime editor. The “N intein” refers to the N-terminal half of a complete, fully-formed split-intein moiety. As used herein, the term “PE C-terminal half” refers to the C-terminal half of a complete prime editor and which comprises the “C intein” at the N-terminal end of the C-terminal half (i.e., the C-terminal extein) of a complete prime editor. When the two half proteins, i.e., the PE N-terminal half and the PE C-terminal half, come into contact with one another, e.g., within the cell, the N intein and the C intein undergo the simultaneous process of self-excision and the formation of a peptide bond between the C-terminal end of the PE N-terminal half and the N-terminal end of the PE C-terminal half to reform the complete prime editor protein comprising the complete napDNAbp domain (e.g., Cas9 nickase) and the RT domain. Although not shown in the drawing, the prime editor may also comprise additional sequences including NLS at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus, as well as amino acid linkers sequences joining each domain.

In various embodiments, the prime editors may be engineered as two half proteins (i.e., a PE N-terminal half and a PE C-terminal half) by “splitting” the whole prime editor as a “split site.” The “split site” refers to the location of insertion of split intein sequences (i.e., the N intein and the C intein) between two adjacent amino acid residues in the prime editor. More specifically, the “split site” refers to the location of dividing the whole prime editor into two separate halves, wherein in each halve is fused at the split site to either the N intein or the C intein motifs. The split site can be at any suitable location in the prime editor fusion protein, but preferably the split site is located at a position that allows for the formation of two half proteins which are appropriately sized for delivery (e.g., by expression vector) and wherein the inteins, which are fused to each half protein at the split site termini, are available to sufficiently interact with one another when one half protein contacts the other half protein inside the cell.

In some embodiments, the split site is located in the napDNAbp domain. In other embodiments, the split site is located in the RT domain. In other embodiments, the split site is located in a linker that joins the napDNAbp domain and the RT domain.

In various embodiments, split site design requires finding sites to split and insert an N- and C-terminal intein that are both structurally permissive for purposes of packaging the two half prime editor domains into two different AAV genomes. Additionally, intein residues necessary for trans splicing can be incorporated by mutating residues at the N terminus of the C terminal extein or inserting residues that will leave an intein “scar.”

Exemplary split configurations of split prime editors comprising either the SpCas9 nickase or the SaCas9 nickase are as follows.

S. PYOGENES PE, SPLIT AT LINKER, N TERMINAL PORTION STRUCTURE:[N EXTEIN]−[N INTEIN] (SEQ ID NO: 443) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLG NTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEM AKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVD STDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFE ENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPN FKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDI LRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNG YAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIP HQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWM TRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYF TVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYF KKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLT LFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSG KTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAG SPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERM KRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLS DYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQL LNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRM NTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAV VGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNF FKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKT EVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEK GKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQL FVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHL FTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGG D SGGSSGGS CLSYETEILTVEYGLLPIGKIVEKRIECTVYSVDNNGNIYTQPVAQWH DRGEQEVFEYCLEDGSLIRATKDHKFMTVDGQMLPIDEIFERELDLMRVDNLPNSG GSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV KEY: NLS (SEQ ID NO: 124, 125) CAS9 (SEQ ID NO: 445) LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 446) NPUN INTEIN (SEQ ID NO: 447) S. PYOGENES PE, SPLIT AT LINKER, C TERMINAL PORTION STRUCTURE: [C INTEIN]−[C EXTEIN] (SEQ ID NO: 450) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV IKIATRKYLGKQNVYDIGVERDHNFALKNGFIASN CFNS GSETPGTSESATPESSGGSS GGSS TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWA ETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPW NTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKD AFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRI QHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGY LLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKT GTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQP PDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTR PDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIA LTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLV PKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP SGGSKRTA DGSEFEPKKKRKV KEY: NLS (SEQ ID NO: 124, 125) LINKER 1  (SEQ ID NO: 453) LINKER 2  (SEQ ID NO: 174) NPUC INTEIN (SEQ ID NO: 452) RT  (SEQ ID NO: 454) S. AUREUS PE, SPLIT BETWEEN RESIDUES 740/741, N TERMINAL PORTION STRUCTURE: [N EXTEIN]−[N INTEIN] (SEQ ID NO: 458) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV GKRNYILGLAIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLF KEANVENNEGRRSKRGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINP YEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSAALLHLAKRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRN SKALEEKYVAELQLERLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQL DQSFIDTYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPEELR SVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLEYYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKPTLKQ IAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDITARKEIIENAELLDQIAKI LTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLSLKAINLILDELWH TNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFIQSIKVINAII KKYGLPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGKENAK YLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDHIIPRSVSFDNSFNNKV LVKQEENSKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETFKKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLL EERDINRFSVQKDFINRNLVDTRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGF TSFLRRKWKFKKERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQ MFEEKQAECLSYETEILTVEYGLLPIGKIVEKRIECTVYSVDNNGNIYTQPVAQWH DRGEQEVFEYCLEDGSLIRATKDHKFMTVDGQMLPIDEIFERELDLMRVDNLPN SG GSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV KEY: NLS (SEQ ID NO: 124, 125) CAS9 (SEQ ID NO: 460) LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 174) NPUN INTEIN (SEQ ID NO: 462) S. AUREUS PE, SPLIT BETWEEN RESIDUES 740/741, C TERMINAL PORTION STRUCTURE: [C INTEIN]−[C EXTEIN] (SEQ ID NO: 465) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV IKIATRKYLGKQNVYDIGVERDHNFALKNGFIASN CFNE IETEQEYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRKLINDTLYSTRKDDKG NTLIVNNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGD EKNPLYKYYEETGNYLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRN KVVKLSLKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYEEAKKLK KISNQAEFIASFYKNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIEVNMIDITYREYLENMN DKRPPHIIKTIASKTQSIKKYSTDILGNLYEVKSKKHPQIIKKG SGGSSGGSSGS ETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAET GGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNT PLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAF FCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDIADFRIQ HPDLILLQYVDDLLIAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYL LKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKT GTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPW RRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQP PDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTR PDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLWEGORKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIA LTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFL PKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP SGGSKRTA DGSEFEPKKKRKV KEY: NLS (SEQ ID NO: 124, 125) CAS9 (SEQ ID NO: 467) LINKER 1  (SEQ ID NO: 127) LINKER 2  (SEQ ID NO: 174) NPUC INTEIN (SEQ ID NO: 452) RT  (SEQ ID NO: 471)

In various embodiments, using SpCas9 nickase (SEQ ID NO: 18, 1368 amino acids) as an example, the split can between any two amino acids between 1 and 1368. Preferred splits, however, will be located between the central region of the protein, e.g., from amino acids 50-1250, or from 100-1200, or from 150-1150, or from 200-1100, or from 250-1050, or from 300-1000, or from 350-950, or from 400-900, or from 450-850, or from 500-800, or from 550-750, or from 600-700 of SEQ ID NO: 18. In specific exemplary embodiments, the split site may be between 740/741, or 801/802, or 1010/1011, or 1041/1042. In other embodiments the split site may be between 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9, 9/10, 10/11, 12/13, 14/15, 15/16, 17/18, 19/20, 20/21, 21/22, 22/23, 23/24, 24/25, 25/26, 26/27, 27/28, 28/29, 29/30, 30/31, 31/32, 32/33, 33/34, 34/35, 35/36, 36/37, 38/39, 39/40, 41/42, 42/43, 43/44, 44/45, 45/46, 46/47, 47/48, 48/49, 49/50, 51/52, 52/53, 53/54, 54/55, 55/56, 56/57, 57/58, 58/59, 59/60, 61/62, 62/63, 63/64, 64/65, 65/66, 66/67, 67/68, 68/69, 69/70, 71/72, 72/73, 73/74, 74/75, 75/76, 76/77, 77/78, 78/79, 79/80, 81/82, 82/83, 83/84, 84/85, 85/86, 86/87, 87/88, 88/89, 89/90, or between any two pairs of adjacent residues between 90-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 450-500, 500-550, 550-600, 600-650, 650-700, 700-750, 750-800, 800-850, 850-900, 900-950, 950-1000, 1000-1050, 1050-1100, 1100-1150, 1150-1200, 1200-1250, 1250-1300, 1300-1350, and 1350-1368, relative to SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18, at between any two corresponding residues in an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18, or between any two corresponding residues in a variant or equivalent of SpCas9 of any of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs. 19-88, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 19-88.

In various embodiments, the split intein sequences can be engineered by from the following intein sequences.

NAME SEQUENCE OF LIGAND-DEPENDENT INTEIN 2-4 INTEIN: CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGD RVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEAS MMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEI LMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLAT SSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRA LDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEH LYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDD KFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVH NC (SEQ ID NO: 472) 3-2 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAVAKDGTLLARPVVS WFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGDR VAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEASM MGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWLEIL MIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLATS SRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRAL DKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHL YSMKYTNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDDK FLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVHN C (SEQ ID NO: 473) 30R3-1 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPIPYSEYDPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC (SEQ ID NO: 474) 30R3-2 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC (SEQ ID NO: 475) 30R3-3 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPIPYSEYDPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLECAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC (SEQ ID NO: 476) 37R3-1 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKG DRVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYNPTSPFSEA SMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLERAWL EILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLL ATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIH RALDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGM EHLYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADAL DDKFLHDMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVV VHNC ((SEQ ID NO: 477) 37R3-2 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAAAKDGTLLARPVV SWFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGAIVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGD RVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEAS MMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLERAWLEI LMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLAT SSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRA LDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEH LYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDD KFLHDMLAEGLRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVH NC (SEQ ID NO: 478) 37R3-3 INTEIN CLAEGTRIFDPVTGTTHRIEDVVDGRKPIHVVAVAKDGTLLARPVVS WFDQGTRDVIGLRIAGGATVWATPDHKVLTEYGWRAAGELRKGD RVAGPGGSGNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTSPFSEAS MMGLLTNLADRELVHMINWAKRVPGFVDLTLHDQAHLLERAWLEI LMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEGMVEIFDMLLAT SSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRA LDKITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEH LYSMKYKNVVPLYDLLLEMLDAHRLHAGGSGASRVQAFADALDD KFLHDMLAEELRYSVIREVLPTRRARTFDLEVEELHTLVAEGVVVH NC (SEQ ID NO: 479)

In various other embodiments, the split intein sequences can be used as follows:

INTEIN-N INTEIN-C NPU-N NPU-C CLSYETEILTVEYGLLPIGKIVEKRIEC IKIATRKYLGKQNVYDIG TVYSVDNNGNIYTQPVAQWHDRGEQ VERDHNFALKNGFIASN EVFEYCLEDGSLIRATKDHKFMTVDG (SEQ ID NO: 452) QMLPIDEIFERELDLMRVDNLPNSGG S (SEQ ID NO: 447)

In various embodiments, the split inteins can be used to separately deliver separate portions of a complete PE fusion protein to a cell, which upon expression in a cell, become reconstituted as a complete PE fusion protein through the trans splicing.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of delivering a PE fusion protein to a cell, comprising:

-   -   (a) constructing a first expression vector encoding an         N-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a first         split intein sequence;     -   (b) constructing a second expression vector encoding a         C-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a second         split intein sequence;     -   (c) delivering the first and second expression vectors to a         cell,         wherein the N-terminal and C-terminal fragment are reconstituted         as the PE fusion protein in the cell as a result of trans         splicing activity causing self-excision of the first and second         split intein sequences.

The split site in some embodiments can be anywhere in the prime editor fusion, including the napDNAbp domain, the linker, or the reverse transcriptase domain.

In other embodiments, the split site is in the napDNAbp domain.

In still other embodiments, the split site is in the reverse transcriptase or polymerase domain.

In yet other embodiments, the split site is in the linker.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides prime editors comprising a napDNAbp (e.g., a Cas9 domain) and a reverse transcriptase wherein one or both of the napDNAbp and/or the reverse transcriptase comprise an intein, for example, a ligand-dependent intein. Typically the intein is a ligand-dependent intein which exhibits no or minimal protein splicing activity in the absence of ligand (e.g., small molecules such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, amino acids, and nucleotides). Ligand-dependent inteins are known, and include those described in U.S. patent application U.S. Ser. No. 14/004,280, published as U.S. 2014/0065711 A1, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, use of split-Cas9 architecture In some embodiments, the intein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8-15, 447, 452, 462, and 472-479.

In various embodiments, the napDNAbp domains are smaller-sized napDNAbp domains as compared to the canonical SpCas9 domain of SEQ ID NO: 18.

The canonical SpCas9 protein is 1368 amino acids in length and has a predicted molecular weight of 158 kilodaltons. The term “small-sized Cas9 variant”, as used herein, refers to any Cas9 variant—naturally occurring, engineered, or otherwise—that is less than at least 1300 amino acids, or at least less than 1290 amino acids, or than less than 1280 amino acids, or less than 1270 amino acid, or less than 1260 amino acid, or less than 1250 amino acids, or less than 1240 amino acids, or less than 1230 amino acids, or less than 1220 amino acids, or less than 1210 amino acids, or less than 1200 amino acids, or less than 1190 amino acids, or less than 1180 amino acids, or less than 1170 amino acids, or less than 1160 amino acids, or less than 1150 amino acids, or less than 1140 amino acids, or less than 1130 amino acids, or less than 1120 amino acids, or less than 1110 amino acids, or less than 1100 amino acids, or less than 1050 amino acids, or less than 1000 amino acids, or less than 950 amino acids, or less than 900 amino acids, or less than 850 amino acids, or less than 800 amino acids, or less than 750 amino acids, or less than 700 amino acids, or less than 650 amino acids, or less than 600 amino acids, or less than 550 amino acids, or less than 500 amino acids, but at least larger than about 400 amino acids and retaining the required functions of the Cas9 protein.

In one embodiment, as depicted in Example 20, the specification embraces the following split-intein PE constructs, which are split between residues 1024 and 1025 of the canonical SpCas9 (SEQ ID NO: 18) (or which may be referred to as residues 1023 and 1024, respectively, relative to a Met-minus SEQ ID NO: 18).

First, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 is shown as follows, indicating the location of the split site between 1024 (“K”) and 1025 (“S”) residues:

Description Sequence SEQ ID NO: SpCas9 M DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGN SEQ ID NO: Streptococcus TDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRR 18, indicated pyogenes KNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH with split site M1 ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADL 1024/1025 in SwissProt RLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQ bold Accession TYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQL The M at No. PGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLS position 1 is Q99ZW2 KDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDI not necessarily Wild type LRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQL present in the PEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEK PE fusion MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELH protein in AILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGN certain SRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTN embodiments. FDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGM Thus, the RKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKI numbering of ECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEE the split site is NEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMK 1023/1024 in QLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG the case that FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIA the amino acid NLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEM sequence ARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPV excludes Met ENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYD at position 1. VDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEV VKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSEL DKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDK LIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHD AYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIA KS EQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLI ETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPT VAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEK NPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRML ASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPED NEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKV LSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDT TIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

In this configuration, the amino acid sequence of N-terminal half (amino acids 1-1024) is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 3877) MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGAL LFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLE ESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRL IYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINAS GVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSN FDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDIL RVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKN GYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNG SIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGN SRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPK HSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTV KQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLS RKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVS GQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMAR ENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYL QNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKS DNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKD FQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRK MIA K .

In this configuration, the amino acid sequence of N-terminal half (amino acids 1-1023) (where the protein is Met-minus at position 1) is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 3878) DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALL FDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEE SFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLI YLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASG VDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNF DLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILR VNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNG YAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGS IPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNS RFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKH SLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVK QLKEDYFKKIECFDSVETSGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENE DILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSR KLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSG QGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARE NQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQ NGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSD NVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKR QLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDF QFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKM IA K .

In this configuration, the amino acid sequence of C-terminal half (amino acids 1024-1368 (or counted as amino acids 1023-1367 in a Met-minus Cas9) is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 3879) S EQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWD KGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDW DPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKN PIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELAL PSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKR VILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTT IDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD.

As shown in Example 20, the PE2 (which is based on SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18) construct was split at position 1023/1024 (relative to a Met-minus SEQ ID NO: 18) into two separate constructs, as follows:

SpPE2 split at 1023/1024 N terminal half  (SEQ ID NO: 3875) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDA KAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDA IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAK

KRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV SpPE2 split at 1023/1024 C terminal half  (SEQ ID NO: 3876) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV

CFNEIG KATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLS MPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLV VAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLF ELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVE QHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLG APAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQA WAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGIL VPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPP SHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKN SPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLG NLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQL REFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLT APALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAG WPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARM THYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTD QPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELI ALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEI LALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLI ENSSP

KRTADGSEFEPKKKRK Key: NLS,

, Mutated residues,

 

 NpuC intein, RT

The present disclosure also contemplates methods of delivering split-intein prime editors to cells and/or treating cells with split-intein prime editors.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of delivering a PE fusion protein to a cell, comprising:

-   -   (a) constructing a first expression vector encoding an         N-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a first         split intein sequence;     -   (b) constructing a second expression vector encoding a         C-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a second         split intein sequence;     -   (c) delivering the first and second expression vectors to a         cell,         wherein the N-terminal and C-terminal fragment are reconstituted         as the PE fusion protein in the cell as a result of trans         splicing activity causing self-excision of the first and second         split intein sequences.

In certain embodiments, the N-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a first split intein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3875, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3875.

In other embodiments, the C-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a first split intein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3876, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3876.

In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of editing a target DNA sequence within a cell, comprising:

-   -   (a) constructing a first expression vector encoding an         N-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a first         split intein sequence;     -   (b) constructing a second expression vector encoding a         C-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a second         split intein sequence;     -   (c) delivering the first and second expression vectors to a         cell,         wherein the N-terminal and C-terminal fragment are reconstituted         as the PE fusion protein in the cell as a result of trans         splicing activity causing self-excision of the first and second         split intein sequences.

In certain embodiments, the N-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a first split intein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3875, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3875.

In other embodiments, the C-terminal fragment of the PE fusion protein fused to a first split intein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3876, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3876.

Delivery of PE Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

In this aspect, the prime editors may be delivered by non-viral delivery strategies involving delivery of a prime editor complexed with a PEgRNA (i.e., a PE ribonucleoprotein complex) by various methods, including electroporation and lipid nanoparticles. Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA. Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., Transfectam™ and Lipofectin™). Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Feigner, WO 91/17424; WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (e.g. in vitro or ex vivo administration) or target tissues (e.g. in vivo administration).

The preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes, is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).

Additional reference may be made to the following references that discuss approaches for non-viral delivery of ribonucleoprotein complexes, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

-   Chen, Sean, et al. “Highly efficient mouse genome editing by CRISPR     ribonucleoprotein electroporation of zygotes.” Journal of Biological     Chemistry (2016): jbc-M116. PubMed -   Zuris, John A., et al. “Cationic lipid-mediated delivery of proteins     enables efficient protein-based genome editing in vitro and in     vivo.” Nature biotechnology 33.1 (2015): 73. PubMed -   Rouet, Romain, et al. “Receptor-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9     Endonuclease for Cell-Type-Specific Gene Editing.” Journal of the     American Chemical Society 140.21 (2018): 6596-6603. PubMed.

FIG. 68C provides data showing that various disclosed PE ribonucleoprotein complexes (PE2 at high concentration, PE3 at high concentration and PE3 at low concentration) can be delivered in this manner.

Delivery of PE by mRNA

Another method that may be employed to deliver prime editors and/or PEgRNAs to cells in which prime editing-based genome editing is desired is by employing the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery methods and technologies. Examples of mRNA delivery methods and compositions that may be utilized in the present disclosure including, for example, PCT/US2014/028330, U.S. Pat. No. 8,822,663B2, NZ700688A, ES2740248T3, EP2755693A4, EP2755986A4, WO2014152940A1, EP3450553B1, BR112016030852A2, and EP3362461A1, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Additional disclosure hereby incorporated by reference can be found in Kowalski et al., “Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery,” Mol Therap., 2019; 27(4): 710-728.

In contrast to DNA vector encoding prime editors, the use of RNA as delivery agent for prime editors has the advantage that the genetic material does not have to enter the nucleus to perform its function. The delivered mRNA may be directly translated in the cytoplasm into the desired protein (e.g., prime editor fusion protein) and nucleic acid products (e.g., PEgRNA). However, in order to be more stable (e.g., resist RNA-degrading enzymes in the cytoplasm), it is in some embodiments necessary to stabilize the mRNA to improve delivery efficiency. Certain delivery carriers such as cationic lipids or polymeric delivery carriers can also help protect the transfected mRNA from endogenous RNase enzymes that might otherwise degrade the therapeutic mRNA encoding the desired prime editor fusion proteins. In addition, despite the increased stability of modified mRNA, delivery of mRNA, particularly mRNA encoding full-length protein, to cells in vivo in a manner that allows therapeutic levels of protein production remains a challenge.

With some exceptions, the intracellular delivery of mRNA is generally more challenging than that of small oligonucleotides, and it requires encapsulation into a delivery nanoparticle, in part due to the significantly larger size of mRNA molecules (300-5,000 kDa, ˜1-15 kb) as compared to other types of RNAs (small interfering RNAs [siRNAs], ˜14 kDa; antisense oligonucleotides [ASOs], 4-10 kDa).

mRNA must cross the cell membrane in order to reach the cytoplasm. The cell membrane is a dynamic and formidable barrier to intracellular delivery. It is made up primarily of a lipid bilayer of zwitterionic and negatively charged phospholipids, where the polar heads of the phospholipids point toward the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails form a hydrophobic core.

In some embodiments, the mRNA compositions of the disclosure comprise mRNA (encoding a prime editor and/or PEgRNA), a transport vehicle, and optionally an agent that facilitates contact with the target cell and subsequent transfection.

In some embodiments, the mRNA can include one or more modifications that confer stability to the mRNA (eg, compared to the wild-type or native version of the mRNA) and is involved in the associated abnormal expression of the protein. One or more modifications to the wild type that correct the defect may also be included. For example, the nucleic acids of the invention can include modifications of one or both of a 5′ untranslated region or a 3′ untranslated region. Such modifications may include the inclusion of sequences encoding a partial sequence of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early 1 (IE1) gene, poly A tail, Cap1 structure, or human growth hormone (hGH). In some embodiments, the mRNA is modified to reduce mRNA immunogenicity.

In one embodiment, the “prime editor” mRNA in the composition of the invention can be formulated in a liposome transfer vehicle to facilitate delivery to target cells. Contemplated transfer vehicles can include one or more cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids, and/or PEG-modified lipids. For example, the transfer vehicle can include at least one of the following cationic lipids: C12-200, DLin-KC2-DMA, DODAP, HGT4003, ICE, HGT5000, or HGT5001. In embodiments, the transfer vehicle comprises cholesterol (chol) and/or PEG modified lipids. In some embodiments, the transfer vehicle comprises DMG-PEG2K. In certain embodiments, the transfer vehicle has the following lipid formulation: C12-200, DOPE, chol, DMG-PEG2K; DODAP, DOPE, cholesterol, DMG-PEG2K; HGT5000, DOPE, chol, DMG-PEG2K, HGT5001, DOPE, chol, one of DMG-PEG2K.

The present disclosure also provides compositions and methods useful for facilitating transfection of target cells with one or more PE-encoding mRNA molecules. For example, the compositions and methods of the present invention contemplate the use of targeting ligands that can increase the affinity of the composition for one or more target cells. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is apolipoprotein B or apolipoprotein E, and the corresponding target cells express low density lipoprotein receptors and thus promote recognition of the targeting ligand. A vast number of target cells can be preferentially targeted using the methods and compositions of the present disclosure. For example, contemplated target cells include hepatocytes, epithelial cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, lung cells, bone cells, stem cells, mesenchymal cells, nerve cells, heart cells, adipocytes, vascular smooth muscle Includes cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells, beta cells, pituitary cells, synovial lining cells, ovarian cells, testis cells, fibroblasts, B cells, T cells, reticulocytes, leukocytes, granulocytes, and tumor cells However, it is not limited to these.

In some embodiments, the PE-encoding mRNA may optionally have chemical or biological modifications which, for example, improve the stability and/or half-life of such mRNA or which improve or otherwise facilitate protein production. Upon transfection, a natural mRNA in the compositions of the invention may decay with a half-life of between 30 minutes and several days. The mRNAs in the compositions of the disclosure may retain at least some ability to be translated, thereby producing a functional protein or enzyme. Accordingly, the invention provides compositions comprising and methods of administering a stabilized mRNA. In some embodiments, the activity of the mRNA is prolonged over an extended period of time. For example, the activity of the mRNA may be prolonged such that the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a subject on a semi-weekly or bi-weekly basis, or more preferably on a monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly or an annual basis. The extended or prolonged activity of the mRNA of the present invention is directly related to the quantity of protein or enzyme produced from such mRNA. Similarly, the activity of the compositions of the present disclosure may be further extended or prolonged by modifications made to improve or enhance translation of the mRNA. Furthermore, the quantity of functional protein or enzyme produced by the target cell is a function of the quantity of mRNA delivered to the target cells and the stability of such mRNA. To the extent that the stability of the mRNA of the present invention may be improved or enhanced, the half-life, the activity of the produced protein or enzyme and the dosing frequency of the composition may be further extended.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the mRNA in the compositions of the disclosure comprise at least one modification which confers increased or enhanced stability to the nucleic acid, including, for example, improved resistance to nuclease digestion in vivo. As used herein, the terms “modification” and “modified” as such terms relate to the nucleic acids provided herein, include at least one alteration which preferably enhances stability and renders the mRNA more stable (e.g., resistant to nuclease digestion) than the wild-type or naturally occurring version of the mRNA. As used herein, the terms “stable” and “stability” as such terms relate to the nucleic acids of the present invention, and particularly with respect to the mRNA, refer to increased or enhanced resistance to degradation by, for example nucleases (i.e., endonucleases or exonucleases) which are normally capable of degrading such mRNA. Increased stability can include, for example, less sensitivity to hydrolysis or other destruction by endogenous enzymes (e.g., endonucleases or exonucleases) or conditions within the target cell or tissue, thereby increasing or enhancing the residence of such mRNA in the target cell, tissue, subject and/or cytoplasm. The stabilized mRNA molecules provided herein demonstrate longer half-lives relative to their naturally occurring, unmodified counterparts (e.g. the wild-type version of the mRNA). Also contemplated by the terms “modification” and “modified” as such terms related to the mRNA of the present invention are alterations which improve or enhance translation of mRNA nucleic acids, including for example, the inclusion of sequences which function in the initiation of protein translation (e.g., the Kozak consensus sequence). (Kozak, M., Nucleic Acids Res 15 (20): 8125-48 (1987)).

In some embodiments, the mRNAs used in the compositions of the disclosure have undergone a chemical or biological modification to render them more stable. Exemplary modifications to an mRNA include the depletion of a base (e.g., by deletion or by the substitution of one nucleotide for another) or modification of a base, for example, the chemical modification of a base. The phrase “chemical modifications” as used herein, includes modifications which introduce chemistries which differ from those seen in naturally occurring mRNA, for example, covalent modifications such as the introduction of modified nucleotides, (e.g., nucleotide analogs, or the inclusion of pendant groups which are not naturally found in such mRNA molecules).

Other suitable polynucleotide modifications that may be incorporated into the PE-encoding mRNA used in the compositions of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, 4′-thio-modified bases: 4′-thio-adenosine, 4′-thio-guanosine, 4′-thio-cytidine, 4′-thio-uridine, 4′-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4′-thio-pseudouridine, and 4′-thio-2-thiouridine, pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladeno sine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine, and combinations thereof. The term modification also includes, for example, the incorporation of non-nucleotide linkages or modified nucleotides into the mRNA sequences of the present invention (e.g., modifications to one or both of the 3′ and 5′ ends of an mRNA molecule encoding a functional protein or enzyme). Such modifications include the addition of bases to an mRNA sequence (e.g., the inclusion of a poly A tail or a longer poly A tail), the alteration of the 3′ UTR or the 5′ UTR, complexing the mRNA with an agent (e.g., a protein or a complementary nucleic acid molecule), and inclusion of elements which change the structure of an mRNA molecule (e.g., which form secondary structures).

In some embodiments, PE-encoding mRNAs include a 5′ cap structure. A 5′ cap is typically added as follows: first, an RNA terminal phosphatase removes one of the terminal phosphate groups from the 5′ nucleotide, leaving two terminal phosphates; guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is then added to the terminal phosphates via a guanylyl transferase, producing a 5′5′5 triphosphate linkage; and the 7-nitrogen of guanine is then methylated by a methyltransferase. Examples of cap structures include, but are not limited to, m7G(5′)ppp (5′(A,G(5′)ppp(5′)A and G(5′)ppp(5′)G. Naturally occurring cap structures comprise a 7-methyl guanosine that is linked via a triphosphate bridge to the 5′-end of the first transcribed nucleotide, resulting in a dinucleotide cap of m7G(5′)ppp(5′)N, where N is any nucleoside. In vivo, the cap is added enzymatically. The cap is added in the nucleus and is catalyzed by the enzyme guanylyl transferase. The addition of the cap to the 5′ terminal end of RNA occurs immediately after initiation of transcription. The terminal nucleoside is typically a guanosine, and is in the reverse orientation to all the other nucleotides, i.e., G(5′)ppp(5′)GpNpNp.

Additional cap analogs include, but are not limited to, a chemical structures selected from the group consisting of m7GpppG, m7GpppA, m7GpppC; unmethylated cap analogs (e.g., GpppG); dimethylated cap analog (e.g., m2,7GpppG), trimethylated cap analog (e.g., m2,2,7GpppG), dimethylated symmetrical cap analogs (e.g., m7Gpppm7G), or anti reverse cap analogs (e.g., ARCA; m7,2′OmeGpppG, m72′ dGpppG, m7,3′OmeGpppG, m7,3′dGpppG and their tetraphosphate derivatives) (see, e.g., Jemielity, J. et al., “Novel ‘anti-reverse’ cap analogs with superior translational properties”, RNA, 9: 1108-1122 (2003)).

Typically, the presence of a “tail” serves to protect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation. A poly A or poly U tail is thought to stabilize natural messengers and synthetic sense RNA. Therefore, in certain embodiments a long poly A or poly U tail can be added to an mRNA molecule thus rendering the RNA more stable. Poly A or poly U tails can be added using a variety of art-recognized techniques. For example, long poly A tails can be added to synthetic or in vitro transcribed RNA using poly A polymerase (Yokoe, et al. Nature Biotechnology. 1996; 14: 1252-1256). A transcription vector can also encode long poly A tails. In addition, poly A tails can be added by transcription directly from PCR products. Poly A may also be ligated to the 3′ end of a sense RNA with RNA ligase (see, e.g., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1991 edition)).

Typically, the length of a poly A or poly U tail can be at least about 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 at least 500 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a poly-A tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically includes about 10 to 300 adenosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 150 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 adenosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 adenosine nucleotides, or about 20 to 60 adenosine nucleotides). In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(C) tail structure. A suitable poly-C tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically include about 10 to 200 cytosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 150 cytosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 60 cytosine nucleotides, or about 10 to 40 cytosine nucleotides). The poly-C tail may be added to the poly-A or poly U tail or may substitute the poly-A or poly U tail.

PE-encoding mRNAs according to the present disclosure may be synthesized according to any of a variety of known methods. For example, mRNAs according to the present invention may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT). Briefly, IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNA template containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates, a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and an appropriate RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNAse inhibitor. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application.

In embodiments involving mRNA delivery, the ratio of the mRNA encoding the PE fusion protein to the PEgRNA may be important for efficient editing. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of mRNA (encoding the PE fusion protein) to PEgRNA is 1:1. In certain other embodiments, the weight ratio of mRNA (encoding the PE fusion protein) to PEgRNA is 2:1. In still other embodiments, the weight ratio of mRNA (encoding the PE fusion protein) to PEgRNA is 1:2. In still further embodiments, the weight ratio of mRNA (encoding the PE fusion protein) to PEgRNA is selected from the group consisting of about 1:1000, 1:900; 1:800; 1:700; 1:600; 1:500; 1:400; 1:300; 1:200; 1:100; 1:90; 1:80; 1:70; 1:60; 1:50; 1:40; 1:30; 1:20; 1:10; and 1:1. In other embodiments, the weight ratio of mRNA (encoding the PE fusion protein) to PEgRNA is selected from the group consisting of about 1:1000, 1:900; 800:1; 700:1; 600:1; 500:1; 400:1; 300:1; 200:1; 100:1; 90:1; 80:1; 70:1; 60:1; 50:1; 40:1; 30:1; 20:1; 10:1; and 1:1.

J. Use of Prime Editing for Identifying Off-Target Editing in an Unbiased Manner

Like other genome editors, there exists some risk that PE may introduce its programmed genetic alterations at unintended sites around the genome, i.e., “off-target” sites. However, there are currently no described methods to detect off-target editing with prime editors. Such methods would allow the identification of potential sites of off-target editing using prime editors.

The key concept of this aspect is the idea of using prime editing to insert the same adapter sequence and/or primer binding site at on-target and off-target sites, templated from the same PEgRNA, to enable the rapid identification of genomic off-target modification sites of napDNAbp nucleases or prime editors. This method is distinguished from other techniques that identify nuclease off-target sites because the adapter and/or primer binding sequence is inserted in the same event as DNA binding and nicking by the napDNAbp, simplifying the downstream processing.

FIG. 33 illustrates the basic principle of off-target identification. The figure is a schematic showing PEgRNA design for primer binding sequence insertions and primer binding insertion into genomic DNA using prime editing for determining off-target editing. In this embodiment, prime editing is conducted inside a living cell, a tissue, or an animal model. As a first step, an appropriate PEgRNA is designed. The top schematic shows a exemplary PEgRNA that may be used in this aspect. The spacer in the PEgRNA (labeled as “protospacer”) is complementary to one of the strands of the genomic target. The PE:PEgRNA complex (i.e., the PE complex) installs a single stranded 3′ end flap at the nick site which contains the encoded primer binding sequence and the region of homology (coded by the homology arm of the PEgRNA) that is complementary to the region just downstream of the cut site (in red). Through flap invasion and DNA repair/replication processes, the synthesized strand becomes incorporated into the DNA, thereby installing the primer binding site. This process can occur at the desired genomic target, but also at other genomic sites that might interact with the PEgRNA in an off-target manner (i.e., the PEgRNA guides the PE complex to other off-target sites due to the complementarity of the spacer region to other genomic sites that are not the intended genomic site). Thus, the primer binding sequence may be installed not only at the desired genomic target, but at off-target genomic sites elsewhere in the genome. In order to detect the insertion of these primer binding sites at both the intended genomic target sites and the off-target genomic sites, the genomic DNA (post-PE) can be isolated, fragmented, and ligated to adapter nucleotides (shown in red). Next, PCR may be carried out with PCR oligonucleotides that anneal to the adapters and to the inserted primer binding sequence to amplify on-target and off-target genomic DNA regions into which the primer binding site was inserted by PE. High throughput sequencing then may be conducted, as well as sequence alignments, to identify the insertion points of PE-inserted primer binding sequences at either the on-target site or at off-target sites.

Thus, FIG. 33 illustrates one aspect regarding the identification of off-target editing sites when editing inside a living cell, in tissue culture or animal models. To conduct this method, a PEgRNA is generated that has an identical spacer to the final desired prime editor (and, if looking at prime editing off-targets, an identical primer-binding site sequence to the final desired editor), but includes the necessary sequences to install an adapter or primer binding site after reverse transcription by prime editing. In vivo editing is conducted using a prime editor or RT-fused nuclease, and isolate genomic DNA. The genomic DNA is fragmented by enzymatic or mechanical means and append a different adapter to sites of DNA fragmentation. PCR is used to amplify from one adapter to the adapter installed via PEgRNA. The resulting product is deep-sequenced to identify all modified sites.

In another aspect, evaluation of off-target editing by PE may be conducted in vitro. In this aspect, PE may be used during in vitro modification of genomic DNA identification of off-target editing sites using in vitro modification of genomic DNA. To conduct this method, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of purified prime editor fusion protein and a PEgRNA (i.e., the PE complex) is assembled that is configured to install an adapter or primer binding sequence at a target site, but is otherwise the same as the PEgRNA of interest. This RNP (i.e., PE complex) is incubated with extracted genomic DNA before or after fragmentation of the DNA. After fragmentation, different adapters sequences are ligated to the ends of the fragment DNA. PCR is used to amplify those genomic sites that span the inserted adapter sequence (i.e., inserted by EP) and the adapters ligated to fragment ends. High throughput sequencing between the adapters sequences can identify genomic sites of modification that are on-target and off-target. This in vitro editing method should enhance the sensitivity of detection because cellular DNA repair will not eliminate the reverse-transcribed DNA adapter added by the prime editor.

These methods could be used to identify off-target editing for any prime editor, or any genome editor that uses a guide RNA to recognize a target cut site (most Cas nucleases).

These methods could be applied to all genetic diseases for which genome editors are considered for use in treatment.

Exemplary adapter and/or primer binding sequences that may be installed by PE include, but are not limited to:

ADAPTER 1  (SEQ ID NO: 177) 5′-CGGTGGACCGATGATCT-3′ ADAPTER 2  (SEQ ID NO: 178) 5′-GCCACCTGGCTACTAGA-3′ ADAPTER 3  (SEQ ID NO: 179) 5′-AGATCATCGGTCCACCG-3′ ADAPTER 4  (SEQ ID NO: 180) 5′-TCTAGTAGCCAGGTGGC-3′

These adapter and/or primer binding sequences may also be used in the ligation step after genomic DNA fragmentation as outlined above.

Exemplary PEgRNA designs that illustrate the use of the herein described method to evaluate off-target editing, and their edit target locus, are as follows:

HEK3 TEST LOCUS OFF- GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATA TARGET DISCOVERY: GCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAA AAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTCTGCCATCA CGGTG GACCGATGATCT CGTGCTCAGTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 181) HEK4 TEST LOCUS OFF- GGCACTGCGGCTGGAGGTGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAAT TARGET DISCOVERY: AGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGA AAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCACACAGCACCAGAG TCTCCGCTTTAACCCCCA GCCACCTGGCTACTAGA CC TCCAGCC (SEQ ID NO: 182) SICKLE CELL GCATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAA CORRECTION OFF- TAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG TARGET DISCOVERY: AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCAGACTTCTCTTCA G GCCACCTGGCTACTAGA GAGTCAGGTGCAC (SEQ ID NO: 183) KEY PBS Spacer sgRNA scaffold DNA synthesis template Adapter PBS

K. Use of Prime Editing for Insertion of Inducible Dimerization Domains

The prime editors described herein may also be used to install dimerization domains into one or more protein targets. The dimerization domains may facilitate inducible regulation of the activity associated with the dimerization of the one or more protein targets via a linking moiety (e.g., a small molecule, peptide, or protein) that binds in a bi-specific manner. In various aspects, the dimerization domains, when installed on different proteins (e.g., the same type or different proteins), each bind to the same bi-specific moiety (e.g., a bi-specific small molecule, peptide, or polypeptide having a least two regions that separately bind to the dimerization domains), thereby causing the dimerization of the proteins through their common interaction to the bi-specific ligand. In this manner, the bi-specific ligand functions as an “inducer” of dimerization of two proteins. In some cases, the bi-specific ligand or compound will have two targeting moieties that are the same. In other embodiments, the bi-specific ligand or compound will have targeting moieties that are each different from the other. The bi-specific ligand or compound having the same two targeting moieties will be able to target the same dimerization domain installed on different protein targets. The bi-specific ligand or compound having different targeting moieties will be able to target different dimerization domains installed on different protein targets.

As used herein, the term “dimerization domain” refers to a ligand-binding domain that binds to a binding moiety of a bi-specific ligand. A “first” dimerization domain binds to a first binding moiety of a bi-specific ligand and a “second” dimerization domain binds to a second binding moiety of the same bi-specific ligand. When the first dimerization domain is fused to a first protein (e.g., via PE, as discussed herein) and the second dimerization domain (e.g., via PE, as discussed herein) is fused to a second protein, the first and second protein dimerize in the presence of a bi-specific ligand, wherein the bi-specific ligand has at least one moeity that binds to the first dimerization domain and at least another moiety that binds to the second dimerization domain.

The term “bi-specific ligand” or “bi-specific moiety,” as used herein, refers to a ligand that binds to two different ligand-binding domains. In various embodiments, the bi-specific moiety itself is a dimer of two of same or two different chemical moieties, wherein each moiety specifically and tightly binds to a dimerization domain. In certain embodiments, the ligand is a small molecule compound, or a peptide, or a polypeptide. In other embodiments, ligand-binding domain is a “dimerization domain,” which can be install as a peptide tag onto a protein. In various embodiments, two proteins each comprising the same or different dimerization domains can be induced to dimerize through the binding of each dimerization domain to the bi-specific ligand. These molecules may also be referred to as “chemical inducers of dimerization” or CIDs. In addition, the bi-specific ligands may be prepared by coupling (e.g., through standardize chemical linkages) two of the same moieties together, or two different moieties together, wherein each moiety tightly and specifically binds to a dimerization domain.

In various aspects, the dimerization domains installed by PE can be the same or different.

For example, the dimerization domains can be FKBP12, which has the following amino acid sequence:

FKBP12 MGVQVETISPGDGRTFPKRGQTCVVHYTG MLEDGKKFDSSRDRNKPFKFMLGKQEVIR GWEEGVAQMSVGQRAKLTISPDYAYGATG HPGIIPPHATLVFDVELLKLE (SEQ ID NO: 488)

In another example, the dimerization domain can be a mutant of FKBP12 referred to as FKBP12-F36V, a mutant of FKBP12 with an engineered hole that binds a synthetic bumped FK506 mimic (2, FIG. 3 )¹⁰⁷:

FKBP12-F36V MGVQVETISPGDGRTFPKRGQTCVVHYTG MLEDGKKVDSSRDRNKPFKFMLGKQEVI RGWEEGVAQMSVGQRAKLTISPDYAYGAT GHPGIIPPHATLVFDVELLKLE (SEQ ID NO: 489)

In another example, the dimerization domain can be cyclophilin, as follows:

CYCLOPHILIN MVNPTVFFDIAVDGEPLGRVSFELFADKVP KTAENFRALSTGEKGFGYKGSCFHRIIPGF MCQGGDFTRHNGTGGKSIYGEKFEDENFI LKHTGPGILSMANAGPNTNGSQFFICTAKT EWLDGKHVVFGKVKEGMNIVEAMERFGS RNGKTSKKITIADCGQLE (SEQ ID NO: 490)

In various embodiments, the amino acid sequences of these dimerization domains may be altered in order to optimize binding or to improve binding orthogonality to native targets. The nucleic acid sequences of the genes encoding small-molecule binding proteins may be altered in order to optimize the efficiency of the PE process, such as by reducing PEgRNA secondary structure.

Other examples of suitable dimerization domains and a cognate small molecule compound which binds thereto are provided as follows. Note that the cognate small molecule compound could be coupled (e.g., via a chemical linker) to a second small molecule compound (either the same compound or a different compound) in order to form a bi-specific ligand that may bind two dimerization domains. In some cases, such as FK506 and cyclosporin A, dimerization of each (e.g., FK506-FK506 or cyclosporin A-cyclosporin A) reduces or eliminates immunosuppressive activity of the monomeric compounds.

SMALL MOLECULE—BINDS TO THE DIMERIZATION DOMAIN—A DIMER OF THESE MOLECULES WOULD CONSTITUTE A BI-SPECIFIC LIGAND THAT WOULD BIND TWO DIMERIZATION DOMAINS DIMERIZATION DOMAIN(S) FK506  

  FK-506 FKBP12 Kd 0.4 nM PNAS 1990, 87, 9231. TARGETS: FKBP12 + CALCINEURIN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF FKBP12: MGVQVETISPGDGRTFPKRGQTCV VHYTGMLEDGKKFDSSRDRNKPFK FMLGKQEVIRGWEEGVAQMSVGQ RAKLTISPDYAYGATGHPGIIPPHAT LVFDVELLKLE (SEQ ID NO: 491) CALCINEURIN: CYCLOSPORIN A  

  TARGETS: CYCLOPHILIN + CALCINEURIN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF HUMAN CYCLOPHILIN A: MVNPTVFFDIAVDGEPLGRVSFELF ADKVPKTAENFRALSTGEKGFGYK GSCFHRIIPGFMCQGGDFTRHNGTG GKSIYGEKFEDENFILKHTGPGILSM ANAGPNTNGSQFFICTAKTEWLDG KHVVFGKVKEGMNIVEAMERFGS RNGKTSKKITIADCGQLE (SEQ ID NO: 490) AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF HUMAN CYCLOPHILIN B: MLRLSERNMKVLLAAALIAGSVFF LLLPGPSAADEKKKGPKVTVKVYF DLRIGDEDVGRVIFGLFGKTVPKTV DNFVALATGEKGFGYKNSKFHRVIK DFMIQGGDFTRGDGTGGKSIYGER FPDENFKLKHYGPGWVSMANAGK DTNGSQFFITTVKTAWLDGKHVVF GKVLEGMEVVRKVESTKTDSRDKP LKDVIIADCGKIEVEKPFAIAKE (SEQ ID NO: 493) AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF MURINE CYCLOPHILIN C: MSPGPRLLLPAVLCLGLGALVSSSG SSGVRKRGPSVTDKVFFDVRIGDK DVGRIVIGLFGNVVPKTVENFVALA TGEKGYGYKGSIFHRVIKDFMIQGG DFTARDGTGGMSIYGETFPDENFKL KHYGIGWVSMANAGPDTNGSQFFI TLTKPTWLDGKHVVFGKVLDGMT VVHSIELQATDGHDRPLTDCTIVNS GKIDVKTPFVVEVPDW (SEQ ID NO: 494) AP1867  

  AP1867 FK-506 mimic FKBP12 F36V Kd 94 pM FKBP12 Kd 67 nM PNAS 1998, 95, 10437. TARGET(S): FKBP12 AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF FKBP12-F36V MGVQVETISPGDGRTFPKRGQTCV VHYTGMLEDGKKVDSSRDRNKPF KFMLGKQEVIRGWEEGVAQMSVG QRAKLT ISPDYAYGATGHPGIIPPHATLVFDV ELLKLE (SEQ ID NO: 495) METHOTREXATE  

  methotrexate Human DHFR Kd < 10 nM J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 10304. E. coli DHFR Kd 9.5 nM PNAS 2002, 99, 13481. TARGET(S): DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF HUMAN DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE MVGSLNCIVAVSQNMGIGKNGDLP WPPLRNEFRYFQRMTTTSSVEGKQ NLVIMGKKTWFSIPEKNRPLKGRIN LVLSRELKEPPQGAHFLSRSLDDAL KLTEQPELANKVDMVWIVGGSSVY KEAMNHPGHLKLFVTRIMQDFESD TFFPEIDLEKYKLLPEYPGVLSDVQ EEKGIKYKFEVYEKND (SEQ ID NO: 496) TRIMETHOPRIM  

  trimethoprim E. coli DHFR K_(I) 1.3 nM Biochemistry 1982, 21, 5068. TARGET(S): DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE FOR E. COLI DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE MISLIAALAVDRVIGMENAMPWNL PADLAWFKRNTLNKPVIMGRHTWE SIGRPLPGRKNIILSSQPGTDDRVTW VKS VDEAIAACGDVPEIMVIGGGRV YEQFLPKAQKLYLTHIDAEVEGDTH FPDYEPDDWESVFSEFHDADAQNS HSYCFEILERR (SEQ ID NO: 497) DEXAMETHOSONE  

  dexamethasone Human GR Kd 4.6 nM Mol. Endocrin. 1999, 13, 1855. AMINO ACID SEQUENCE FOR HUMAN GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR MDSKESLTPGREENPSSVLAQERGD VMDFYKTLRGGATVKVSASSPSLA VASQSDSKQRRLLVDFPKGSVSNA QQPDLSKAVSLSMGLYMGETETKV MGNDLGFPQQGQISLSSGETDLKLL EESIANLNRSTSVPENPKSSASTAVS AAPTEKEF PKTHSDVSSEQQHLKGQTGTNGGN VKLYTTDQSTFDILQDLEFSSGSPG KETNESPWRSDLLIDENCLLSPLAG EDDSFLLEGNSNEDCKPLILPDTKP KIKDNGDLVLSSPSNVTLPQVKTEK EDFIELCTPGVIKQEKLGTVYCQAS FPGANIIGNKMSAISVHGVSTSGGQ MYHYDMNTASLSQQQDQKPIFNVI PPIPVGSENWNRCQGSGDDNLTSLG TLNFPGRTVFSNGYSSPSMRPDVSS PPSSSSTATTGPPPKLCLVCSDEASG CHYGVLTCGSCKVFFKRAVEGQHN YLCAGRNDCIIDKIRRKNCPACRYR KCLQAGMNLEARKTKKKIKGIQQA TTGVSQETSENPGNKTIVPATLPQLT PTLVSLLEVIEPEVLYAGYDSSVPDS TWRIMTTLNMLGGRQVIAAVKWA KAIPGFRNLHLDDQMTLLQYSWMF LMAFALGWRSYRQSSANLLCFAPD LIINEQRMTLPCMYDQCKHMLYVS SELHRLQVSYEEYLCMKTLLLLSSV PKDGLKSQELFDEIRMTYIKELGKA IVKREGNSSQNWQRFYQLTKLLDS MHEVVENLLNYCFQTFLDKTMSIE FPEMLAEIITNQIPKYSNGNIKKLLF HQK (SEQ ID NO: 498)

  RAPAMYCIN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF FKBP12: MGVQVETISPGDGRTFPKRGQTCV VHYTGMLEDGKKFDSSRDRNKPFK FMLGKQEVIRGWEEGVAQMSVGQ RAKLTISPDYAYGATGHPGIIPPHAT LVFDVELLKLE (SEQ ID NO: 491)

Other examples of naturally occurring bifunctional molecules and their dual target receptors are as follows. Prime editing may be used to install the dual target receptors into different proteins. Once the different proteins are modified by PE to contain a bifunctional molecule receptor, the bifunctional molecules may be introduced, thereby causing the dimerization of the proteins modified to comprise the different dimerization domains. Examples of pairings of (1) a biofunctional molecule and (2) their dual target receptors are as follows:

TARGET RECEPTORS OF THE BIOFUNCTIONAL NATURALLY OCCURRING BIOFUNCTIONAL MOLECULES MOLECULE

  auxin Target receptor 1: auxin receptor Target receptor 2: TIR1 E3 ligase

  methyl jasmonate Target receptor 1: JAZ receptor Target receptor 2: Col1 E3 ligase brefeldin A  

target receptor 1: GBF1 target receptor 2: GTPase Arf1p abscisic acid  

target receptor 1: PYR receptor target receptor 2: phosphoprotein phosphatase 2C Forskolin  

target receptor 1: adenylyl cyclase monomers target receptor 2: adenylyl cyclase monomers fusicoccin A  

target receptor 1: 14-3-3 proteins target receptor 2: H⁺-ATPase Rapamycin  

target receptor 1: FKBP12 target receptor 2: mTOR sanglifehrin A  

  Sanglifehrin A (SFA) target receptor 1: cyclophilin target receptor 2: IMP dehydrogenase 2 cyclosporin A  

target receptor 1: cyclophilin target receptor 2: calcineurin

Examples of other bifunctional molecules that can be used with this aspect of prime editing are as follows:

Synstab A, paclitaxel, and discodermolide are microtubule stabilizers. Thus, these compounds could be used to dimerize proteins modified by PE to comprise microtubule proteins. GNE-0011, ARV-825, and dBET1 comprise a BRD4 binding motif and a CRBN binding motif. Thus, these compounds could be used to dimerize proteins modified by PE to comprise these targeting domains.

The PEgRNAs for installing dimerization domains may comprising the following structures (in reference to FIG. 3D): 5′-[spacer]-[gRNA core]-[extension arm]-3′, wherein the extension arm comprises 5′-[homology arm]-[edit template]-[primer binding site]-3′; or 5′-[extension arm]-[spacer]-[gRNA core]-3′, wherein the extension arm comprises 5′-[homology arm]-[edit template]-[primer binding site]-3′, and wherein with either configuration the “edit template” comprises a nucleotide sequence of a dimerization domain.

In one example, the PEgRNA for insertion of the FKBP12 dimerization domain at the C-terminal end of human insulin receptor (spacer underlined, gRNA core plain, flap homology bold, FKBP12 insertion in italics, annealing region bold italics):

PEGRNA FOR CACGGUAGGCACUGUUAGGAGUUUUAG INSTALLING AGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAG FKBP12 IN GCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGU HUMAN GGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUGCCUCGGU INSULIN CCAAUCCUUCC GGAGUGCAGGUGGAAA RECEPTOR CCAUCUCCCCAGGAGACGGGCGCACCUU CCCCAAGCGCGGCCAGACCUGCGUGGUG CACUACACCGGGAUGCUUGAAGAUGGAA AGAAAUUUGAUUCCUCCCGGGACAGAAA CAAGCCCUUUAAGUUUAUGCUAGGCAAG CAGGAGGUGAUCCGAGGCUGGGAAGAAG GGGUUGCCCAGAUGAGUGUGGGUCAGA GAGCCAAACUGACUAUAUCUCCAGAUUA UGCCUAUGGUGCCACUGGGCACCCAGGC AUCAUCCCACCACAUGCCACUCUCGUCU UCGAUGUGGAGCUUCUAAAACUGGAA

(SEQ ID NO: 499)

In another example, the PEgRNA for insertion of the FKBP12 dimerization domain at the HEK3 locus (for optimization):

PEGRNA FOR GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGA INSTALLING GCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGC FKBP12 IN HEK3 TAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGC ACCGAGTCGGTGCTGGAGGAAGCAGGG CTTCCTTTCCTCTGCCATCATTCCAGTTT TAGAAGCTCCACATCGAAGACGAGAGT GGCATGTGGTGGGATGATGCCTGGGTGC CCAGTGGCACCATAGGCATAATCTGGAG ATATAGTCAGTTTGGCTCTCTGACCCAC ACTCATCTGGGCAACCCCTTCTTCCCAG CCTCGGATCACCTCCTGCTTGCCTAGCA TAAACTTAAAGGGCTTGTTTCTGTCCCG GGAGGAATCAAATTTCTTTCCATCTTCA AGCATCCCGGTGTAGTGCACCACGCAGG TCTGGCCGCGCTTGGGGAAGGTGCGCCC GTCTCCTGGGGAGATGGTTTCCACCTGC ACTCCCGTGCTCAGTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 500)

The target proteins for installing dimerization domains are not particularly limited; however, it is advantageous their dimerization (once modified by PE) in the presence of a bi-specific ligand produces some advantageous biological effect, e.g., a signaling pathway, decreased immunoresponsiveness, etc. In various aspects, the target proteins that are to be dimerized through the PE-dependent installation of dimerization domains can be the same protein or different proteins. Preferably, the proteins, when dimerized, trigger one or more downstream biological cascades, e.g., a signal transduction cascade, phosphorylation, etc. Exemplary target proteins into which PE may be used to install dimerization domains, include, but are not limited to:

MEMBRANDE- KINASE BOUND DOMAIN CID SIGNALING RECEPTOR FUSED TO EMPLOYED CASCADE REFERENCE T-CELL FKBP12 FK1012 T-CELL SCIENCE 262, 1019-24 RECEPTOR (FK506 RECEPTOR (1993) DIMER) SIGNALING CHEM. BIOL. 1, 163-172 (1994). FAS RECEPTOR MURINE CYCLOSPORIN FAS CHEM. BIOL. 3, 731-738 CYCLOPHILIN A PATHWAY (1996). C DIMER FOR APOPTOSIS INSULIN FKBP12 FK1012 INSULIN CURR. BIOL. 8, 11-18 RECEPTOR (FK506 SIGNALING (1998). DIMER) PLATELET- FKBP12 FK1012 PDGF CURR. BIOL. 8, 11-18 DERIVED (FK506 MESODERM (1998). GROWTH DIMER) FORMATION FACTOR (PDGF) SIGNALING BETA ERYTHROPOIE FKBP12 FK1012 EPOR- PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. TIN RECEPTOR (FK506 MEDIATED 94, 3076-3081 (2002). (EPOR) DIMER) PROLIFERATIVE SIGNALING

In one aspect, prime editors described herein may be used to install sequences encoding dimerization domains into one or more genes encoding target proteins of interest in a living cell or patient. This may be referred to as the “prime editing—CID system,” wherein the CID is the bi-specific ligand that induced dimerization of target proteins, each fused to a dimerization domain installed by PE. This edit alone should have no physiological effect. Upon administration of a bi-specific ligand, which typically is a dimeric small molecule that can simultaneously bind to two dimerization domain each of which is fused to a copy of the target protein, the bi-specific ligand causes dimerization of the targeted protein. This target protein dimerization event then induces a biological signaling event, such as erythropoiesis or insulin signaling. A new method to place dimerization-induced biological processes, such as receptor signaling, under control of a convenient small-molecule drug (i.e., the bi-specific ligand) by the genomic integration of genes encoding small-molecule binding proteins (i.e., the dimerization domains) with prime editing is described herein.

Protein dimerization is a ubiquitous biological process. Notably, homodimerization of many membrane-bound receptors is known to initiate signaling cascades, often with profound biological consequences. A number of small-molecule natural products approved for use as drugs act as chemical inducers of protein dimerization as part of their mechanism of action.⁹² For example, FK506 binds tightly to FKBP12, and the resulting small molecule—protein complex then binds the phosphatase calcineurin, thereby inhibiting a step in T cell receptor signaling.⁹³ Likewise, cyclosporin A induces dimerization of cyclophilin and calcineurin, and rapamycin induces dimerization of FKBP and mTOR.^(93,94)

In one embodiment, leveraging the selective, high-affinity binding of the FK506:FKBP12 and cyclosporin A:cyclophilin small molecule:protein binding interaction, synthetic chemical inducers of dimerization have also been developed. In an example, a small molecule comprised of two units of FK506, termed FK1012, was shown to effect signal transduction when the cytoplasmic domains of signaling receptors were tagged with FKBP12.⁹⁵ Chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs) have since been used to control a number of signaling pathways.⁹⁶⁻¹⁰³

While useful tools for studying biological processes, one challenge facing synthetic CIDs for therapeutic applications is that introduction of the FKBP12—or cyclophilin—target protein chimeras into patients is challenging.

The present disclosure brings together two concepts to create a previously inaccessible therapeutic process. The first concept is prime editing, described herein, which allows for precise genome editing, including targeted insertions, in living cells. The second concept is chemical-induced dimerization, a powerful tool that has enabled small-molecule control over signaling and oligomerization processes in cell culture.

Specific cases in which chemical control over protein dimerization may have had a beneficial therapeutic effect have been identified.

The insulin receptor is a heterotetrameric transmembrane protein that responds to insulin binding to the extracellular domain by phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic kinase domain.¹⁰⁴ An engineered chimeric protein composed of a membrane-localization component, the C-terminal kinase domain of the insulin receptor, and three copies of FKBP12 responds to FK1012 and initiates the insulin response in cell culture.⁹⁹ Similarly, it is expected that the fusion of FKBP12 to the C-terminal end of the kinase domain of the native insulin receptor in patient cells should allow for FK1012-dependent phosphorylation and initiation of the insulin signaling cascade. This system could replace or complement insulin use in patients who cannot make insulin (e.g., type-1 diabetics), or who respond weakly to insulin (e.g., type-2 diabetics).

Additionally, erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte proliferation by binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR), either inducing dimerization or a conformational change in a preformed receptor dimer which results in activation of the Jak/STAT signaling cascade.¹⁰⁵ It has been demonstrated that FK1012-induced oligomerization of the membrane-anchored cytoplasmic domain of EpoR tagged with FKBP12 is sufficient to initiate the signaling Jak/STAT signaling cascade and promote cell proliferation.¹⁰⁶ It is anticipated that fusing FKBP12 to native EpoR by prime editing in patient cells will allow for FK1012-induced control over erythrocyte proliferation (erythropoiesis). This system could be used to trigger red blood cell growth in anemic patients. FK1012-inducible EpoR could also be employed as an in vivo selectable marker for blood cells that have undergone ex vivo engineering.

In principle, any receptor tyrosine kinase could be viable target for a prime editing—CID therapeutic. The table below includes a list of all receptor tyrosine kinases in the human genome.¹¹⁰

PROT Family Receptor Synonyms NT Accession Accession Chromosome ALK ALK Ki1 NM_004304 NP_004295 2p23 family LTK TYK1 NM_002344 NP_002335 15q15.1-q21.1 AXL AXL UFO, Tyro7(r) Ark(m) NM_001699 NP_001690 19q13.1 family MER MERTK, NYK, Eyk(ch) NM_006343 NP_006334 2q14.1 TYRO3 RSE, SKY, BRT, DTK, NM_006293 NP_006284 15q15.1-q21.1 TIF DDR DDR1 CAK, TRKE, NEP NM_013993 NP_001945 6p21.3 family NTRK4, EDDR1, PTK3 DDR2 TKT, TYR010, NTRKR3 NM_006182 NP_006173 1q21-q22 EGFR EGFR ERBB, ERBB1 NM_005228 NP_005219 7p12 family ERBB2 HER2, Neu(r), NGL NM_004448 NP_004439 17q11.2-q12 ERBB3 HER3 NM_001982 NP_001973 12q13 ERBB4 HER4 NM_005235 NP_005226 2q33.3-q34 EPH family EPHA1 EPH, EPHT NM_005232 NP_005223 7q32-q36 EPHA2 ECK, Sek(m), Myk2(m) NM_004431 NP_004422 1p34 EPHA3 HEK, ETK1, Tyro4(r), NM_005233 NP_005224 3p11.2 Mek4(m), Cek4(ch) EPHA4 HEK8, Tyro1(r), Sek1(m), NM_004438 NP_004429 2q36qter Cek8(ch) EPHA5 HEK7, Ehk(r), Bsk(r), L36644 P54756 Cek7(ch) EPHA6 DKFZp434C1418, Ehk2(r) AL133666 EPHA7 HEK11, Mdk1(m), NM_004440 NP_004431 6q21 Ebk(m), Ehk3(r), Cek11(ch) EPHA8 HEK3, KIAA1459, Eek(r), AB040892 CAB81612 1q23-q24 Cek10(ch) EPHB1 NET, EPHT2, HEK6, NM_004441 NP_004432 3q21-q23 Elk(r), Cek6(ch) EPHB2 HEK5, ERK, DRT, AF025304 AAB94602 1p36.1-p35 EPHT3, Tyro5(r), Nuk(m), Sek3(m), Cek5(ch) EPHB3 HEK2, Tyro6, Mdk5(m), NM_004443 NP_004434 3q21-qter Sek4(m) EPHB4 HTK, Tyro11(r), NM_004444 NP_004435 Mdk2(m), Myk1 (m) EPHB6 HEP, Mep(m), Cek1(ch) NM_004445 NP_004436 7q33-q35 FGFR FGFR1 FLT2, bFGFR, FLG, N- M34641 AAA35835 8p11.2 family SAM FGFR2 KGFR, K-SAM, Bek(m), NM_000141 NP_000132 10q26 CFD1, JWS, Cek3(ch) FGFR3 HBGFR, ACH, Cek2(ch) NM_000142 NP_000133 4p16.3 FGFR4 NM_002011 NP_002002 5q35.1-qter INSR IGF1R JTK13 NM_000875 NP_000866 15q25-q26 family INSR IR NM_000208 NP_000199 19p13.3-p13.2 INSRR IRR J05046 AAC31759 1q21-q23 MET MET HGFR NM_000245 NP_000236 7q31 Family RON MST1R, CDw136, NM_002447 NP_002438 3p21.3 Fv2(m), STK(m), SEA(ch) MUSK MUSK Nsk2(m), Mlk1(m), NM_005592 NP_005583 9q31.3-q32 family Mk2(m) PDGFR CSF1R FMS, C-FMS, CD115 NM_005211 NP_005202 5q31-q32 family FLT3 FLK2, STK1, CD135 NM_004119 NP_0041110 13q12 KIT Sfr(m), CKIT NM_000222 NP_000213 4q11-q12 PDGFRA NM_006206 NP_006197 4q11-q13 PDGFRB PDGFR, JTK12 NM_002609 NP_002600 5q31-q32 PTK7 PTK7 CCK4, KLG(ch) NM_002821 NP_002812 6p21.2-p12.2 family RET family RET MEN2A/B, HSCR1, X12949 P07949 10q11.2 MTC1 ROR ROR1 NTRKR1 NM_005012 NP_005003 1p32-p31 family ROR2 NTRKR2 NM_004560 NP_004551 ROS family ROS1 MCF3 NM_002944 NP_002935 6q22 RYK RYK Vlk(m), Mrk(m) S59184 AAB263411 3q22 family TIE family TEK TIE2 NM_000459 NP_000450 9p21 TIE TIE1, JTK14 NM_005424 NP_005415 1p34-p33 TRK family NTRK1 TRK, TRKA NM_002529 NP_002520 1q21-q22 NTRK2 TRKB NM_006180 NP_006171 9q22.1 NTRK3 TRKC NM_002530 NP_002521 15q25 VEGFR VEGFR1 FLT1 NM_002019 NP_002010 13q12 family VEGFR2 KDR, FLK1 AAB88005 4q11-q12 VEGFR3 FLT4, PCL NM_002020 NP_002011 5q34-q35 AATYK AATYK AATK, KIAA0641 NM_004920 NP_004911 17q25.3 family AATYK2 KIAA1079 NM_014916 NP_055731 7q21-q22 AATYK3 19q13.2-q13.3

There are numerous advantages to the prime editing—CID system. One such advantage is that it can replace endogenous ligands, which are typically proteins that pose complications in manufacturing, cost, delivery, production, or storage, with drug-like small-molecules that can be orally administered instead of administered by IV or injection, are readily prepared from FDA-approved drugs (or are themselves already drugs), and do not incur special production or storage costs typically associated with protein drugs. Another advantage is that the edit alone should have no physiological effect. The amount of target protein dimerization can be controlled by dosing the small-molecule CID. Further, target protein dimerization is readily and rapidly reversible by adding the monomeric form of the CID. Yet another advantage is that in instances where a single ligand targets multiple receptors, selectivity can be achieved by prime-editing only one receptor. Finally, depending on the delivery method used for prime editing, it may also be possible to restrict editing to a localized tissue or organ, allowing for inducible receptor activation only in specific areas.

If editing efficiencies are high enough with prime editing that two separate editing events could occur at high levels, it would also be possible to tag two proteins of interest with different small-molecule binding domains (such as FKBP and cyclophilin) and induce heterodimerizations with small molecule heterodimers (such as an FK506—cyclosporin A dimer).

The fusion of FKBP12 or other small-molecule binding proteins to native proteins has been accomplished, generally by overexpression from plasmid in tissue culture. Subsequent chemical-induced dimerization has been demonstrated to induce phenotypic changes to cells producing the fusion proteins.

The following references are cited above in the Section G and are incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Crabtree, G. R. & Schreiber, S. L. Three-part inventions:     intracellular signaling and induced proximity. Trends Biochem. Sci.     21,418-22 (1996). -   2. Liu, J. et al. Calcineurin Is a Common Target of A and FKBP-FK506     Complexes. Cell 66, 807-815 (1991). -   3. Keith, C. T. et al. A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting     rapamycin-receptor complex. Nature 369, 756-758 (2003). -   4. Spencer, D. M., Wandless, T. J., Schreiber, S. L. S. &     Crabtree, G. R. Controlling signal transduction with synthetic     ligands. Science 262, 1019-24 (1993). -   5. Pruschy, M. N. et al. Mechanistic studies of a signaling pathway     activated by the organic dimerizer FK1012. Chem. Biol. 1, 163-172     (1994). -   6. Spencer, D. M. et al. Functional analysis of Fas signaling in     vivo using synthetic inducers of dimerization. Curr. Biol. 6,     839-847 (1996). -   7. Belshaw, P. J., Spencer, D. M., Crabtree, G. R. &     Schreiber, S. L. Controlling programmed cell death with a     cyclophilin-cyclosporin-based chemical inducer of dimerization.     Chem. Biol. 3, 731-738 (1996). -   8. Yang, J. X., Symes, K., Mercola, M. & Schreiber, S. L.     Small-molecule control of insulin and PDGF receptor signaling and     the role of membrane attachment. Curr. Biol. 8, 11-18 (1998). -   9. Belshaw, P. J., Ho, S. N., Crabtree, G. R. & Schreiber, S. L.     Controlling protein association and subcellular localization with a     synthetic ligand that induces heterodimerization of proteins. Proc.     Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 4604-4607 (2002). -   10. Stockwell, B. R. & Schreiber, S. L. Probing the role of     homomeric and heteromeric receptor interactions in TGF-β signaling     using small molecule dimerizers. Curr. Biol. 8, 761-773 (2004). -   11. Spencer, D. M., Graef, I., Austin, D. J., Schreiber, S. L. &     Crabtree, G. R. A general strategy for producing conditional alleles     of Src-like tyrosine kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, 9805-9809     (2006). -   12. Holsinger, L. J., Spencer, D. M., Austin, D. J.,     Schreiber, S. L. & Crabtree, G. R. Signal transduction in T     lymphocytes using a conditional allele of Sos. Proc. Natl. Acad.     Sci. 92, 9810-9814 (2006). -   13. Myers, M. G. Insulin Signal Transduction and the IRS Proteins.     Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36, 615-658 (1996). -   14. Watowich, S. S. The erythropoietin receptor: Molecular structure     and hematopoietic signaling pathways. J. Investig. Med. 59,     1067-1072 (2011). -   15. Blau, C. A., Peterson, K. R., Drachman, J. G. & Spencer, D. M. A     proliferation switch for genetically modified cells. Proc. Natl.     Acad. Sci. 94, 3076-3081 (2002). -   16. Clackson, T. et al. Redesigning an FKBP-ligand interface to     generate chemical dimerizers with novel specificity. Proc. Natl.     Acad. Sci. 95, 10437-10442 (1998). -   17. Diver, S. T. & Schreiber, S. L. Single-step synthesis of     cell-permeable protein dimerizers that activate signal transduction     and gene expression. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 5106-5109 (1997). -   18. Guo, Z. F., Zhang, R. & Liang, F. Sen. Facile functionalization     of FK506 for biological studies by the thiol-ene ‘click’ reaction.     RSC Adv. 4, 11400-11403 (2014). -   19. Robinson, D. R., Wu, Y.-M. & Lin, S.-F. The protein tyrosine     kinase family of the human genome. Oncogene 19, 5548-5557 (2000).

L. Use of Prime Editing for Cell Data Recording

The prime editors and the resulting genomic modifications can also be used to study and record cellular processes and development. For example, the prime editors described herein may be used to record the presence and duration of a stimulus to a cell by providing to the cell a first nucleic acid sequence that encodes a fusion protein with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase, and providing the cell at least a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes a PEgRNA. Either the first, the second, or both nucleic acid sequences are operably linked to inducible promoters that are responsive to the cell stimulus such that it induces expression of the fusion protein and/or the PEgRNA thereby causing the modification of a target sequence within the cell.

The prime editors described herein can also be used for cellular barcoding and lineage tracing. For example, by barcoding each cell with a unique genomic barcode, the prime editor can help reveal the cell lineage map by allowing the construction of phylogenetic trees based on the modifications made in one or more target sequence. Starting from progenitor cells, the prime editor system can enable building a cell-fate map for single cells in a whole organism, which can be deciphered by analyzing the modifications made in one or more target sequence. The method for tracing the linage of cells can include providing a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein with a napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase, and providing at least one second nucleic acid encoding a PEgRNA. A unique cellular barcode can be generated using the fusion protein and the PEgRNA to create one or more modifications in one or more target sequence, thereby allowing the linage of any cell that arises from the first cell to be traced using the unique cellular barcode. The use of prime editors for both cell data recording and linage tracing is further described in Example 13.

The prime editors can do perform both lineage tracing and cellular signaling recording by modifying genomic target sequences or integrated pre-designed sequences. Prime editors use a synthetic fusion protein comprising a Cas9 nickase fragment (including but not limited to the SpCas9 H840A variant) and a reverse transcriptase domain, along with an engineered prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA). Together, these components target a specific genomic sequence or integrated pre-designed sequence and install a pre-determined edit. Because the PEgRNA specifies both the target genomic sequence and the edited outcome, highly specific and controlled genome modification can be achieved simultaneously using multiple PEgRNA within the same cell. Accessible genome modifications include all single nucleotide substitutions, small- to medium-sized sequence insertions, and small- to medium-sized deletions. The versatility of this genome editing technology can enable temporally coupled, signal-specific recording within cells.

The use of prime editors for cell data recording can include compositions (e.g., nucleic acids), cells, systems, kits, and methods for recording the strength and/or duration of endogenous or exogenous stimuli over the course of a cell's lifetime. The cell data recording system can include a fusion protein consisting of a napDNAbp (e.g., a Cas9 domain) and a reverse transcriptase operably linked to a promoter that induces the expression of the fusion protein to induce changes by creating targeted and sequence-specified genomic insertions, deletions, or mutations in response to a stimulus or change in the cell. In contrast to digital memory devices that store information (e.g., the presence or absence of a stimulus) in one of two distinct states (i.e., “on” or “off”), these cell data recorders can induce permanent marks in cellular DNA in a manner that reflects both the strength (i.e., amplitude) and duration of one or more stimuli. Thus, in some aspects, cell data recording systems have the ability to simultaneously record multiple cell states, including, for example, exposure to a small molecule, a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, a metabolite, an inorganic molecule, an organometallic molecule, an organic molecule, a drug or drug candidate, a sugar, a lipid, a metal, a nucleic acid, a molecule produced during the activation of an endogenous or an exogenous signaling cascade, light, heat, sound, pressure, mechanical stress, shear stress, or a virus or other microorganism. These cell data recorders can employ sequencing technologies (e.g., high-throughput sequencing) to measure readout (e.g., changes in cellular DNA) and are not dependent on large cell populations for both the recording of a stimulus or the readout of the change(s) in cellular DNA induced by the stimulus.

In general, the cell data recorder systems provided herein for use in a cell comprise a fusion protein consisting of a napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the fusion plasmid is operably linked to a promoter (e.g., an inducible promoter or a constitutive promoter). When a stimulus is present, or a change in cell state occurs, the stimulus induces the expression of the fusion protein. Also present within the cell are one or more nucleic acids encoding at least one PEgRNA that associate with the napDNAbp and directs the napDNAbp or the fusion protein to a target sequence (i.e., the PEgRNA is complementary to a target sequence). The nucleic acid encoding PEgRNA may also be, or may alternatively be, operably linked to a promoter (e.g., an inducible promoter or a constitutive promoter). Under the correct stimulus, or correct set of stimuli, both the fusion protein and the PEgRNA are expressed in the cell, and the PEgRNA associates with the fusion protein to direct it to a target sequence. This target sequence records the activity of the prime editor, thereby recording the presence of a stimulus, or a set of stimuli, or a change in cell state. More than one PEgRNA sequence can also be present in the cell, and these additional PEgRNA sequences, which can direct the fusion protein to distinct target sequences, can each be operably linked to a promoter that senses the presence of a different stimulus, allowing complex cell data recorder systems to be constructed for the ordered recording of the presence and duration of a stimulus, or set of stimuli. In some cases, one or more of the components of the cell data recorder system (e.g., fusion protein and PEgRNA) may be constitutively expressed in the cell. Exemplary components of the cell data recorder system for use with the compositions are described herein. Additional suitable combinations of components provided herein will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art based on this disclosure and knowledge in the field, and thus are embraced by the scope of this disclosure.

Repeated modification of a DNA target that can be sequenced by targeted amplicon sequencing and/or RNA sequencing (which is particular value for single cell recording experiments) can be used to record a host of important biological processes, including activation of signaling cascades, metabolic states, and cellular differentiation programs. Connecting internal and external cellular signals to sequence modification in the genome is possible for any signal for which a signal responsive promotor exists. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter suitable for use in a prokaryotic system (i.e., a bacterial promoter).

In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter suitable for use in a eukaryotic system (i.e., a eukaryotic promoter). In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter suitable for use in a mammalian (e.g., human) system (i.e., a mammalian promoter). In some embodiments, the promoter is induced by a stimulus (i.e., an inducible promoter). In some embodiments, the stimulus is a small molecule, a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, a metabolite, an inorganic molecule, an organometallic molecule, an organic molecule, a drug or drug candidate, a sugar, a lipid, a metal, a nucleic acid, a molecule produced during the activation of an endogenous or an exogenous signaling cascade, light, heat, sound, pressure, mechanical stress, shear stress, or a virus or other microorganism, change in pH, or change in oxidation/reduction state. In some embodiments, the stimulus is a light. In some embodiments, the stimulus is a virus. In some embodiments, the stimulus is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the stimulus is an antibiotic. In some embodiments, the stimulus is anhydrotetracycline or doxycycline. In some embodiments, the stimulus is a sugar. In some embodiments, the stimulus is arabinose, rhamnose, or IPTG. In some embodiments, the stimulus is a signaling molecule produced during an activated signaling cascade (e.g., beta-catenin produced during an activated Wnt signaling cascade). Additional promoters that detect signaling molecules can be generated to induce the expression of the nucleic acid sequence operably linked to the promoter, for example, promoters that record an endogenous pathway, including immune response (IL-2 promoter), a cAMP responsive element (CREB), NFκB signaling, interferon response, P53 (DNA damage), Sox2, TGF-β signaling (SMAD), Erk (e.g., from an activated Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk cascade), PI3K/AKT (e.g., from an activated Ras/PI3K/Akt cascade), heat shock, Notch signaling, Oct4, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor, or an AP-1 transcription factor. In some embodiments, the promoter is a constitutive promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter listed in Table 3. Additional suitable promoters for use in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art based on this disclosure and knowledge in the field, and are within the scope of the present disclosure.

Prime editors can also be used to trace cellular lineages. Repeated sequence modifications can be used to generate unique cellular barcodes to track individual cells. The arrays of barcodes, their order, and size can all be used to infer cellular lineages. For example, the insertion of homology sequences (i.e., sequences 3′ of the Cas9 nick location), and in particular homology sequences with associated barcodes, appear to be particularly useful lineage prime editor strategies. These systems can be designed such that successive rounds of editing result in the insertion of a barcode from a PEgRNA cassette that cannot be modified by other PEgRNA editing events in the same cell. The barcoding system can utilize multiple barcodes that can be associated with a given stimulus. This system can preserve the majority of the target protospacers but alter the seed sequence, PAM, and downstream adjacent nucleotides. This enables multiple signals to be connected to one editing locus without significant re-designing of the PEgRNAs being used. The strategy can enable multiplexed barcode insertions in response to a large number of cellular stimuli (either internal or external) at a single locus. It could enable the recording of intensity, duration, and order of as many signals as there exist unique barcodes (which can be designed with multiple N nucleotides to generate 4{circumflex over ( )}N possible barcodes, for example a 5-nt barcode would enable recording of 4{circumflex over ( )}5 or 1024 unique signals at once). This system can be used both in vitro and in vivo.

M. Use of Prime Editing to Modulate Biomolecule Activity

The use of prime editors described herein may also be used to regulate the subcellular localization and modification states of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Specific biological functions, like transcriptional control, cellular metabolism, and signal transduction cascades, are carefully orchestrated in particular locations within the cell. The ability to traffic proteins to these and other unique cellular compartments could provide an opportunity to alter a number of biological processes.

Accordingly, prime editing can be used to install genetically encoded handles that will allow for altered modification states and the subcellular trafficking of biomolecules with a genetically encoded signal (e.g. proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids). In various embodiments, the target biomolecules for prime editor-mediated medication are DNA. For example, DNA could be modified by installing a number of DNA sequences that change the accessibility of the target locus, which could lead to either increased or decreased transcription of desired sequences. In other embodiments, the target biomolecules for prime editor-mediated medication are RNA. For example, the activity of RNA can be modified by changing its cellular localization, interacting partners, structural dynamics, or thermodynamics of folding. In yet other embodiments, the target biomolecules for prime editor-mediated medication are protein. Proteins can be modified to impact post-translational modifications, protein motifs can be installed to change the subcellular localization of the protein, or proteins can be modified to either create or destroy their ability to exist within protein-protein complexation events.

This application of prime editing can be further described in Example 14.

DNA Modifications

One target biomolecule for PE-mediated modification is DNA. Modifications to DNA could be made to install a number of DNA sequences that change the accessibility of the target locus. Chromatin accessibility controls gene transcriptional output. Installation of marks to recruit chromatin compacting enzymes should decrease the transcriptional output of neighboring genes, while installation of sequences associated with chromatin opening should make regions more accessible and in turn increase transcription. Installation of more complex sequence motifs that mirror native regulatory sequences should provide more nuanced and biologically sensitive control than the currently available dCas9 fusions to different epigenetic reader, writer, or eraser enzymes—tools that typically install large numbers of a single type of mark that may not have a particular biological antecedent. Installation of sequences that will bring two loci into close proximity, or bring loci into contact with the nuclear membrane, should also alter the transcriptional output of those loci as has been demonstrated in the burgeoning field of 3-D genomic architecture.

RNA Modifications

Modifications to RNAs can also be made to alter their activity by changing their cellular localization, interacting partners, structural dynamics, or thermodynamics of folding. Installation of motifs that will cause translational pausing or frameshifting could change the abundance of mRNA species through various mRNA processing mechanisms. Modifying consensus splice sequences would also alter the abundance and prevalence of different RNA species. Changing the relative ratio of different splice isoforms would predictably lead to a change in the ratio of protein translation products, and this could be used to alter many biological pathways. For instance, shifting the balance of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA repair proteins would alter the resilience of different cancers to chemotherapeutic reagents. Furthermore, RNAs could be modified with sequences that enable binding to novel protein targets. A number of RNA aptamers have been developed that bind with high affinity to cellular proteins. Installation of one of these aptamers could be used to either sequester different RNA species through binding to a protein target that will prevent their translation, biological activity, or to bring RNA species to specific subcellular compartments. Biomolecule degradation is another class of localization modification.

For example, RNA methylation is used to regulate RNAs within the cell. Consensus motifs for methylation could be introduced into target RNA coding sequences with PE. RNAs could also be modified to include sequences that direct nonsense mediated decay machinery or other nucleic acid metabolism pathways to degrade the target RNA species would change the pool of RNAs in a cell. Additionally, RNA species could be modified to alter their aggregation state. Sequences could be installed on single RNAs of interest or multiple RNAs to generate RNA tangles that would render them ineffective substrates for translation or signaling.

Protein Modifications

Modifications to proteins via post-translational modification (PTM) also represent an important class of biomolecule manipulation that can be carried out with PE. As with RNA species, changing the abundance of proteins in a cell is an important capability of PE. Editing can be done to install stop codons in an open reading frame—this will eliminate full-length product from being produced by the edited DNA sequence. Alternatively, peptide motifs can be installed that cause the rate of protein degradation to be altered for a target protein. Installation of degradation tags into a gene body could be used to alter the abundance of a protein in a cell. Moreover, introduction of degrons that are induced by small molecules could enable temporal control over protein degradation. This could have important implications for both research and therapeutics as researchers could readily assess whether small molecule-mediated therapeutic protein degradation of a given target was a viable therapeutic strategy. Protein motifs could also be installed to change the subcellular localization of a protein. Amino acid motifs can be installed to preferentially traffic proteins to a number of subcellular compartments including the nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, peroxisome, lysosome, proteasome, exosome, and others.

Installing or destroying motifs modified by PTM machinery can alter protein post-translational modifications. Phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, lipidation (e.g. farnesylation, myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, GPI anchors), hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, crotonylation, SUMOylation, disulfide bond formations, side chain bond cleavage events, polypeptide backbone cleavage events (proteolysis), and a number of other protein PTMs have been identified. These PTMs change protein function, often by changing subcellular localization. Indeed, kinases often activate downstream signaling cascades via phosphorylation events. Removal of the target phosphosite would prevent signal transduction. The ability to site-specifically ablate or install any PTM motif while retaining full-length protein expression would be an important advance for both basic research and therapeutics. The sequence installation scope and target window of PE make it well suited for broad PTM modification space.

Removal of lipidation sites should prevent the trafficking of proteins to cell membranes. A major limitation to current therapeutics that target post-translational modification processes is their specificity. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors have been tested extensively for their ability to eliminate KRAS localization at cell membranes. Unfortunately, global inhibition of farnesylation comes with numerous off target effects that have prevented broad use of these small molecules. Similarly, specific inhibition of protein kinases with small molecules can be very challenging due to the large size of the human genome and similarities between various kinases. PE offers a potential solution to this specificity problem, as it enables inhibition of modification of the target protein by ablation of the modification site instead of global enzyme inhibition. For example, removal of the lapidated peptide motif in KRAS would be a targeted approach that could be used in place of farnesyl transferase inhibition. This approach is the functional inverse of inhibiting a target protein activity by installing a lipid-targeting motif on a protein not designed to be membrane bound.

PE can also be used to instigate protein-protein complexation events. Proteins often function within complexes to execute their biological activity. PE can be used to either create or destroy the ability of proteins to exist within these complexes. To eliminate complex formation events, amino acid substitutions or insertions along the protein: protein interface could be installed to disfavor complexation. SSX18 is a protein component of the BAF complex, an important histone-remodeling complex. Mutations in SSX18 drive synovial sarcomas. PE could be used to install side chains that prevent SSX18 from binding to its protein partners in the complex to prevent its oncogenic activity. PE could also be used to remove the pathogenic mutations to restore WT activity of this protein. Alternatively, PE could be used to keep proteins within either their native complex or to drag them to participate in interactions that are unrelated to their native activity to inhibit their activity. Forming complexes that maintain one interaction state over another could represent an important therapeutic modality. Altering protein: protein interfaces to decrease the Kd of the interaction would keep those proteins stuck to one another longer. As protein complexes can have multiple signaling complexes, like n-myc driving neuroblastoma signaling cascades in disease but otherwise participating in healthy transcriptional control in other cells. PE could be used to install mutations that drive n-myc association with healthy interactions partners and decrease its affinity for oncogenic interaction partners.

REFERENCES CITED IN SECTION I

Each of the following references are incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Selective Target Protein Degradation via Phthalimide Conjugation.     Winter et al. Science. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 Jul.     8. -   2. Reversible disruption of mSWI/SNF (BAF) complexes by the SS18-SSX     oncogenic fusion in synovial sarcoma. Kadoch and Crabtree. Cell.     2013 Mar. 28; 153(1):71-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ce11.2013.02.036. -   3. Ribosomal frameshifting and transcriptional slippage: From     genetic steganography and cryptography to adventitious use. Atkins     et al. Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 44, Issue 15, 6 Sep. 2016,     Pages 7007-7078. -   4. Transcriptional Regulation and its Misregulation in Disease. Lee     and Young. Cell. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Mar. 14. -   5. Protein localization in disease and therapy. Mien-Chie Hung,     Wolfgang Link Journal of Cell Science 2011 124: 3381-3392. -   6. Loss of post-translational modification sites in disease. Li et     al. Pac Symp Biocomput. 2010:337-47. PTMD: A Database of Human     Disease-associated Post-translational Modifications. Xu et al.     Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2018 August; 16(4):244-251. Epub     2018 Sep. 21. -   7. Post-transcriptional gene regulation by mRNA modifications. Zhao     et al. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology volumel8, pages31-42     (2017).

N. Improved Design Aspects of PEgRNAs for Prime Editing

In other embodiments, the prime editing system may include the use of PEgRNA designs and strategies that can improve prime editing efficiency. These strategies seek to overcome some issues that exist because of the multi-step process required for prime editing. For example, unfavorable RNA structures that can form within the PEgRNA can result in the inhibition of DNA edits being copied from the PEgRNA into the genomic locus. These limitations could be overcome through the redesign and engineering of the PEgRNA component. These redesigns could improve prime editor efficiency, and could allow the installation of longer inserted sequences into the genome.

Accordingly, in various embodiments, the PEgRNA designs can result in longer PEgRNAs by enabling efficient expression of functional PEgRNAs from non-polymerase III (pol III) promoters, which would avoid the need for burdensome sequence requirements. In other embodiments, the core, Cas9-binding PEgRNA scaffold can be improved to improve efficacy of the system. In yet other embodiments, modifications can be made to the PEgRNA to improve reverse transcriptase (RT) processivity, which would enable the insertion of longer sequences at the targeted genomic loci. In other embodiments, RNA motifs can be added to the 5′ and/or 3′ termini of the PEgRNA to improve stability, enhance RT processivity, prevent misfolding of the PEgRNA, and/or recruit additional factors important for genome editing. In yet another embodiment, a platform is provided for the evolution of PEgRNAs for a given sequence target that could improve the PEgRNA scaffold and enhance prime editor efficiency. These designs could be used to improve any PEgRNA recognized by any Cas9 or evolved variant thereof.

This application of prime editing can be further described in Example 15.

The PEgRNAs may include additional design improvements that may modify the properties and/or characteristics of PEgRNAs thereby improving the efficacy of prime editing. In various embodiments, these improvements may belong to one or more of a number of different categories, including but not limited to: (1) designs to enable efficient expression of functional PEgRNAs from non-polymerase III (pol III) promoters, which would enable the expression of longer PEgRNAs without burdensome sequence requirements; (2) improvements to the core, Cas9-binding PEgRNA scaffold, which could improve efficacy; (3) modifications to the PEgRNA to improve RT processivity, enabling the insertion of longer sequences at targeted genomic loci; and (4) addition of RNA motifs to the 5′ or 3′ termini of the PEgRNA that improve PEgRNA stability, enhance RT processivity, prevent misfolding of the PEgRNA, or recruit additional factors important for genome editing.

In one embodiment, PEgRNA could be designed with polIII promoters to improve the expression of longer-length PEgRNA with larger extension arms. sgRNAs are typically expressed from the U6 snRNA promoter. This promoter recruits pol III to express the associated RNA and is useful for expression of short RNAs that are retained within the nucleus. However, pol III is not highly processive and is unable to express RNAs longer than a few hundred nucleotides in length at the levels required for efficient genome editing. Additionally, pol III can stall or terminate at stretches of U's, potentially limiting the sequence diversity that could be inserted using a PEgRNA. Other promoters that recruit polymerase II (such as pCMV) or polymerase I (such as the U1 snRNA promoter) have been examined for their ability to express longer sgRNAs. However, these promoters are typically partially transcribed, which would result in extra sequence 5′ of the spacer in the expressed PEgRNA, which has been shown to result in markedly reduced Cas9:sgRNA activity in a site-dependent manner. Additionally, while pol III-transcribed PEgRNAs can simply terminate in a run of 6-7 U's, PEgRNAs transcribed from pol II or pol I would require a different termination signal. Often such signals also result in polyadenylation, which would result in undesired transport of the PEgRNA from the nucleus. Similarly, RNAs expressed from pol II promoters such as pCMV are typically 5′-capped, also resulting in their nuclear export.

Previously, Rinn and coworkers screened a variety of expression platforms for the production of long-noncoding RNA-(lncRNA) tagged sgRNAs¹⁸³. These platforms include RNAs expressed from pCMV and that terminate in the ENE element from the MALAT1 ncRNA from humans¹⁸⁴, the PAN ENE element from KSHV¹⁸⁵, or the 3′ box from U1 snRNA¹⁸⁶. Notably, the MALAT1 ncRNA and PAN ENEs form triple helices protecting the polyA-tail ^(184, 187). These constructs could also enhance RNA stability. It is contemplated that these expression systems will also enable the expression of longer PEgRNAs.

In addition, a series of methods have been designed for the cleavage of the portion of the pol II promoter that would be transcribed as part of the PEgRNA, adding either a self-cleaving ribozyme such as the hammerhead¹⁸⁸, pistol¹⁸⁹, hatchet¹⁸⁹, hairpin¹⁹⁰, VS¹⁹¹, twister¹⁹², or twister sister¹⁹² ribozymes, or other self-cleaving elements to process the transcribed guide, or a hairpin that is recognized by Csy4¹⁹³ and also leads to processing of the guide. Also, it is hypothesized that incorporation of multiple ENE motifs could lead to improved PEgRNA expression and stability, as previously demonstrated for the KSHV PAN RNA and element¹⁸⁵. It is also anticipated that circularizing the PEgRNA in the form of a circular intronic RNA (ciRNA) could also lead to enhanced RNA expression and stability, as well as nuclear localization¹⁹⁴.

In various embodiments, the PEgRNA may include various above elements, as exemplified by the following sequence.

Non-limiting example 1 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairpin, the PEgRNA, and  MALAT1 ENE (SEQ ID NO: 501) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTAGGGTCATGAAGGTTTTTCTTTTCCTGAGA AAACAACACGTATTGTTTTCTCAGGTTTTGCTTTTTGGCCTTTTTCTAGCT TAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAAAAGATGCTGGTGGTTGGCACTCCTGGTTTCCAG GACGGGGTTCAAATCCCTGCGGCGTCTTTGCTTTGACT Non-limiting example 2 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairing, the PEgRNA, and  PAN ENE (SEQ ID NO: 502) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACC GGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGA AAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAAC TAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAA TCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Non-limiting example 3 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairing, the PEgRNA, and  3xPAN ENE (SEQ ID NO: 503) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACC GGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGA AAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAAC TAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAA TCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACACACTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCT TGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGT GTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGCCTAGAGCT CAAATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAAGGT CAATGTTTAATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATCTCTCTGTTTTGGCTG GGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTT TTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGT GCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACAT AAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Non-limiting example 4 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairing, the PEgRNA, and  3′ box  (SEQ ID NO: 504) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTGTTTCAAAAGTAGACTGTACGCTAAGGGTCA TATCTTTTTTTGTTTGGTTTGTGTCTTGGTTGGCGTCTTAAA Non-limiting example 5 - PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pU1, Csy4 hairping, the PEgRNA, and  3′ box (SEQ ID NO: 505) CTAAGGACCAGCTTCTTTGGGAGAGAACAGACGCAGGGGCGGGAGGGAAAA AGGGAGAGGCAGACGTCACTTCCCCTTGGCGGCTCTGGCAGCAGATTGGTC GGTTGAGTGGCAGAAAGGCAGACGGGGACTGGGCAAGGCACTGTCGGTGAC ATCACGGACAGGGCGACTTCTATGTAGATGAGGCAGCGCAGAGGCTGCTGC TTCGCCACTTGCTGCTTCACCACGAAGGAGTTCCCGTGCCCTGGGAGCGGG TTCAGGACCGCTGATCGGAAGTGAGAATCCCAGCTGTGTGTCAGGGCTGGA AAGGGCTCGGGAGTGCGCGGGGCAAGTGACCGTGTGTGTAAAGAGTGAGGC GTATGAGGCTGTGTCGGGGCAGAGGCCCAAGATCTCAGTTCACTGCCGTAT AGGCAGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTT AAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCC TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTCAGCAAGTTCAGAGAAATCTGA ACTTGCTGGATTTTTGGAGCAGGGAGATGGAATAGGAGCTTGCTCCGTCCA CTCCACGCATCGACCTGGTATTGCAGTACCTCCAGGAACGGTGCACCCACT TTCTGGAGTTTCAAAAGTAGACTGTACGCTAAGGGTCATATCTTTTTTTGT TTGGTTTGTGTCTTGGTTGGCGTCTTAAA

In various other embodiments, the PEgRNA may be improved by introducing improvements to the scaffold or core sequences. This can be done by introducing known

The core, Cas9-binding PEgRNA scaffold can likely be improved to enhance PE activity. Several such approaches have already been demonstrated. For instance, the first pairing element of the scaffold (P1) contains a GTTTT-AAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 3939) pairing element. Such runs of Ts have been shown to result in pol III pausing and premature termination of the RNA transcript. Rational mutation of one of the T-A pairs to a G-C pair in this portion of P1 has been shown to enhance sgRNA activity, suggesting this approach would also be feasible for PEgRNAs¹⁹⁵. Additionally, increasing the length of P1 has also been shown to enhance sgRNA folding and lead to improved activityl⁹⁵, suggesting it as another avenue for the improvement of PEgRNA activity. Example improvements to the core can include:

PEgRNA containing a 6 nt extension to P1 (SEQ ID NO: 228) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGCTCATGAAAATGAGCTAG CAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGT CGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTTTT PEgRNA containing a T-A to G-C mutation within P1 (SEQ ID NO: 229) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTGAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTTAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCC ATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTTTT

In various other embodiments, the PEgRNA may be improved by introducing modifications to the edit template region. As the size of the insertion templated by the PEgRNA increases, it is more likely to be degraded by endonucleases, undergo spontaneous hydrolysis, or fold into secondary structures unable to be reverse-transcribed by the RT or that disrupt folding of the PEgRNA scaffold and subsequent Cas9-RT binding. Accordingly, it is likely that modification to the template of the PEgRNA might be necessary to affect large insertions, such as the insertion of whole genes. Some strategies to do so include the incorporation of modified nucleotides within a synthetic or semi-synthetic PEgRNA that render the RNA more resistant to degradation or hydrolysis or less likely to adopt inhibitory secondary structures¹⁹⁶. Such modifications could include 8-aza-7-deazaguanosine, which would reduce RNA secondary structure in G-rich sequences; locked-nucleic acids (LNA) that reduce degradation and enhance certain kinds of RNA secondary structure; 2′-O-methyl, 2′-fluoro, or 2′-O-methoxyethoxy modifications that enhance RNA stability. Such modifications could also be included elsewhere in the PEgRNA to enhance stability and activity. Alternatively or additionally, the template of the PEgRNA could be designed such that it both encodes for a desired protein product and is also more likely to adopt simple secondary structures that are able to be unfolded by the RT. Such simple structures would act as a thermodynamic sink, making it less likely that more complicated structures that would prevent reverse transcription would occur. Finally, one could also split the template into two, separate PEgRNAs. In such a design, a PE would be used to initiate transcription and also recruit a separate template RNA to the targeted site via an RNA-binding protein fused to Cas9 or an RNA recognition element on the PEgRNA itself such as the MS2 aptamer. The RT could either directly bind to this separate template RNA, or initiate reverse transcription on the original PEgRNA before swapping to the second template. Such an approach could enable long insertions by both preventing misfolding of the PEgRNA upon addition of the long template and also by not requiring dissociation of Cas9 from the genome for long insertions to occur, which could possibly be inhibiting PE-based long insertions.

In still other embodiments, the PEgRNA may be improved by introducing additional RNA motifs at the 5′ and 3′ termini of the PEgRNAs. Several such motifs—such as the PAN ENE from KSHV and the ENE from MALAT1 were discussed above as possible means to terminate expression of longer PEgRNAs from non-pol III promoters. These elements form RNA triple helices that engulf the polyA tail, resulting in their being retained within the nucleus^(184,187). However, by forming complex structures at the 3′ terminus of the PEgRNA that occlude the terminal nucleotide, these structures would also likely help prevent exonuclease-mediated degradation of PEgRNAs.

Other structural elements inserted at the 3′ terminus could also enhance RNA stability, albeit without enabling termination from non-pol III promoters. Such motifs could include hairpins or RNA quadruplexes that would occlude the 3′ terminus¹⁹⁷, or self-cleaving ribozymes such as HDV that would result in the formation of a 2′-3′-cyclic phosphate at the 3′ terminus and also potentially render the PEgRNA less likely to be degraded by exonucleases¹⁹⁸. Inducing the PEgRNA to cyclize via incomplete splicing—to form a ciRNA—could also increase PEgRNA stability and result in the PEgRNA being retained within the nucleus¹⁹⁴.

Additional RNA motifs could also improve RT processivity or enhance PEgRNA activity by enhancing RT binding to the DNA-RNA duplex. Addition of the native sequence bound by the RT in its cognate retroviral genome could enhance RT activityl⁹⁹. This could include the native primer binding site (PBS), polypurine tract (PPT), or kissing loops involved in retroviral genome dimerization and initiation of transcription¹⁹⁹.

Addition of dimerization motifs—such as kissing loops or a GNRA tetraloop/tetraloop receptor pair²⁰⁰—at the 5′ and 3′ termini of the PEgRNA could also result in effective circularization of the PEgRNA, improving stability. Additionally, it is envisioned that addition of these motifs could enable the physical separation of the PEgRNA spacer and primer, prevention occlusion of the spacer which would hinder PE activity. Short 5′ or 3′ extensions to the PEgRNA that form a small toehold hairpin in the spacer region could also compete favorably against the annealing region of the PEgRNA binding the spacer. Finally, kissing loops could also be used to recruit other template RNAs to the genomic site and enable swapping of RT activity from one RNA to the other. Example improvements include, but are not limited to:

PEgRNA-HDV fusion (SEQ ID NO: 230) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCC ATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGGGCCGGCATGGTCCCAGCCTCCTCGCTGGCG CCGGCTGGGCAACATGCTTCGGCATGGCGAATGGGACTTTTTTT PEgRNA-MMLV kissing loop (SEQ ID NO: 231) GGTGGGAGACGTCCCACCGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGA CCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTGGTGGGA GACGTCCCACCTTTTTTT PEgRNA-VS ribozyme kissing loop (SEQ ID NO: 232) GAGCAGCATGGCGTCGCTGCTCACGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAG AGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAA GTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTC CATCAGTTGACACCCTGAGGTTTTTTT PEgRNA-GNRA tetraloop/tetraloop receptor (SEQ ID NO: 233) GCAGACCTAAGTGGUGACATATGGTCTGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTT TTAGAGCTAUACGTAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTUA CGAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAG TCTGCATGCGATTAGAAATAATCGCATGTTTTTTT PEgRNA template switching secondary RNA-HDV fusion (SEQ ID NO: 234) TCTGCCATCAAAGCTGCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTGGTGGGAGACGTCCCACCG GCCGGCATGGTCCCAGCCTCCTCGCTGGCGCCGGCTGGGCAACATGCTTCG GCATGGCGAATGGGACTTTTTTT

PEgRNA scaffold could be further improved via directed evolution, in an analogous fashion to how SpCas9 and prime editor (PE) have been improved. Directed evolution could enhance PEgRNA recognition by Cas9 or evolved Cas9 variants. Additionally, it is likely that different PEgRNA scaffold sequences would be optimal at different genomic loci, either enhancing PE activity at the site in question, reducing off-target activities, or both. Finally, evolution of PEgRNA scaffolds to which other RNA motifs have been added would almost certainly improve the activity of the fused PEgRNA relative to the unevolved, fusion RNA. For instance, evolution of allosteric ribozymes composed of c-di-GMP-I aptamers and hammerhead ribozymes led to dramatically improved activity²⁰², suggesting that evolution would improve the activity of hammerhead-PEgRNA fusions as well. In addition, while Cas9 currently does not generally tolerate 5′ extension of the sgRNA, directed evolution will likely generate enabling mutations that mitigate this intolerance, allowing additional RNA motifs to be utilized.

The present disclosure contemplates any such ways to further improve the efficacy of the prime editing systems disclosed here.

O. Use of Prime Editing with Expanded Targeting Scope

Prime editing (PE) using Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) can efficiently install all single base substitutions, insertions, deletions, and combinations thereof at genomic loci where there is a suitably-placed NGG protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) that SpCas9 can efficiently bind. However, in another aspect the methods described herein broaden the targeting capability of PE by expanding the accessible PAMs and, therefore, the targetable genomic loci accessible for efficient PE. Prime editors using RNA-guided DNA binding proteins other than SpCas9 enable an expanded targettable scope of genomic loci by allowing access to different PAMs. In addition, use of RNA-guided DNA binding proteins smaller than SpCas9 also allows for more efficient viral delivery. PE with Cas proteins or other RNA-guided DNA binding proteins beyond SpCas9 will allow for high efficiency therapeutic edits that were either inaccessible or inefficient using SpCas9-based PE.

This is expected to be used in situations where SpCas9-based PE is either inefficient due to non-ideal spacing of an edit to relative to an NGG PAM or the overall size of the SpCas9-based construct is prohibitive for cellular expression and/or delivery. Specific disease-relevant loci such as the Huntingtin gene, which has few and poorly located NGG PAMs for SpCas9 near the target region, can easily be targeted using different Cas proteins in the PE system such as SpCas9-VRQR which recognizes an NGA PAM. Smaller Cas proteins will be used to generate smaller PE constructs that can be packaged into AAV vectors more efficiently, enabling better delivery to target tissues. FIG. 61 shows the reduction to practice of prime editing using Staphylococcus aureus CRISPR-Cas as the RNA-guided DNA binding protein. NT is untreated control.

FIGS. 62A-62B provide a demonstration of the importance of the protospacer for efficient installation of a desired edit at a precise location with prime editing. This highlights the importance of alternate PAMs and protospacers as novel features of this technology. “n.d.” in FIG. 62A is “not detected.”

FIG. 63 shows the reduction to practice of PE using SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR and SpCas9(H840A)-VRER as the RNA-guided DNA binding protein in a prime editor system. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR napDNAbp is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 87. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRER napDNAbp is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 88. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRER-MMLV RT fusion protein is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 516, wherein the MMLV RT comprises the D200N, L603W, T330P, T306K, and W313F substitutions relative to the wild type MMLV RT. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR-MMLV RT fusion protein is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 515, wherein the MMLV RT comprises the D200N, L603W, T330P, T306K, and W313F substitutions relative to the wild type MMLV RT. Seven different loci in the human genome are targeted: 4 with the SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR-MMLV RT prime editor system and 3 with the SpCas9(H840A)-VRER-MMLV RT system. The amino acid sequences of the tested constructs are as follows:

SACAS9-M-MLV MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVGKRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETR RT PRIME EDITOR DVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSKRGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKK LLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSAALLHLA KRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYVAELQLE RLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFID TYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPE ELRSVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLEYYEKFQIIEN VFKQKKKPTLKQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYH DIKDITARKEIIENAELLDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQE EIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLSLKAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKL VPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFIQSIKVINAIIKKYG LPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGK ENAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDHII PRSVSFDNSFNNKVLVKQEEASKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETF KKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDINRFSVQKDFINRNLVD TRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKWKFK KERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMF EEKQAESMPEIETEQEYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKK PNRELINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTLIVNNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLIN KSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDEKNPLYKYYEETGN YLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRNKVVK LSLKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYE EAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYNNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIE VNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPRIIKTIASKTQSIKKYSTDILGNL YEVKSKKHPQIIKKGSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSG GSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGL AVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGIL VPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVP NPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWR DPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDL ILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQ ICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREF LGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEI KQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRR PVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVI LAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVV ALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHT WYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAEL IALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSE GKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRM ADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKR KV (SEQ ID NO: 514) SPCAS9(H840A)- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEY VRQR-MALONEY KVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTAR MURINE RRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH LEUKEMIA VIRUS ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL REVERSE AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPIN TRANSCRIPTASE ASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSL PRIME EDITOR GLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTL LKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPI LEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTR KSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKH SLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKT NRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFD DKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSP AIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQN GRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSD KNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDEND KLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNA VVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATA KYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARK KDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGI TIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRK RMLASARELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQ KQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKQYRSTKEVL DATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESAT PESSGGSSGGSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQA WAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKP HIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVN KRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPT SQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDL ADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLG YRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPT PKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVL TQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAG KLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDT DRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTD QPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPA GTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIY RRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHS AEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADG SEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 515) SPCAS9(H840A)- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEY VRER-MALONEY KVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTAR MURINE RRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH LEUKEMIA VIRUS ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL REVERSE AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPIN TRANSCRIPTASE ASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSL PRIME EDITOR GLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTL LKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPI LEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTR KSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKH SLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKT NRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFD DKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSP AIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQN GRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSD KNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDEND KLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNA VVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATA KYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARK KDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGI TIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRK RMLASARELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQ KQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKEYRSTKEVL DATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESAT PESSGGSSGGSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQA WAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKP HIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVN KRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPT SQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDL ADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLG YRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPT PKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVL TQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAG KLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDT DRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTD QPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPA GTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIY RRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHS AEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADG SEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 516)

As shown in FIG. 63 , the SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR-MMLV RT was operational at PAM sites that included “AGAG” and “GGAG”, with some editing activity at “GGAT” and “AGAT” PAM sequences. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRER-MMLV RT was operational at PAM sites that included “AGCG” and “GGCG”, with some editing activity at “TGCG.”

The data demonstrates that prime editing may be conducted using napDNAbps which bear different PAM specificities, such as those Cas9 variant described herein.

In various embodiments, the napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9) with altered PAM specificities comprise a combination of mutations that exhibit activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAA-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are present in any one of the clones listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are conservative mutations of the clones listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises the combination of mutations of any one of the Cas9 clones listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 NAA PAM Clones Mutations from wild-type SpCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 18) D177N, K218R, D614N, D1135N, P1137S, E1219V, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K D177N, K218R, D614N, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, G715C, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A367T, K710E, R1114G, D1135N, P1137S, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R753G, D861N, D1135N, K1188R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264H, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, V743I, R753G, M1021T, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, V743I, R753G, E762G, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R753G, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, S1274R, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, A589S, R753G, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264H, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R753G, E757K, G865G, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, R753G, E757K, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, K599R, M631A, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, N758H, E762G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, Q1256R, H1264Y, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N869S, N1054D, R1114G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, L727I, V743I, R753G, E762G, R859S, N946D, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, N1317T, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, V1290G, L1318S, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, K1151E, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, V1290G, L1318S, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, V1290G, L1318S, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, F693L, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, L921P, Y1016D, G1077D, F1080S, R1114G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, E630K, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, Q768H, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, F693L, V743I, R753G, E762G, Q768H, N803S, N869S, Y1016D, G1077D, R1114G, F1134L, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, G1223S, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, F693L, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, L921P, Y1016D, G1077D, F1801S, R1114G, D1135N, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, L1318S, A1320V, A1323D, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, V743I, R753G, M1021T, D1135N, D1180G, K1211R, E1219V, Q1221H, H1264Y, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, M673I, N803S, N869S, G1077D, R1114G, D1135N, V1139A, D1180G, E1219V, Q1221H, A1320V, R1333K A10T, I322V, S409I, E427G, R654L, K673E, V743I, R753G, E762G, N803S, N869S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, Q1221H, A1320V, R1333K

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 1. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 1.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an increased activity on a target sequence that does not comprise the canonical PAM (5′-NGG-3′) at its 3′ end as compared to Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence having a 3′ end that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 5-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 10-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1,000-fold, at least 5,000-fold, at least 10,000-fold, at least 50,000-fold, at least 100,000-fold, at least 500,000-fold, or at least 1,000,000-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of the target sequence is directly adjacent to an AAA, GAA, CAA, or TAA sequence. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises a combination of mutations that exhibit activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAC-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are present in any one of the clones listed in Table 2. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are conservative mutations of the clones listed in Table 2. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises the combination of mutations of any one of the Cas9 clones listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 NAC PAM Clones MUTATIONS FROM WILD-TYPE SPCAS9 (E.G., SEQ ID NO: 18) T472I, R753G, K890E, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I1057S, D1135N, P1301S, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, K890E, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I1057S, D1135N, P1301S, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N T472I, R753G, Q771H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, K652T, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, K652T, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, K1156E, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, V647I, R753G, N803S, K959N, G1030R, I1055E, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, E630G, T638P, V647A, G687R, N767D, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332G, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1266H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, I1057T, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, M631I, T638P, R753G, N803S, K959N, Y1036H, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1251G, D1332G, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, T638P, R753G, N803S, V875I, K959N, Y1016C, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1251G, D1332G, R1335Q, T1337N, I1348V K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654L, R753G, N803S, T804A, K848N, V922A, K959N, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R753G, N803S, V922A, K959N, K1014N, V1015A, R1114G, D1135N, K1156N, E1219V, N1252D, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, R629G, T638P, V647I, A711T, R753G, K775R, K789E, N803S, K959N, V1015A, Y1036H, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, T740A, R753G, N803S, K948E, K959N, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, T740A, N803S, K948E, K959N, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I670S, K608R, E627K, E630G, T638P, V647I, R653K, R753G, I795L, K797N, N803S, K866R, K890N, K959N, Y1016C, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, T740A, G752R, R753G, K797N, N803S, K948E, K959N, V1015A, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1266H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, A589V, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654L, Q716R, R753G, N803S, K948E, K959N, Y1016S, R1114G, D1135N, E1207G, E1219V, N1234D, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, R629G, T638P, V647I, R654L, Q740R, R753G, N803S, K959N, N990S, T995S, V1015A, Y1036D, R1114G, D1135N, E1207G, E1219V, N1234D, N1266H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I562F, V565D, I570T, K608R, L625S, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654I, G752R, R753G, N803S, N808D, K959N, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, N1177S, N1234D, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I562F, I570T, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R753G, E790A, N803S, K959N, V1015A, Y1036H, R1114G, D1135N, D1180E, A1184T, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654H, R753G, E790A, N803S, K959N, V1015A, R1114G, D1127A, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, K608R, L625S, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654I, T703P, R753G, N803S, N808D, K959N, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570S, K608R, E627K, E630G, T638P, V647I, R653K, R753G, I795L, N803S, K866R, K890N, K959N, Y1016C, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N I570T, K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654H, R753G, E790A, N803S, K959N, V1016A, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, K1246E, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654L, K673E, R753G, E790A, N803S, K948E, K959N, R1114G, D1127G, D1135N, D1180E, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N K608R, L625S, E627K, T638P, V647I, R654I, I670T, R753G, N803S, N808D, K959N, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, N1286H, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N E627K, M631V, T638P, V647I, K710E, R753G, N803S, N808D, K948E, M1021L, R1114G, D1135N, E1219V, D1332N, R1335Q, T1337N, S1338T, H1349R

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 2. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein as provided by any one of the variants of Table 2.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an increased activity on a target sequence that does not comprise the canonical PAM (5′-NGG-3′) at its 3′ end as compared to Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence having a 3′ end that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 5-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein exhibits an activity on a target sequence that is not directly adjacent to the canonical PAM sequence (5′-NGG-3′) that is at least 10-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1,000-fold, at least 5,000-fold, at least 10,000-fold, at least 50,000-fold, at least 100,000-fold, at least 500,000-fold, or at least 1,000,000-fold increased as compared to the activity of Streptococcus pyogenes as provided by SEQ ID NO: 18 on the same target sequence. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of the target sequence is directly adjacent to an AAC, GAC, CAC, or TAC sequence.

In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises a combination of mutations that exhibit activity on a target sequence comprising a 5′-NAT-3′ PAM sequence at its 3′-end. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are present in any one of the clones listed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the combination of mutations are conservative mutations of the clones listed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises the combination of mutations of any one of the Cas9 clones listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 NAT PAM Clones MUTATIONS FROM WILD-TYPE SPCAS9 (E.G., SEQ ID NO: 18) K961E, H985Y, D1135N, K1191N, E1219V, Q1221H, A1320A, P1321S, R1335L D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L V743I, R753G, E790A, D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, A1227V, P1249S, N1286K, A1293T, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L, T1339I F575S, M631L, R654L, V748I, V743I, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, A1227V, P1249S, N1286K, A1293T, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L, T1339I F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, N1286K, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R753G, K797E, D853E, V922A, D1012A, R1114G D1135N, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, N1317K, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, D596Y, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, Q1256R, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, K710E, V750A, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, K649R, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, K1156E, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L F575S, M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, V922A, I1057G, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, N1308D, P1321S, D1322G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R753G, D853E, V922A, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, E1150V, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1332G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, D853E, I1057V, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1332G, R1335L M631L, R654L, R664K, R753G, I1057V, R1114G, Y1131C, D1135N, D1180G, G1218S, E1219V, Q1221H, P1249S, P1321S, D1332G, R1335L

Any of the above Cas9 variants displaying differential PAM specificities as compared to the canonical SpCas9 may be used in the herein disclosed prime editors.

P. Use of Prime Editing for Inserting Recombinase Target Sites

In another aspect, prime editing may be used to insert recombinase sites (or “recombinase recognition sequences”) into a desired genomic site. Insertion of recombinase sites provides a programmed location for effecting site-specific genetic changes in a genome. Such genetic changes can include, for example, genomic integration of a plasmid, genomic deletion or insertion, chromosomal translocations, and cassette exchanges, among other genetic changes. These exemplary types of genetic changes are illustrated in FIGS. 64B-64F. The installed recombinase recognition sequences may then be used to conduct site-specific recombination at that site to effectuate a variety of recombination outcomes, such as, excision, integration, inversion, or exchange of DNA fragments. For example, FIG. 65 illustrates the installation of a recombinase site that can then be used to integrate a DNA donor template comprising a GFP expression marker. Cells containing the integrated GFP expression system into the recombinase site will fluoresce.

The mechanism of installing a recombinase site into the genome is analogous to installing other sequences, such as peptide/protein and RNA tags, into the genome. A schematic exemplifying the installation of a recombinase target sequence is shows in FIG. 64(a). The process begins with selecting a desired target locus into which the recombinase target sequence will be introduced. Next, a prime editor fusion is provided (“RT-Cas9:gRNA”). Here, the “gRNA” refers to a PEgRNA, which can be designed using the principles described herein. The PEgRNA in various embodiments will comprise an architecture corresponding to FIG. 3D (5′-[˜20-nt spacer]-[gRNA core]-[extension arm]-3′, wherein the extension arm comprises in the 3′ to 5′ direction, a primer binding site (“A”), an edit template (“B”), and a homology arm (“C”). The edit template (“B”) will comprise a sequence corresponding to a recombinase site, i.e., a single strand RNA of the PEgRNA that codes for a complementary single strand DNA that is either the sense or the antisense strand of the recombinase site and which is incorporated into the genomic DNA target locus through the prime editing process.

In various aspects, the present disclosure provides for the use of a PE to introduce recombinase recognition sequences at high-value loci in human or other genomes, which, after exposure to site-specific recombinase(s), will direct precise and efficient genomic modifications (FIG. 64 ). In various embodiments show in FIG. 64 , PE may be used to (b) insert a single SSR target for use as a site for genomic integration of a DNA donor template. (c) shows how a tandem insertion of SSR target sites can be used to delete a portion of the genome. (d) shows how a tandem insertion of SSR target sites can be used to invert a portion of the genome. (e) shows how the insertion of two SSR target sites at two distal chromosomal regions can result in chromosomal translocation. (f) shows how the insertion of two different SSR target sites in the genome can be used to exchange a cassette from a DNA donor template. Each of the types of genome modifications are envisioned by using PE to insert SSR targets, but this list also is not meant to be limiting.

PE-mediated introduction of recombinase recognition sequences could be particularly useful for the treatment of genetic diseases which are caused by large-scale genomic defects, such as gene loss, inversion, or duplication, or chromosomal translocation¹⁻⁷ (Table 6). For example, Williams-Beuren syndrome is a developmental disorder caused by a deletion of 24 in chromosome 721. No technology exists currently for the efficient and targeted insertion of multiple entire genes in living cells (the potential of PE to do such a full-length gene insertion is currently being explored but has not yet been established); however, recombinase-mediated integration at a target inserted by PE offers one approach towards a permanent cure for this and other diseases. In addition, targeted introduction of recombinase recognition sequences could be highly enabling for applications including generation of transgenic plants, animal research models, bioproduction cell lines, or other custom eukaryotic cell lines. For example, recombinase-mediated genomic rearrangement in transgenic plants at PE-specific targets could overcome one of the bottlenecks to generating agricultural crops with improved properties^(8,9).

TABLE 6 Examples of genetic diseases linked to large-scale genomic modifications that could be repaired through PE-based installation of recombinase recognition sequences. DISEASE CAUSE TRISOMY 17P GENE DUPLICATION CHARCOT-MARIE- GENE DUPLICATION TOOTH DISEASE TYPE I SMITH-MAGENIS GENE DELETION SYNDROME WILLIAMS-BEUREN GENE DELETION SYNDROME DE LA CHAPELLE CHROMOSOMAL SYNDROME TRANSLOCATION DOWN SYNDROME CHROMOSOMAL (SOME FORMS) TRANSLOCATION HEMOPHILIA A GENE INVERSION HUNTER SYNDROME GENE INVERSION

A number of SSR family members have been characterized and their recombinase recognition sequences described, including natural and engineered tyrosine recombinases (Table 7), large serine integrases (Table 8), serine resolvases (Table 9), and tyrosine integrases (Table 10). Modified target sequences that demonstrate enhanced rates of genomic integration have also been described for several SSRs²²⁻³⁰. In addition to natural recombinases, programmable recombinases with distinct specificities have been developed³¹⁻⁴⁰. Using PE, one or more of these recognition sequences could be introduced into the genomic at a specified location, such as a safe harbor locus⁴¹⁻⁴³, depending on the desired application.

For example, introduction of a single recombinase recognition sequence in the genome by prime editing would result in integrative recombination with a DNA donor template (FIG. 64 b ). Serine integrases, which operate robustly in human cells, may be especially well-suited for gene integration^(44,45).

Additionally, introduction of two recombinase recognition sequences could result in deletion of the intervening sequence, inversion of the intervening sequence, chromosomal translocation, or cassette exchange, depending on the identity and orientation of the targets (FIGS. 64C-64F). By choosing endogenous sequences that already closely resemble recombinase targets, the scope of editing required to introduce the complete recombinase target would be reduced.

Finally, several recombinases have been demonstrated to integrate into human or eukaryotic genomes at natively occurring pseudosites⁴⁶⁻⁶⁴. PE editing could be used to modify these loci to enhance rates of integration at these natural pseudosites, or alternatively, to eliminate pseudosites that may serve as unwanted off-target sequences.

This disclosure describes a general methodology for introducing recombinase target sequences in eukaryotic genomes using PE, the applications of which are nearly limitless. The genome editing reactions are intended for use with “prime editor,” a chimeric fusion of a CRISPR/Cas9 protein and a reverse-transcriptase domain, which utilizes a custom prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA). By extension, Cas9 tools and homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways may also be exploited to introduce recombinase recognition sequences through DNA templates by lowering the rates of indels using several techniques⁶⁵⁻⁶⁷. A proof-of-concept experiment in human cell culture is shown in FIG. 65 .

The following several tables are cited in the above description relating to PE-directed installation of recombinase recognition sequences and provide a listing of exemplary recombinases that may be used, and their cognate recombinase recognition sequences that may be installed by PE.

TABLE 7 Tyrosine recombinases and SSR target sequences. Recombinase Recombinase recognition sequence Name Cre ATAACTTCGTATAGCATACATTATACGAAGTTAT loxP (SEQ ID NO: 517) Dre TAACTTTAAATAATGCCAATTATTTAAAGTTA (SEQ rox ID NO: 518) VCre TCAATTTCTGAGAACTGTCATTCTCGGAAATTGA loxV (SEQ ID NO: 519) SCre CTCGTGTCCGATAACTGTAATTATCGGACATGAT loxS (SEQ ID NO: 520) Flp GAAGTTCCTATTCTCTAGAAAGTATAGGAACTTC FRT (SEQ ID NO: 521) B2 GAGTTTCATTAAGGAATAACTAATTCCCTAATGAA loxB ACTC (SEQ ID NO: 522) B3 GGTTGCTTAAGAATAAGTAATTCTTAAGCAACC loxB3 (SEQ ID NO: 523) Kw ACGAAAAATGGTAAGGAATAGACCATTCCTTACC ATTTTTGGT (SEQ ID NO: 524) R TTGATGAAAGAATAACGTATTCTTTCATCAA (SEQ RS ID NO: 525) TD1-40 GTGCGTCAAATAATAACGTATTATTTGACACTT TDRS (SEQ ID NO: 526) Vika AATAGGTCTGAGAACGCCCATTCTCAGACGTATT vox (SEQ ID NO: 527) Nigri TGAATGTCCTATAATTACACTTATAGGACATTCA nox (SEQ ID NO: 528) Panto GAAACTTTAAATAATAAGTCTTATTTAAAGTTTC pox (SEQ ID NO: 529) Kd AAACGATATCAGACATTTGTCTGATAATGCTTCA loxK TTATCAGACAAATGTCTGATATCGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 530) Fre ATATATACGTATATAGACATATATACGTATATAT loxH (SEQ ID NO: 531) CreALSHG ATAACTCTATATAATGTATGCTATATAGAGTTAT loxM7 (SEQ ID NO: 532) Tre ACAACATCCTATTACACCCTATATGCCAACATGG loxLTR (SEQ ID NO: 533) Brec1 AACCCACTGCTTAAGCCTCAATAAAGCTTGCCTT loxBTR (SEQ ID NO: 534) Cre-R3M3 GATACAACGTATATACCTTTCTATACGTTGTTTA loxK2 (SEQ ID NO: 535)

TABLE 8 Large serine integrases and SSR target sequences. Recombinase recognition sequence Recombinase recognition sequence Recombinase Left Right Bxb1 GGTTTGTCTGGTCAACCACCGC GGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGGTCTCC GGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGGTACA GTCGTCAGGATCAT (SEQ ID NO: AACC (SEQ ID NO: 536) 537) phiC31 GTGCCCCAACTGGGGTAACCTT TGCGGGTGCCAGGGCGTGCCCTTG TGAGTTCTCTCAGTTGGGGG GGCTCCCCGGGCGCGTACTCC (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 538) ID NO: 539) R4 TGTTCCCCAAAGCGATACCACT GCATGTTCCCCAAAGCGATACCAC TGAAGCAGTGGTACTGCTTGTG TTGAAGCAGTGGTACTGCTTGTGG GGTACA (SEQ ID NO: 540) GTACACTCTGCGGGTG (SEQ ID NO: 541) phiBT1 GGTGCTGGGTTGTTGTCTCTGG CAGGTTTTTGACGAAAGTGATCCA ACAGTGATCCATGGGAAACTA GATGATCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 543) CTCAGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 542) MJ1 (phiFC1) ATTTTAGGTATATGATTTTGTT CAAAGGATCACTGAATCAAAAGTA TATTAGTGTAAATAACACTATG TTGCTCATCCACGCGAAA (SEQ ID TACCTAAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 544) NO: 545) MR11 TTTGTGCGGAACTACGAACAGT CGAAAATGTATGGAGGCACTTGTA TCATTAATACGAAGTGTACAA TCAATATAGGATGTATACCTTCGA ACTTCCATACAA (SEQ ID NO: AGACACTT (SEQ ID NO: 547) 546) TP901-1 GAGTTTTTATTTCGTTTATTTCA ATGCCAACACAATTAACATCTCAA ATTAAGGTAACTAAAAAACTC TCAAGGTAAATGCTTTTTGCTTTTT CTTTTAAGG (SEQ ID NO: 548) TTGC (SEQ ID NO: 549) A118 TTCCTCGTTTTCTCTCGTTGGA TTTCGGATCAAGCTATGAAGGACG AGAAGAAGAAACGAGAAA CAAAGAGGGAACTAAA (SEQ ID NO: (SEQ ID NO: 550) 551) U153 TTCCTCGTTTTCTCTCGTTGGAC TTTCGGATCAAGCTATGAAGGACG GGAAACGAATCGAGAAA (SEQ CAAAGAGGGAACTAAA (SEQ ID ID NO: 552) NO: 553) phiRV1 GTAGTGTATCTCACAGGTCCAC GAAGGTGTTGGTGCGGGGTTGGCC GGTTGGCCGTGGACTGCTGAA GTGGTCGAGGTGGGGT (SEQ ID NO: GAACATTCC (SEQ ID NO: 554) 555) phi370.1 AAAAAAATACAGCGTTTTTCAT TTGTAAAGGAGACTGATAATGGCA GTACAACTATACTAGTTGTAGT TGTACAACTATACTCGTCGGTAAA GCCTAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 556) AAGGCA (SEQ ID NO: 557) TG1 TCCAGCCCAACAGTGTTAGTCT GATCAGCTCCGCGGGCAAGACCTT TTGCTCTTACCCAGTTGGGCGG TCTCCTTCACGGGGTGGAAGGTC GA (SEQ ID NO: 558) (SEQ ID NO: 559) WB CTAGTTTTAAAGTTGGTTATTA CGGAAGGTAGCGTCAACGATAGGT GTTACTGTGATATTTATCACGG GTAACTGTCGTGTTTGTAACGGTAC TACCCAATAACCAATGAAT TTCCAACAGCTGGCGCCGCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 560) (SEQ ID NO: 561) BL3 CAATGAAAAACTAGGCATGTA TTTCCACAGACAACTCACGTGGAG GAAGTTGTTTGT (SEQ ID NO: GTAGTCAC (SEQ ID NO: 563) 562) SprA TGTAGTAAGTATCTTAATATAC CACCCATTGTGTTCACAGGAGATA AGCTTTATCTGTTTTTTAAGAT CAGCTTTATCTGTACTGATATTAAT ACTTACTACTTT (SEQ ID NO: GACATGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 565) 564) phiJoe AGTTGTGGCCATGTGTCCATCT ATCTGGATGTGGGTGTCCATCTGCG GGGGGCAGATGGAGACGGGGT GGCAGACGCCGCAGTCGAAGCACG CACA (SEQ ID NO: 566) G (SEQ ID NO: 567) — — ACCTTGATCTCGGTGTCCATCGCCG GGCAGACGCCGCAGTCGAAGCACG G (SEQ ID NO: 568) phiK38 CCCTAATACGCAAGTCGATAA GAGCGCCGGATCAGGGAGTGGACG CTCTCCTGGGAGCGTTGACAAC GCCTGGGAGCGCTACACGCTGTGG TTGCGCACCCTGATCTG (SEQ CTGCGGTCGGTGC (SEQ ID NO: 570) ID NO: 569) Int2 GCTCATGTATGTGTCTACGCGA GGACGGCGCAGAAGGGGAGTAGCT GATTCTCGCCCGAGAACTTCTG CTTCGCCGGACCGTCGACATACTG CAAGGCACTGCTCTTGGCT CTCAGCTCGTC (SEQ ID NO: 572) (SEQ ID NO: 571) Int3 ATGGATAAAAAAATACAGCGT GTTTGTAAAGGAGACTGATAATGG TTTTCATGTACAACTATACTAG CATGTACAACTATACTCGTCGGTA TTGTAGTGCCTAAATAATGCTT AAAAGGCATCTTAT (SEQ ID NO: (SEQ ID NO: 573) 574) Int4 AAAAATTACAAAGTTTTCAACC TTCCAAAGAGCGCCCAACGCGACC CTTGATTTGAATTAGCGGTCAA TGAAATTTGAATAAGACTGCTGCTT ATAATTTGTAATTCGTTT (SEQ GTGTAAAGGCGATGATT (SEQ ID ID NO: 575) NO: 576) Int7 GTGTTATAAACCTGTGTGAGAG AGACGAGAAACGTTCCGTCCGTCT TTAAGTTTACATGCCTAACCTT GGGTCAGTTGGGCAAAGTTGATGA AACTTTTACGCAGGTTCAGCTT CCGGGTCGTCCGTT (SEQ ID NO: (SEQ ID NO: 577) 578) Int8 TTAATAAACTATGGAAGTATGT CAATCATCAGATAACTATGGCGGC ACAGTCTTGCAATGTTGAGTGA ACGTGCATTAACCACGGTTGTATCC ACAAACTTCCATAATAAAAT CGTCTAAAGTACTCGT (SEQ ID NO: (SEQ ID NO: 579) 580) Int9 GTGGTTGTTTTTGTTGGAAGT GTTTATATTGCGAAAAATAATTGGC TGTATCAGGTATCTGCATAGTT GAACGAGGTAACTGGATACCTCAT ATTCCGAACTTCCAATTA (SEQ CCGCCAATTAAAATTTG (SEQ ID ID NO: 581) NO: 582) Int10 GGAAAATATAAATAATTTTAGT AGCACGCTGATAATCAGCAAGACC AACCTACATCTCAATCAAGGAT ACCAACATTTCCACCAATGTAAAA AGTAAAACTCTCACTCTT (SEQ GCTTTAACCTTAGC (SEQ ID NO: ID NO: 583) 584) Int11 GTTTATATGTTTACTAATAAGA ATGGATTTTGCAGATTCCCAGATGC CGCTCTCAACCCATAAAGTCTT CCCTACAGAAAGAGGTACAAAACA ATTAGTAAACATATTTCAACT TTTATTGGAATTAATT (SEQ ID NO: (SEQ ID NO: 585) 586) Int12 TTTTTGTATGTTAGTTGTGTCA GTTCGTGGTAACTATGGGTGGTAC CTGGGTAGACCTAAATAGTGA AGGTGCCACATTAGTTGTACCATTT CACAACTGCTATTAAAATTTAA ATGTTTATGTGGTTAAC (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 587) NO: 588) Int13 CAATAACGGTTGTATTTGTAGA GCATACATTGTTGTTGTTTTTCCAG ACTTGACCAGTTGTTTTAGTAA ATCCAGTTGGTCCTGTAAATATAA CATAAATACAACTCCGAATA GCAATCCATGTGAGT (SEQ ID NO: (SEQ ID NO: 589) 590) LI GTTTAGTATCTCGTTATCTCTC TAACTTTTTCGGATCGAGTTATGAT GTTGGAGGGAGAAGAAACGGG GGACGTAAAGAGGGAACAAAGCA ATACCAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 591) TCTA (SEQ ID NO: 592) Peaches TAGTTTCCAATGTTACAGGAAC CGGTCTCCATCGGGATCTGCTGATC TGCTGGCAGAATCCAACACATT GAGCAGCATGCCGACCA (SEQ ID GGAAGTCG (SEQ ID NO: 593) NO: 594) Bxz2 TAACCGCAAGTGTACATCCCTC CGGTCTCCATCGGGATCTGCTGATC GGCTGGCCGAGACAAGTACAG GAGCAGCATGCCGACCA (SEQ ID TTGCGACAG (SEQ ID NO: 595) NO: 596) SV1 ATGTGGTCCTTTAGATCCACTG CATCAGGGCGGTCAGGCCGTAGAT ACGTGGGTCAGTGTCTCTAAAG GTGGAAGAAACGGCAGCACGGCG GACTCGCG (SEQ ID NO: 597) AGGACG (SEQ ID NO: 598)

TABLE 9 Serine resolvases and SSR target sequences. Recombinase recognition sequence Recombinase recognition sequence Resolvase Left Right Gin CGTTTCCTGTAAACCGAGGTTTTG CGTTTCCTGTAAACCGAGGTTTTG GATAAACA (SEQ ID NO: 599) GATAATGG (SEQ ID NO: 600) Cin GAGTTCTCTTAAACCAAGGTTTA GAGTTCTCTTAAACCAAGGTATT GGATTGAAA (SEQ ID NO: 601) GGATAACAG (SEQ ID NO: 602) Hin TGGTTCTTGAAAACCAAGGTTTTT AAATTTTCCTTTTTGGAAGGTTTT GATAAAGC (SEQ ID NO: 603) TGATAACCA (SEQ ID NO: 604) Min GCCTTCCCCTAAACCAACGTTTTT GCCTTCCCCCAAACCAAGGTAAT ATGCCGCC (SEQ ID NO: 605) CAAGAACGC (SEQ ID NO: 606) Sin TTGTGAAATTTGGGTACACCCTA CGTATGATTAGGGTGTATATTAA ATCATACAA (SEQ ID NO: 607) TTT (SEQ ID NO: 608)

TABLE 10 Tyrosine integrases and target sequences. Integrase attP attB HK022 CAAATGATTTTATTTTGACTAATAA GCACTTTAGGTGAAAAAGGT TGACCTACTTACATTAATTTACTGAT T (SEQ ID NO: 610) AATTAAAGAGATTTTAAATATACAA CTTATTCACCTAAAGGATGACAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 609) TAACATTAATCACTTAAAAATCATC GCATTACACTAATCTGTGGTTAAAT GATAGACTACATAATGCGACAAAA CGCAACATATCCAGTCACTATGAAT CAACTACTTAGATAGTATTAGTGAC CT (SEQ ID NO: 611) P22 CTAAGTGGTTTGGGACAAAAATGGG GCAGCGCATTCGTAATGCGA ACATACAAATCTTTGCATCGGTTTG AGGTCGT (SEQ ID NO: 613) CAAGGCTTTGCATGTCTTTCGAAGA TGGGACGTGTGAGCGCAGGTATGAC GTGGTATGTGTTGACTTAAAAGGTA GTTCTTATAATTCGTAATGCGAAGG TCGTAGGTTCGACTCCTATTATCGG CACCAGTTAAATCAAATACTTACGT ATTATTCGTGCCTTCCTTATTTTTAC TGTGGGACATATTTGGGACAGAAGT ACCAAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 612) L5 GCGATCCCCATCCGCGACGTGCCAA GAGCGGGCGACGGGAATCG CTAGGTCTCCTCTCGTCGTGAACAA AACCCGCGTAGCTAGTTTGG GGCTACCGGGTTGCAACTCCTGTGC AAGA (SEQ ID NO: 615) AACTCTCAGGCTTCAACGCGCTTCT ACGACCTGCAATTTCTTTCCACTTA GAGGATGCAGCCGAGAGGGGTAAA AACCTATCTTGACCGGCCCATATGT GGTCGGCAGACACCCATTCTTCCAA ACTAGCTACGCGGGTTCGATTCCCG TCGCCCGCTCCGCTGGTCAGAGGGT GTTTTCGCCCTCTGGCCATTTTTCTT TCCAGGGGTCTGCAACTCTTGTGCG ACTCTTCTGACCTGGGCATACGCGG TTGCAACGCATCCCTGATCTGGCTA CTTTCGATGCTGACAAACGAATAGA GCCCCCCGCCTGCGCGAACAGACG AGGGGCATTCACA (SEQ ID NO: 614)

In various other aspects, the present disclosure relates to methods of using PE to install one or more recombinase recognition sequence and their use in site-specific recombination.

In some embodiments, the site-specific recombination may effectuate a variety of recombination outcomes, such as, excision, integration, inversion, or exchange of DNA fragments.

In some embodiments, the methods are useful for inducing recombination of or between two or more regions of two or more nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) molecules. In other embodiments, the methods are useful for inducing recombination of or between two or more regions in a single nucleic acid molecule (e.g., DNA).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for integrating a donor DNA template by site-specific recombination, comprising: (a) installing a recombinase recognition sequence at a genomic locus by prime editing; (b) contacting the genomic locus with a DNA donor template that also comprises the recombinase recognition sequence in the presence of a recombinase.

In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for deleting a genomic region by site-specific recombination, comprising: (a) installing a pair of recombinase recognition sequences at a genomic locus by prime editing; (b) contacting the genomic locus with a recombinase, thereby catalyzing the deletion of the genomic region between the pair of recombinase recognition sequences.

In yet other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for inverting a genomic region by site-specific recombination, comprising: (a) installing a pair of recombinase recognition sequences at a genomic locus by prime editing; (b) contacting the genomic locus with a recombinase, thereby catalyzing the inversion of the genomic region between the pair of recombinase recognition sequences.

In still other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for inducing chromosomal translocation between a first genomic site and a second genomic site, comprising: (a) installing a first recombinase recognition sequence at a first genomic locus by prime editing; (b) installing a second recombinase recognition sequence at a second genomic locus by prime editing; (c) contacting the first and the second genomic loci with a recombinase, thereby catalyzing the chromosomal translocation of the first and second genomic loci.

In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for inducing cassette exchange between a genomic locus and a donor DNA comprising a cassette, comprising: (a) installing a first recombinase recognition sequence at a first genomic locus by prime editing; (b) installing a second recombinase recognition sequence at a second genomic locus by prime editing; (c) contacting the first and the second genomic loci with a donor DNA comprising a cassette that is flanked by the first and second recombinase recognition sequences and a recombinase, thereby catalyzing the exchange of the flanked genomic locus and the cassette in the DNA donor.

In various embodiments involving the insertion of more than one recombinase recognition sequences in the genome, the recombinase recognition sequences can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the recombinase recognition sequences are the same. In other embodiments, that recombinase recognition sequences are different.

In various embodiments, the recombinase can be a tyrosine recombinase, such as Cre, Dre, Vcre, Scre, Flp, B2, B3, Kw, R, TD1-40, Vika, Nigri, Panto, Kd, Fre, Cre(ALSHG), Tre, Brec1, or Cre-R3M3, as shown in Table 7. In such embodiments, the recombinase recognition sequence may be an RRS of Table 7 that corresponds to the recombinase under use.

In various other embodiments, the recombinase can be a large serine recombinase, such as Bxb1, PhiC31, R4, phiBT1, MJ1, MR11, TP901-1, A118, V153, phiRV1, phi370.1, TG1, WB, BL3, SprA, phiJoe, phiK38, Int2, Int3, Int4, Int7, Int8, Int9, Int10, Intll, Int12, Int13, L1, peaches, Bxz2, or SV1, as shown in Table 8. In such embodiments, the recombinase recognition sequence may be an RRS of Table 8 that corresponds to the recombinase under use.

In still other embodiments, the recombinase can be a serine recombinase, such as Bxb1, PhiC31, R4, phiBT1, MJ1, MR11, TP901-1, A118, V153, phiRV1, phi370.1, TG1, WB, BL3, SprA, phiJoe, phiK38, Int2, Int3, Int4, Int7, Int8, Int9, Int10, Int1 1, Int12, Int13, L1, peaches, Bxz2, or SV1, as shown in Table 8. In such embodiments, the recombinase recognition sequence may be an RRS of Table 8 that corresponds to the recombinase under use.

In other embodiments, the recombinase can be a serine resolvase, such as Gin, Cin, Hin, Min, or Sin, as shown in Table 9. In such embodiments, the recombinase recognition sequence may be an RRS of Table 9 that corresponds to the recombinase under use.

In various other embodiments, the recombinase can be a tyrosine integrase, such as HK022, P22, or L5, as shown in Table 10. In such embodiments, the recombinase recognition sequence may be an RRS of Table 10 that corresponds to the recombinase under use.

In some embodiments, any of the methods for site-specific recombination with PE can be performed in vivo or in vitro. In some embodiments, any of the methods for site-specific recombination are performed in a cell (e.g., recombine genomic DNA in a cell). The cell can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The cell, such as a eukaryotic cell, can be in an individual, such as a subject, as described herein (e.g., a human subject). The methods described herein are useful for the genetic modification of cells in vitro and in vivo, for example, in the context of the generation of transgenic cells, cell lines, or animals, or in the alteration of genomic sequence, e.g., the correction of a genetic defect, in a cell in a subject.

REFERENCES CITED FOR SECTION L

Each of the following references are cited in Example 17, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Feuk, L. Inversion variants in the human genome: role in disease     and genome architecture. Genome Med 2, 11 (2010). -   2. Zhang, F., Gu, W., Hurles, M. E. & Lupski, J. R. Copy number     variation in human health, disease, and evolution. Annu Rev Genomics     Hum Genet 10, 451-481 (2009). -   3. Shaw, C. J. & Lupski, J. R. Implications of human genome     architecture for rearrangement-based disorders: the genomic basis of     disease. Hum Mol Genet 13 Spec No 1, R57-64 (2004). -   4. Carvalho, C. M., Zhang, F. & Lupski, J. R. Evolution in health     and medicine Sackler colloquium: Genomic disorders: a window into     human gene and genome evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 Suppl 1,     1765-1771 (2010). -   5. Rowley, J. D. Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons     revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 1, 245-250 (2001). -   6. Aplan, P. D. Causes of oncogenic chromosomal translocation.     Trends Genet 22, 46-55 (2006). -   7. McCarroll, S. A. & Altshuler, D. M. Copy-number variation and     association studies of human disease. Nat Genet 39, S37-42 (2007).     [8] Methods of Treatment

The instant disclosure provides methods for the treatment of a subject diagnosed with a disease associated with or caused by a point mutation, or other mutations (e.g., deletion, insertion, inversion, duplication, etc.) that can be corrected by the prime editing system provided herein, as exemplified, but not limited to prion disease (e.g., Example 5 herein), trinucleotide repeat expansion disease (e.g., Example 3 herein), or CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder (CDD) (e.g., Example 23 herein).

Virtually any disease-causing genetic defect may be repaired by using prime editing, which includes the selection of an appropriate prime editor fusion protein (including a napDNAbp and a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase), and designing of an appropriate PEgRNA designed to (a) target the appropriate target DNA containing an edit site, and (b) provide a template for the synthesis of a single strand of DNA from the 3′ end of the nick site that includes the desired edit which displaces and replaces the endogenous strand immediately downstream of the nick site. Prime editing can be used, without limitation, to (a) install mutation-correcting changes to a nucleotide sequence, (b) install protein and RNA tags, (c) install immunoepitopes on proteins of interest, (d) install inducible dimerization domains in proteins, (e) install or remove sequences to alter that activity of a biomolecule, (f) install recombinase target sites to direct specific genetic changes, and (g) mutagenesis of a target sequence by using an error-prone RT.

The method of treating a disorder can involve as an early step the design of an appropriate PEgRNA and prime editor fusion protein in accordance with the methods described herein, which include a number of considerations that may be taken into account, such as:

(a) the target sequence, i.e., the nucleotide sequence in which one or more nucleobase modifications are desired to be installed by the prime editor;

(b) the location of the cut site within the target sequence, i.e., the specific nucleobase position at which the prime editor will induce a single-stand nick to create a 3′ end RT primer sequence on one side of the nick and the 5′ end endogenous flap on the other side of the nick (which ultimately is removed by FEN1 or equivalent thereto and replaced by the 3′ ssDNA flap. The cut site creates the 3′ end primer sequence which becomes extended by the polymerase of the PE fusion protein (e.g., a RT enzyme) during RNA-dependent DNA polymerization to create the 3′ ssDNA flap containing the desired edit, which then replaces the 5′ endogenous DNA flap in the target sequence. (c) the available PAM sequences (including the canonical SpCas9 PAM sites, as well as non-canonical PAM sites recognized by Cas9 variants and equivalents with expanded or differing PAM specificities); (d) the spacing between the available PAM sequences and the location of the cut site in the PAM strand; (e) the particular Cas9, Cas9 variant, or Cas9 equivalent of the prime editor available to be used (which in part is dictated by the available PAM); (f) the sequence and length of the primer binding site; (g) the sequence and length of the edit template; (h) the sequence and length of the homology arm; (i) the spacer sequence and length; and (j) the gRNA core sequence.

A suitable PEgRNA, and optionally a nicking-sgRNA design guide for second-site nicking, can be designed by way of the following exemplarly step-by-step set of instructions which takes into account one or more of the above considerations. The steps reference the examples shown in FIGS. 70A-701 .

1. Define the target sequence and the edit. Retrieve the sequence of the target DNA region (˜200 bp) centered around the location of the desired edit (point mutation, insertion, deletion, or combination thereof). See FIG. 70A.

2. Locate target PAMs. Identify PAMs in the proximity to the desired edit location. PAMs can be identified on either strand of DNA proximal to the desired edit location. While PAMs close to the edit position are preferred (i.e., wherein the nick site is less than 30 nt from the edit position, or less than 29 nt, 28 nt, 27 nt, 26 nt, 25 nt, 24 nt, 23 nt, 22 nt, 21 nt, 20 nt, 19 nt, 18 nt, 17 nt, 16 nt, 15 nt, 14 nt, 13 nt, 12 nt, 11 nt, 10 nt, 9 nt, 8 nt, 7 nt, 6 nt, 5 nt, 4 nt, 3 nt, or 2 nt from the edit position to the nick site), it is possible to install edits using protospacers and PAMs that place the nick ≥30 nt from the edit position. See FIG. 70B. 3. Locate the nick sites. For each PAM being considered, identify the corresponding nick site and on which strand. For Sp Cas9 H840A nickase, cleavage occurs in the PAM-containing strand between the 3^(rd) and 4^(th) bases 5′ to the NGG PAM. All edited nucleotides must exist 3′ of the nick site, so appropriate PAMs must place the nick 5′ to the target edit on the PAM-containing strand. In the example shown below, there are two possible PAMs. For simplicity, the remaining steps will demonstrate the design of a PEgRNA using PAM 1 only. See FIG. 70C. 4. Design the spacer sequence. The protospacer of SpCas9 corresponds to the 20 nucleotides 5′ to the NGG PAM on the PAM-containing strand. Efficient Pol III transcription initiation requires a G to be the first transcribed nucleotide. If the first nucleotide of the protospacer is a G, the spacer sequence for the PEgRNA is simply the protospacer sequence. If the first nucleotide of the protospacer is not a G, the spacer sequence of the PEgRNA is G followed by the protospacer sequence. See FIG. 70D. 5. Design a primer binding site (PBS). Using the starting allele sequence, identify the DNA primer on the PAM-containing strand. The 3′ end of the DNA primer is the nucleotide just upstream of the nick site (i.e. the 4^(th) base 5′ to the NGG PAM for Sp Cas9). As a general design principle for use with PE2 and PE3, a PEgRNA primer binding site (PBS) containing 12 to 13 nucleotides of complementarity to the DNA primer can be used for sequences that contain ˜40-60% G•C content. For sequences with low G•C content, longer (14- to 15-nt) PBSs should be tested. For sequences with higher G•C content, shorter (8- to 11-nt) PBSs should be tested. Optimal PBS sequences should be determined empirically, regardless of GC content. To design a length-p PBS sequence, take the reverse complement of the first p nucleotides 5′ of the nick site in the PAM-containing strand using the starting allele sequence. See FIG. 70E. 6. Design an RT template (or DNA synthesis template). The RT template (or DNA synthesis template where the polymerase is not reverse transcriptase) encodes the designed edit and homology to the sequence adjacent to the edit. In one embodiment, these regions correspond to the DNA synthesis template of FIG. 3D and FIG. 3E, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises the “edit template” and the “homology arm.” Optimal RT template lengths vary based on the target site. For short-range edits (positions+1 to +6), it is recommended to test a short (9 to 12 nt), a medium (13 to 16 nt), and a long (17 to 20 nt) RT template. For long-range edits (positions+7 and beyond), it is recommended to use RT templates that extend at least 5 nt (preferably 10 or more nt) past the position of the edit to allow for sufficient 3′ DNA flap homology. For long-range edits, several RT templates should be screened to identify functional designs. For larger insertions and deletions (≥5 nt), incorporation of greater 3′ homology (˜20 nt or more) into the RT template is recommended. Editing efficiency is typically impaired when the RT template encodes the synthesis of a G as the last nucleotide in the reverse transcribed DNA product (corresponding to a C in the RT template of the PEgRNA). As many RT templates support efficient prime editing, avoidance of G as the final synthesized nucleotide is recommended when designing RT templates. To design a length-r RT template sequence, use the desired allele sequence and take the reverse complement of the first r nucleotides 3′ of the nick site in the strand that originally contained the PAM. Note that compared to SNP edits, insertion or deletion edits using RT templates of the same length will not contain identical homology. See FIG. 70F. 7. Assemble the full PEgRNA sequence. Concatenate the PEgRNA components in the following order (5′ to 3′): spacer, scaffold, RT template and PBS. See FIG. 70G. 8. Designing nicking-sgRNAs for PE3. Identify PAMs on the non-edited strand upstream and downstream of the edit. Optimal nicking positions are highly locus-dependent and should be determined empirically. In general, nicks placed 40 to 90 nucleotides 5′ to the position across from the PEgRNA-induced nick lead to higher editing yields and fewer indels. A nicking sgRNA has a spacer sequence that matches the 20-nt protospacer in the starting allele, with the addition of a 5′-G if the protospacer does not begin with a G. See FIG. 70H. 9. Designing PE3b nicking-sgRNAs. If a PAM exists in the complementary strand and its corresponding protospacer overlaps with the sequence targeted for editing, this edit could be a candidate for the PE3b system. In the PE3b system, the spacer sequence of the nicking-sgRNA matches the sequence of the desired edited allele, but not the starting allele. The PE3b system operates efficiently when the edited nucleotide(s) falls within the seed region (˜10 nt adjacent to the PAM) of the nicking-sgRNA protospacer. This prevents nicking of the complementary strand until after installation of the edited strand, preventing competition between the PEgRNA and the sgRNA for binding the target DNA. PE3b also avoids the generation of simultaneous nicks on both strands, thus reducing indel formation significantly while maintaining high editing efficiency. PE3b sgRNAs should have a spacer sequence that matches the 20-nt protospacer in the desired allele, with the addition of a 5′ G if needed. See FIG. 70I.

The above step-by-step process for designing a suitable PEgRNA and a second-site nicking sgRNA is not meant to be limiting in any way. The disclosure contemplates variations of the above-described step-by-step process which would be derivable therefrom by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Once a suitable PEgRNA and PE fusion protein are selected/designed, they may be administered by a suitable methodology, such as by vector-based transfection (in which one or more vectors comprising DNA encoding the PEgRNA and the PE fusion protein and which are expressed within a cell upon transfection with the vectors), direct delivery of the PE fusion protein complexed with the PEgRNA (e.g., RNP delivery) in a delivery format (e.g., lipid particles, nanoparticles), or by a mRNA-based delivery system. Such methods are described herein in the present disclosure and any know method may be utilized.

The PEgRNA and PE fusion protein (or together, referred to as the PE complex) can be delivered to a cell in a therapeutically effective amount such that upon contacting the target DNA of interest, the desired edit becomes installed therein.

Any disease is conceivably treatable by such methods so long as delivery to the appropriate cells is feasible. The person having ordinary skill in the art will be able to choose and/or select a PE delivery methodology to suit the intended purpose and the intended target cells.

For example, in some embodiments, a method is provided that comprises administering to a subject having such a disease, e.g., a cancer associated with a point mutation as described above, an effective amount of the prime editing system described herein that corrects the point mutation or introduces a deactivating mutation into a disease-associated gene as mediated by homology-directed repair in the presence of a donor DNA molecule comprising desired genetic change. In some embodiments, a method is provided that comprises administering to a subject having such a disease, e.g., a cancer associated with a point mutation as described above, an effective amount of the prime editing system described herein that corrects the point mutation or introduces a deactivating mutation into a disease-associated gene. In some embodiments, the disease is a proliferative disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a genetic disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neoplastic disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a metabolic disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a lysosomal storage disease. Other diseases that can be treated by correcting a point mutation or introducing a deactivating mutation into a disease-associated gene will be known to those of skill in the art, and the disclosure is not limited in this respect.

The instant disclosure provides methods for the treatment of additional diseases or disorders, e.g., diseases or disorders that are associated or caused by a point mutation that can be corrected by TPRT-mediated gene editing. Some such diseases are described herein, and additional suitable diseases that can be treated with the strategies and fusion proteins provided herein will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on the instant disclosure. Exemplary suitable diseases and disorders are listed below. It will be understood that the numbering of the specific positions or residues in the respective sequences depends on the particular protein and numbering scheme used. Numbering might be different, e.g., in precursors of a mature protein and the mature protein itself, and differences in sequences from species to species may affect numbering. One of skill in the art will be able to identify the respective residue in any homologous protein and in the respective encoding nucleic acid by methods well known in the art, e.g., by sequence alignment and determination of homologous residues. Exemplary suitable diseases and disorders include, without limitation: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric aciduria; 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency; 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria; 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency; 46,XY sex reversal, type 1, 3, and 5; 5-Oxoprolinase deficiency; 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency; Aarskog syndrome; Aase syndrome; Achondrogenesis type 2; Achromatopsia 2 and 7; Acquired long QT syndrome; Acrocallosal syndrome, Schinzel type; Acrocapitofemoral dysplasia; Acrodysostosis 2, with or without hormone resistance; Acroerythrokeratoderma; Acromicric dysplasia; Acth-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia 2; Activated PI3K-delta syndrome; Acute intermittent porphyria; deficiency of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 9; Adams-Oliver syndrome 5 and 6; Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency; Adenylate kinase deficiency; hemolytic anemia due to Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency; Adolescent nephronophthisis; Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia; Meckel syndrome type 7; Adrenoleukodystrophy; Adult junctional epidermolysis bullosa; Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional, localisata variant; Adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; Adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; Adult onset ataxia with oculomotor apraxia; ADULT syndrome; Afibrinogenemia and congenital Afibrinogenemia; autosomal recessive Agammaglobulinemia 2; Age-related macular degeneration 3, 6, 11, and 12; Aicardi Goutieres syndromes 1, 4, and 5; Chilbain lupus 1; Alagille syndromes 1 and 2; Alexander disease; Alkaptonuria; Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome; Alopecia universalis congenital; Alpers encephalopathy; Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency; autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive Alport syndromes; Alzheimer disease, familial, 3, with spastic paraparesis and apraxia; Alzheimer disease, types, 1, 3, and 4; hypocalcification type and hypomaturation type, IIA1 Amelogenesis imperfecta; Aminoacylase 1 deficiency; Amish infantile epilepsy syndrome; Amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis; Amyloid Cardiomyopathy, Transthyretin-related; Cardiomyopathy; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis types 1, 6, 15 (with or without frontotemporal dementia), 22 (with or without frontotemporal dementia), and 10; Frontotemporal dementia with TDP43 inclusions, TARDBP-related; Andermann syndrome; Andersen Tawil syndrome; Congenital long QT syndrome; Anemia, nonspherocytic hemolytic, due to G6PD deficiency; Angelman syndrome; Severe neonatal-onset encephalopathy with microcephaly; susceptibility to Autism, X-linked 3; Angiopathy, hereditary, with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps; Angiotensin i-converting enzyme, benign serum increase; Aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental retardation; Anonychia; Antithrombin III deficiency; Antley-Bixler syndrome with genital anomalies and disordered steroidogenesis; Aortic aneurysm, familial thoracic 4, 6, and 9; Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections; Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome; Moyamoya disease 5; Aplastic anemia; Apparent mineralocorticoid excess; Arginase deficiency; Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency; Aromatase deficiency; Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy types 5, 8, and 10; Primary familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal, X-linked; Arthrogryposis renal dysfunction cholestasis syndrome; Arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis 2; Asparagine synthetase deficiency; Abnormality of neuronal migration; Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency; Ataxia, sensory, autosomal dominant; Ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome; Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome; Atransferrinemia; Atrial fibrillation, familial, 11, 12, 13, and 16; Atrial septal defects 2, 4, and 7 (with or without atrioventricular conduction defects); Atrial standstill 2; Atrioventricular septal defect 4; Atrophia bulborum hereditaria; ATR-X syndrome; Auriculocondylar syndrome 2; Autoimmune disease, multisystem, infantile-onset; Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, type 1a; Autosomal dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions 1 and 3; Autosomal dominant torsion dystonia 4; Autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy; Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis 1, 2, 3, 4A, and 4B; Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type IA and 1B; Autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome; Ectodermal dysplasia 11b; hypohidrotic/hair/tooth type, autosomal recessive; Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic bone disease; Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 3; Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome; Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome; PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome; Baraitser-Winter syndromes 1 and 2; Barakat syndrome; Bardet-Biedl syndromes 1, 11, 16, and 19; Bare lymphocyte syndrome type 2, complementation group E; Bartter syndrome antenatal type 2; Bartter syndrome types 3, 3 with hypocalciuria, and 4; Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 4; Beaded hair; Benign familial hematuria; Benign familial neonatal seizures 1 and 2; Seizures, benign familial neonatal, 1, and/or myokymia; Seizures, Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 7; Benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures; Benign hereditary chorea; Benign scapuloperoneal muscular dystrophy with cardiomyopathy; Bernard-Soulier syndrome, types A1 and A2 (autosomal dominant); Bestrophinopathy, autosomal recessive; beta Thalassemia; Bethlem myopathy and Bethlem myopathy 2; Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy; Bile acid synthesis defect, congenital, 2; Biotinidase deficiency; Birk Barel mental retardation dysmorphism syndrome; Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus; Bloom syndrome; Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome; Boucher Neuhauser syndrome; Brachydactyly types A1 and A2; Brachydactyly with hypertension; Brain small vessel disease with hemorrhage; Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency; Branchiootic syndromes 2 and 3; Breast cancer, early-onset; Breast-ovarian cancer, familial 1, 2, and 4; Brittle cornea syndrome 2; Brody myopathy; Bronchiectasis with or without elevated sweat chloride 3; Brown-Vialetto-Van laere syndrome and Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome 2; Brugada syndrome; Brugada syndrome 1; Ventricular fibrillation; Paroxysmal familial ventricular fibrillation; Brugada syndrome and Brugada syndrome 4; Long QT syndrome; Sudden cardiac death; Bull eye macular dystrophy; Stargardt disease 4; Cone-rod dystrophy 12; Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma; Burn-Mckeown syndrome; Candidiasis, familial, 2, 5, 6, and 8; Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type I and II; Carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency, hyperammonemia due to; Carcinoma of colon; Cardiac arrhythmia; Long QT syndrome, LQT1 subtype; Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency; Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; Cardiomyopathy; Danon disease; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy; Carnevale syndrome; Carney complex, type 1; Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase deficiency; Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, II, II (late onset), and II (infantile) deficiency; Cataract 1, 4, autosomal dominant, autosomal dominant, multiple types, with microcornea, coppock-like, juvenile, with microcornea and glucosuria, and nuclear diffuse nonprogressive; Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; Caudal regression syndrome; Cd8 deficiency, familial; Central core disease; Centromeric instability of chromosomes 1,9 and 16 and immunodeficiency; Cerebellar ataxia infantile with progressive external ophthalmoplegi and Cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome 2; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, APP-related; Cerebral autosomal dominant and recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; Cerebral cavernous malformations 2; Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 2; Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome; Cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts; Ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal 2, 6, 7, and 10; Ch\xc3\xa9diak-Higashi syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, adult type; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease types 1B, 2B2, 2C, 2F, 2I, 2U (axonal), 1C (demyelinating), dominant intermediate C, recessive intermediate A, 2A2, 4C, 4D, 4H, IF, IVF, and X; Scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy; Distal spinal muscular atrophy, congenital nonprogressive; Spinal muscular atrophy, distal, autosomal recessive, 5; CHARGE association; Childhood hypophosphatasia; Adult hypophosphatasia; Cholecystitis; Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 3; Cholestasis, intrahepatic, of pregnancy 3; Cholestanol storage disease; Cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain cleaving) deficiency; Chondrodysplasia Blomstrand type; Chondrodysplasia punctata 1, X-linked recessive and 2 X-linked dominant; CHOPS syndrome; Chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive, types 1 and 2; Chudley-McCullough syndrome; Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 7, 11, 15, 20 and 22; Citrullinemia type I; Citrullinemia type I and II; Cleidocranial dysostosis; C-like syndrome; Cockayne syndrome type A; Coenzyme Q10 deficiency, primary 1, 4, and 7; Coffin Siris/Intellectual Disability; Coffin-Lowry syndrome; Cohen syndrome; Cold-induced sweating syndrome 1; COLE-CARPENTER SYNDROME 2; Combined cellular and humoral immune defects with granulomas; Combined d-2- and 1-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria; Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria; Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiencies 1, 3, 4, 12, 15, and 25; Combined partial and complete 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency; Common variable immunodeficiency 9; Complement component 4, partial deficiency of, due to dysfunctional c1 inhibitor; Complement factor B deficiency; Cone monochromatism; Cone-rod dystrophy 2 and 6; Cone-rod dystrophy amelogenesis imperfecta; Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and Congenital adrenal hypoplasia, X-linked; Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia; Congenital aniridia; Congenital central hypoventilation; Hirschsprung disease 3; Congenital contractural arachnodactyly; Congenital contractures of the limbs and face, hypotonia, and developmental delay; Congenital disorder of glycosylation types 1B, 1D, 1G, 1H, 1J, 1K, 1N, 1P, 2C, 2J, 2K, IIm; Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, type I and II; Congenital ectodermal dysplasia of face; Congenital erythropoietic porphyria; Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2; Congenital heart disease, multiple types, 2; Congenital heart disease; Interrupted aortic arch; Congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, and epidermal nevi; Non-small cell lung cancer; Neoplasm of ovary; Cardiac conduction defect, nonspecific; Congenital microvillous atrophy; Congenital muscular dystrophy; Congenital muscular dystrophy due to partial LAMA2 deficiency; Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies, types A2, A7, A8, All, and A14; Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with mental retardation, types B2, B3, B5, and B15; Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy without mental retardation, type B5; Congenital muscular hypertrophy-cerebral syndrome; Congenital myasthenic syndrome, acetazolamide-responsive; Congenital myopathy with fiber type disproportion; Congenital ocular coloboma; Congenital stationary night blindness, type 1A, 1B, 1C, 1E, 1F, and 2A; Coproporphyria; Cornea plana 2; Corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 4; Corneal endothelial dystrophy type 2; Corneal fragility keratoglobus, blue sclerae and joint hypermobility; Cornelia de Lange syndromes 1 and 5; Coronary artery disease, autosomal dominant 2; Coronary heart disease; Hyperalphalipoproteinemia 2; Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 5 and 6; Cortical malformations, occipital; Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency; Corticosterone methyloxidase type 2 deficiency; Costello syndrome; Cowden syndrome 1; Coxa plana; Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant; Craniosynostosis 1 and 4; Craniosynostosis and dental anomalies; Creatine deficiency, X-linked; Crouzon syndrome; Cryptophthalmos syndrome; Cryptorchidism, unilateral or bilateral; Cushing symphalangism; Cutaneous malignant melanoma 1; Cutis laxa with osteodystrophy and with severe pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and urinary abnormalities; Cyanosis, transient neonatal and atypical nephropathic; Cystic fibrosis; Cystinuria; Cytochrome c oxidase i deficiency; Cytochrome-c oxidase deficiency; D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria 2; Darier disease, segmental; Deafness with labyrinthine aplasia microtia and microdontia (LAMM); Deafness, autosomal dominant 3a, 4, 12, 13, 15, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural 17, 20, and 65; Deafness, autosomal recessive 1A, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18b, 22, 28, 31, 44, 49, 63, 77, 86, and 89; Deafness, cochlear, with myopia and intellectual impairment, without vestibular involvement, autosomal dominant, X-linked 2; Deficiency of 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; Deficiency of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; Deficiency of alpha-mannosidase; Deficiency of aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase; Deficiency of bisphosphoglycerate mutase; Deficiency of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; Deficiency of ferroxidase; Deficiency of galactokinase; Deficiency of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase; Deficiency of hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Deficiency of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase; Deficiency of steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase; Deficiency of UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; Deficiency of xanthine oxidase; Dejerine-Sottas disease; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, types ID and IVF; Dejerine-Sottas syndrome, autosomal dominant; Dendritic cell, monocyte, B lymphocyte, and natural killer lymphocyte deficiency; Desbuquois dysplasia 2; Desbuquois syndrome; DFNA 2 Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss; Diabetes mellitus and insipidus with optic atrophy and deafness; Diabetes mellitus, type 2, and insulin-dependent, 20; Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1, 5, 8, and 10; Diarrhea 3 (secretory sodium, congenital, syndromic) and 5 (with tufting enteropathy, congenital); Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria; Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, Bothnian type; Digitorenocerebral syndrome; Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency; Dilated cardiomyopathy 1A, 1AA, 1C, 1G, 1BB, 1DD, 1FF, 1HH, 1I, 1KK, 1N, 1S, 1Y, and 3B; Left ventricular noncompaction 3; Disordered steroidogenesis due to cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase deficiency; Distal arthrogryposis type 2B; Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type 2B; Distal myopathy Markesbery-Griggs type; Distal spinal muscular atrophy, X-linked 3; Distichiasis-lymphedema syndrome; Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with absence of skin; Dominant hereditary optic atrophy; Donnai Barrow syndrome; Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency; Dopamine receptor d2, reduced brain density of; Dowling-degos disease 4; Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy; Malattia leventinese; Duane syndrome type 2; Dubin-Johnson syndrome; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Becker muscular dystrophy; Dysfibrinogenemia; Dyskeratosis congenita autosomal dominant and autosomal dominant, 3; Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal recessive, 1, 3, 4, and 5; Dyskeratosis congenita X-linked; Dyskinesia, familial, with facial myokymia; Dysplasminogenemia; Dystonia 2 (torsion, autosomal recessive), 3 (torsion, X-linked), 5 (Dopa-responsive type), 10, 12, 16, 25, 26 (Myoclonic); Seizures, benign familial infantile, 2; Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14; Atypical Rett syndrome; Early T cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Ectodermal dysplasia skin fragility syndrome; Ectodermal dysplasia-syndactyly syndrome 1; Ectopia lentis, isolated autosomal recessive and dominant; Ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate syndrome 3; Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type 7 (autosomal recessive), classic type, type 2 (progeroid), hydroxylysine-deficient, type 4, type 4 variant, and due to tenascin-X deficiency; Eichsfeld type congenital muscular dystrophy; Endocrine-cerebroosteodysplasia; Enhanced s-cone syndrome; Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome; Enterokinase deficiency; Epidermodysplasia verruciformis; Epidermolysa bullosa simplex and limb girdle muscular dystrophy, simplex with mottled pigmentation, simplex with pyloric atresia, simplex, autosomal recessive, and with pyloric atresia; Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma; Familial febrile seizures 8; Epilepsy, childhood absence 2, 12 (idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to) 5 (nocturnal frontal lobe), nocturnal frontal lobe type 1, partial, with variable foci, progressive myoclonic 3, and X-linked, with variable learning disabilities and behavior disorders; Epileptic encephalopathy, childhood-onset, early infantile, 1, 19, 23, 25, 30, and 32; Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, with myopia and conductive deafness; Episodic ataxia type 2; Episodic pain syndrome, familial, 3; Epstein syndrome; Fechtner syndrome; Erythropoietic protoporphyria; Estrogen resistance; Exudative vitreoretinopathy 6; Fabry disease and Fabry disease, cardiac variant; Factor H, VII, X, v and factor viii, combined deficiency of 2, xiii, a subunit, deficiency; Familial adenomatous polyposis 1 and 3; Familial amyloid nephropathy with urticaria and deafness; Familial cold urticarial; Familial aplasia of the vermis; Familial benign pemphigus; Familial cancer of breast; Breast cancer, susceptibility to; Osteosarcoma; Pancreatic cancer 3; Familial cardiomyopathy; Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 2; Familial colorectal cancer; Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, X-linked; Familial hemiplegic migraine types 1 and 2; Familial hypercholesterolemia; Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 23 and 24; Familial hypokalemia-hypomagnesemia; Familial hypoplastic, glomerulocystic kidney; Familial infantile myasthenia; Familial juvenile gout; Familial Mediterranean fever and Familial mediterranean fever, autosomal dominant; Familial porencephaly; Familial porphyria cutanea tarda; Familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis; Familial renal glucosuria; Familial renal hypouricemia; Familial restrictive cardiomyopathy 1; Familial type 1 and 3 hyperlipoproteinemia; Fanconi anemia, complementation group E, I, N, and O; Fanconi-Bickel syndrome; Favism, susceptibility to; Febrile seizures, familial, 11; Feingold syndrome 1; Fetal hemoglobin quantitative trait locus 1; FG syndrome and FG syndrome 4; Fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 1, 2, 3a (with or without extraocular involvement), 3b; Fish-eye disease; Fleck corneal dystrophy; Floating-Harbor syndrome; Focal epilepsy with speech disorder with or without mental retardation; Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 5; Forebrain defects; Frank Ter Haar syndrome; Borrone Di Rocco Crovato syndrome; Frasier syndrome; Wilms tumor 1; Freeman-Sheldon syndrome; Frontometaphyseal dysplasia land 3; Frontotemporal dementia; Frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 3 and 4; Frontotemporal Dementia Chromosome 3-Linked and Frontotemporal dementia ubiquitin-positive; Fructose-biphosphatase deficiency; Fuhrmann syndrome; Gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase deficiency; Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome; Gaucher disease type 1 and Subacute neuronopathic; Gaze palsy, familial horizontal, with progressive scoliosis; Generalized dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa; Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus 3, type 1, type 2; Epileptic encephalopathy Lennox-Gastaut type; Giant axonal neuropathy; Glanzmann thrombasthenia; Glaucoma 1, open angle, e, F, and G; Glaucoma 3, primary congenital, d; Glaucoma, congenital and Glaucoma, congenital, Coloboma; Glaucoma, primary open angle, juvenile-onset; Glioma susceptibility 1; Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome; Glucose-6-phosphate transport defect; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2; Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12; Glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency; Glutaric acidemia IIA and IIB; Glutaric aciduria, type 1; Gluthathione synthetase deficiency; Glycogen storage disease 0 (muscle), II (adult form), IXa2, IXc, type 1A; type II, type IV, IV (combined hepatic and myopathic), type V, and type VI; Goldmann-Favre syndrome; Gordon syndrome; Gorlin syndrome; Holoprosencephaly sequence; Holoprosencephaly 7; Granulomatous disease, chronic, X-linked, variant; Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary; Gray platelet syndrome; Griscelli syndrome type 3; Groenouw corneal dystrophy type I; Growth and mental retardation, mandibulofacial dysostosis, microcephaly, and cleft palate; Growth hormone deficiency with pituitary anomalies; Growth hormone insensitivity with immunodeficiency; GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency; Hajdu-Cheney syndrome; Hand foot uterus syndrome; Hearing impairment; Hemangioma, capillary infantile; Hematologic neoplasm; Hemochromatosis type 1, 2B, and 3; Microvascular complications of diabetes 7; Transferrin serum level quantitative trait locus 2; Hemoglobin H disease, nondeletional; Hemolytic anemia, nonspherocytic, due to glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency; Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 2; Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 3; Heparin cofactor II deficiency; Hereditary acrodermatitis enteropathica; Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome; Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder; Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer; Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids; Hereditary factors II, IX, VIII deficiency disease; Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2; Hereditary insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis; Hereditary lymphedema type I; Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with optic atrophy; Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure; Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy; Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Neoplasms; Lynch syndrome I and II; Hereditary pancreatitis; Pancreatitis, chronic, susceptibility to; Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IIB amd IIA; Hereditary sideroblastic anemia; Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 1, 3, 4, and 6; Heterotaxy, visceral, 2, 4, and 6, autosomal; Heterotaxy, visceral, X-linked; Heterotopia; Histiocytic medullary reticulosis; Histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome; Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency; Holoprosencephaly 2, 3,7, and 9; Holt-Oram syndrome; Homocysteinemia due to MTHFR deficiency, CBS deficiency, and Homocystinuria, pyridoxine-responsive; Homocystinuria-Megaloblastic anemia due to defect in cobalamin metabolism, cblE complementation type; Howel-Evans syndrome; Hurler syndrome; Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome; Hydrocephalus; Hyperammonemia, type III; Hypercholesterolaemia and Hypercholesterolemia, autosomal recessive; Hyperekplexia 2 and Hyperekplexia hereditary; Hyperferritinemia cataract syndrome; Hyperglycinuria; Hyperimmunoglobulin D with periodic fever; Mevalonic aciduria; Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome; Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia familial 3, 4, and 5; Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome; Hyperlysinemia; Hypermanganesemia with dystonia, polycythemia and cirrhosis; Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome; Hyperparathyroidism 1 and 2; Hyperparathyroidism, neonatal severe; Hyperphenylalaninemia, bh4-deficient, a, due to partial pts deficiency, BH4-deficient, D, and non-pku; Hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome 2, 3, and 4; Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia; Hypobetalipoproteinemia, familial, associated with apob32; Hypocalcemia, autosomal dominant 1; Hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, familial, types 1 and 3; Hypochondrogenesis; Hypochromic microcytic anemia with iron overload; Hypoglycemia with deficiency of glycogen synthetase in the liver; Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 11 with or without anosmia; Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immune deficiency; Hypohidrotic X-linked ectodermal dysplasia; Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1 and 2; Hypomagnesemia 1, intestinal; Hypomagnesemia, seizures, and mental retardation; Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 7; Hypoplastic left heart syndrome; Atrioventricular septal defect and common atrioventricular junction; Hypospadias 1 and 2, X-linked; Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 1; Hypotrichosis 8 and 12; Hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia syndrome; I blood group system; Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens; Ichthyosis exfoliativa; Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome; Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification 5; Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis, chronic form; Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal dominant, 2 and 5; Idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy; Immune dysfunction with T-cell inactivation due to calcium entry defect 2; Immunodeficiency 15, 16, 19, 30, 31C, 38, 40, 8, due to defect in cd3-zeta, with hyper IgM type 1 and 2, and X-Linked, with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and neoplasia; Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome 2; Inclusion body myopathy 2 and 3; Nonaka myopathy; Infantile convulsions and paroxysmal choreoathetosis, familial; Infantile cortical hyperostosis; Infantile GM1 gangliosidosis; Infantile hypophosphatasia; Infantile nephronophthisis; Infantile nystagmus, X-linked; Infantile Parkinsonism-dystonia; Infertility associated with multi-tailed spermatozoa and excessive DNA; Insulin resistance; Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus and acanthosis nigricans; Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus secretory diarrhea syndrome; Interstitial nephritis, karyomegalic; Intrauterine growth retardation, metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and genital anomalies; Iodotyrosyl coupling defect; IRAK4 deficiency; Iridogoniodysgenesis dominant type and type 1; Iron accumulation in brain; Ischiopatellar dysplasia; Islet cell hyperplasia; Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency; Isolated lutropin deficiency; Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; Jankovic Rivera syndrome; Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome 2; Joubert syndrome 1, 6, 7, 9/15 (digenic), 14, 16, and 17, and Orofaciodigital syndrome xiv; Junctional epidermolysis bullosa gravis of Herlitz; Juvenile GM>1<gangliosidosis; Juvenile polyposis syndrome; Juvenile polyposis/hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome; Juvenile retinoschisis; Kabuki make-up syndrome; Kallmann syndrome 1, 2, and 6; Delayed puberty; Kanzaki disease; Karak syndrome; Kartagener syndrome; Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2; Keppen-Lubinsky syndrome; Keratoconus 1; Keratosis follicularis; Keratosis palmoplantaris striata 1; Kindler syndrome; L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria; Larsen syndrome, dominant type; Lattice corneal dystrophy Type III; Leber amaurosis; Zellweger syndrome; Peroxisome biogenesis disorders; Zellweger syndrome spectrum; Leber congenital amaurosis 11, 12, 13, 16, 4, 7, and 9; Leber optic atrophy; Aminoglycoside-induced deafness; Deafness, nonsyndromic sensorineural, mitochondrial; Left ventricular noncompaction 5; Left-right axis malformations; Leigh disease; Mitochondrial short-chain Enoyl-CoA Hydratase 1 deficiency; Leigh syndrome due to mitochondrial complex I deficiency; Leiner disease; Leri Weill dyschondrosteosis; Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 6; Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I and III; Leukodystrophy, Hypomyelinating, 11 and 6; Leukoencephalopathy with ataxia, with Brainstem and Spinal Cord Involvement and Lactate Elevation, with vanishing white matter, and progressive, with ovarian failure; Leukonychia totalis; Lewy body dementia; Lichtenstein-Knorr Syndrome; Li-Fraumeni syndrome 1; Lig4 syndrome; Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, C1, C5, C9, C14; Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies, type A14 and B14; Lipase deficiency combined; Lipid proteinosis; Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 2 and 3; Lissencephaly 1, 2 (X-linked), 3, 6 (with microcephaly), X-linked; Subcortical laminar heterotopia, X-linked; Liver failure acute infantile; Loeys-Dietz syndrome 1, 2, 3; Long QT syndrome 1, 2, 2/9, 2/5, (digenic), 3, 5 and 5, acquired, susceptibility to; Lung cancer; Lymphedema, hereditary, id; Lymphedema, primary, with myelodysplasia; Lymphoproliferative syndrome 1, 1 (X-linked), and 2; Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency; Macrocephaly, macrosomia, facial dysmorphism syndrome; Macular dystrophy, vitelliform, adult-onset; Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 1; Malignant lymphoma, non-Hodgkin; Malignant melanoma; Malignant tumor of prostate; Mandibuloacral dysostosis; Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A or B lipodystrophy, atypical; Mandibulofacial dysostosis, Treacher Collins type, autosomal recessive; Mannose-binding protein deficiency; Maple syrup urine disease type 1A and type 3; Marden Walker like syndrome; Marfan syndrome; Marinesco-Sj\xc3\xb6gren syndrome; Martsolf syndrome; Maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 1, type 2, type 11, type 3, and type 9; May-Hegglin anomaly; MYH9 related disorders; Sebastian syndrome; McCune-Albright syndrome; Somatotroph adenoma; Sex cord-stromal tumor; Cushing syndrome; McKusick Kaufman syndrome; McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome; Meckel-Gruber syndrome; Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency; Medulloblastoma; Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts land 2a; Megalencephaly cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenital; PIK3CA Related Overgrowth Spectrum; Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 2; Megaloblastic anemia, thiamine-responsive, with diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness; Meier-Gorlin syndromes land 4; Melnick-Needles syndrome; Meningioma; Mental retardation, X-linked, 3, 21, 30, and 72; Mental retardation and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia; Mental retardation X-linked syndromic 5; Mental retardation, anterior maxillary protrusion, and strabismus; Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 12, 13, 15, 24, 3, 30, 4, 5, 6, and 9; Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 15, 44, 46, and 5; Mental retardation, stereotypic movements, epilepsy, and/or cerebral malformations; Mental retardation, syndromic, Claes-Jensen type, X-linked; Mental retardation, X-linked, nonspecific, syndromic, Hedera type, and syndromic, wu type; Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy; Metachromatic leukodystrophy juvenile, late infantile, and adult types; Metachromatic leukodystrophy; Metatrophic dysplasia; Methemoglobinemia types I and 2; Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, autosomal dominant; Methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria; Methylmalonic aciduria cb1B type; Methylmalonic aciduria due to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency; METHYLMALONIC ACIDURIA, mut(0) TYPE; Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 2; Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation; Microcephaly, hiatal hernia and nephrotic syndrome; Microcephaly; Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum; Spastic paraplegia 50, autosomal recessive; Global developmental delay; CNS hypomyelination; Brain atrophy; Microcephaly, normal intelligence and immunodeficiency; Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome; Microcytic anemia; Microphthalmia syndromic 5, 7, and 9; Microphthalmia, isolated 3, 5, 6, 8, and with coloboma 6; Microspherophakia; Migraine, familial basilar; Miller syndrome; Minicore myopathy with external ophthalmoplegia; Myopathy, congenital with cores; Mitchell-Riley syndrome; mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase deficiency; Mitochondrial complex I, II, III, III (nuclear type 2, 4, or 8) deficiency; Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 11, 12 (cardiomyopathic type), 2, 4B (MNGIE type), 8B (MNGIE type); Mitochondrial DNA-depletion syndrome 3 and 7, hepatocerebral types, and 13 (encephalomyopathic type); Mitochondrial phosphate carrier and pyruvate carrier deficiency; Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency; Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 1; Myopathy, distal, with anterior tibial onset; Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome; Molybdenum cofactor deficiency, complementation group A; Mowat-Wilson syndrome; Mucolipidosis III Gamma; Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, type VI (severe), and type VII; Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-I-H/S, MPS-II, MPS-III-A, MPS-III-B, MPS-III-C, MPS-IV-A, MPS-IV-B; Retinitis Pigmentosa 73; Gangliosidosis GM1 typel (with cardiac involvement) 3; Multicentric osteolysis nephropathy; Multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis and arthropathy; Multiple congenital anomalies; Atrial septal defect 2; Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 3; Multiple Cutaneous and Mucosal Venous Malformations; Multiple endocrine neoplasia, types land 4; Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 5 or Dominant; Multiple gastrointestinal atresias; Multiple pterygium syndrome Escobar type; Multiple sulfatase deficiency; Multiple synostoses syndrome 3; Muscle AMP guanine oxidase deficiency; Muscle eye brain disease; Muscular dystrophy, congenital, megaconial type; Myasthenia, familial infantile, 1; Myasthenic Syndrome, Congenital, 11, associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency; Myasthenic Syndrome, Congenital, 17, 2A (slow-channel), 4B (fast-channel), and without tubular aggregates; Myeloperoxidase deficiency; MYH-associated polyposis; Endometrial carcinoma; Myocardial infarction 1; Myoclonic dystonia; Myoclonic-Atonic Epilepsy; Myoclonus with epilepsy with ragged red fibers; Myofibrillar myopathy 1 and ZASP-related; Myoglobinuria, acute recurrent, autosomal recessive; Myoneural gastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome; Cerebellar ataxia infantile with progressive external ophthalmoplegia; Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 4B, MNGIE type; Myopathy, centronuclear, 1, congenital, with excess of muscle spindles, distal, 1, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia 1, mitochondrial progressive with congenital cataract, hearing loss, and developmental delay, and tubular aggregate, 2; Myopia 6; Myosclerosis, autosomal recessive; Myotonia congenital; Congenital myotonia, autosomal dominant and recessive forms; Nail-patella syndrome; Nance-Horan syndrome; Nanophthalmos 2; Navajo neurohepatopathy; Nemaline myopathy 3 and 9; Neonatal hypotonia; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Delayed speech and language development; Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 31; Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency; Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, X-linked; Nephrolithiasis/osteoporosis, hypophosphatemic, 2; Nephronophthisis 13, 15 and 4; Infertility; Cerebello-oculo-renal syndrome (nephronophthisis, oculomotor apraxia and cerebellar abnormalities); Nephrotic syndrome, type 3, type 5, with or without ocular abnormalities, type 7, and type 9; Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome; Neu-Laxova syndrome 1; Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 4 and 6; Neuroferritinopathy; Neurofibromatosis, type land type 2; Neurofibrosarcoma; Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus; Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type IC; Neutral 1 amino acid transport defect; Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy; Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome; Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome; Niemann-Pick disease type C1, C2, type A, and type C1, adult form; Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia; Noonan syndrome 1 and 4, LEOPARD syndrome 1; Noonan syndrome-like disorder with or without juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia; Normokalemic periodic paralysis, potassium-sensitive; Norum disease; Epilepsy, Hearing Loss, And Mental Retardation Syndrome; Mental Retardation, X-Linked 102 and syndromic 13; Obesity; Ocular albinism, type I; Oculocutaneous albinism type 1B, type 3, and type 4; Oculodentodigital dysplasia; Odontohypophosphatasia; Odontotrichomelic syndrome; Oguchi disease; Oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome; Opitz G/BBB syndrome; Optic atrophy 9; Oral-facial-digital syndrome; Ornithine aminotransferase deficiency; Orofacial cleft 11 and 7, Cleft lip/palate-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome; Orstavik Lindemann Solberg syndrome; Osteoarthritis with mild chondrodysplasia; Osteochondritis dissecans; Osteogenesis imperfecta type 12, type 5, type 7, type 8, type I, type III, with normal sclerae, dominant form, recessive perinatal lethal; Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis; Osteopetrosis autosomal dominant type 1 and 2, recessive 4, recessive 1, recessive 6; Osteoporosis with pseudoglioma; Oto-palato-digital syndrome, types I and II; Ovarian dysgenesis 1; Ovarioleukodystrophy; Pachyonychia congenita 4 and type 2; Paget disease of bone, familial; Pallister-Hall syndrome; Palmoplantar keratoderma, nonepidermolytic, focal or diffuse; Pancreatic agenesis and congenital heart disease; Papillon-Le\nxc3\xa8vre syndrome; Paragangliomas 3; Paramyotonia congenita of von Eulenburg; Parathyroid carcinoma; Parkinson disease 14, 15, 19 (juvenile-onset), 2, 20 (early-onset), 6, (autosomal recessive early-onset, and 9; Partial albinism; Partial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency; Patterned dystrophy of retinal pigment epithelium; PC-K6a; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease; Pendred syndrome; Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelination; Hirschsprung disease; Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal, with neurologic features; Neonatal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; Maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 2; Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 14B, 2A, 4A, 5B, 6A, 7A, and 7B; Perrault syndrome 4; Perry syndrome; Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy; familial hyperinsulinism; Phenotypes; Phenylketonuria; Pheochromocytoma; Hereditary Paraganglioma-Pheochromocytoma Syndromes; Paragangliomas 1; Carcinoid tumor of intestine; Cowden syndrome 3; Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency; Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 deficiency; Photosensitive trichothiodystrophy; Phytanic acid storage disease; Pick disease; Pierson syndrome; Pigmentary retinal dystrophy; Pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, primary, 1; Pilomatrixoma; Pitt-Hopkins syndrome; Pituitary dependent hypercortisolism; Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined 1, 2, 3, and 4; Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 deficiency; Plasminogen deficiency, type I; Platelet-type bleeding disorder 15 and 8; Poikiloderma, hereditary fibrosing, with tendon contractures, myopathy, and pulmonary fibrosis; Polycystic kidney disease 2, adult type, and infantile type; Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy; Polyglucosan body myopathy 1 with or without immunodeficiency; Polymicrogyria, asymmetric, bilateral frontoparietal; Polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract; Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 4; Popliteal pterygium syndrome; Porencephaly 2; Porokeratosis 8, disseminated superficial actinic type; Porphobilinogen synthase deficiency; Porphyria cutanea tarda; Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa; Posterior polar cataract type 2; Prader-Willi-like syndrome; Premature ovarian failure 4, 5, 7, and 9; Primary autosomal recessive microcephaly 10, 2, 3, and 5; Primary ciliary dyskinesia 24; Primary dilated cardiomyopathy; Left ventricular noncompaction 6; 4, Left ventricular noncompaction 10; Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; Primary hyperoxaluria, type I, type, and type III; Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, autosomal recessive 2; Primary hypomagnesemia; Primary open angle glaucoma juvenile onset 1; Primary pulmonary hypertension; Primrose syndrome; Progressive familial heart block type 1B; Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2 and 3; Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis; Progressive myoclonus epilepsy with ataxia; Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia; Progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy; Prolidase deficiency; Proline dehydrogenase deficiency; Schizophrenia 4; Properdin deficiency, X-linked; Propionic academia; Proprotein convertase 1/3 deficiency; Prostate cancer, hereditary, 2; Protan defect; Proteinuria; Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome; Proteus syndrome; Breast adenocarcinoma; Pseudoachondroplastic spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia syndrome; Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 autosomal dominant and recessive and type 2; Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A, Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism; Pseudoneonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; Pseudoprimary hyperaldosteronism; Pseudoxanthoma elasticum; Generalized arterial calcification of infancy 2; Pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like disorder with multiple coagulation factor deficiency; Psoriasis susceptibility 2; PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome; Pulmonary arterial hypertension related to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; Pulmonary Fibrosis And/Or Bone Marrow Failure, Telomere-Related, 1 and 3; Pulmonary hypertension, primary, 1, with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency; Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency; Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency; Pyruvate kinase deficiency of red cells; Raine syndrome; Rasopathy; Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa; Nail disorder, nonsyndromic congenital, 8; Reifenstein syndrome; Renal adysplasia; Renal carnitine transport defect; Renal coloboma syndrome; Renal dysplasia; Renal dysplasia, retinal pigmentary dystrophy, cerebellar ataxia and skeletal dysplasia; Renal tubular acidosis, distal, autosomal recessive, with late-onset sensorineural hearing loss, or with hemolytic anemia; Renal tubular acidosis, proximal, with ocular abnormalities and mental retardation; Retinal cone dystrophy 3B; Retinitis pigmentosa; Retinitis pigmentosa 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, and 19; Retinitis pigmentosa 2, 20, 25, 35, 36, 38, 39, 4, 40, 43, 45, 48, 66, 7, 70, 72; Retinoblastoma; Rett disorder; Rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome 2; Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, autosomal dominant; Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2 and type 3; Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome; Robinow Sorauf syndrome; Robinow syndrome, autosomal recessive, autosomal recessive, with brachy-syn-polydactyly; Rothmund-Thomson syndrome; Rapadilino syndrome; RRM2B-related mitochondrial disease; Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome; Salla disease; Sandhoff disease, adult and infantil types; Sarcoidosis, early-onset; Blau syndrome; Schindler disease, type 1; Schizencephaly; Schizophrenia 15; Schneckenbecken dysplasia; Schwannomatosis 2; Schwartz Jampel syndrome type 1; Sclerocornea, autosomal recessive; Sclerosteosis; Secondary hypothyroidism; Segawa syndrome, autosomal recessive; Senior-Loken syndrome 4 and 5; Sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthria, and ophthalmoparesis; Sepiapterin reductase deficiency; SeSAME syndrome; Severe combined immunodeficiency due to ADA deficiency, with microcephaly, growth retardation, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation, atypical, autosomal recessive, T cell-negative, B cell-positive, NK cell-negative of NK-positive; Severe congenital neutropenia; Severe congenital neutropenia 3, autosomal recessive or dominant; Severe congenital neutropenia and 6, autosomal recessive; Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy; Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, types 1 and 2; Severe X-linked myotubular myopathy; Short QT syndrome 3; Short stature with nonspecific skeletal abnormalities; Short stature, auditory canal atresia, mandibular hypoplasia, skeletal abnormalities; Short stature, onychodysplasia, facial dysmorphism, and hypotrichosis; Primordial dwarfism; Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 11 or 3 with or without polydactyly; Sialidosis type I and II; Silver spastic paraplegia syndrome; Slowed nerve conduction velocity, autosomal dominant; Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome; Snyder Robinson syndrome; Somatotroph adenoma; Prolactinoma; familial, Pituitary adenoma predisposition; Sotos syndrome 1 or 2; Spastic ataxia 5, autosomal recessive, Charlevoix-Saguenay type, 1,10, or 11, autosomal recessive; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 5; Spastic paraplegia 15, 2, 3, 35, 39, 4, autosomal dominant, 55, autosomal recessive, and 5A; Bile acid synthesis defect, congenital, 3; Spermatogenic failure 11, 3, and 8; Spherocytosis types 4 and 5; Spheroid body myopathy; Spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity predominant 2, autosomal dominant; Spinal muscular atrophy, type II; Spinocerebellar ataxia 14, 21, 35, 40, and 6; Spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 1 and 16; Splenic hypoplasia; Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome; Spondylocheirodysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-like, with immune dysregulation, Aggrecan type, with congenital joint dislocations, short limb-hand type, Sedaghatian type, with cone-rod dystrophy, and Kozlowski type; Parastremmatic dwarfism; Stargardt disease 1; Cone-rod dystrophy 3; Stickler syndrome type 1; Kniest dysplasia; Stickler syndrome, types 1 (nonsyndromic ocular) and 4; Sting-associated vasculopathy, infantile-onset; Stormorken syndrome; Sturge-Weber syndrome, Capillary malformations, congenital, 1; Succinyl-CoA acetoacetate transferase deficiency; Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency; Sudden infant death syndrome; Sulfite oxidase deficiency, isolated; Supravalvar aortic stenosis; Surfactant metabolism dysfunction, pulmonary, 2 and 3; Symphalangism, proximal, 1b; Syndactyly Cenani Lenz type; Syndactyly type 3; Syndromic X-linked mental retardation 16; Talipes equinovarus; Tangier disease; TARP syndrome; Tay-Sachs disease, B1 variant, Gm2-gangliosidosis (adult), Gm2-gangliosidosis (adult-onset); Temtamy syndrome; Tenorio Syndrome; Terminal osseous dysplasia; Testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase deficiency; Tetraamelia, autosomal recessive; Tetralogy of Fallot; Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 2; Truncus arteriosus; Malformation of the heart and great vessels; Ventricular septal defect 1; Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy; Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections; Marfanoid habitus; Three M syndrome 2; Thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, hemolysis, and imbalanced globin synthesis; Thrombocytopenia, X-linked; Thrombophilia, hereditary, due to protein C deficiency, autosomal dominant and recessive; Thyroid agenesis; Thyroid cancer, follicular; Thyroid hormone metabolism, abnormal; Thyroid hormone resistance, generalized, autosomal dominant; Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 2; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone resistance, generalized; Timothy syndrome; TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS); Tooth agenesis, selective, 3 and 4; Torsades de pointes; Townes-Brocks-branchiootorenal-like syndrome; Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn; Treacher collins syndrome 1; Trichomegaly with mental retardation, dwarfism and pigmentary degeneration of retina; Trichorhinophalangeal dysplasia type I; Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 3; Trimethylaminuria; Tuberous sclerosis syndrome; Lymphangiomyomatosis; Tuberous sclerosis 1 and 2; Tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism; Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism; Tyrosinemia type I; UDPglucose-4-epimerase deficiency; U1lrich congenital muscular dystrophy; U1na and fibula absence of with severe limb deficiency; Upshaw-Schulman syndrome; Urocanate hydratase deficiency; Usher syndrome, types 1, 1B, 1D, 1G, 2A, 2C, and 2D; Retinitis pigmentosa 39; UV-sensitive syndrome; Van der Woude syndrome; Van Maldergem syndrome 2; Hennekam lymphangiectasia-lymphedema syndrome 2; Variegate porphyria; Ventriculomegaly with cystic kidney disease; Verheij syndrome; Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; Vesicoureteral reflux 8; Visceral heterotaxy 5, autosomal; Visceral myopathy; Vitamin D-dependent rickets, types land 2; Vitelliform dystrophy; von Willebrand disease type 2M and type 3; Waardenburg syndrome type 1, 4C, and 2E (with neurologic involvement); Klein-Waardenberg syndrome; Walker-Warburg congenital muscular dystrophy; Warburg micro syndrome 2 and 4; Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis; Weaver syndrome; Weill-Marchesani syndrome 1 and 3; Weill-Marchesani-like syndrome; Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome; Werdnig-Hoffmann disease; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; Werner syndrome; WFS1-Related Disorders; Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome; Wilson disease; Wolfram-like syndrome, autosomal dominant; Worth disease; Van Buchem disease type 2; Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group b, group D, group E, and group G; X-linked agammaglobulinemia; X-linked hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy; X-linked ichthyosis with steryl-sulfatase deficiency; X-linked periventricular heterotopia; Oto-palato-digital syndrome, type I; X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency; Zimmermann-Laband syndrome and Zimmermann-Laband syndrome 2; and Zonular pulverulent cataract 3.

The target nucleotide sequence may comprise a target sequence (e.g., a point mutation) associated with a disease, disorder, or condition. The target sequence may comprise a T to C (or A to G) point mutation associated with a disease, disorder, or condition, and wherein the deamination of the mutant C base results in mismatch repair-mediated correction to a sequence that is not associated with a disease, disorder, or condition. The target sequence may comprise a G to A (or C to T) point mutation associated with a disease, disorder, or condition, and wherein the deamination of the mutant A base results in mismatch repair-mediated correction to a sequence that is not associated with a disease, disorder, or condition. The target sequence may encode a protein, and where the point mutation is in a codon and results in a change in the amino acid encoded by the mutant codon as compared to a wild-type codon. The target sequence may also be at a splice site, and the point mutation results in a change in the splicing of an mRNA transcript as compared to a wild-type transcript. In addition, the target may be at a non-coding sequence of a gene, such as a promoter, and the point mutation results in increased or decreased expression of the gene.

Thus, in some aspects, the deamination of a mutant C results in a change of the amino acid encoded by the mutant codon, which in some cases can result in the expression of a wild-type amino acid. In other aspects, the deamination of a mutant A results in a change of the amino acid encoded by the mutant codon, which in some cases can result in the expression of a wild-type amino acid.

The methods described herein involving contacting a cell with a composition or rAAV particle can occur in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. In certain embodiments, the step of contacting occurs in a subject. In certain embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed with a disease, disorder, or condition.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein involve contacting a mammalian cell with a composition or rAAV particle. In particular embodiments, the methods involve contacting a retinal cell, cortical cell or cerebellar cell.

The split Cas9 protein or split prime editor delivered using the methods described herein preferably have comparable activity compared to the original Cas9 protein or prime editor (i.e., unsplit protein delivered to a cell or expressed in a cell as a whole). For example, the split Cas9 protein or split prime editor retains at least 50% (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%) of the activity of the original Cas9 protein or prime editor. In some embodiments, the split Cas9 protein or split prime editor is more active (e.g., 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 100-fold, 1000-fold, or more) than that of an original Cas9 protein or prime editor.

The compositions described herein may be administered to a subject in need thereof in a therapeutically effective amount to treat and/or prevent a disease or disorder the subject is suffering from. Any disease or disorder that may be treated and/or prevented using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing technology may be treated by the split Cas9 protein or the split prime editor described herein. It is to be understood that, if the nucleotide sequences encoding the split Cas9 protein or the prime editor does not further encode a gRNA, a separate nucleic acid vector encoding the gRNA may be administered together with the compositions described herein.

Exemplary suitable diseases, disorders or conditions include, without limitation the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Charcot-Marie-Toot disease type 4J, neuroblastoma (NB), von Willebrand disease (vWD), myotonia congenital, hereditary renal amyloidosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, hereditary lymphedema, familial Alzheimer's disease, prion disease, chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous articular syndrome (CINCA), congenital deafness, Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) disease, and desmin-related myopathy (DRM). In particular embodiments, the disease or condition is Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) disease.

In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition is associated with a point mutation in an NPC gene, a DNMT1 gene, a PCSK9 gene, or a TMC1 gene. In certain embodiments, the point mutation is a T3182C mutation in NPC, which results in an I1061T amino acid substitution.

In certain embodiments, the point mutation is an A545G mutation in TMC1, which results in a Y182C amino acid substitution. TMC1 encodes a protein that forms mechanosensitive ion channels in sensory hair cells of the inner ear and is required for normal auditory function. The Y182C amino acid substitution is associated with congenital deafness.

In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition is associated with a point mutation that generates a stop codon, for example, a premature stop codon within the coding region of a gene.

Additional exemplary diseases, disorders and conditions include cystic fibrosis (see, e.g., Schwank et al., Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients. Cell stem cell. 2013; 13: 653-658; and Wu et. al., Correction of a genetic disease in mouse via use of CRISPR-Cas9. Cell stem cell. 2013; 13: 659-662, neither of which uses a deaminase fusion protein to correct the genetic defect); phenylketonuria—e.g., phenylalanine to serine mutation at position 835 (mouse) or 240 (human) or a homologous residue in phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., McDonald et al., Genomics. 1997; 39:402-405; Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS)—e.g., phenylalanine to serine mutation at position 55 or a homologous residue, or cysteine to arginine at residue 24 or a homologous residue in the platelet membrane glycoprotein IX (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Noris et al., British Journal of Haematology. 1997; 97: 312-320, and Ali et al., Hematol. 2014; 93: 381-384; epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK)—e.g., leucine to proline mutation at position 160 or 161 (if counting the initiator methionine) or a homologous residue in keratin 1 (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Chipev et al., Cell. 1992; 70: 821-828, see also accession number P04264 in the UNIPROT database at www[dot]uniprot[dot]org; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—e.g., leucine to proline mutation at position 54 or 55 (if counting the initiator methionine) or a homologous residue in the processed form of ai-antitrypsin or residue 78 in the unprocessed form or a homologous residue (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Poller et al., Genomics. 1993; 17: 740-743, see also accession number P01011 in the UNIPROT database; Charcot-Marie-Toot disease type 4J—e.g., isoleucine to threonine mutation at position 41 or a homologous residue in FIG. 4 (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Lenk et al., PLoS Genetics. 2011; 7: e1002104; neuroblastoma (NB)—e.g., leucine to proline mutation at position 197 or a homologous residue in Caspase-9 (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Kundu et al., 3 Biotech. 2013, 3:225-234; von Willebrand disease (vWD)—e.g., cysteine to arginine mutation at position 509 or a homologous residue in the processed form of von Willebrand factor, or at position 1272 or a homologous residue in the unprocessed form of von Willebrand factor (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Lavergne et al., Br. J. Haematol. 1992, see also accession number P04275 in the UNIPROT database; 82: 66-72; myotonia congenital—e.g., cysteine to arginine mutation at position 277 or a homologous residue in the muscle chloride channel gene CLCN1 (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Weinberger et al., The J. of Physiology. 2012; 590: 3449-3464; hereditary renal amyloidosis—e.g., stop codon to arginine mutation at position 78 or a homologous residue in the processed form of apolipoprotein AII or at position 101 or a homologous residue in the unprocessed form (T>C mutation)—see, e.g., Yazaki et al., Kidney Int. 2003; 64: 11-16; dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)—e.g., tryptophan to Arginine mutation at position 148 or a homologous residue in the FOXD4 gene (T>C mutation), see, e.g., Minoretti et. al., Int. J. of Mol. Med. 2007; 19: 369-372; hereditary lymphedema—e.g., histidine to arginine mutation at position 1035 or a homologous residue in VEGFR3 tyrosine kinase (A>G mutation), see, e.g., Irrthum et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2000; 67: 295-301; familial Alzheimer's disease—e.g., isoleucine to valine mutation at position 143 or a homologous residue in presenilin1 (A>G mutation), see, e.g., Gallo et. al., J. Alzheimer's disease. 2011; 25: 425-431; Prion disease—e.g., methionine to valine mutation at position 129 or a homologous residue in prion protein (A>G mutation)—see, e.g., Lewis et. al., J. of General Virology. 2006; 87: 2443-2449; chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous articular syndrome (CINCA)—e.g., Tyrosine to Cysteine mutation at position 570 or a homologous residue in cryopyrin (A>G mutation)—see, e.g., Fujisawa et. al. Blood. 2007; 109: 2903-2911; and desmin-related myopathy (DRM)—e.g., arginine to glycine mutation at position 120 or a homologous residue in αβ crystallin (A>G mutation)—see, e.g., Kumar et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 24137-24141. The entire contents of all references and database entries is incorporated herein by reference.

Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion Disease

Trinucleotide repeat expansion is associated with a number of human diseases, including Huntington's Disease, Fragile X syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia. The most common trinucleotide repeat contains CAG triplets, though GAA triplets (Friedreich's ataxia) and CGG triplets (Fragile X syndrome) also occur. Inheriting a predisposition to expansion, or acquiring an already expanded parental allele, increases the likelihood of acquiring the disease. Pathogenic expansions of trinucleotide repeats could hypothetically be corrected using prime editing.

A region upstream of the repeat region can be nicked by an RNA-guided nuclease, then used to prime synthesis of a new DNA strand that contains a healthy number of repeats (which depends on the particular gene and disease), in accordance with the general mechanism outlined in FIG. 1G or FIG. 22 . After the repeat sequence, a short stretch of homology is added that matches the identity of the sequence adjacent to the other end of the repeat (heavy bold strand). Invasion of the newly synthesized strand by the TPRT system, and subsequent replacement of the endogenous DNA with the newly synthesized flap, leads to a contracted repeat allele. The term “contracted” refers to a shortening of the length of the nucleotide repeat region, thereby resulting in repairing the trinucleotide repeat region.

The prime editing system or prime editing (PE) system described herein may be used to contract trinucleotide repeat mutations (or “triplet expansion diseases”) to treating conditions such as Huntington's disease and other trinucleotide repeat disorders. Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are complex, progressive disorders that involve developmental neurobiology and often affect cognition as well as sensori-motor functions. The disorders show genetic anticipation (i.e. increased severity with each generation). The DNA expansions or contractions usually happen meiotically (i.e. during the time of gametogenesis, or early in embryonic development), and often have sex-bias meaning that some genes expand only when inherited through the female, others only through the male. In humans, trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders can cause gene silencing at either the transcriptional or translational level, which essentially knocks out gene function. Alternatively, trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders can cause altered proteins generated with large repetitive amino acid sequences that either abrogate or change protein function, often in a dominant-negative manner (e.g. poly-glutamine diseases).

Without wishing to be bound by theory, triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication or during DNA repair synthesis. Because the tandem repeats have identical sequence to one another, base pairing between two DNA strands can take place at multiple points along the sequence. This may lead to the formation of “loop out” structures during DNA replication or DNA repair synthesis. This may lead to repeated copying of the repeated sequence, expanding the number of repeats. Additional mechanisms involving hybrid RNA:DNA intermediates have been proposed. Prime editing may be used to reduce or eliminate these triplet expansion regions by deletion one or more or the offending repeat codon triplets. In an embodiment of this use, FIG. 23 , provides a schematic of a PEgRNA design for contracting or reducing trinucleotide repeat sequences with prime editing.

Prime editing may be implemented to contract triplet expansion regions by nicking a region upstream of the triplet repeat region with the prime editor comprising a PEgRNA appropriated targeted to the cut site. The prime editor then synthesizes a new DNA strand (ssDNA flap) based on the PEgRNA as a template (i.e., the edit template thereof) that codes for a healthy number of triplet repeats (which depends on the particular gene and disease). The newly synthesized ssDNA strand comprising the healthy triplet repeat sequence also is synthesized to include a short stretch of homology (i.e., the homology arm) that matches the sequence adjacent to the other end of the repeat (bold strand). Invasion of the newly synthesized strand, and subsequent replacement of the endogenous DNA with the newly synthesized ssDNA flap, leads to a contracted repeat allele.

Depending on the particular trinucleotide expansion disorder, the defect-inducing triplet expansions may occur in “trinucleotide repeat expansion proteins.” Trinucleotide repeat expansion proteins are a diverse set of proteins associated with susceptibility for developing a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder, the presence of a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder, the severity of a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder or any combination thereof. Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are divided into two categories determined by the type of repeat. The most common repeat is the triplet CAG, which, when present in the coding region of a gene, codes for the amino acid glutamine (Q). Therefore, these disorders are referred to as the polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders and comprise the following diseases: Huntington Disease (HD); Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA); Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17); and Dentatorubro-Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA). The remaining trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders either do not involve the CAG triplet or the CAG triplet is not in the coding region of the gene and are, therefore, referred to as the non-polyglutamine disorders. The non-polyglutamine disorders comprise Fragile X Syndrome (FRAXA); Fragile XE Mental Retardation (FRAXE); Friedreich Ataxia (FRDA); Myotonic Dystrophy (DM); and Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA types 8, and 12).

The proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders can be selected based on an experimental association of the protein associated with a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder to a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder. For example, the production rate or circulating concentration of a protein associated with a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder may be elevated or depressed in a population having a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder relative to a population lacking the trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder. Differences in protein levels may be assessed using proteomic techniques including but not limited to Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mass spectrometry. Alternatively, the proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders may be identified by obtaining gene expression profiles of the genes encoding the proteins using genomic techniques including but not limited to DNA microarray analysis, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR).

Non-limiting examples of proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders which can be corrected by prime editing include AR (androgen receptor), FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1), HTT (huntingtin), DMPK (dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase), FXN (frataxin), ATXN2 (ataxin 2), ATN1 (atrophin 1), FEN1 (flap structure-specific endonuclease 1), TNRC6A (trinucleotide repeat containing 6A), PABPN1 (poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1), JPH3 (junctophilin 3), MED15 (mediator complex subunit 15), ATXN1 (ataxin 1), ATXN3 (ataxin 3), TBP (TATA box binding protein), CACNA1A (calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit), ATXN80S (ATXN8 opposite strand (non-protein coding)), PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, beta), ATXN7 (ataxin 7), TNRC6B (trinucleotide repeat containing 6B), TNRC6C (trinucleotide repeat containing 6C), CELF3 (CUGBP, Elav-like family member 3), MAB21L1 (mab-21-like 1 (C. elegans)), MSH2 (mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E. coli)), TMEM185A (transmembrane protein 185A), SIX5 (SIX homeobox 5), CNPY3 (canopy 3 homolog (zebrafish)), FRAXE (fragile site, folic acid type, rare, fra(X)(q28) E), GNB2 (guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2), RPL14 (ribosomal protein L14), ATXN8 (ataxin 8), INSR (insulin receptor), TTR (transthyretin), EP400 (E1A binding protein p400), GIGYF2 (GRB10 interacting GYF protein 2), OGG1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase), STC1 (stanniocalcin 1), CNDP1 (carnosine dipeptidase 1 (metallopeptidase M20 family)), C10orf2 (chromosome 10 open reading frame 2), MAML3 mastermind-like 3 (Drosophila), DKC1 (dyskeratosis congenita 1, dyskerin), PAXIP1 (PAX interacting (with transcription-activation domain) protein 1), CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (MAGUK family)), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau), SP1 (Sp1 transcription factor), POLG (polymerase (DNA directed), gamma), AFF2 (AF4/FMR2 family, member 2), THBS1 (thrombospondin 1), TP53 (tumor protein p53), ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1), CGGBP1 (CGG triplet repeat binding protein 1), ABT1 (activator of basal transcription 1), KLK3 (kallikrein-related peptidase 3), PRNP (prion protein), JUN (jun oncogene), KCNN3 (potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3), BAX (BCL2-associated X protein), FRAXA (fragile site, folic acid type, rare, fra(X)(q27.3) A (macroorchidism, mental retardation)), KBTBD10 (kelch repeat and BTB (POZ) domain containing 10), MBNL1 (muscleblind-like (Drosophila)), RAD51 (RAD51 homolog (RecA homolog, E. coli) (S. cerevisiae)), NCOA3 (nuclear receptor coactivator 3), ERDA1 (expanded repeat domain, CAG/CTG 1), TSC1 (tuberous sclerosis 1), COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein), GCLC (glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit), RRAD (Ras-related associated with diabetes), MSH3 (mutS homolog 3 (E. coli)), DRD2 (dopamine receptor D2), CD44 (CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)), CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor (zinc finger protein)), CCND1 (cyclin D1), CLSPN (claspin homolog (Xenopus laevis)), MEF2A (myocyte enhancer factor 2A), PTPRU (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, U), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), TRIM22 (tripartite motif-containing 22), WT1 (Wilms tumor 1), AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), GPX1 (glutathione peroxidase 1), TPMT (thiopurine S-methyltransferase), NDP (Norrie disease (pseudoglioma)), ARX (aristaless related homeobox), MUS81 (MUS81 endonuclease homolog (S. cerevisiae)), TYR (tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA)), EGR1 (early growth response 1), UNG (uracil-DNA glycosylase), NUMBL (numb homolog (Drosophila)-like), FABP2 (fatty acid binding protein 2, intestinal), EN2 (engrailed homeobox 2), CRYGC (crystallin, gamma C), SRP14 (signal recognition particle 14 kDa (homologous Alu RNA binding protein)), CRYGB (crystallin, gamma B), PDCD1 (programmed cell death 1), HOXA1 (homeobox A1), ATXN2L (ataxin 2-like), PMS2 (PMS2 postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (S. cerevisiae)), GLA (galactosidase, alpha), CBL (Cas-Br-M (murine) ecotropic retroviral transforming sequence), FTH1 (ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1), IL12RB2 (interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2), OTX2 (orthodenticle homeobox 2), HOXA5 (homeobox A5), POLG2 (polymerase (DNA directed), gamma 2, accessory subunit), DLX2 (distal-less homeobox 2), SIRPA (signal-regulatory protein alpha), OTX1 (orthodenticle homeobox 1), AHRR (aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor), MANF (mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor), TMEM158 (transmembrane protein 158 (gene/pseudogene)), and ENSG00000078687.

In a particular aspect, the instant disclosure provides TPRT-based methods for the treatment of a subject diagnosed with an expansion repeat disorder (also known as a repeat expansion disorder or a trinucleotide repeat disorder). Expansion repeat disorders occur when microsatellite repeats expand beyond a threshold length. Currently, at least 30 genetic diseases are believed to be caused by repeat expansions. Scientific understanding of this diverse group of disorders came to lights in the early 1990's with the discovery that trinucleotide repeats underlie several major inherited conditions, including Fragile X, Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, Myotonic Dystrophy, and Huntington's disease (Nelson et al, “The unstable repeats—three evolving faces of neurological disease,” Neuron, Mar. 6, 2013, Vol. 77; 825-843, which is incorporated herein by reference), as well as Haw River Syndrome, Jacobsen Syndrome, Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), Machado-Joseph disease, Synpolydactyly (SPD II), Hand-foot genital syndrome (HFGS), Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), Holoprosencephaly disorder (HPE), Congenital central hypventilation syndrome (CCHS), ARX-nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), and Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) (see. Microsatellite repeat instability was found to be a hallmark of these conditions, as was anticipation—the phenomenon in which repeat expansion can occur with each successive generation, which leads to a more severe phenotype and earlier age of onset in the offspring. Repeat expansions are believed to cause diseases via several different mechanisms. Namely, expansions may interfere with cellular functioning at the level of the gene, the mRNA transcript, and/or the encoded protein. In some conditions, mutations act via a loss-of-function mechanism by silencing repeat-containing genes. In others, disease results from gain-of-function mechanisms, whereby either the mRNA transcript or protein takes on new, aberrant functions.

In one embodiment, a method of treating a trinucleotide repeat disorder is depicted in FIG. 23 . In general, the approach involves using TPRT genome editing (i.e., prime editing) in combination with an extended gRNA that comprises a region that encodes a desired and healthy replacement trinucleotide repeat sequence that is intended to replace the endogenous diseased trinucleotide repeat sequence through the mechanism of the prime editing process. A schematic of an exemplary gRNA design for contracting trinucleotide repeat sequences and trinucleotide repeat contraction with TPRT genome editing (i.e., prime editing) is shown in FIG. 23 .

Prion Disease

Prime editing can also be used to prevent or halt the progression of prion disease through the installation of one or more protective mutations into prion proteins (PRNP) which become misfolded during the course of disease. Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a family of rare progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. They are distinguished by long incubation periods, characteristic spongiform changes associated with neuronal loss, and a failure to induce inflammatory response.

In humans, prion disease includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, and Kuru. In animals, prion disease includes Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Scrapie, Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, and Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy. Prime editing may be used to install protective point mutations into a prion protein in order to prevent or halt the progression of any one of these prion diseases.

Classic CJD is a human prion disease. It is a neurodegenerative disorder with characteristic clinical and diagnostic features. This disease is rapidly progressive and always fatal. Infection with this disease leads to death usually within 1 year of onset of illness. CJD is a rapidly progressive, invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorder believed to be caused by an abnormal isoform of a cellular glycoprotein known as the prion protein. CJD occurs worldwide and the estimated annual incidence in many countries, including the United States, has been reported to be about one case per million population. The vast majority of CJD patients usually die within 1 year of illness onset. CJD is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) along with other prion diseases that occur in humans and animals. In about 85% of patients, CJD occurs as a sporadic disease with no recognizable pattern of transmission. A smaller proportion of patients (5 to 15%) develop CJD because of inherited mutations of the prion protein gene. These inherited forms include Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome and fatal familial insomnia. No treatment is currently known for CJD.

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a prion disease that was first described in 1996 in the United Kingdom. There is now strong scientific evidence that the agent responsible for the outbreak of prion disease in cows, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or ‘mad cow’ disease), is the same agent responsible for the outbreak of vCJD in humans. Variant CJD (vCJD) is not the same disease as classic CJD (often simply called CJD). It has different clinical and pathologic characteristics from classic CJD. Each disease also has a particular genetic profile of the prion protein gene. Both disorders are invariably fatal brain diseases with unusually long incubation periods measured in years and are caused by an unconventional transmissible agent called a prion. No treatment is currently known for vCJD.

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy or “mad cow disease”) is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent called a prion. The nature of the transmissible agent is not well understood. Currently, the most accepted theory is that the agent is a modified form of a normal protein known as prion protein. For reasons that are not yet understood, the normal prion protein changes into a pathogenic (harmful) form that then damages the central nervous system of cattle. There is increasing evidence that there are different strains of BSE: the typical or classic BSE strain responsible for the outbreak in the United Kingdom and two atypical strains (H and L strains). No treatment is currently known for BSE.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer and moose. It has been found in some areas of North America, including Canada and the United States, Norway and South Korea. It may take over a year before an infected animal develops symptoms, which can include drastic weight loss (wasting), stumbling, listlessness and other neurologic symptoms. CWD can affect animals of all ages and some infected animals may die without ever developing the disease. CWD is fatal to animals and there are no treatments or vaccines.

The causative agents of TSEs are believed to be prions. The term “prions” refers to abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins called prion proteins that are found most abundantly in the brain. The functions of these normal prion proteins are still not completely understood. The abnormal folding of the prion proteins leads to brain damage and the characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease. Prion diseases are usually rapidly progressive and always fatal.

As used herein, the term “prion” shall mean an infectious particle known to cause diseases (spongiform encephalopathies) in humans and animals. The term “prion” is a contraction of the words “protein” and “infection” and the particles are comprised largely if not exclusively of PRNP^(Sc) molecules encoded by a PRNP gene which expresses PRN1p^(C) which changes conformation to become PRNP^(Sc). Prions are distinct from bacteria, viruses and viroids. Known prions include those which infect animals to cause scrapie, a transmissible, degenerative disease of the nervous system of sheep and goats as well as bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) or mad cow disease and feline spongiform encephalopathies of cats. Four prion diseases, as discussed above, known to affect humans are (1) kuru, (2) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), (3) Gerstmann-Strassler-Scheinker Disease (GSS), and (4) fatal familial insomnia (FFI). As used herein prion includes all forms of prions causing all or any of these diseases or others in any animals used—and in particular in humans and in domesticated farm animals.

In general, and without wishing to be bound by theory, prior diseases are caused by misfolding of prion proteins. Such diseases—often called deposition diseases—the misfolding of the prion proteins can be accounted for as follows. If A is the normally synthesized gene product that carries out an intended physiologic role in a monomeric or oligomeric state, A* is a conformationally activated form of A that is competent to undergo a dramatic conformational change, B is the conformationally altered state that prefers multimeric assemblies (i.e., the misfolded form which forms depositions) and B_(n) is the multimeric material that is pathogenic and relatively difficult to recycle. For the prion diseases, PRNP^(C) and PRNP^(Sc) correspond to states A and B_(n) where A is largely helical and monomeric and B_(n) is β-rich and multimeric.

It is known that certain mutations in prion proteins can be associated with increased risk of prior disease. Conversely, certain mutations in prion proteins can be protective in nature. See Bagynszky et al., “Characterization of mutations in PRNP (prion) gene and their possible roles in neurodegenerative diseases,” Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat., 2018; 14: 2067-2085, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

PRNP (NCBI RefSeq No. NP_000302.1 (SEQ ID NO: 291))—the human prion protein—is encoded by a 16 kb long gene, located on chromosome 20 (4686151-4701588). It contains two exons, and the exon 2 carries the open reading frame which encodes the 253 amino acid (AA) long PrP protein. Exon 1 is a noncoding exon, which may serve as transcriptional initiation site. The post-translational modifications result in the removal of the first 22 AA N-terminal fragment (NTF) and the last 23 AA C-terminal fragment (CTF). The NTF is cleaved after PrP transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while the CTF (glycosylphosphatidylinositol [GPI] signal peptide [GPI-SP]) is cleaved by the GPI anchor. GPI anchor could be involved in PrP protein transport. It may also play a role of attachment of prion protein into the outer surface of cell membrane. Normal PrP is composed of a long N-terminal loop (which contains the octapeptide repeat region), two short β sheets, three a helices, and a C-terminal region (which contains the GPI anchor). Cleavage of PrP results in a 208 AA long glyocoprotein, anchored in the cell membrane.

The 253 amino acid sequence of PRNP (NP_000302.1) is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 291) MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNRYP PQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGGGTHSQWN KPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHFGSDYEDRYY RENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVTTTTKGENFTE TDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPVILLISFLIFL IVG.

The 253 amino acid sequence of PRNP (NP_000302.1) is encoded by the following nucleotide sequence (NCBI Ref. Seq No. NM_000311.5, “Homo sapiens prion protein (PRNP), transcript variant 1, mRNA), is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 292) GCGAACCTTGGCTGCTGGATGCTGGTTCTCTTTGTGGCCACATGGAGTGA CCTGGGCCTCTGCAAGAAGCGCCCGAAGCCTGGAGGATGGAACACTGGGG GCAGCCGATACCCGGGGCAGGGCAGCCCTGGAGGCAACCGCTACCCACCT CAGGGCGGTGGTGGCTGGGGGCAGCCTCATGGTGGTGGCTGGGGGCAGCC TCATGGTGGTGGCTGGGGGCAGCCCCATGGTGGTGGCTGGGGACAGCCTC ATGGTGGTGGCTGGGGTCAAGGAGGTGGCACCCACAGTCAGTGGAACAAG CCGAGTAAGCCAAAAACCAACATGAAGCACATGGCTGGTGCTGCAGCAGC TGGGGCAGTGGTGGGGGGCCTTGGCGGCTACATGCTGGGAAGTGCCATGA GCAGGCCCATCATACATTTCGGCAGTGACTATGAGGACCGTTACTATCGT GAAAACATGCACCGTTACCCCAACCAAGTGTACTACAGGCCCATGGATGA GTACAGCAACCAGAACAACTTTGTGCACGACTGCGTCAATATCACAATCA AGCAGCACACGGTCACCACAACCACCAAGGGGGAGAACTTCACCGAGACC GACGTTAAGATGATGGAGCGCGTGGTTGAGCAGATGTGTATCACCCAGTA CGAGAGGGAATCTCAGGCCTATTACCAGAGAGGATCGAGCATGGTCCTCT TCTCCTCTCCACCTGTGATCCTCCTGATCTCTTTCCTCATCTTCCTGATA GTGGGATGAGGAAGGTCTTCCTGTTTTCACCATCTTTCTAATCTTTTTCC AGCTTGAGGGAGGCGGTATCCACCTGCAGCCCTTTTAGTGGTGGTGTCTC ACTCTTTCTTCTCTCTTTGTCCCGGATAGGCTAATCAATACCCTTGGCAC TGATGGGCACTGGAAAACATAGAGTAGACCTGAGATGCTGGTCAAGCCCC CTTTGATTGAGTTCATCATGAGCCGTTGCTAATGCCAGGCCAGTAAAAGT ATAACAGCAAATAACCATTGGTTAATCTGGACTTATTTTTGGACTTAGTG CAACAGGTTGAGGCTAAAACAAATCTCAGAACAGTCTGAAATACCTTTGC CTGGATACCTCTGGCTCCTTCAGCAGCTAGAGCTCAGTATACTAATGCCC TATCTTAGTAGAGATTTCATAGCTATTTAGAGATATTTTCCATTTTAAGA AAACCCGACAACATTTCTGCCAGGTTTGTTAGGAGGCCACATGATACTTA TTCAAAAAAATCCTAGAGATTCTTAGCTCTTGGGATGCAGGCTCAGCCCG CTGGAGCATGAGCTCTGTGTGTACCGAGAACTGGGGTGATGTTTTACTTT TCACAGTATGGGCTACACAGCAGCTGTTCAACAAGAGTAAATATTGTCAC AACACTGAACCTCTGGCTAGAGGACATATTCACAGTGAACATAACTGTAA CATATATGAAAGGCTTCTGGGACTTGAAATCAAATGTTTGGGAATGGTGC CCTTGGAGGCAACCTCCCATTTTAGATGTTTAAAGGACCCTATATGTGGC ATTCCTTTCTTTAAACTATAGGTAATTAAGGCAGCTGAAAAGTAAATTGC CTTCTAGACACTGAAGGCAAATCTCCTTTGTCCATTTACCTGGAAACCAG AATGATTTTGACATACAGGAGAGCTGCAGTTGTGAAAGCACCATCATCAT AGAGGATGATGTAATTAAAAAATGGTCAGTGTGCAAAGAAAAGAACTGCT TGCATTTCTTTATTTCTGTCTCATAATTGTCAAAAACCAGAATTAGGTCA AGTTCATAGTTTCTGTAATTGGCTTTTGAATCAAAGAATAGGGAGACAAT CTAAAAAATATCTTAGGTTGGAGATGACAGAAATATGATTGATTTGAAGT GGAAAAAGAAATTCTGTTAATGTTAATTAAAGTAAAATTATTCCCTGAAT TGTTTGATATTGTCACCTAGCAGATATGTATTACTTTTCTGCAATGTTAT TATTGGCTTGCACTTTGTGAGTATTCTATGTAAAAATATATATGTATATA AAATATATATTGCATAGGACAGACTTAGGAGTTTTGTTTAGAGCAGTTAA CATCTGAAGTGTCTAATGCATTAACTTTTGTAAGGTACTGAATACTTAAT ATGTGGGAAACCCTTTTGCGTGGTCCTTAGGCTTACAATGTGCACTGAAT CGTTTCATGTAAGAATCCAAAGTGGACACCATTAACAGGTCTTTGAAATA TGCATGTACTTTATATTTTCTATATTTGTAACTTTGCATGTTCTTGTTTT GTTATATAAAAAAATTGTAAATGTTTAATATCTGACTGAAATTAAACGAG CGAAGATGAGCACCA

Mutation sites relative to PRNP (NP_000302.1) which are linked to CJD and FFI are reported are as follows. These mutations can be removed or installed using the prime editors disclosed herein.

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF MUTANT PRNP LINKED TO CJD PRION DISEASE (SEE TABLE 1 OF BAGYNSZKY ET AL., 2018) (RELATIVE TO MUTATION SEQ ID NO: 291 OF PRNP NP_000302.1) D178N MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHNCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3940) T188K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHKVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3941) E196K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGKNFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3942) E196A MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGANFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 296) E200K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTKTDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3943) E200G MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTGTDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 298) V203I MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDIKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3944) R208H MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMEHVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3945) V210I MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVIEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3946) E211Q MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVQQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3947) M232R MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSRVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3948)

Mutation sites relative to PRNP (NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291) which are linked to GSS are reported, as follows:

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF MUTANT PRNP LINKED TO GSS PRION DISEASE (SEE TABLE 2 OF BAGYNSZKY ET AL., 2018) (RELATIVE TO MUTATION SEQ ID NO: 291 OF PRNP NP_000302.1) P102L MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKLSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3949) P105L MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKLKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3950) A117V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAVAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3951) G131V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLVSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3952) V176G MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFGHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3953) H187R MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQRTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3954) MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 487) F198S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENSTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3955) D202N MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETNVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3956) Q212P MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEPMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3957) Q217R MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITRYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3958) M232T MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSTVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3959)

Mutation sites relative to PRNP (NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291) which are linked to a possible protective nature against prion disease, as follows:

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF MUTANT PRNP LINKED TO A PROTECTIVE NATURE AGAINST PRION DISEASE (SEE TABLE 4 OF BAGYNSZKY ET MUTATION AL., 2018) (RELATIVE TO SEQ ID NO: 291 OF PRNP NP_000302.1) G127S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGSYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3960) G127V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGVYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3961) M129V MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYVLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3962) D167G MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMGEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3963) D167N MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMNEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3964) N171S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSSQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3965) E219K MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYKRESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSPPV (SEQ ID NO: 3966) P238S MANLGCWMLVLFVATWSDLGLCKKRPKPGGWNTGGSRYPGQGSPGGNR YPPQGGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQGG GTHSQWNKPSKPKTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSAMSRPIIHF GSDYEDRYYRENMHRYPNQVYYRPMDEYSNQNNFVHDCVNITIKQHTVT TTTKGENFTETDVKMMERVVEQMCITQYERESQAYYQRGSSMVLFSSSPV (SEQ ID NO: 3967)

Thus, in various embodiments, prime editing may be used to remove a mutation in PRNP that is linked to prion disease or install a mutation in PRNP that is considered to be protective against prion disease. For example, prime editing may be use to remove or restore a D178N, V1801, T188K, E196K, E196A, E200K, E200G, V2031, R208H, V2101, E211Q, I215V, or M232R mutation in the PRNP protein (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291). In other embodiments, prime editing may be use to remove or restore a P102L, P105L, A117V, G131V, V176G, H187R, F198S, D202N, Q212P, Q217R, or M232T mutation in the PRNP protein (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291). By removing or correcting for the presence of such mutations in PRNP using prime editing, the risk of prion disease may be reduced or eliminated.

In other embodiments, prime editing may be used to install a protective mutation in PRNP that is linked to a protective effect against one or more prion diseases. For example, prime editing may be used to install a G127S, G127V, M129V, D167G, D167N, N171S, E219K, or P238S protective mutation in PRNP (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291). In still other embodiments, the protective mutation may be any alternate amino acid installed at G127, G127, M129, D167, D167, N171, E219, or P238 in PRNP (relative to PRNP of NP_000302.1) (SEQ ID NO: 291).

In particular embodiments, prime editing may be used to install a G127V protective mutation in PRNP, as illustrated in FIG. 27 and discussed in Example 5.

In another embodiment, prime editing may be used to install an E219K protective mutation in PRNP.

The PRNP protein and the protective mutation site are conserved in mammals, so in addition to treating human disease it could also be used to generate cows and sheep that are immune to prion disease, or even help cure wild populations of animals that are suffering from prion disease. Prime editing has already been used to achieve ˜25% installation of a naturally occurring protective allele in human cells, and previous mouse experiments indicate that this level of installation is sufficient to cause immunity from most prion diseases. This method is the first and potentially only current way to install this allele with such high efficiency in most cell types. Another possible strategy for treatment is to use prime editing to reduce or eliminate the expression of PRNP by installing an early stop codon in the gene.

Using the principles described herein for PEgRNA design, appropriate PEgRNAs may be designed for installing desired protective mutations, or for removing prion disease-associated mutations from PRNP. For example, the below list of PEgRNAs can be used to install the G127V protective allele and the E219K protective allele in human PRNP, as well as the G127V protective allele in PRNP of various animals.

[9] Pharmaceutical Compositions

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to pharmaceutical compositions comprising any of the various components of the prime editing system described herein (e.g., including, but not limited to, the napDNAbps, reverse transcriptases, fusion proteins (e.g., comprising napDNAbps and reverse transcriptases), extended guide RNAs, and complexes comprising fusion proteins and extended guide RNAs, as well as accessory elements, such as second strand nicking components and 5′ endogenous DNA flap removal endonucleases for helping to drive the prime editing process towards the edited product formation).

The term “pharmaceutical composition”, as used herein, refers to a composition formulated for pharmaceutical use. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises additional agents (e.g. for specific delivery, increasing half-life, or other therapeutic compounds).

As used here, the term “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, manufacturing aid (e.g., lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric acid), or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the compound from one site (e.g., the delivery site) of the body, to another site (e.g., organ, tissue or portion of the body). A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the tissue of the subject (e.g., physiologically compatible, sterile, physiologic pH, etc.). Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG); (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; (22) bulking agents, such as polypeptides and amino acids (23) serum component, such as serum albumin, HDL and LDL; (22) C2-C12 alcohols, such as ethanol; and (23) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, preservative and antioxidants can also be present in the formulation. The terms such as “excipient”, “carrier”, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or the like are used interchangeably herein.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for delivery to a subject, e.g., for gene editing. Suitable routes of administrating the pharmaceutical composition described herein include, without limitation: topical, subcutaneous, transdermal, intradermal, intralesional, intraarticular, intraperitoneal, intravesical, transmucosal, gingival, intradental, intracochlear, transtympanic, intraorgan, epidural, intrathecal, intramuscular, intravenous, intravascular, intraosseus, periocular, intratumoral, intracerebral, and intracerebroventricular administration.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered locally to a diseased site (e.g., tumor site). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to a subject by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, the implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including a membrane, such as a sialastic membrane, or a fiber.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is delivered in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see, e.g., Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527-1533; Sefton, 1989, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201; Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used. (See, e.g., Medical Applications of Controlled Release (Langer and Wise eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance (Smolen and Ball eds., Wiley, New York, 1984); Ranger and Peppas, 1983, Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61. See also Levy et al., 1985, Science 228:190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 71:105). Other controlled release systems are discussed, for example, in Langer, supra.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for intravenous or subcutaneous administration to a subject, e.g., a human. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical composition for administration by injection are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the pharmaceutical can also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the pharmaceutical is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the pharmaceutical composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

A pharmaceutical composition for systemic administration may be a liquid, e.g., sterile saline, lactated Ringer's or Hank's solution. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition can be in solid forms and re-dissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms are also contemplated.

The pharmaceutical composition can be contained within a lipid particle or vesicle, such as a liposome or microcrystal, which is also suitable for parenteral administration. The particles can be of any suitable structure, such as unilamellar or plurilamellar, so long as compositions are contained therein. Compounds can be entrapped in “stabilized plasmid-lipid particles” (SPLP) containing the fusogenic lipid dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), low levels (5-10 mol %) of cationic lipid, and stabilized by a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) coating (Zhang Y. P. et al., Gene Ther. 1999, 6:1438-47). Positively charged lipids such as N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxi)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-amoniummethylsulfate, or “DOTAP,” are particularly preferred for such particles and vesicles. The preparation of such lipid particles is well known. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,635; 4,906,477; 4,911,928; 4,917,951; 4,920,016; and 4,921,757; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The pharmaceutical composition described herein may be administered or packaged as a unit dose, for example. The term “unit dose” when used in reference to a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for the subject, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required diluent; i.e., carrier, or vehicle.

Further, the pharmaceutical composition can be provided as a pharmaceutical kit comprising (a) a container containing a compound of the invention in lyophilized form and (b) a second container containing a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent (e.g., sterile water) for injection. The pharmaceutically acceptable diluent can be used for reconstitution or dilution of the lyophilized compound of the invention. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.

In another aspect, an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of the diseases described above is included. In some embodiments, the article of manufacture comprises a container and a label. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. In some embodiments, the container holds a composition that is effective for treating a disease described herein and may have a sterile access port. For example, the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierce-able by a hypodermic injection needle. The active agent in the composition is a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the label on or associated with the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the disease of choice. The article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution, or dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

[10] Kits, Cells, Vectors, and Delivery

Kits

The compositions of the present disclosure may be assembled into kits. In some embodiments, the kit comprises nucleic acid vectors for the expression of the prime editors described herein. In other embodiments, the kit further comprises appropriate guide nucleotide sequences (e.g., PEgRNAs and second-site gRNAs) or nucleic acid vectors for the expression of such guide nucleotide sequences, to target the Cas9 protein or prime editor to the desired target sequence.

The kit described herein may include one or more containers housing components for performing the methods described herein and optionally instructions for use. Any of the kit described herein may further comprise components needed for performing the assay methods. Each component of the kits, where applicable, may be provided in liquid form (e.g., in solution) or in solid form, (e.g., a dry powder). In certain cases, some of the components may be reconstitutable or otherwise processible (e.g., to an active form), for example, by the addition of a suitable solvent or other species (for example, water), which may or may not be provided with the kit.

In some embodiments, the kits may optionally include instructions and/or promotion for use of the components provided. As used herein, “instructions” can define a component of instruction and/or promotion, and typically involve written instructions on or associated with packaging of the disclosure. Instructions also can include any oral or electronic instructions provided in any manner such that a user will clearly recognize that the instructions are to be associated with the kit, for example, audiovisual (e.g., videotape, DVD, etc.), Internet, and/or web-based communications, etc. The written instructions may be in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which can also reflect approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for animal administration. As used herein, “promoted” includes all methods of doing business including methods of education, hospital and other clinical instruction, scientific inquiry, drug discovery or development, academic research, pharmaceutical industry activity including pharmaceutical sales, and any advertising or other promotional activity including written, oral and electronic communication of any form, associated with the disclosure. Additionally, the kits may include other components depending on the specific application, as described herein.

The kits may contain any one or more of the components described herein in one or more containers. The components may be prepared sterilely, packaged in a syringe and shipped refrigerated. Alternatively it may be housed in a vial or other container for storage. A second container may have other components prepared sterilely. Alternatively the kits may include the active agents premixed and shipped in a vial, tube, or other container.

The kits may have a variety of forms, such as a blister pouch, a shrink wrapped pouch, a vacuum sealable pouch, a sealable thermoformed tray, or a similar pouch or tray form, with the accessories loosely packed within the pouch, one or more tubes, containers, a box or a bag. The kits may be sterilized after the accessories are added, thereby allowing the individual accessories in the container to be otherwise unwrapped. The kits can be sterilized using any appropriate sterilization techniques, such as radiation sterilization, heat sterilization, or other sterilization methods known in the art. The kits may also include other components, depending on the specific application, for example, containers, cell media, salts, buffers, reagents, syringes, needles, a fabric, such as gauze, for applying or removing a disinfecting agent, disposable gloves, a support for the agents prior to administration, etc. Some aspects of this disclosure provide kits comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the various components of the prime editing system described herein (e.g., including, but not limited to, the napDNAbps, reverse transcriptases, polymerases, fusion proteins (e.g., comprising napDNAbps and reverse transcriptases (or more broadly, polymerases), extended guide RNAs, and complexes comprising fusion proteins and extended guide RNAs, as well as accessory elements, such as second strand nicking components (e.g., second strand nicking gRNA) and 5′ endogenous DNA flap removal endonucleases for helping to drive the prime editing process towards the edited product formation). In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence(s) comprises a heterologous promoter (or more than a single promoter) that drives expression of the prime editing system components.

Other aspects of this disclosure provide kits comprising one or more nucleic acid constructs encoding the various components of the prime editing system described herein, e.g., the comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the components of the prime editing system capable of modifying a target DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises a heterologous promoter that drives expression of the prime editing system components.

Some aspects of this disclosure provides kits comprising a nucleic acid construct, comprising (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a napDNAbp (e.g., a Cas9 domain) fused to a reverse transcriptase and (b) a heterologous promoter that drives expression of the sequence of (a).

Cells

Cells that may contain any of the compositions described herein include prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. The methods described herein are used to deliver a Cas9 protein or a prime editor into a eukaryotic cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, such as a human cell). In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro (e.g., cultured cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo (e.g., in a subject such as a human subject). In some embodiments, the cell is ex vivo (e.g., isolated from a subject and may be administered back to the same or a different subject).

Mammalian cells of the present disclosure include human cells, primate cells (e.g., vero cells), rat cells (e.g., GH3 cells, 0C23 cells) or mouse cells (e.g., MC3T3 cells). There are a variety of human cell lines, including, without limitation, human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, HeLa cells, cancer cells from the National Cancer Institute's 60 cancer cell lines (NCI60), DU145 (prostate cancer) cells, Lncap (prostate cancer) cells, MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells, MDA-MB-438 (breast cancer) cells, PC3 (prostate cancer) cells, T47D (breast cancer) cells, THP-1 (acute myeloid leukemia) cells, U87 (glioblastoma) cells, SHSYSY human neuroblastoma cells (cloned from a myeloma) and Saos-2 (bone cancer) cells. In some embodiments, rAAV vectors are delivered into human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells (e.g., HEK 293 or HEK 293T cells). In some embodiments, rAAV vectors are delivered into stem cells (e.g., human stem cells) such as, for example, pluripotent stem cells (e.g., human pluripotent stem cells including human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)). A stem cell refers to a cell with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. A pluripotent stem cell refers to a type of stem cell that is capable of differentiating into all tissues of an organism, but not alone capable of sustaining full organismal development. A human induced pluripotent stem cell refers to a somatic (e.g., mature or adult) cell that has been reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state by being forced to express genes and factors important for maintaining the defining properties of embryonic stem cells (see, e.g., Takahashi and Yamanaka, Cell 126 (4): 663-76, 2006, incorporated by reference herein). Human induced pluripotent stem cell cells express stem cell markers and are capable of generating cells characteristic of all three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm).

Additional non-limiting examples of cell lines that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure include 293-T, 293-T, 3T3, 4T1, 721, 9L, A-549, A172, A20, A253, A2780, A2780ADR, A2780cis, A431, ALC, B16, B35, BCP-1, BEAS-2B, bEnd.3, BHK-21, BR 293, BxPC3, C2C12, C3H-10T1/2, C6, C6/36, Cal-27, CGR8, CHO, CML T1, CMT, COR-L23, COR-L23/5010, COR-L23/CPR, COR-L23/R23, COS-7, COV-434, CT26, D17, DH82, DU145, DuCaP, E14Tg2a, EL4, EM2, EM3, EMT6/AR1, EMT6/AR10.0, FM3, H1299, H69, HB54, HB55, HCA2, Hepalc1c7, High Five cells, HL-60, HMEC, HT-29, HUVEC, J558L cells, Jurkat, JY cells, K562 cells, KCL22, KG1, Ku812, KYO1, LNCap, Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3 . . . 48, MC-38, MCF-10A, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-468, MDCK II, MG63, MONO-MAC 6, MOR/0.2R, MRCS, MTD-1A, MyEnd, NALM-1, NCI-H69/CPR, NCI-H69/LX10, NCI-H69/LX20, NCI-H69/LX4, NIH-3T3, NW-145, OPCN/OPCT Peer, PNT-1A/PNT 2, PTK2, Raji, RBL cells, RenCa, RIN-5F, RMA/RMAS, S2, Saos-2 cells, Sf21, Sf9, SiHa, SKBR3, SKOV-3, T-47D, T2, T84, THP1, U373, U87, U937, VCaP, WM39, WT-49, X63, YAC-1 and YAR cells.

Some aspects of this disclosure provide cells comprising any of the constructs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a host cell is transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein. In some embodiments, a cell is transfected as it naturally occurs in a subject. In some embodiments, a cell that is transfected is taken from a subject. In some embodiments, the cell is derived from cells taken from a subject, such as a cell line. A wide variety of cell lines for tissue culture are known in the art. Examples of cell lines include, but are not limited to, C8161, CCRF-CEM, MOLT, mIMCD-3, NHDF, HeLa-S3, Huh1, Huh4, Huh7, HUVEC, HASMC, HEKn, HEKa, MiaPaCell, Pancl, PC-3, TF1, CTLL-2, C1R, Rat6, CV1, RPTE, A10, T24, J82, A375, ARH-77, Calul, SW480, SW620, SKOV3, SK-UT, CaCo2, P388D1, SEM-K2, WEHI-231, HB56, TIB55, Jurkat, J45.01, LRMB, Bcl-1, BC-3, IC21, DLD2, Raw264.7, NRK, NRK-52E, MRCS, MEF, Hep G2, HeLa B, HeLa T4, COS, COS-1, COS-6, COS-M6A, BS-C-1 monkey kidney epithelial, BALB/3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast, 3T3 Swiss, 3T3-L1, 132-d5 human fetal fibroblasts; 10.1 mouse fibroblasts, 293-T, 3T3, 721, 9L, A2780, A2780ADR, A2780cis, A 172, A20, A253, A431, A-549, ALC, B16, B35, BCP-1 cells, BEAS-2B, bEnd.3, BHK-21, BR 293. BxPC3. C3H-10T1/2, C6/36, Cal-27, CHO, CHO-7, CHO—IR, CHO-K1, CHO-K2, CHO-T, CHO Dhfr −/−, COR-L23, COR-L23/CPR, COR-L23/5010, COR-L23/R23, COS-7, COV-434, CML T1, CMT, CT26, D17, DH82, DU145, DuCaP, EL4, EM2, EM3, EMT6/AR1, EMT6/AR10.0, FM3, H1299, H69, HB54, HB55, HCA2, HEK-293, HeLa, Hepalc1c7, HL-60, HMEC, HT-29, Jurkat, JY cells, K562 cells, Ku812, KCL22, KG1, KYO1, LNCap, Ma-Mel 1-48, MC-38, MCF-7, MCF-10A, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-435, MDCK II, MDCK 11, MOR/0.2R, MONO-MAC 6, MTD-1A, MyEnd, NCI-H69/CPR, NCI-H69/LX10, NCI-H69/LX20, NCI-H69/LX4, NIH-3T3, NALM-1, NW-145, OPCN/OPCT cell lines, Peer, PNT-1A/PNT 2, RenCa, RIN-5F, RMA/RMAS, Saos-2 cells, Sf-9, SkBr3, T2, T-47D, T84, THP1 cell line, U373, U87, U937, VCaP, Vero cells, WM39, WT-49, X63, YAC-1, YAR, and transgenic varieties thereof.

Cell lines are available from a variety of sources known to those with skill in the art (see, e.g., the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.)). In some embodiments, a cell transfected with one or more vectors described herein is used to establish a new cell line comprising one or more vector-derived sequences. In some embodiments, a cell transiently transfected with the components of a CRISPR system as described herein (such as by transient transfection of one or more vectors, or transfection with RNA), and modified through the activity of a CRISPR complex, is used to establish a new cell line comprising cells containing the modification but lacking any other exogenous sequence. In some embodiments, cells transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein, or cell lines derived from such cells are used in assessing one or more test compounds.

Vectors

Some aspects of the present disclosure relate to using recombinant virus vectors (e.g., adeno-associated virus vectors, adenovirus vectors, or herpes simplex virus vectors) for the delivery of the prime editors or components thereof described herein, e.g., the split Cas9 protein or a split nucleobase prime editors, into a cell. In the case of a split-PE approach, the N-terminal portion of a PE fusion protein and the C-terminal portion of a PE fusion are delivered by separate recombinant virus vectors (e.g., adeno-associated virus vectors, adenovirus vectors, or herpes simplex virus vectors) into the same cell, since the full-length Cas9 protein or prime editors exceeds the packaging limit of various virus vectors, e.g., rAAV (˜4.9 kb).

Thus, in one embodiment, the disclosure contemplates vectors capable of delivering split prime editor fusion proteins, or split components thereof. In some embodiments, a composition for delivering the split Cas9 protein or split prime editor into a cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, a human cell) is provided. In some embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure comprises: (i) a first recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particle comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a N-terminal portion of a Cas9 protein or prime editor fused at its C-terminus to an intein-N; and (ii) a second recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particle comprising a second nucleotide sequence encoding an intein-C fused to the N-terminus of a C-terminal portion of the Cas9 protein or prime editor. The rAAV particles of the present disclosure comprise a rAAV vector (i.e., a recombinant genome of the rAAV) encapsidated in the viral capsid proteins.

In some embodiments, the rAAV vector comprises: (1) a heterologous nucleic acid region comprising the first or second nucleotide sequence encoding the N-terminal portion or C-terminal portion of a split Cas9 protein or a split prime editor in any form as described herein, (2) one or more nucleotide sequences comprising a sequence that facilitates expression of the heterologous nucleic acid region (e.g., a promoter), and (3) one or more nucleic acid regions comprising a sequence that facilitate integration of the heterologous nucleic acid region (optionally with the one or more nucleic acid regions comprising a sequence that facilitates expression) into the genome of a cell. In some embodiments, viral sequences that facilitate integration comprise Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR) sequences. In some embodiments, the first or second nucleotide sequence encoding the N-terminal portion or C-terminal portion of a split Cas9 protein or a split prime editor is flanked on each side by an ITR sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid vector further comprises a region encoding an AAV Rep protein as described herein, either contained within the region flanked by ITRs or outside the region. The ITR sequences can be derived from any AAV serotype (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) or can be derived from more than one serotype. In some embodiments, the ITR sequences are derived from AAV2 or AAV6.

Thus, in some embodiments, the rAAV particles disclosed herein comprise at least one rAAV2 particle, rAAV6 particle, rAAV8 particle, rPHP.B particle, rPHP.eB particle, or rAAV9 particle, or a variant thereof. In particular embodiments, the disclosed rAAV particles are rPHP.B particles, rPHP.eB particles, rAAV9 particles.

ITR sequences and plasmids containing ITR sequences are known in the art and commercially available (see, e.g., products and services available from Vector Biolabs, Philadelphia, Pa.; Cellbiolabs, San Diego, Calif.; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Ca; and Addgene, Cambridge, Mass.; and Gene delivery to skeletal muscle results in sustained expression and systemic delivery of a therapeutic protein. Kessler P D, Podsakoff G M, Chen X, McQuiston S A, Colosi P C, Matelis L A, Kurtzman G J, Byrne B J. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996 Nov. 26; 93(24):14082-7; and Curtis A. Machida. Methods in Molecular Medicine™. Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy Methods and Protocols. 10.1385/1-59259-304-6:201 © Humana Press Inc. 2003. Chapter 10. Targeted Integration by Adeno-Associated Virus. Matthew D. Weitzman, Samuel M. Young Jr., Toni Cathomen and Richard Jude Samulski; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,139,941 and 5,962,313, all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

In some embodiments, the rAAV vector of the present disclosure comprises one or more regulatory elements to control the expression of the heterologous nucleic acid region (e.g., promoters, transcriptional terminators, and/or other regulatory elements). In some embodiments, the first and/or second nucleotide sequence is operably linked to one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) transcriptional terminators. Non-limiting examples of transcriptional terminators that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure include transcription terminators of the bovine growth hormone gene (bGH), human growth hormone gene (hGH), SV40, CW3, ϕ, or combinations thereof. The efficiencies of several transcriptional terminators have been tested to determine their respective effects in the expression level of the split Cas9 protein or the split prime editor. In some embodiments, the transcriptional terminator used in the present disclosure is a bGH transcriptional terminator. In some embodiments, the rAAV vector further comprises a Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE). In certain embodiments, the WPRE is a truncated WPRE sequence, such as “W3.” In some embodiments, the WPRE is inserted 5′ of the transcriptional terminator. Such sequences, when transcribed, create a tertiary structure which enhances expression, in particular, from viral vectors.

In some embodiments, the vectors used herein may encode the PE fusion proteins, or any of the components thereof (e.g., napDNAbp, linkers, or polymerases). In addition, the vectors used herein may encode the PEgRNAs, and/or the accessory gRNA for second strand nicking. The vectors may be capable of driving expression of one or more coding sequences in a cell. In some embodiments, the cell may be a prokaryotic cell, such as, e.g., a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the cell may be a eukaryotic cell, such as, e.g., a yeast, plant, insect, or mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell may be a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell may be a rodent cell. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell may be a human cell. Suitable promoters to drive expression in different types of cells are known in the art. In some embodiments, the promoter may be wild-type. In other embodiments, the promoter may be modified for more efficient or efficacious expression. In yet other embodiments, the promoter may be truncated yet retain its function. For example, the promoter may have a normal size or a reduced size that is suitable for proper packaging of the vector into a virus.

In some embodiments, the promoters that may be used in the prime editor vectors may be constitutive, inducible, or tissue-specific. In some embodiments, the promoters may be a constitutive promoters. Non-limiting exemplary constitutive promoters include cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV), simian virus (SV40) promoter, adenovirus major late (MLP) promoter, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter, elongation factor-alpha (EF1a) promoter, ubiquitin promoters, actin promoters, tubulin promoters, immunoglobulin promoters, a functional fragment thereof, or a combination of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the promoter may be a CMV promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter may be a truncated CMV promoter. In other embodiments, the promoter may be an EF1a promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter may be an inducible promoter. Non-limiting exemplary inducible promoters include those inducible by heat shock, light, chemicals, peptides, metals, steroids, antibiotics, or alcohol. In some embodiments, the inducible promoter may be one that has a low basal (non-induced) expression level, such as, e.g., the Tet-On® promoter (Clontech). In some embodiments, the promoter may be a tissue-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the tissue-specific promoter is exclusively or predominantly expressed in liver tissue. Non-limiting exemplary tissue-specific promoters include B29 promoter, CD14 promoter, CD43 promoter, CD45 promoter, CD68 promoter, desmin promoter, elastase-1 promoter, endoglin promoter, fibronectin promoter, Flt-1 promoter, GFAP promoter, GPIIb promoter, ICAM-2 promoter, INF-β promoter, Mb promoter, Nphs1 promoter, OG-2 promoter, SP-B promoter, SYN1 promoter, and WASP promoter.

In some embodiments, the prime editor vectors (e.g., including any vectors encoding the prime editor fusion protein and/or the PEgRNAs, and/or the accessory second strand nicking gRNAs) may comprise inducible promoters to start expression only after it is delivered to a target cell. Non-limiting exemplary inducible promoters include those inducible by heat shock, light, chemicals, peptides, metals, steroids, antibiotics, or alcohol. In some embodiments, the inducible promoter may be one that has a low basal (non-induced) expression level, such as, e.g., the Tet-On® promoter (Clontech).

In additional embodiments, the prime editor vectors (e.g., including any vectors encoding the prime editor fusion protein and/or the PEgRNAs, and/or the accessory second strand nicking gRNAs) may comprise tissue-specific promoters to start expression only after it is delivered into a specific tissue. Non-limiting exemplary tissue-specific promoters include B29 promoter, CD14 promoter, CD43 promoter, CD45 promoter, CD68 promoter, desmin promoter, elastase-1 promoter, endoglin promoter, fibronectin promoter, Flt-1 promoter, GFAP promoter, GPIIb promoter, ICAM-2 promoter, INF-β promoter, Mb promoter, Nphsl promoter, OG-2 promoter, SP-B promoter, SYN1 promoter, and WASP promoter.

In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the PEgRNA (or any guide RNAs used in connection with prime editing) may be operably linked to at least one transcriptional or translational control sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA may be operably linked to at least one promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter may be recognized by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). Non-limiting examples of Pol III promoters include U6, HI and tRNA promoters. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA may be operably linked to a mouse or human U6 promoter. In other embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA may be operably linked to a mouse or human HI promoter. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA may be operably linked to a mouse or human tRNA promoter. In embodiments with more than one guide RNA, the promoters used to drive expression may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the nucleotide encoding the crRNA of the guide RNA and the nucleotide encoding the tracr RNA of the guide RNA may be provided on the same vector. In some embodiments, the nucleotide encoding the crRNA and the nucleotide encoding the tracr RNA may be driven by the same promoter. In some embodiments, the crRNA and tracr RNA may be transcribed into a single transcript. For example, the crRNA and tracr RNA may be processed from the single transcript to form a double-molecule guide RNA. Alternatively, the crRNA and tracr RNA may be transcribed into a single-molecule guide RNA.

In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA may be located on the same vector comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the PE fusion protein. In some embodiments, expression of the guide RNA and of the PE fusion protein may be driven by their corresponding promoters. In some embodiments, expression of the guide RNA may be driven by the same promoter that drives expression of the PE fusion protein. In some embodiments, the guide RNA and the PE fusion protein transcript may be contained within a single transcript. For example, the guide RNA may be within an untranslated region (UTR) of the Cas9 protein transcript. In some embodiments, the guide RNA may be within the 5′ UTR of the PE fusion protein transcript. In other embodiments, the guide RNA may be within the 3′ UTR of the PE fusion protein transcript. In some embodiments, the intracellular half-life of the PE fusion protein transcript may be reduced by containing the guide RNA within its 3′ UTR and thereby shortening the length of its 3′ UTR. In additional embodiments, the guide RNA may be within an intron of the PE fusion protein transcript. In some embodiments, suitable splice sites may be added at the intron within which the guide RNA is located such that the guide RNA is properly spliced out of the transcript. In some embodiments, expression of the Cas9 protein and the guide RNA in close proximity on the same vector may facilitate more efficient formation of the CRISPR complex.

The prime editor vector system may comprise one vector, or two vectors, or three vectors, or four vectors, or five vector, or more. In some embodiments, the vector system may comprise one single vector, which encodes both the PE fusion protein and PEgRNA. In other embodiments, the vector system may comprise two vectors, wherein one vector encodes the PE fusion protein and the other encodes the PEgRNA. In additional embodiments, the vector system may comprise three vectors, wherein the third vector encodes the second strand nicking gRNA used in the herein methods.

In some embodiments, the composition comprising the rAAV particle (in any form contemplated herein) further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated in appropriate pharmaceutical vehicles for administration to human or animal subjects.

Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG); (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; (22) bulking agents, such as polypeptides and amino acids (23) serum component, such as serum albumin, HDL and LDL; (22) C2-C12 alcohols, such as ethanol; and (23) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, preservative and antioxidants can also be present in the formulation. The terms such as “excipient”, “carrier”, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or the like are used interchangeably herein.

Delivery Methods

In some aspects, the invention provides methods comprising delivering one or more polynucleotides, such as or one or more vectors as described herein, one or more transcripts thereof, and/or one or proteins transcribed therefrom, to a host cell. In some aspects, the invention further provides cells produced by such methods, and organisms (such as animals, plants, or fungi) comprising or produced from such cells. In some embodiments, a base editor as described herein in combination with (and optionally complexed with) a guide sequence is delivered to a cell.

Exemplary delivery strategies are described herein elsewhere, which include vector-based strategies, PE ribonucleoprotein complex delivery, and delivery of PE by mRNA methods.

In some embodiments, the method of delivery provided comprises nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA.

Exemplary methods of delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, nucleofection, electoporation, stable genome integration (e.g., piggybac), microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA. Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., Transfectam™, Lipofectin™ and SF Cell Line 4D-Nucleofector X Kit™ (Lonza)). Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Feigner, WO 91/17424; WO 91/16024. Delivery may be to cells (e.g. in vitro or ex vivo administration) or target tissues (e.g. in vivo administration). Delivery may be achieved through the use of RNP complexes.

The preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes, is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).

In other embodiments, the method of delivery and vector provided herein is an RNP complex. RNP delivery of fusion proteins markedly increases the DNA specificity of base editing. RNP delivery of fusion proteins leads to decoupling of on- and off-target DNA editing. RNP delivery ablates off-target editing at non-repetitive sites while maintaining on-target editing comparable to plasmid delivery, and greatly reduces off-target DNA editing even at the highly repetitive VEGFA site 2. See Rees, H. A. et al., Improving the DNA specificity and applicability of base editing through protein engineering and protein delivery, Nat. Commun. 8, 15790 (2017), U.S. Pat. No. 9,526,784, issued Dec. 27, 2016, and U.S. Pat. No. 9,737,604, issued Aug. 22, 2017, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Additional methods for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells are known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, US 2003/0087817, incorporated herein by reference.

Other aspects of the present disclosure provide methods of delivering the prime editor constructs into a cell to form a complete and functional prime editor within a cell. For example, in some embodiments, a cell is contacted with a composition described herein (e.g., compositions comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the split Cas9 or the split prime editor or AAV particles containing nucleic acid vectors comprising such nucleotide sequences). In some embodiments, the contacting results in the delivery of such nucleotide sequences into a cell, wherein the N-terminal portion of the Cas9 protein or the prime editor and the C-terminal portion of the Cas9 protein or the prime editor are expressed in the cell and are joined to form a complete Cas9 protein or a complete prime editor.

It should be appreciated that any rAAV particle, nucleic acid molecule or composition provided herein may be introduced into the cell in any suitable way, either stably or transiently. In some embodiments, the disclosed proteins may be transfected into the cell. In some embodiments, the cell may be transduced or transfected with a nucleic acid molecule. For example, a cell may be transduced (e.g., with a virus encoding a split protein), or transfected (e.g., with a plasmid encoding a split protein) with a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a split protein, or an rAAV particle containing a viral genome encoding one or more nucleic acid molecules. Such transduction may be a stable or transient transduction. In some embodiments, cells expressing a split protein or containing a split protein may be transduced or transfected with one or more guide RNA sequences, for example in delivery of a split Cas9 (e.g., nCas9) protein. In some embodiments, a plasmid expressing a split protein may be introduced into cells through electroporation, transient (e.g., lipofection) and stable genome integration (e.g., piggybac) and viral transduction or other methods known to those of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise a lipid and/or polymer. In certain embodiments, the lipid and/or polymer is cationic. The preparation of such lipid particles is well known. See, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,635; 4,906,477; 4,911,928; 4,917,951; 4,920,016; 4,921,757; and 9,737,604, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The guide RNA sequence may be 15-100 nucleotides in length and comprise a sequence of at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 contiguous nucleotides that is complementary to a target nucleotide sequence. The guide RNA may comprise a sequence of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 contiguous nucleotides that is complementary to a target nucleotide sequence. The guide RNA may be 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, the target nucleotide sequence is a DNA sequence in a genome, e.g. a eukaryotic genome. In certain embodiments, the target nucleotide sequence is in a mammalian (e.g. a human) genome.

The compositions of this disclosure may be administered or packaged as a unit dose, for example. The term “unit dose” when used in reference to a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for the subject, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required diluent, i.e., a carrier or vehicle.

Treatment of a disease or disorder includes delaying the development or progression of the disease, or reducing disease severity. Treating the disease does not necessarily require curative results.

As used therein, “delaying” the development of a disease means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, and/or postpone progression of the disease. This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and/or individuals being treated. A method that “delays” or alleviates the development of a disease, or delays the onset of the disease, is a method that reduces probability of developing one or more symptoms of the disease in a given time frame and/or reduces extent of the symptoms in a given time frame, when compared to not using the method. Such comparisons are typically based on clinical studies, using a number of subjects sufficient to give a statistically significant result.

“Development” or “progression” of a disease means initial manifestations and/or ensuing progression of the disease. Development of the disease can be detectable and assessed using standard clinical techniques as well known in the art. However, development also refers to progression that may be undetectable. For purpose of this disclosure, development or progression refers to the biological course of the symptoms. “Development” includes occurrence, recurrence, and onset.

As used herein “onset” or “occurrence” of a disease includes initial onset and/or recurrence. Conventional methods, known to those of ordinary skill in the art of medicine, can be used to administer the isolated polypeptide or pharmaceutical composition to the subject, depending upon the type of disease to be treated or the site of the disease.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the above description, utilize the present disclosure to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All publications cited herein are incorporated by reference for the purposes or subject matter referenced herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Prime Editing (Pe) for Installing Precise Nucleotide Changes in the Genome

The objective is to develop a transformative genome editing technology for precise and general installation of single nucleotide changes in mammalian genomes. This technology would allow investigators to study the effects of single nucleotide variations in virtually any mammalian gene, and potentially enable therapeutic interventions for correcting pathogenic point mutations in human patients.

Adoption of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system for genome editing has revolutionized the life sciences¹⁻³. Although gene disruption using CRISPR is now routine, the precise installation of single nucleotide edits remains a major challenge, despite being necessary for studying or correcting a large number of disease-causative mutations. Homology directed repair (HDR) is capable of achieving such edits, but suffers from low efficiency (often <5%), a requirement for donor DNA repair templates, and deleterious effects of double-stranded DNA break (DSB) formation. Recently, the Liu laboratory developed base editing, which achieves efficient single nucleotide editing without DSBs. Base editors (BEs) combine the CRISPR system with base-modifying deaminase enzymes to convert target C•G or A•T base pairs to A•T or G•C, respectively⁴⁻⁶. Although already widely used by researchers worldwide (>5,000 Liu lab BE constructs distributed by Addgene), current BEs enable only four of the twelve possible base pair conversions and are unable to correct small insertions or deletions. Moreover, the targeting scope of base editing is limited by the editing of non-target C or A bases adjacent to the target base (“bystander editing”) and by the requirement that a PAM sequence exist 15±2 bp from the target base. Overcoming these limitations would therefore greatly broaden the basic research and therapeutic applications of genome editing.

Here, it is proposed to develop a new precision editing approach that offers many of the benefits of base editing—namely, avoidance of double strand breaks and donor DNA repair templates—while overcoming its major limitations. To achieve this ambitious goal, it is aimed to directly install edited DNA strands at target genomic sites using target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT). In the design discussed herein, CRISPR guide RNA (gRNA) will be engineered to carry a template encoding mutagenic DNA strand synthesis, to be executed by an associated reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. The CRISPR nuclease (Cas9)-nicked target site DNA will serve as the primer for reverse transcription, allowing for direct incorporation of any desired nucleotide edit.

Section 1

Establish guide RNA-templated reverse transcription of mutagenic DNA strands. Prior studies have shown that, following DNA cleavage but prior to complex dissociation, Cas9 releases the non-target DNA strand to expose a free 3′ terminus. It is hypothesized that this DNA strand is accessible to extension by polymerase enzymes, and that gRNAs can be engineered through extension of their 5′ or 3′ terminus to serve as templates for DNA synthesis. In preliminary in vitro studies, it was established that nicked DNA strands within Cas9:gRNA-bound complexes can indeed prime reverse transcription using the bound gRNA as a template (RT enzyme in trans). Next, different gRNA linkers, primer binding sites, and synthesis templates will be explored to determine optimal design rules in vitro. Then, different RT enzymes, acting in trans or as fusions to Cas9, will be evaluated in vitro. Finally, engineered gRNA designs will be identified that retain efficient binding and cutting activity in cells. Successful demonstration of this aim will provide a foundation for carrying out mutagenic strand synthesis in cells.

Section 2

Establish prime editing in human cells. Based on DNA processing and repair mechanisms, it is hypothesized that mutagenic DNA strands (single stranded flaps) can be used to direct specific and efficient editing of target nucleotides. In encouraging preliminary studies, feasibility for this strategy was established by demonstrating editing with model plasmid substrates containing mutagenic flaps. Concurrent with Aim 1, repair outcomes will be further evaluated by systematically varying the mutagenic flap's length, sequence composition, target nucleotide identity, and 3′ terminus. Small 1 to 3 nucleotide insertions and deletions will also be tested. In parallel, and building from Aim 1, Cas9-RT architectures will be evaluated, including fusion proteins and non-covalent recruitment strategies. Cas9-RT architectures and extended gRNAs will be assayed for cellular editing at multiple target sites in the human genome, and will then be optimized for high efficiency. If successful, this aim would immediately establish TPRT genome editing (i.e., prime editing) for basic science applications.

Section 3

Achieve site-specific editing of pathogenic mutations in cultured human cells. The potential generality of this technology could enable editing of transversion mutations and indels that are not currently correctable by BEs. Guided by the results of Aim 1 and Aim 2, pathogenic transversion mutations will be targeted in cultured human cells, including the sickle cell disease founder mutation in beta globin (requires an A•T to T•A transversion to correct) and the most prevalent Wilson's disease mutation in ATP7B (requires a G•C to T•A transversion to correct). The correction of small insertion and deletion mutations will also be examined, including the 3-nucleotide ΔF508 deletion in CFTR that causes cystic fibrosis. If successful, this would lay the foundation for developing powerful therapeutic approaches that address these important human diseases.

Approach

The objective is to develop a genome editing strategy that directly installs point mutations at targeted genomic sites. In the technology development phase, efforts will focus on protein and RNA engineering to incorporate TPRT functionality into the CRISPR/Cas system. In vitro assays will be used to carefully probe the function of each step of TPRT, building from the ground up (Aim 1). The second focus area will evaluate editing outcomes in mammalian cells using a combination of model substrates and engineered CRISPR/Cas systems (Aim 2). Finally, the application phase will use the technology to correct mutations that have been intractable to genome editing by other methods (Aim 3).

The general editing design is shown in FIGS. 1A-1B. Cas9 nickases contain inactivating mutations to the HNH nuclease domain (Spy Cas9 H840A or N863A), restricting DNA cleavage to the PAM containing strand (non-target strand). Guide RNAs (gRNAs) are engineered to contain a template for reverse transcription (designs detailed on slide 5). Shown is a 5′ extension of the gRNA, but 3′ extensions can also be implemented. The Cas9 nickase is fused to a reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme, either through the C-terminus or N-terminus. The gRNA:Cas9-RT complex targets the DNA region of interest and forms an R loop after displacing the non-target strand. Cas9 nicks the non-target DNA strand. Release of the nicked strand exposes a free 3′-OH terminus that is competent to prime reverse transcription using the extended gRNA as a template. This DNA synthesis reaction is carried out by the fused RT enzyme. The gRNA template encodes a DNA sequence that is homologous to the original DNA duplex, with the exception of the nucleotide that is targeted for editing. The product of reverse transcription is a single stranded DNA flap that encodes the desired edit. This flap, which contains a free 3′ terminus, can equilibrate with the adjacent DNA strand, resulting in a 5′ flap species. The latter species is hypothesized to serve as an efficient substrate for FEN1 (flap endonuclease 1), an enzyme that naturally excises 5′ flaps from Okazaki fragments during lagging strand DNA synthesis, and removes 5′ flaps following strand displacement synthesis that occurs during long-patch base excision repair. Ligation of the nicked DNA produces a mismatched base pair. This intermediate could either undergo reversion to the original base pair or conversion to the desired edited base pair via mismatch repair (MMR) processes. Alternatively, semiconservative DNA replication could give rise to one copy each of the reversion and edit.

1. Establish Guide RNA-Templated Reverse Transcription of Mutagenic DNA Strands.

Background and Rationale

In the proposed genome editing strategy, the Cas9-nicked non-target DNA strand (PAM-containing strand that forms the R-loop) acts as the primer for DNA synthesis. It is hypothesized that this is possible based on several pieces of biochemical and structural data. Nuclease protection experiments³², crystallographic studies³³, and base editing windows^(4,24) have demonstrated a large degree of flexibility and disorder for the non-target strand nucleotides −20 through −10 within the so-called R-loop of the Cas9-bound complex (numbering indicates distance 5′ from first PAM nucleotide). Moreover, the PAM-distal portion of the cleaved non-target strand can be displaced from tightly bound ternary complexes when complementary ssDNA is added in trans²⁰. These studies support that the non-target strand is highly flexible, is accessible to enzymes, and that after nicking, the 3′ terminus of the PAM-distal fragment is released prior to Cas9 dissociation. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that gRNAs can be extended to template DNA synthesis. Prior studies have shown that gRNAs for SpCas9, SaCas9, and LbCas12a (formerly Cpf1) tolerate gRNA extensions with RNA aptamers³⁴, ligand-inducible self-cleaving ribozymes³⁵, and long non-coding RNAs³⁶. This literature establishes precedent for two major features that will be exploited. In assessing this strategy, several CRISPR-Cas systems will be evaluated in conjunction with 5′ and 3′ extended gRNA designs using a combination of in vitro and cellular assays (FIGS. 2A-2C).

Designs for engineered gRNAs for TRT editing are shown in FIGS. 3A-3B. DNA synthesis proceeds 5′ to 3′, and thus copies the RNA template in the 3′ to 5′ direction. The design for the 5′ extension contains a linker region, a primer binding site where the nicked DNA strand anneals, and a template for DNA synthesis by reverse transcription. The 3′ extended gRNA contains a primer binding site and a reverse transcription template. In some cases, the 3′ RNA hairpin of the gRNA core is modified to match the DNA target sequence, as in vitro experiments showed that reverse transcription extends ˜3 nucleotides into the gRNA core for the 3′ extended gRNA constructs (modification of the hairpin sequence appears well tolerated so long as compensatory changes are made that maintain the hairpin RNA structure). DNA synthesis proceed 5′ to 3′, with nucleotides added to the 3′ OH of the growing DNA strand.

Preliminary Results

Cas9 nicked DNA primes reverse transcription of gRNA templates. To evaluate the accessibility of the nicked non-target DNA strand, in vitro biochemical assays were performed using the Cas9 nuclease from S. pyogenes (SpCas9) and Cy5 fluorescently labeled duplex DNA substrates (51 base pairs). First, a series of gRNAs containing 5′ extensions with varying synthesis template lengths were prepared by in vitro transcription (overall design shown in FIG. 2B). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9) established that 5′ extended gRNAs maintain target binding affinity (data not shown). Next, TPRT activity was tested on pre-nicked Cy5-labeled duplex DNA substrates using dCas9, 5′-extended gRNAs, and Molony-Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase (Superscript III). After 1 hour of incubation at 37° C., products were evaluated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and imaged using Cy5 fluorescence (FIG. 4A). Each 5′-extended gRNA variant led to significant product formation, with the observed DNA product sizes being consistent with the length of the extension template (FIG. 4B). Importantly, in the absence of dCas9, pre-nicked substrates were extended to the full 51-bp length of the DNA substrate, strongly suggesting that the complementary DNA strand, and not the gRNA, was used as the template for DNA synthesis when dCas9 was not present (FIG. 4C). Of note, the system was designed such that the newly synthesized DNA strand mirrors the product that would be required for target site editing (a homologous strand with a single nucleotide change). This result establishes that Cas9:gRNA binding exposes the nicked non-target strand's 3′ end, and that the non-target strand is accessible to reverse transcription.

Next, non-nicked dsDNA substrates were evaluated using the Cas9(H840A) mutant, which nicks the non-target DNA strand. First, to test Cas9(H840A) nickase activity with 5′-extended gRNAs, in vitro cleavage assays were performed as previously described³⁷. Although nicking was impaired by comparison to the standard gRNA, appreciable cleavage products were formed (FIG. 4D). Importantly, RT products were also observed when TPRT reactions were carried out with 5′-extended gRNAs and Cas9(H840A), albeit at lower yields that are likely explained by the decreased nicking activity (FIG. 4D). This result establishes that 5′-extended gRNA:Cas9(H840A) complexes can nick DNA and template reverse transcription.

Finally, 3′ gRNA extensions were evaluated for Cas9(H840A) nicking and TPRT. By comparison to 5′-extended gRNAs, DNA cleavage by 3′-extended gRNAs was not impaired to any detectable extent compared to the standard gRNA. Significantly, 3′-extended gRNA templates also supported efficient reverse transcription with both pre-nicked and intact duplex DNA substrates when M-MLV RT was supplied in trans (FIG. 4E). Surprisingly, only a single product was observed for 3′-extended templates, indicating that reverse transcription terminates at a specific location along the gRNA scaffold. Homopolymer tailing of the product with terminal transferase followed by Klenow extension and Sanger sequencing revealed that the full gRNA synthesis template was copied in addition to the terminal 3 nucleotides of the gRNA core. In the future, the flap terminus will be reprogrammed by modifying the terminal gRNA sequence^(38,39). This result demonstrates that 3′-extended gRNAs can serve as efficient nuclease targeting guides and can template reverse transcription.

Cas9-TPRT uses nicked DNA and gRNA in cis. Dual color experiments were used to determine if the RT reaction preferentially occurs with the gRNA in cis (bound in the same complex) (see FIG. 8 ). Two separate experiments were conducted for 5′-extended and 3′-extended gRNAs. For a given experiment, ternary complexes of dCas9, gRNA, and DNA substrate were formed in separate tubes. In one tube, the gRNA encodes a long RT product and the DNA substrate is labeled with Cy3; in the other, the gRNA encodes a short RT product and the DNA substrate is labeled with Cy5. After short incubations, the complexes were mixed and then treated with RT enzyme and dNTPs. Products were separated by urea-denaturing PAGE and visualized by fluorescence in the Cy3 and Cy5 channels. Reaction products were found to preferentially form using the gRNA template that was pre-complexed with the DNA substrate, indicating that the RT reaction likely can occur in cis. This results supports that a single Cas9:gRNA complex can target a DNA site and template reverse transcription of a mutagenic DNA strand.

Testing TPRT with Other Cas Systems

Similar experiments to those presented in the previous sections will be carried out using other Cas systems, including Cas9 from S. aureus and Cas12a from L. bacterium (see FIGS. 2A-2C). If TRPT can also be demonstrated for these Cas variants, the potential editing scope and likelihood of overall success in cells would increase.

Testing TPRT with RT-Cas9 Fusion Proteins

A series of commercially available or purifiable RT enzymes will first be evaluated in trans for TPRT activity. In addition to the already tested RT from M-MLV, the RT from Avian Myeloblastosis Virus (AMV), the Geobacillus stearothermophilus Group II Intron (GsI-IIC)^(41,42), and the Eubacterium rectale group II intron (Eu.re.I2)⁴³′ will be evaluated. Significantly, the latter two RTs perform TPRT in their natural biological contexts. Where relevant, RNAse inactivating mutations and other potentially beneficial RT enzyme modifications will be tested. Once functional RTs are identified when supplied in trans, each will be evaluated as a fusion protein to Cas9 variants. Both N-terminus and C-terminus fusion orientations will be tested, along with various linker lengths and architectures. Kinetic time course experiments will be used to determine whether TPRT can occur using the RT enzyme in cis. If an RT-Cas9 fusion architecture can be constructed that allows for efficient TPRT chemistry, this will greatly increase the likelihood of functional editing in the context of a cell.

Cas9 Targeting with Engineered gRNAs in Cells

Candidate engineered gRNAs developed in the previous sub-aims will be evaluated in human cell culture experiments (HEK293) to confirm Cas9 targeting efficiency. Using established indel formation assays employing wild type SpCas9⁴⁵, engineered gRNAs will be compared side-by-side with standard gRNAs across 5 or more sites in the human genome. Genome editing efficiency will be characterized by amplicon sequencing in multiplex using the Illumina MiSeq platform housed in the laboratory. It is anticipated that results from this and the preceding sections will generate insights that inform subsequent iterations of the design-build-test cycle, where gRNAs can be optimized for both templating reverse transcription and efficient Cas9 targeting in cells.

Results of in vitro validations are shown in FIGS. 5-7 . In vitro experiments demonstrated that the nicked non-target DNA strand is flexible and available for priming DNA synthesis, and that the gRNA extension can serve as a template for reverse transcription (see FIG. 5 ). This set of experiments used 5′-extended gRNAs (designed as shown in FIGS. 3A-3B) with varying length synthesis templates (listed to the left). Fluorescently labeled (Cy5) DNA targets were used as substrates, and were pre-nicked in this set of experiments. The Cas9 used in these experiments is catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9), so cannot cut DNA but can still bind efficiently. Superscript III, a commercial RT derived from the Moloney-Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV), was supplied in trans. First, dCas9:gRNA complexes were formed from purified components. Then, the fluorescently labeled DNA substrate was added along with dNTPs and the RT enzyme. After 1 hour of incubation at 37 C, the reaction products were analyzed by denaturing urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The gel image shows extension of the original DNA strand to lengths that are consistent with the length of the reverse transcription template. Of note, reactions carried out in the absence of dCas9 produced DNA products of length 51 nucleotides, regardless of the gRNA used. This product corresponds to use of the complementary DNA strand as the template for DNA synthesis and not the RNA (data not shown). Thus, Cas9 binding is required for directing DNA synthesis to the RNA template. This set of in vitro experiments closely parallels those shown in FIG. 5 , except that the DNA substrate is not pre-nicked, and a Cas9 nickase (SpyCas9 H840A mutant) is used. As shown in the gel, the nickase efficiently cleaves the DNA strand when the standard gRNA is used (gRNA_0, lane 3). Multiple cleavage products are observed, consistent with prior biochemical studies of SpyCas9. The 5′ extension impairs nicking activity (lanes 4-8), but some RT product is still observed. FIG. 7 shows that 3′ extensions support DNA synthesis and do not significantly effect Cas9 nickase activity. Pre-nicked substrates (black arrow) are near-quantitatively converted to RT products when either dCas9 or Cas9 nickase is used (lanes 4 and 5). Greater than 50% conversion to the RT product (white arrow) is observed with full substrates (lane 3). To determine the length and sequence of the RT product, the product band was excised from the gel, extracted, and sequenced. This revealed that RT extended 3 nucleotides into the gRNA core's 3′ terminal hairpin. Subsequent experiments (not shown) demonstrated that these three nucleotides could be changed to match target DNA sequences, so long as complementary changes were made that maintain the hairpin RNA structure.

Potential Difficulties and Alternatives

(1) RT does not function as a fusion: molecular crowding and/or unfavorable geometries could encumber polymerase extension by Cas9-fused RT enzymes. First, linker optimization can be tested. Circularly permutated variants of Cas9, which could re-orient the spatial relationship between the DNA primer, gRNA, and RT enzyme, will be evaluated. Non-covalent RT recruitment strategies as detailed in Aim 2 can be tested. (2) Decreased Cas targeting efficiency by extended gRNA variants: this is most likely to be an issue for 5′-extended gRNAs. Based on structural data²⁴, Cas9 mutants can be designed and screened to identify variants with greater tolerance to gRNA extension. In addition, gRNA libraries could be screened in cells for linkers that improve targeting activity.

Significance

These preliminary results establish that Cas9 nickases and extended gRNAs can initiate target-primed reverse transcription on bound DNA targets using a reverse transcriptase supplied in trans. Importantly, Cas9 binding was found to be critically important for product formation. Though perhaps not an absolute requirement for genome editing in cells, further development of the system that incorporates RT enzyme function in cis would significantly increase the likelihood of success in cell-based applications. Achievement of the remaining aspects of this Aim would provide a molecular foundation for carrying out precision genome editing in the context of the human genome.

2. Establish Prime Editing in Human Cells.

Background and Rationale

In the proposed strategy, an engineered RT-Cas9:gRNA complex will introduce mutagenic 3′ DNA flaps at genomic target sites. It is hypothesized that mutagenic 3′ flaps containing a single mismatch will be incorporated by the DNA repair machinery through energetically accessible equilibration with adjacent 5′ flaps, which would be preferentially removed (FIGS. 1C-1D). The DNA replication and repair machineries encounter 5′ ssDNA flaps when processing Okazaki fragments⁴⁶ and during long-patch base excision repair (LP-BER)⁴⁷. 5′ flaps are the preferred substrates for the widely expressed flap endonuclease FEN1, which is recruited to DNA repair sites by the homotrimeric sliding clamp complex PCNA⁴⁸. PCNA also serves as a scaffold for simultaneous recruitment of other repair factors including the DNA ligase Lig 1⁴⁹. Acting as a ‘toolbelt’, PCNA accelerates serial flap cleavage and ligation, which is essential to processing the millions of Okazaki fragments generated during every cell division^(50,51). Based on resemblance to these natural DNA intermediates, it is hypothesized that mutagenic strands would be incorporated through equilibration with 5′ flaps, followed by coordinated 5′ flap excision and ligation. Mismatch repair (MMR) should then occur on either strand with equal probability, leading to editing or reversion (FIGS. 1C-1D). Alternatively, DNA replication could occur first and lead directly to the incorporation of the edit in the newly synthesized daughter strand. While the highest expected yield from this process is 50%, multiple substrate editing attempts could drive the reaction toward completion due to the irreversibility of editing repair.

Preliminary Result

DNA flaps induce site-specific mutagenesis in plasmid model substrates in yeast and HEK cells. To test the proposed editing strategy, studies were initiated with model plasmid substrates containing mutagenic 3′ flaps that resemble the product of TPRT. A dual fluorescent protein reporter was created that encodes a stop codon between GFP and mCherry. Mutagenic flaps encode a correction to the stop codon (FIG. 9A), enabling mCherry synthesis. Thus, mutagenesis efficiency can be quantified by GFP:mCherry ratios. Plasmid substrates were prepared in vitro and introduced into yeast (S. cerevisiae) or human cells (HEK293). High frequency mutagenesis was observed in both systems (FIG. 9B), and isolated yeast colonies contained either the reverted base, the mutated base, or a mixture of both products (FIG. 9C). Detection of the latter suggests that plasmid replication occurred prior to MMR in these cases, and further suggests that flap excision and ligation precede MMR. This result establishes the feasibility of DNA editing using 3′ mutagenic strands.

Systematic Studies with Model Flap Substrates

Based on the preliminary results described above, a broader spectrum of flap substrates will be evaluated in HEK cells to infer principles of efficient editing. 3′ ssDNA flaps will be systematically varied to determine the influence of mismatch pairings, the location of the mutagenic nucleotide along the flap, and the identity of the terminal nucleotide (FIG. 9D). Single nucleotide insertions and deletions will also be tested. Amplicon sequencing will be used to analyze editing precision. These results will help inform the design of gRNA reverse transcription templates.

In vitro TPRT on plasmid substrates leads to efficient editing outcomes. TPRT reactions developed in Aim 1 were used to induce mutagenesis within a plasmid substrate. The reaction was carried out on circular DNA plasmid substrates (see FIG. 10 ). This rules out the possibility of DNA strand dissociation as the mechanism for RT extension in the previous in vitro experiments. It also allowed for the testing of DNA repair of flap substrates in cells. A dual-fluorescent reporter plasmid was constructed for yeast (S. cerevisiae) expression. This plasmid encodes GFP (green fluorescent protein) and mCherry (red fluorescent protein) with an intervening stop codon (TGA). Expression of this construct in yeast produces only GFP. The plasmid was used as a substrate for in vitro TRT [Cas9(H840A) nickase, engineered gRNA, MLV RT enzyme, dNTPS]. The gRNA extension encodes a mutation to the stop codon. The flap strand is used for repair of the stop codon and it is anticipated to produce a plasmid that expresses both GFP and mCherry as a fusion protein. Yeast dual-FP plasmid transformants are shown in FIG. 10 . Transforming the parent plasmid or an in vitro Cas9(H840A) nicked plasmid results in only green GFP expressing colonies. TRT reaction with 5′-extended or 3′-extended gRNAs produces a mix of green and yellow colonies. The latter express both GFP and mCherry. More yellow colonies are observed with the 3′-extended gRNA. A positive control that contains no stop codon is shown as well.

This result establishes that long double stranded substrates can undergo TPRT, and that TPRT products induce editing in eukaryotic cells.

Another experiment similar to the foregoing prime editing experiment was carried out, but instead of installing a point mutation in the stop codon, TRT editing installs a single nucleotide insertion (left) or deletion (right) that repairs a frameshift mutation and allows for synthesis of downstream mCherry (see FIG. 11 ). Both experiments used 3′ extended gRNAs. Individual colonies from the TRT transformations were selected and analyzed by Sanger sequencing (see FIG. 12 ). Green colonies contained plasmids with the original DNA sequence, while yellow colonies contained the precise mutation designed by the TRT editing gRNA. No other point mutations or indels were observed.

Establish Prime Editing in HEK Cells Using RT-Cas9 Architectures

The optimized constructs from previous aims will be adapted for mammalian expression and editing at targeted sites in the human genome. Multiple RT enzymes and fusion architectures will be tested, in addition to adjacent targeting with secondary gRNAs (truncated to prevent nicking). Non-covalent RT recruitment will also be evaluated using the Sun-Tag system⁵² and MS2 aptamer system⁵³. Indel formation assays will be used to evaluate targeting efficiency with standard gRNAs and RT-Cas9 fusions (as above). Then, for each genomic site, extended gRNAs and RT-Cas9 pairs will be assayed for single nucleotide editing. Editing outcomes will be evaluated with MiSeq.

Initial experiments in HEK cells were performed using Cas9-RT fusions. Editing by components expressed within cells requires a Cas9(H840A) nickase, a reverse transcriptase (expressed as a fusion or supplied in trans), and an engineered gRNA with a 3′ extension (see FIG. 14 ). Preliminary studies indicated that the length of the primer binding site within the gRNA extension was important for increasing the efficiency of editing in human cells (see FIG. 15 ).

Optimize Prime Editing Parameters in HEK Cells

After identifying Cas9-RT architectures that can perform prime editing in cells, the components and design will be optimized to achieve high efficiency editing. The location and nucleotide identity of the encoded point mutation, and the total length of the newly synthesized DNA strand, will be varied to evaluate editing scope and potential limitations. Short insertion and deletion mutations will also be evaluated. Protein expression constructs will be codon optimized. If successful, this would establish efficient prime editing in mammalian cells.

Preliminary Result. Additional gRNAs were designed to bring the RT enzyme to a higher local concentration at the editing locus, in the event that intramolecular reverse transcription by the fused RT enzyme were not possible. These auxiliary guides are truncated at the 5′ end (14-15 nt spacer), which has previously been shown to prevent Cas9 cutting but retain binding (see FIG. 16 ). The HEK3 locus was chosen to explore this strategy.

Potential Difficulties and Alternatives

1) gRNA degradation in cells: if extended gRNA termini are truncated in cells, stabilizing secondary structures could be installed, or synthetic gRNAs with stabilizing modifications could be tested. (2) No observed editing in human cells: additional strategies will be explored, including secondary targeting of RT-Cas9 fusions to adjacent genomic sites⁵⁴. In addition, potential directed evolution strategies in E. coli or S. cerevisiae could be explored.

Significance

If prime editing could be established in experimental cell lines, this would have an immediate impact for basic biomedical research by enabling the rapid generation and characterization of a large number of point mutations in human genes. The generality of the method, and its orthogonal editing window with respect to base editors, would provide an approach to installing many currently inaccessible mutations. Moreover, if prime editing could be optimized for high efficiency and product purity, its potential applicability to correcting disease mutations in other human cell types would be significant.

3. Achieve Site-Specific Editing of Pathogenic Mutations in Cultured Human Cells.

Background and Rationale.

A large number of pathogenic mutations cannot be corrected by current base editors due to PAM restrictions, or a need for transversion or indel mutation correction. With prime editing, all transitions and transversions are theoretically possible, as may be small insertions and deletions. Moreover, in relation to the PAM, the prime editing window (anticipated −3 to +4) is distinct from that of base editors (−18 to −12) (FIG. 13 ). Mendelian conditions not currently correctable by base editors include: (1) the sickle cell disease Glu6Val founder mutation in hemoglobin beta (requires A•T to T•A transversion); (2) the most common Wilson's disease variant His1069Gln in ATP7B (requires G•C to T•A transversion); and (3) the ΔPhe508 mutation in CFTR that causes cystic fibrosis (requires 3-nucleotide insertion). Each of these targets contains an appropriately positioned PAM for SpCas9 targeting and prime editing.

Preliminary Results.

T to A Editing in HEK3 Cells is not Achievable by Current Base Editing but is Achievable by TRPT Editing (See FIGS. 17A-17C).

FIG. 17A shows a graph displaying the % T to A conversion at the target nucleotide after transfection of components in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. This data presents results using an N-terminal fusion of wild type MLV reverse transcriptase to Cas9(H840A) nickase (32-amino acid linker). Editing efficiency was improved dramatically when the length of the primer binding site is extended from 7 nucleotides to 11 or 12 nucleotides. Additionally, the auxiliary guide A, which is positioned just upstream of the editing locus (see FIG. 16 ), significantly improves editing activity, particularly for shorter length primer binding sites. Editing efficiency was quantified by amplicon sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. FIG. 17B also shows % T to A conversion at the target nucleotide after transfection of components in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, but this data presents results using a C-terminal fusion of the RT enzyme. Here, the auxiliary guide A does not have as much of an effect, and editing efficiency is overall higher. FIG. 17C shows data presenting results using an N-terminal fusion of wild type MLV reverse transcriptase to Cas9(H840A) nickase similar to that used in FIG. 17A; however the linker between the MLV RT and Cas9 is 60 amino acids long instead of 32 amino acids.

T to a Editing at HEK3 Site by TRPT Editing Results Displays High Purity.

FIG. 18 shows the output of sequencing analysis by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The output displays the most abundant genotypes of edited cells. Of note, no major indel products are obtained, and the desired point mutation (T to A) is cleanly installed without bystander edits. The first sequence shows the reference genotype. The top two products are the starting genotype containing an endogenous polymorphism (G or A). The bottom two products represent the correctly edited genotypes.

MLV RT Mutants Improve Editing.

Mutant reverse transcriptases, described in Baranauskas, et al (doi:10.1093/protein/gzs034), were tested as C-terminal fusions to the Cas9(H840A) nickase for target nucleotide editing in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Cas9-RT editor plasmid was co-transfected with a plasmid encoding a 3′-prime editing guide RNA that templates reverse transcription. Editing efficiency at the target nucleotide (hatched bars) is shown alongside indel rates (white bars) in FIG. 19 . WT refers to the wild type MLV RT enzyme. The mutant enzymes (M1 through M4) contain the mutations listed to the right. Editing rates were quantified by high throughput sequencing of genomic DNA amplicons.

Complementary Strand Nicking with a Second gRNA Improves Editing.

This experiment evaluates editing efficiency of the target nucleotide when a single strand nick is introduced in the complementary DNA strand in proximity to the target nucleotide, with the hypothesis being that this would direct mismatch repair to preferentially remove the original nucleotide and convert the base pair to the desired edit. The Cas9(H840A)-RT editing construct was co-transfected with two guide RNA encoding plasmids, one of which templates the reverse transcription reaction, while the other targets the complementary DNA strand for nicking. Nicking at various distances from the target nucleotide was tested (white triangles) (see FIG. 20 ). Editing efficiency at the target base pair (hatched bars) is shown alongside the indel formation rate (white bars). The “none” example does not contain a complementary strand nicking guide RNA. Editing rates were quantified by high throughput sequencing of genomic DNA amplicons.

FIG. 21 shows processed high throughput sequencing data showing the desired T to A transversion mutation and general absence of other major genome editing byproducts.

Scope. The potential scope for the new editing technology is shown in FIG. 13 and is compared to deaminase-mediated base editor technologies. Previously developed base editors target a region ˜15±2 bp upstream of the PAM. By converting target C or A nucleotides to T or G, respectively, previously developed base editors enable all transition mutations (A:T to G:C conversions). However, previously developed base editors are unable to install transversion mutations (A to T, A to C, G to T, G to C, T to A, T to G, C to A, C to G). Moreover, if there are multiple target nucleotides in the editing window, additional undesired edits can result.

The new prime editing technology could theoretically install any nucleotide and base pair conversion, and potentially small insertion and deletion edits as well. With respect to the PAM, prime editing windows start at the site of DNA nicking (3 bases upstream of the PAM) and end at an as-of-yet undetermined position downstream of the PAM. Of note, this editing window is distinct from that of deaminase base editors. Because the TPRT systems performs editing using DNA polymerase enzymes, it potentially has all of their benefits including generality, precision, and fidelity.

Correct Pathogenic Mutations in Patient-Derived Cell Lines.

Cell lines harboring the relevant mutations (sickle cell disease: CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells; Wilson's disease: cultured fibroblasts; cystic fibrosis: cultured bronchial epithelia) will be obtained from ATCC, the Coriell Biobank, or collaborating Harvard/Broad affiliate laboratories. Editing efficiency will be evaluated by high throughput sequencing, and the efficacy of the corrected genotype will be tested using phenotypic assays (hemoglobin HPLC, ATP7B immunostaining, and CFTR membrane potential assays).

Characterize Off-Target Editing Activity.

Potential off-target editing will be screened with established methods such as GUIDE-seq⁵⁵ and CIRCLE-seq⁵⁶ using target gRNAs paired with wild type Cas9. If potential off-targets are identified, these loci will be probed in TPRT edited cells to identify true off-target editing events.

Potential Difficulties and Alternatives.

(1) Low editing efficiency: prime editor (PE)s may require optimization for each target. In this case, gRNA libraries can be tested to identify the highest functioning variants for specific applications. RT-Cas fusion expression and nuclear localization can be optimized. Liposomal RNP delivery could be used to limit off-target editing.

Upcoming Experiments.

Optimization of gRNA designs can be achieved by further exploration of the primer binding site length and extension of synthesis template. Testing scope and generality will include different nucleotide conversions, small insertions and deletions, as well as, different editing positions with respect to PAM, and multiple sites in the human genome. Optimization of RT component will include exploring mutations in MLV RT to enhance activity (Rnase H inactivation, increase primer-template binding affinity, adjustments to processivity), and new RT enzymes (group II intro RTs, other retroviral RTs).

Significance.

Myriad genetic disorders result from single nucleotide changes in individual genes. Developing the genome editing technology described here, and applying it in disease-relevant cell types, would establish a foundation for translation to the clinic. For some diseases, such as Sickle Cell Disease, a single point mutation represents the dominant genotype throughout the population. However, for many other genetic disorders, a large heterogeneity of different point mutations within a single gene is observed throughout the patient population, each of which gives rise to a similar disease phenotype. Therefore, as a general genome editing method that could in theory target a large number of such mutations, this technology could provide enormous potential benefit to many of these patients and their families. If proof of principle for these applications could be established in cells, it would establish the foundation to studies in animal models of disease.

Advantages

Precision: the desired edit is encoded directed in nucleic acid sequence. Generality: in theory, could be possible to make any base pair conversion, including transversion edits, as well as small insertions or deletions. There is a distinct editing window from that of base editors with respect to Cas9 protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. This method achieves many of the editing capabilities of homology-directed repair (HDR), but without the major limitations of HDR (inefficient in most cell types, and is usually accompanied by an excess of undesired byproducts such as indels). Also, it does not make double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs, so few indels, translocations, large deletions, p53 activation, etc.

Example 2—Error-Prone Prime Editing (PE)

Prime editing (PE) systems described herein may also be used in conjunction with an error-prone reverse transcriptase enzyme to install mutations in a genome.

An embodiment is depicted in FIG. 22 , which is a schematic of an exemplary process for conducting targeted mutagenesis with an error-prone reverse transcriptase on a target locus using a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) complexed with an extended guide RNA. This process may be referred to as an embodiment of prime editing for targeted mutagenesis. The extended guide RNA comprises an extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA. In step (a), the napDNAbp/gRNA complex contacts the DNA molecule and the gRNA guides the napDNAbp to bind to the target locus to be mutagenized. In step (b), a nick in one of the strands of DNA of the target locus is introduced (e.g., by a nuclease or chemical agent), thereby creating an available 3′ end in one of the strands of the target locus. In certain embodiments, the nick is created in the strand of DNA that corresponds to the R-loop strand, i.e., the strand that is not hybridized to the guide RNA sequence. In step (c), the 3′ end DNA strand interacts with the extended portion of the guide RNA in order to prime reverse transcription. In certain embodiments, the 3′ ended DNA strand hybridizes to a specific RT priming sequence on the extended portion of the guide RNA. In step (d), an error-prone reverse transcriptase is introduced which synthesizes a mutagenized single strand of DNA from the 3′ end of the primed site towards the 3′ end of the guide RNA. Exemplary mutations are indicated with an asterisk “*”. This forms a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired mutagenized region. In step (e), the napDNAbp and guide RNA are released. Steps (f) and (g) relate to the resolution of the single strand DNA flap (comprising the mutagenized region) such that the desired mutagenized region becomes incorporated into the target locus. This process can be driven towards the desired product formation by removing the corresponding 5′ endogenous DNA flap that forms once the 3′ single strand DNA flap invades and hybridizes to the complementary sequence on the other strand. The process can also be driven towards product formation with second strand nicking, as exemplified in FIG. 1F. Following endogenous DNA repair and/or replication processes, the mutagenized region becomes incorporated into both strands of DNA of the DNA locus.

Example 3—Trinucleotide Repeat Contraction with PE

The prime editing system or prime editing (PE) system described herein may be used to contract trinucleotide repeat mutations (or “triplet expansion diseases”) to treating conditions such as Huntington's disease and other trinucleotide repeat disorders. Without wishing to be bound by theory, triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication or during DNA repair synthesis. Because the tandem repeats have identical sequence to one another, base pairing between two DNA strands can take place at multiple points along the sequence. This may lead to the formation of “loop out” structures during DNA replication or DNA repair synthesis. This may lead to repeated copying of the repeated sequence, expanding the number of repeats. Additional mechanisms involving hybrid RNA:DNA intermediates have been proposed. Prime editing may be used to reduce or eliminate these triplet expansion regions by deletion one or more or the offending repeat codon triplets. In an embodiment of this use, FIG. 23 , provides a schematic of a PEgRNA design for contracting or reducing trinucleotide repeat sequences with prime editing.

Thus, prime editing may be able to be used to correct any trinucleotide repeat disorder, including, Huntington's disease, Fragile X syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia.

The most common trinucleotide repeat contains CAG triplets, though GAA triplets (Friedreich's ataxia) and CGG triplets (Fragile X syndrome) also occur. The CAG triplets code for glutamine (Q), thus, CAG repeats result in polyglutamine tracts in the coding regions of diseased proteins. This particular class of trinucleotide repeat disorders are also called “polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases.” Other trinucleotide repeats can cause alterations in gene regulation and are referred to as “non-polyglutamine diseases.” Inheriting a predisposition to expansion, or acquiring an already expanded parental allele, increases the likelihood of acquiring the disease. Pathogenic expansions of trinucleotide repeats could be corrected using prime editing.

Prime editing may be implemented to contract triplet expansion regions by nicking a region upstream of the triplet repeat region with the prime editor comprising a PEgRNA appropriated targeted to the cut site. The prime editor then synthesizes a new DNA strand (ssDNA flap) based on the PEgRNA as a template (i.e., the edit template thereof) that codes for a healthy number of triplet repeats (which depends on the particular gene and disease). The newly synthesized ssDNA strand comprising the healthy triplet repeat sequence also is synthesized to include a short stretch of homology (i.e., the homology arm) that matches the sequence adjacent to the other end of the repeat (bold strand). Invasion of the newly synthesized strand, and subsequent replacement of the endogenous DNA with the newly synthesized ssDNA flap, leads to a contracted repeat allele.

Example 4—Peptide Tagging with PE

The prime editing systems (i.e., PE systems) described herein may also be used to introduce various peptide tags into protein coding genes. Such tags can include HEXAhistidine tags, FLAG-tag, V5-tag, GCN4-tag, HA-tag, Myc-tag and others. This approach may be useful in applications such as protein fluorescent labeling, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, protein recruitment, inducible protein degrons, and genome-wide screening. Embodiments are depicted in FIGS. 25 and 26 .

FIG. 25 is a schematic showing gRNA design for peptide tagging genes at endogenous genomic loci and peptide tagging with TPRT genome editing (i.e., prime editing). The FlAsH and ReAsH tagging systems comprise two parts: (1) a fluorophore-biarsenical probe, and (2) a genetically encoded peptide containing a tetracysteine motif, exemplified by the sequence FLNCCPGCCMEP (SEQ ID NO: 1). When expressed within cells, proteins containing the tetracysteine motif can be fluorescently labeled with fluorophore-arsenic probes (see ref: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124 (21), pp 6063-6076. DOI: 10.1021/ja017687n). The “sortagging” system employs bacterial sortase enzymes that covalently conjugate labeled peptide probes to proteins containing suitable peptide substrates (see ref: Nat. Chem. Biol. 2007 November; 3(11):707-8. DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2007.31). The FLAG-tag (DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO: 2)), V5-tag (GKPIPNPLLGLDST (SEQ ID NO: 3)), GCN4-tag (EELLSKNYHLENEVARLKK (SEQ ID NO: 4)), HA-tag (YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 5)), and Myc-tag (EQKLISEEDL (SEQ ID NO: 6)) are commonly employed as epitope tags for immunoassays. The pi-clamp encodes a peptide sequence (FCPF) (SEQ ID NO: 622) that can by labeled with a pentafluoro-aromatic substrates (ref: Nat. Chem. 2016 February; 8(2):120-8. doi: 10.1038/nchem.2413).

FIG. 26 shows precise installation of a His6-tag and a FLAG-tag into genomic DNA. A guide RNA targeting the HEK3 locus was designed with a reverse transcription template that encodes either an 18-nt His-tag insertion or a 24-nt FLAG-tag insertion. Editing efficiency in transfected HEK cells was assessed using amplicon sequencing. Note that the full 24-nt sequence of the FLAG-tag is outside of the viewing frame (sequencing confirmed full and precise insertion).

Example 5—Prevention or Treatment of Prion Disease with PE

This invention could help address the problem of prion disease in humans, livestock, and wildlife. No previously described editing strategy is efficient and clean enough to install protective mutations or to reliably knock down PRNP. Cas9 nuclease and HDR can be used but will generate mostly a mixture of PRNP indel variants some of which are thought to be pathogenic. Moreover, HDR does not work in most types of cells. Prime editing is reliable and efficient at installing both types of mutations without generating an excess of double-stranded DNA breaks or resulting indels.

This invention describes how to install a protective mutation in PRNP that prevents or halts the progression of prion disease. This site is conserved in mammals, so in addition to treating human disease it could also be used to generate cows and sheep that are immune to prion disease, or even help cure wild populations of animals that are suffering from prion disease. Prime editing has already been used to achieve ˜25% installation of a naturally occurring protective allele in human cells, and previous mouse experiments indicate that this level of installation is sufficient to cause immunity from most prion diseases. This method is the first and potentially only current way to install this allele with such high efficiency in most cell types. Another possible strategy for treatment is to use prime editing to reduce or eliminate the expression of PRNP by installing an early stop codon in the gene. Many researchers predict that doing so would treat the disease.

Three potential therapeutic strategies include prime editing to reduce expression of PrP. This goal may be accomplished by the introduction of mutations that cause a premature stop codon in PRNP, eliminate the start codon, mutate or delete essential amino acids codons, introduce or remove splice sites to generate an aberrant transcript, or alter regulatory elements that reduce transcript levels. Prime editing to eliminate disease mutations. Many variants of PRNP have been described (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6097508/#b154-ndt-14-2067) that lead to an increased likelihood of contracting disease. Each known variant could be reversed using prime editing, since prime editing can make all possible types of point mutations, local insertions, and local deletions. Prime editing to introduce one or more protective mutations into PRNP that disrupt prion formation and/or transmission. For example, G127V in the human PRNP gene has been demonstrated to protect against many forms of prion disease (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486072/). This mutation was later described to interfere with prion formation by preventing formation of stable beta sheets and dimers (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30181558, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26906032). In addition to the introduction of single nucleotide polymorphisms, the insertion or deletion of sequences in PRNP that would interfere with prion formation could also be used to protect from or treat prion disease.

The third therapeutic strategy is particularly advantageous because the introduction of protective variants could confer a benefit even when a relatively small number of cells experience the edit. Furthermore, the introduction of protective variants, especially those naturally occurring in human populations such as G127V, would not be expected to have any detrimental consequences, while reducing expression of prion protein as in strategy 1 could have some detrimental phenotypes, as have been documented in PRNP knock-out mice (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4601510/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634447/).

It has previously been demonstrated that mice expressing a ratio of approximately 2:1 of the wild type human prion protein: the protective G127V variant of the human prion protein (approximately 33% expression of the protective variant) were entirely immune to most tested forms of prion disease and were also resistant to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), the human disease transmitted from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease)⁹¹. Mice that only expressed the protective G127V variant were entirely immune to all tested prion disease challenges, including vCJD.

It is demonstrated herein that the protective G127V mutation can be efficiently installed in human cells in tissue culture using prime editing (see FIG. 27 ).

Informed by these results, three settings are described in which PRNP editing could be used. One setting PRNP editing can be used is prime editing in human patients to prevent or treat prion disease. A second setting PRNP editing can be used is prime editing in livestock to prevent the occurrence and spread of prion disease. Both cow and sheep livestock have experienced sporadic occurrence of prion disease caused by the protein generated by the PRNP gene. In addition to the debilitating and deadly disease suffered by the animal, these cases are also economically devastating, in part due to the care that must be taken to prevent the spread of the extremely infectious disease. A single dairy cow in the state of Washington tested positive for BSE in December of 2003, which led to a projected loss of 2.8-4.2 billion dollars in beef sales the following year bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2678.pdf). The PRNP gene is highly conserved in mammals. Introducing a PRNP mutation such as G127V into the livestock germline could eliminate the occurrence of BSE or scrapie, the manifestation of prion disease in sheep. A third setting PRNP editing can be used is prime editing in wildlife could prevent the spread of wild prion disease. Currently, cervid populations including deer, elk, and moose in North America are suffering from chronic wasting disease (CWD), a manifestation of prion disease caused by PNRP in these species. The occurrence has been reported to be as high as 25% in some populations (cdc.gov/prions/cwd/occurrence.html). CWD has also been reported in Norway, Finland, and South Korea. It is not yet known whether the disease is transmissible from these species to humans (cdc.gov/prions/cwd/transmission.html) or livestock. The introduction of PRNP mutations such as G127V in the germline of these species could protect them from CWD and reduce the risk of transmission to other species including humans.

This method could be used to treat Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), kuru, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia (FFI), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease), scrapie (in sheep), and chronic wasting disease (CWD; in deer, elk, and moose).

The method would need to be combined with a delivery methodology for embryos or adult neurons, such as microinjection, lipid nanoparticles, or AAV vectors.

Example 6—RNA Tagging and Manipulation Using PE

A new method for the insertion of motifs into genetic sequences that tag or otherwise manipulate RNA within mammalian, eukaryotic, and bacterial cells is described herein. While it is estimated that only 1% of the human genome encodes proteins, virtually all of the genome is transcribed at some level. It is an open question how much of the resulting non-coding RNA (ncRNA) plays a functional role, let alone what the roles of most of these putative RNAs are. “Tagging” of these RNA molecules via the insertion of a novel RNA-encoding sequence with a useful property into genes of interest is a useful method for studying the biological functions of RNA molecules in cells. It can also be useful install tags onto protein-encoding mRNAs as a means to perturb and thus better understand how mRNA modifications can affect cellular function. For instance, a ubiquitous natural RNA tag—polyadenylation—is used by cells to affect transport of mRNA into the cytoplasm. Different types of polyadenylation signals result in different transport rates and different mRNA lifespans and—thus—differences in the levels to which the encoded protein is expressed.

A common approach for expressing tagged RNAs within cells is to exogenously introduce a synthetic construct using either (i) transient plasmid transfection that produces a short-term burst of gene expression, often at supraphysiologic levels; or (ii) permanent integration of the tagged RNA gene into the genome (at random sites) using lentiviral integration or transposons, which enables prolonged expression. Both of these approaches are limited by production of altered expression levels, and by the absence of natural mechanisms that regulate the expression or activity of the gene. An alternative strategy is to directly tag a gene of interest at its endogenous locus using homology-directed repair (HDR) of double-stranded DNA breaks induced by Cas9 or other targeted DNA nucleases. While this approach enables the generation of a wide range of endogenously tagged genes, HDR is markedly inefficient and so requires significant screening to identify the desired clonal population of cells that have been successfully tagged. Moreover, HDR is typically very inefficient or entirely inactive in a large number of cell types, most notably in post-mitotic cells. The low efficiency of HDR is further complicated by the generation of undesired indel products, would could be especially problematic in the case of RNA genes as they might lead to the production of an RNA whose activities interfere with the function of normal alleles. Finally, researchers often need to screen various tagging positions within an RNA molecule to achieve optimal performance. Combined, these drawbacks make HDR a less desirable method for installation of tags in RNA.

Prime editing is a new genome editing technology that enables targeted editing of genomic loci via the transfer of genetic information from RNA to DNA. Using prime editing, RNA genes could be tagged with a variety of components such as RNA aptamers, ribozymes, or other RNA motifs. Prime editing has the potential to be faster, cheaper, and effective in a greater variety of cell types by comparison to HDR strategies. As such, the described invention represents a novel, useful, and non-obvious tool for investigating the biology of RNA genes in health and disease. A new method for the insertion of RNA motifs into genetic sequences that tag or otherwise manipulate RNA using prime editors (PEs) is described herein. PEs are capable of site-specifically inserting, mutating, and/or deleting multiple nucleotides at a desired genomic locus that is targetable by a CRISPR/Cas system. PEs are composed of fusions between Cas9 nuclease domains and reverse transcriptase domains. They are guided to their genomic target by engineered PEgRNAs (prime editing guide RNAs), which contain a guide spacer portion for DNA targeting, as well as a template for reverse transcription that encodes the desired genome edit (see FIG. 28A). It is envisioned that PE can be used to insert motifs that are functional at the RNA level (hereafter RNA motifs) to tag or otherwise manipulate non-coding RNAs or mRNAs. These motifs could serve to increase gene expression, decrease gene expression, alter splicing, change post-transcriptional modification, affect the sub-cellular location of the RNA, enable isolation or determination of the intra- or extra-cellular location of the RNA (using, for instance, fluorescent RNA aptamers such as Spinach, Spinach2, Baby Spinach, or Broccoli), recruit endogenous or exogenous protein or RNA binders, introduce sgRNAs, or induce processing of the RNA, by either self-cleavage or RNAses (see FIG. 28B). Due to the flexibility of prime editing, it is not possible to provide a comprehensive list of RNA motifs that could be installed within the genome. A series of examples are shown here that broadly illustrate the predicted scope of PE-installed RNA motifs that could be used to tag RNA genes. It is currently not possible to efficiently and fairly cleanly make these changes in most types of cells (including the many that do not support HDR) using any other reported genome editing method besides PE.

Gene expression could be affected by encoding a 3′ untranslated region (UTR) that results in changes in nuclear transport or retention or mRNA lifespan. For instance, the polyA tail from polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) has additional helper sequences that enable efficient transcription termination and can increase gene expression relative to other 3′ UTRs^(57,58). Example sequence of SV40 polyA tail:

SV40 POLYA TAIL (SEQ ID NO: 331) AACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTTATAATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCAC AAATTTCACAAATAAAGCATTTTTTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGT CCAAACTCATCAATGTATCTTA

Post-translational modification signals, besides polyadenylation signals, could also be encoded by PE. These include signals incorporate N6-methyladenosine, N1-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and pseudouridine modifications⁵⁹. By using PE to include sequences bound by enzymes that write or remove these modifications within an RNA transcript, it would be possible to induce their writing or erasing. This could be used as a tool to study the effects of these markers, to induce cellular differentiation, affect stress responses, or, given the function of these markers are as yet underexplored, affect targeted cells in other fashions.

PE could encode mutations that affect subcellular localization. For instance, incorporation of tRNA-Lys within an mRNA can theoretically result in transport to the mitochondria⁶⁰, while various 3′ UTRs can result in nuclear retention or transport⁶¹.

EXAMPLES

SV40 polyA signal results in transport.

SV40 POLYA TAIL (SEQ ID NO: 331) AACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTTATAATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCAC AAATTTCACAAATAAAGCATTTTTTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGT CCAAACTCATCAATGTATCTTA

U1 snRNA 3′ box results in retention.

U1 SNRNA 3′ BOX (SEQ ID NO: 625) TTCATTCAGCAAGTTCAGAGAAATCTGAACTTGCTGGATTTTTGGAGCAG GGAGATGGAATAGGAGCTTGCTCCGTCCACTCCACGCATCGACCTGGTAT TGCAGTACCTCCAGGAACGGTGCACCCACTTTCTGGAGTTTCAAAAGTAG ACTGTACGCTAAGGGTCATATCTTTTTTTGTTT GGTTTGTGTCTTGGTT GGCGTCTTAA

Determining the sub-cellular localization of endogenous RNA can be challenging and requires the addition of exogenous, fluorescently-tagged nucleotide probes, as in the case of FISH, or time-consuming and potentially inaccurate cell fractionation followed by RNA detection. Encoding a probe within the endogenous RNA would obviate many of these issues. One example would be to encode a fluorescent RNA aptamer, such as Spinach⁶² or Broccoli within an endogenous RNA, thereby visualizing the presence of that RNA via addition of a small molecule proto-fluorophore.

Broccoli Aptamer:

BROCCOLI APTAMER (SEQ ID NO: 357) GAGACGGTCGGGTCCAGATATTCGTATCTGTCGAGTAGAGTGTGGGCTC

PE could insert or remove sequences that encode RNA that are recognized by RNA binding proteins, affecting RNA stability, expression, localization, or modification (for instance, see proteins listed⁶³).

PE could insert sequences that encode sgRNAs within the genome, as a viral or cancer defense mechanism. Similarly, it could be used to insert microRNAs (e.g., pre-microRNAs) to direct silencing of targeted genes.

PE could insert sequences resulting in processing of the RNA, either by itself, or by external factors, either as a therapy or tool for studying the function of various portions of the RNA. For instance, the HDV ribozyme⁶⁴, when included within an RNA sequence, results in processing of the RNA immediately 5′ of the ribozyme, while the hammerhead ribozyme cleaves prior to the third stem within the ribozyme⁶⁵. Other self-cleaving ribozymes include pistol⁶⁶, hatchet⁶⁶, hairpin⁶⁷, Neuropora Varkud satellite⁶⁸, glmS⁶⁹, twister⁷⁰, and twister sister⁶⁶. These sequences could include wild-type or engineered or evolved versions of ribozymes. The majority of these ribozymes could have different sequences depending on the region of RNA into which they were associated, depending on where the ribozyme cut site is located. Sequences that would direct the processing of the RNA by external factors, such as sequence specific RNAses⁷¹, RNAses that recognize specific structures⁷²—such as Dicer⁷³ and Drosha⁷⁴, could also be achieved.

Hdv Ribozyme:

HDV RIBOZYME (SEQ ID NO: 365) GGCCGGCATGGTCCCAGCCTCCTCGCTGGCGCCGGCTGGGCAACATGCTT CGGCATGGCGAATGGGAC

REFERENCES FOR EXAMPLE 6

The following references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

-   1. Schek N, Cooke C, Alwine J C. Molecular and Cellular Biology.     1992. -   2. Gil A, Proudfoot N J. Cell. 1987. -   3. Zhao, B. S., Roundtree, I. A., He, C. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.     2017. -   4. Rubio, M. A. T., Hopper, A. K. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2011. -   5. Shechner, D. M., Hacisuleyman E., Younger, S. T., Rinn, J. L. Nat     Methods. 2015. -   6. Paige, J. S., Wu, K. Y., Jaffrey, S. R. Science 2011. -   7. Ray D., . . . Hughes T R. Nature 2013. -   8. Chadalavada, D. M., Cerrone-Szakal, A. L., Bevilacqua, P. C. RNA     2007. -   9. Forster A C, Symons R H. Cell. 1987. -   10. Weinberg Z, Kim P B, Chen T H, Li S, Harris K A, Lünse C E,     Breaker R R. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2015. -   11. Feldstein P A, Buzayan J M, Bruening G. Gene 1989. -   12. Saville B J, Collins R A. Cell. 1990. -   13. Winkler W C, Nahvi A, Roth A, Collins J A, Breaker R R. Nature     2004. -   14. Roth A, Weinberg Z, Chen A G, Kim P G, Ames T D, Breaker R R.     Nat Chem Biol. 2013. -   15. Choudhury R, Tsai Y S, Dominguez D, Wang Y, Wang Z. Nat Commun.     2012. -   16. MacRae I J, Doudna J A. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2007. -   17. Bernstein E, Caudy A A, Hammond S M, Hannon G J Nature 2001. -   18. Filippov V, Solovyev V, Filippova M, Gill S S. Gene 2000.

Example 7—Generation of Gene Libraries with PE

A new method for the cellular generation of highly sophisticated libraries of protein- or RNA-coding genes with defined or variable insertions, deletions, or defined amino acid/nucleotide conversions, and their use in high-throughput screening and directed evolution is described herein. The references cited in the Example are based from the list of references included at the end of this Example.

The generation of variable genetic libraries has most commonly been accomplished through mutagenic PCR¹. This method relies on either using reaction conditions that reduce the fidelity of DNA polymerase, or using modified DNA polymerases with higher mutation rates. As such, biases in these polymerases are reflected in the library product (e.g. a preference for transition mutations versus transversions). An inherent limitation of this approach to library construction is a relative inability to affect the size of the gene being varied. Most DNA polymerases have extremely low rates of indel mutations (insertions or deletions), and most of these will result in frameshift mutations in protein-coding regions, rendering members of the library unlikely to pass any downstream selection. Additionally, biases in PCR and cloning can make it difficult to generate single libraries consisting of genes of different sizes. These limitations can severely limit the efficacy of directed evolution to enhance existing or engineer novel protein functions. In natural evolution, large changes in protein function or efficacy are typically associated with insertion and deletion mutations that are unlikely to occur during canonical library generation for mutagenesis. Furthermore, these mutations most commonly occur in regions of the protein in question that are predicted to form loops, as opposed to the hydrophobic core. Thus, most indels generated using a traditional unbiased approach are likely to either be deleterious or ineffective.

Libraries that could bias such mutations to the sites within the protein where they would be most likely to be beneficial, i.e. loop regions, would have a significant advantage over traditional libraries given that all libraries access only a fraction of the possible mutation space. Finally, although it is possible to generate genetic libraries with site-specific indel mutations through multistep PCR and clonal assembly using NNK primers or via DNA shuffling, these libraries cannot undergo additional rounds of ‘indelgenesis’ in continual evolution. Continuous evolution is a type of directed evolution with minimal user intervention. One such example is PACE³. Because continuous evolution occurs with minimal user intervention, any increase in library diversity during the evolution must occur using the native replication machinery. As such, although libraries of genes with inserted or removed codons as specific loci can be generated and screened in PACE, additional rounds of ‘indelgenesis’ are not possible.

It is envisioned that the programmability of prime editing (PE) can be leveraged to generate highly sophisticated, programmed genetic libraries for use in high-throughput screening and directed evolution (see FIG. 29A). PE can insert, change or remove defined numbers of nucleotides from specified genetic loci using information encoded in a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) (see FIG. 29B). This enables the generation of targeted libraries with one or more amino acids inserted or removed from the loop regions wherein mutations are most likely to give rise to changes in function, without background introduction of nonfunctional frameshift mutations (see FIG. 29C). PE can be used to install specific sets of mutations without regard for biases inherent in either DNA polymerase or the sequence being mutated.

For instance, while converting a CCC codon to a stop codon would be an unlikely occurrence via canonical library generation because it would require three consecutive mutations, including two transversions, PE could be used to convert any given, targeted codon to a TGA stop codon in one step. They could also be used to install programmed diversity at given positions, for instance by incorporating codons encoding any hydrophobic amino acid at a given site, while not encoding any others. Furthermore, because of the programmability of PE, multiple PEgRNAs could be utilized to generate multiple different edits at multiple sites simultaneously, enabling the generation of highly programmed libraries (see FIG. 29D). Additionally, it is possible to use reverse transcriptases with lower fidelity to generate regions of mutagenesis within an otherwise invariable library (such as the HIV-I reverse transcriptase⁴ or Bordetella phage reverse transcriptase⁵).

The possibility of iterative rounds of PE on the same site is also envisioned, allowing— for instance—the repeated insertion of codons at a single site. Finally, it is envisioned that all of the above described approaches can be incorporated into continual evolution, enabling the generation of novel in situ evolving libraries (see FIG. 30 ). They could also be used to construct these libraries within other cell types where it would otherwise be difficult to assemble large libraries, for instance within mammalian cells. Generation of PE-encoding bacterial strains that have been optimized for directed evolution would be a useful additional tool for the identification of proteins and RNAs with improved or novel functionality. All of these uses of PE are non-obvious due to the novel nature of PEs. In conclusion, library generation via PE would be a highly useful tool in synthetic biology and directed evolution, as well as for high-throughput screening of protein and RNA combinatorial mutants.

Competing Approaches

The chief method by which diverse libraries are currently generated is by mutagenic PCR¹, described above. Insertions or deletions can be introduced via degenerated NNK primers at defined sites during PCR, although introducing such mutations at multiple sites requires multiple rounds of iterative PCR and cloning before constructing a more diverse library via mutagenic PCR, rendering the method slow. An alternative, complementary method is DNA shuffling, where fragments of a library of genes generated via DNase treatment are introduced into a PCR reaction without primers, resulting in the annealing of different fragments to each other and the rapid generation of more diverse libraries than via mutagenic PCR alone⁶. Although this approach can theoretically generate indel mutations, it more often results in frameshift mutations that destroy gene function. Furthermore, DNA shuffling requires a high degree of homology between gene fragments. Both of these methods must be done in vitro, with the resulting library transformed into cells, while libraries generated by PE can be constructed in situ, enabling their use in continual evolution. While libraries can be constructed in situ through in vivo mutagenesis, these libraries rely on the host cellular machinery and exhibit biases against indels. Similarly, although traditional cloning methods can be used to generate site-specific mutational profiles, they cannot be used in situ and are generally assembled one at a time in vitro before being transformed into cells. The efficiency and broad functionality of PE in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types further suggests that these libraries could be constructed directly in the cell type of interest, as opposed to being cloned into a model organism such as E. coli and then transferred into the cell or organism of interest. Another competing approach for targeted diversification is automated multiplex genome engineering, or MAGE, wherein multiple single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides can be incorporated within replication forks and result in programmable mutations. However, MAGE requires significant modification of the host strain and can lead to a 100-fold increase in off-target or background mutations⁸, whereas PE is more highly programmed and anticipated to result in fewer off-target effects. Additionally, MAGE has not been demonstrated in a wide variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. Prime editing is a novel and non-obvious complementary technique for library generation.

Examples of PE in Directed Evolution to Construct Gene Libraries

In one example, PE can be used in a directed evolution experiment to introduce protein variants into gene libraries during a continual evolution experiment using PACE, permitting iterative accumulation of both point mutations and indels in a manner not possible via traditional approaches. It has already been shown that PE can site-specifically and programmably insert nucleotides into a genetic sequence in E. coli. In the outlined directed evolution, it is proposed to identify monobodies with improved binding to a specific epitope via a modified two-hybrid protein:protein binding PACE selection. Specific and highly variable loops within these monobodies contribute significantly to affinity and specificity. Improved monobody binding might be obtained rapidly in PACE by varying the length and composition of these loops in a targeted fashion. However, varying sequence length is not an established functionality of PACE. While library of varied loop sizes might be used as a starting point for PACE, no subsequent improvements to length would arise throughout the PACE selection, barring access to beneficial synergistic combinations of point mutations and indel mutations. Introducing PE to the PACE selection would enable the in situ generation and evolution of monobodies with varying loop lengths. To do so, it is envisioned the introduction of an additional PE plasmid to the host E. coli strain, encoding the PE enzyme and one or more PEgRNAs. Expression of PE enzyme and PEgRNAs would be under the control of a small molecule delivered to the PACE lagoon at a rate selected by the experimenter.

In various embodiments, the PEgRNA components would contain a spacer directing the PE to the site of interest on the selection phage and would be designed such that a multiple of three nucleotides could be inserted at the target site such that a new PEgRNA binding site would be introduced, enabling the iterative insertion of one or more codons at the targeted site.

In parallel, another host E. coli strain might include PEgRNAs that would template the removal of one or more codons, enabling loop size to shrink during the evolution. A PACE experiment might utilize a mixture of both strains or alternate the two to permit the slow and controlled addition or removal of loop sequences.

It is noted that this technique can also be applied to the evolution of antibodies. The binding principles governing antibodies are very similar to those governing monobodies: the length of antibody complement-determining region loops is critical to their binding function. Further, longer loop lengths have been found to be critical in the development of rare antibodies with broadly protective activity against HIV-1 and other viral infections⁹. Application of PE as described above to an antibody or antibody-derived molecule would permit the generation of antibodies with diverse loop length and varied loop sequence. In combination with PACE, such an approach would permit enhanced binding through loop geometries not accessible to standard PACE, and thus permit evolution of highly functional antibodies.

Experiments will show the ability to use PE to correct a deleterious mutation in bacteriophage M3 in phage-assisted non-continuous evolution (PANCE), a necessary first step for using PE in continuous evolution (see FIG. 69 ).

REFERENCES FOR EXAMPLE 7

The following references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

-   1. Cadwell R C and Joyce G F. PCR Methods Appl. 1992. -   2. McInerney P, Adams P, and Hadi M Z. Mol Biol Int. 2014. -   3. Esvelt K M, Carlson J C, and Liu D R. Nature. 2011. -   4. Naorem S S, Hin J, Wang S, Lee W R, Heng X, Miller J F, Guo H.     Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2017. -   5. Martinez M A, Vartanian J P, Wain-Hobson S. Proc Natl Acad Sci     USA 1994. -   6. Meyer A J, Ellefson J W, Ellington A D. Curr Protoc Mol Biol.     2014. -   7. Wang H H, Isaacs F J, Carr P A, Sun Z Z, Xu G, Forest C R, Church     G M. Nature. 2009. -   8. Nyerges A et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016. -   9. Mascola J R, Haynes B F. Immunol Rev. 2013.

Example 8—Immunoepitope Insertion by PE

Precise genome targeting technologies using the CRISPR/Cas system have recently been explored in a wide range of applications, including the insertion of engineered DNA sequences into targeted genomic loci. Previously, homology-directed repair (HDR) has been used for this application, requiring an ssDNA donor template and repair initiation by means of a double-stranded DNA break (DSB). This strategy offers the broadest range of possible changes to be made in cells and is the only method available to insert large DNA sequences into mammalian cells. However, HDR is hampered by undesired cellular side effects stemming from its initiating DSB, such as high levels of indel formation, DNA translocations, large deletions, and P53 activation. In addition to these drawbacks, HDR is limited by low efficiency in many cell types (T cells are a notable exception to this observation). Recent efforts to overcome these drawbacks include fusing human Rad51 mutants to a Cas9 D10A nickase (RDN), resulting in a DSB-free HDR system that features improved HDR product:indel ratios and lower off target editing, but is still hampered by cell-type dependencies and only modest HDR editing efficiency.

Recently developed fusions of Cas9 to reverse transcriptases (“Prime editors”) coupled with PEgRNAs represent a novel genome editing technology that offers a number of advantages over existing genome editing methods, including the ability to install any single nucleotide substitution, and to insert or delete any short stretch of nucleotides (up to at least several dozen bases) in a site-specific manner. Notably, PE edits are achieved with generally low rates of unintended indels. As such, PE enables targeted insertion-based editing applications that have been previously impossible or impractical.

This particular invention describes a method for using prime editing as a means to insert known immunogenicity epitopes into endogenous or foreign genomic DNA, resulting in modification of the corresponding proteins for therapeutic or biotechnological applications (see FIGS. 31 and 32). Prior to the invention of prime editing, such insertions could be achieved only inefficiently and with high rates of indel formation from DSBs. prime editing solves the problem of high indel formation from insertion edits while generally offering higher efficiency than HDR. This lower rate of indel formation presents a major advantage of prime editing over HDR as a method for targeted DNA insertions, especially in the described application of inserting immunogenicity epitopes. The length of epitopes is in a range from few bases to hundreds of bases. Prime editor is the most efficient and cleanest technology to achieve such targeted insertions in mammalian cells.

The key concept of the invention is the use of prime editors to insert a nucleotide sequence containing previously described immunogenicity epitopes into endogenous or foreign genomic DNA for the downregulation and/or destruction of their protein products and/or expressing cell types. Nucleotide sequences for immunogenic epitope insertion would be targeted to genes in a manner to produce fusion proteins of the targeted gene's coded protein and the inserted immunogenic epitope's corresponding protein translation. Patient's immune systems will have been previously trained to recognize these epitopes as a result of standard prior immunization from routine vaccination against, for example, tetanus or diphtheria or measles. As a result of the immunogenic nature of the fused epitopes, patient's immune systems would be expected to recognize and disable the prime edited protein (not just the inserted epitope) and potentially the cells from which it was expressed.

Fusions to targeted genes would be engineered as needed to ensure the inserted epitope protein translation is exposed for immune system recognition. This could include targeted nucleotide insertions resulting in protein translations yielding C-terminal fusions of immunogenicity epitopes to targeted genes, N-terminal fusions of immunogenicity epitopes to targeted genes, or the insertion of nucleotides into genes so that immunogenicity epitopes are coded within surfaced-exposed regions of protein structure.

Protein linkers encoded as nucleotides inserted between the target gene sequence and the inserted immunogenicity epitope nucleotide sequence may need to be engineered as part of this invention to facilitate immune system recognition, cellular trafficking, protein function, or protein folding of the targeted gene. These inserted nucleotide-encoded protein linkers may include (but are not limited to) variable lengths and sequences of the XTEN linker or variable lengths and sequences of Glycine-Serine linkers. These engineered linkers have been previous used to successfully facilitate protein fusions.

Distinguishing features of this invention include the ability to use previously acquired immune responses to specific amino acid sequences as a means to induce an immune response against otherwise non-immunogenic proteins. Another distinguishing feature is the ability to insert the nucleotide sequences of these immunogenic epitopes in a targets manner that does not induce high levels of unwanted indels as a by-product editing and is efficient in its insertion. The invention discussed herein also has the ability to combine cell type-specific delivery methods (such as AAV serotypes) to insert epitopes in cell types that are of interest to trigger an immune response to.

Prime editing as a means of inserting immunogenic epitopes into pathogenic genes could be used to program the patient's immune system to fight a wide variety of diseases (not limited to cancer as with immuno-oncology strategies). An immediately relevant use of this technology would be as a cancer therapeutic as it could undermine a tumor's immune escape mechanism by causing an immune response to a relevant oncogene like HER2 or growth factors like EGFR. Such an approach could seem similar to T-cell engineering, but one novel advance of this approach is that it can be utilized in many cell types and for diseases beyond cancer, without needed to generate and introduce engineered T-cells into patients.

Using PE to insert an immunogenicity epitope which most people are already vaccinated against (tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, etc.) into a foreign or endogenous gene that drives a disease, so the patient's immune system learns to disable that protein.

Diseases that stand to have a potential therapeutic benefit from the aforementioned strategy include those caused by aggregation of toxic proteins, such as in fatal familial insomnia. Other diseases that could benefit include those caused by pathogenic overexpression of an otherwise nontoxic endogenous protein, and those caused by foreign pathogens.

Primary therapeutic indications include those mentioned above such as therapeutics for cancer, prion and other neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, and preventative medicine. Secondary therapeutic indications may include preventative care for patients with late-onset genetic diseases. It is expected that current standard of care medicines may be used in conjunction with prime editing for some diseases, like particularly aggressive cancers, or in cases where medications help alleviate disease symptoms until the disease completely cured.

Below are examples of immunogenic epitopes that can by inserted by prime editing can be used to achieve:

Epitope Amino Acid Vaccine Disease Sequence Example Nucleic Acid Sequence (8) 1 Tetanus QYIKANSKFIGITE CATGATATAAAAGCAAATTCTAAAT toxoid L (SEQ ID NO: 396) TTATAGGTATAACTGAACTA (SEQ ID NO: 397) 2 Diphtheria GADDVVDSSKSF GGCGCCGACGACGTGGTGGACAGCA toxin mutant VMENFSSYHGTK GCAAGAGCTTCGTGATGGAGAACTT CRM197 PGYVDSIQKGIQK CAGCAGCTACCACGGCACCAAGCCC PKSGTQGNYDDD GGCTACGTGGACAGCATCCAGAAGG WKEFYSTDNKYD GCATCCAGAAGCCCAAGAGCGGCAC AAGYSVDNENPL CCAGGGCAACTACGACGACGACTGG SGKAGGVVKVTY AAGGAGTTCTACAGCACCGACAACA PGLTKVLALKVD AGTACGACGCCGCCGGCTACAGCGT NAETIKKELGLSL GGACAACGAGAACCCCCTGAGCGGC TEPLMEQVGTEEF AAGGCCGGCGGCGTGGTGAAGGTGA IKRFGDGASRVVL CCTACCCCGGCCTGACCAAGGTGCT SLPFAEGSSSVEYI GGCCCTGAAGGTGGACAACGCCGAG NNWEQAKALSVE ACCATCAAGAAGGAGCTGGGCCTGA LEINFETRGKRGQ GCCTGACCGAGCCCCTGATGGAGCA DAMYEYMAQAC GGTGGGCACCGAGGAGTTCATCAAG AGNRVRRSVGSS AGGTTCGGCGACGGCGCCAGCAGGG LSCINLDWDVIRD TGGTGCTGAGCCTGCCCTTCGCCGA KTKTKIESLKEHG GGGCAGCAGCAGCGTGGAGTACATC PIKNKMSESPNKT AACAACTGGGAGCAGGCCAAGGCCC VSEEKAKQYLEEF TGAGCGTGGAGCTGGAGATCAACTT HQTALEHPELSEL CGAGACCAGGGGCAAGAGGGGCCA KTVTGTNPVFAG GGACGCCATGTACGAGTACATGGCC ANYAAWAVNVA CAGGCCTGCGCCGGCAACAGGGTGA QVIDSETADNLEK GGAGGAGCGTGGGCAGCAGCCTGA TTAALSILPGIGSV GCTGCATCAACCTGGACTGGGACGT MGIADGAVHHNT GATCAGGGACAAGACCAAGACCAA EEIVAQSIALSSL GATCGAGAGCCTGAAGGAGCACGGC MVAQAIPLVGEL CCCATCAAGAACAAGATGAGCGAGA VDIGFAAYNFVES GCCCCAACAAGACCGTGAGCGAGGA IINLFQVVHNSYN GAAGGCCAAGCAGTACCTGGAGGA RPAYSPGHKTQPF GTTCCACCAGACCGCCCTGGAGCAC LHDGYAVSWNTV CCCGAGCTGAGCGAGCTGAAGACCG EDSIIRTGFQGESG TGACCGGCACCAACCCCGTGTTCGC HDIKITAENTPLPI CGGCGCCAACTACGCCGCCTGGGCC AGVLLPTIPGKLD GTGAACGTGGCCCAGGTGATCGACA VNKSKTHISVNGR GCGAGACCGCCGACAACCTGGAGAA KIRMRCRAIDGD GACCACCGCCGCCCTGAGCATCCTG VTFCRPKSPVYVG CCCGGCATCGGCAGCGTGATGGGCA NGVHANLHVAFH TCGCCGACGGCGCCGTGCACCACAA RSSSEKIHSNEISS CACCGAGGAGATCGTGGCCCAGAGC DSIGVLGYQKTV ATCGCCCTGAGCAGCCTGATGGTGG DHTKVNSKLSLFF CCCAGGCCATCCCCCTGGTGGGCGA EIKS (SEQ ID NO: GCTGGTGGACATCGGCTTCGCCGCC 630) TACAACTTCGTGGAGAGCATCATCA ACCTGTTCCAGGTGGTGCACAACAG CTACAACAGGCCCGCCTACAGCCCC GGCCACAAGACCCAGCCCTTCCTGC ACGACGGCTACGCCGTGAGCTGGAA CACCGTGGAGGACAGCATCATCAGG ACCGGCTTCCAGGGCGAGAGCGGCC ACGACATCAAGATCACCGCCGAGAA CACCCCCCTGCCCATCGCCGGCGTG CTGCTGCCCACCATCCCCGGCAAGC TGGACGTGAACAAGAGCAAGACCCA CATCAGCGTGAACGGCAGGAAGATC AGGATGAGGTGCAGGGCCATCGACG GCGACGTGACCTTCTGCAGGCCCAA GAGCCCCGTGTACGTGGGCAACGGC GTGCACGCCAACCTGCACGTGGCCT TCCACAGGAGCAGCAGCGAGAAGAT CCACAGCAACGAGATCAGCAGCGAC AGCATCGGCGTGCTGGGCTACCAGA AGACCGTGGACCACACCAAGGTGAA CAGCAAGCTGAGCCTGTTCTTCGAG ATCAAGAGC (SEQ ID NO: 399) 3 mumps GTYRLIPNARANL GGCACCTACAGGCTGATCCCCAACG TA (SEQ ID NO: CCAGGGCCAACCTGACCGCC (SEQ 400) ID NO: 401) 4 mumps PSKFFTISDSATFA Ccgagcaaattttttaccattagcgatagcgcgacctttgcg PGPVSNA (SEQ ID ccgggcccggtgagcaacgcg NO: 402) (SEQ ID NO: 403) PSKLFIMLDNATF Ccgagcaaactgtttattatgctggataacgcgacctttgcg APGPVVNA (SEQ ccgggcccggtggtgaacgcg ID NO: 404) (SEQ ID NO: 405) Selected examples from Hemagglutinin- neuraminidase (HN) diversity among outbreak strains (table1) Divergence between vaccine strain JL5 and outbreak strains (tab1e2) 5 Rubella virus TPPPYQVSCGGES ACCCCCCCCCCCTACCAGGTGAGCT (RV) DRASARVIDPAA GCGGCGGCGAGAGCGACAGGGCCA QS (SEQ ID NO: GCGCCAGGGTGATCGACCCCGCCGC 406) CCAGAGC (SEQ ID NO: 407) 6 Hemagglutinin PEYAYKIVKNKK CCCGAGTACGCCTACAAGATCGTGA MEDGFLQGMVD AGAACAAGAAGATGGAGGACGGCT GWYGHHSNEQGS TCCTGCAGGGCATGGTGGACGGCTG GLMENERTLDKA GTACGGCCACCACAGCAACGAGCAG NPNNDLCSWSDH GGCAGCGGCCTGATGGAGAACGAG EASSNNTNQEDLL AGGACCCTGGACAAGGCCAACCCCA QRESRRKKRIGTS ACAACGACCTGTGCAGCTGGAGCGA TLNQRGNCNTKC CCACGAGGCCAGCAGCAACAACACC QTEEARLKREEVS AACCAGGAGGACCTGCTGCAGAGGG LVKSDQCSNGSL AGAGCAGGAGGAAGAAGAGGATCG QCRANNSTEQVD GCACCAGCACCCTGAACCAGAGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 408) CAACTGCAACACCAAGTGCCAGACC GAGGAGGCCAGGCTGAAGAGGGAG GAGGTGAGCCTGGTGAAGAGCGACC AGTGCAGCAACGGCAGCCTGCAGTG CAGGGCCAACAACAGCACCGAGCA GGTGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 409) 7 Neuraminidase TKSTNSRSGGISG ACCAAGAGCACCAACAGCAGGAGC PDNEAPVGEAPSP GGCGGCATCAGCGGCCCCGACAACG YGDNPRPNDGNN AGGCCCCCGTGGGCGAGGCCCCCAG IRIGSKGYNGIITD CCCCTACGGCGACAACCCCAGGCCC TIEESCSCYPDAK AACGACGGCAACAACATCAGGATCG VVKSVELDSTIWT GCAGCAAGGGCTACAACGGCATCAT SGSSPNQKIITIGW CACCGACACCATCGAGGAGAGCTGC DPNGWTGTPMSP AGCTGCTACCCCGACGCCAAGGTGG NGAYGTDGPSNG TGAAGAGCGTGGAGCTGGACAGCAC QANQHQAESISA CATCTGGACCAGCGGCAGCAGCCCC GNSSLCPIRDNWH AACCAGAAGATCATCACCATCGGCT GSNRSWSWPDGA GGGACCCCAACGGCTGGACCGGCAC E (SEQ ID NO: 410) CCCCATGAGCCCCAACGGCGCCTAC GGCACCGACGGCCCCAGCAACGGCC AGGCCAACCAGCACCAGGCCGAGA GCATCAGCGCCGGCAACAGCAGCCT GTGCCCCATCAGGGACAACTGGCAC GGCAGCAACAGGAGCTGGAGCTGGC CCGACGGCGCCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 411) 8 TAP EKIVLLLAMMEKI GAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCCA (transport VLLLAKCQTPMG TGATGGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCT antigen AIKAVDGVTNKC GGCCAAGTGCCAGACCCCCATGGGC presentation) PYLGSPSF (SEQ GCCATCAAGGCCGTGGACGGCGTGA on H5N1 ID NO: 412) CCAACAAGTGCCCCTACCTGGGCAG virus CCCCAGCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 413) hemagglutinin 9 TAP IRPCFWVELNPNQ ATCAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGC (transport KIITIRPCFWVELI TGAACCCCAACCAGAAGATCATCAC antigen CYPDAGEIT (SEQ CATCAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAG presentation) ID NO: 414) CTGATCTGCTACCCCGACGCCGGCG on h5n1 virus AGATCACC (SEQ ID NO: 415) neuraminidase 10 hemagglutinin MEKIVLLLAEKIV ATGGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGG epitopes LLLAMCPYLGSPS CCGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGC toward class I FKCQTPMGAIKA CATGTGCCCCTACCTGGGCAGCCCC HLA VDGVTNK (SEQ AGCTTCAAGTGCCAGACCCCCATGG ID NO: 416) GCGCCATCAAGGCCGTGGACGGCGT GACCAACAAG (SEQ ID NO: 417) 11 neuraminidase NPNQKIITICYPDAG AACCCCAACCAGAAGATCATCACCAT epitopes EITIRPCFWVELRPC CTGCTACCCCGACGCCGGCGAGATCA toward class I FWVELI (SEQ ID CCATCAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAG HLA NO: 418) CTGAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGCT GATC (SEQ ID NO: 419) 12 hemagglutinin MVSLVKSDQIGTST ATGGTGAGCCTGGTGAAGAGCGACCA epitopes LNQR (SEQ ID NO: GATCGGCACCAGCACCCTGAACCAGA toward class II 420) GG (SEQ ID NO: 421) HLA 13 neuraminidase YNGIITDTI (SEQ ID TACAACGGCATCATCACCGACACCAT epitopes NO: 422) C (SEQ ID NO: 423) toward class II HLA 14 hemagglutinin MEKIVLLLAEKIVL ATGGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGC epitope LLAMMVSLVKSDQ CGAGAAGATCGTGCTGCTGCTGGCCA H5N1-bound CPYLGSPSFIGTSTL TGATGGTGAGCCTGGTGAAGAGCGAC class I and NQRKCQTPMGAIK CAGTGCCCCTACCTGGGCAGCCCCAG class II HLA AVDGVTNK (SEQ CTTCATCGGCACCAGCACCCTGAACC ID NO: 424) AGAGG (SEQ ID NO: 425) 15 neuraminidase NPNQKIITIYNGIIT AACCCCAACCAGAAGATCATCACCAT epitope DTICYPDAGEITIRP CTACAACGGCATCATCACCGACACCA H5N1-bound CFWVELRPCFWVE TCTGCTACCCCGACGCCGGCGAGATC class I and LI (SEQ ID NO: 426) ACCATCAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGA class II HLA GCTGAGGCCCTGCTTCTGGGTGGAGC TGATC (SEQ ID NO: 427)

Below are additional examples of epitopes that may be integrated into a target gene for immunoepitope taggin:

REFERENCES CITED IN EXAMPLE 8

The following references are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

-   1. X. Wen, K. Wen, D. Cao, G. Li, R. W. Jones, J. Li, S. Szu, Y.     Hoshino, L. Yuan, Inclusion of a universal tetanus toxoid CD4(+) T     cell epitope P2 significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of     recombinant rotavirus ΔVP8* subunit parenteral vaccines. Vaccine 32,     4420-4427 (2014). -   2. G. Ada, D. Isaacs, Carbohydrate-protein conjugate vaccines. Clin     Microbiol Infect 9, 79-85 (2003). -   3. E. Malito, B. Bursulaya, C. Chen, P. L. Surdo, M. Picchianti, E.     Balducci, M. Biancucci, A. Brock, F. Berti, M. J. Bottomley, M.     Nissum, P. Costantino, R. Rappuoli, G. Spraggon, Structural basis     for lack of toxicity of the diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197.     Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, 5229 (2012). -   4. J. de Wit, M. E. Emmelot, M. C. M. Poelen, J.     Lanfermeijer, W. G. H. Han, C. van Els, P. Kaaijk, The Human CD4(+)     T Cell Response against Mumps Virus Targets a Broadly Recognized     Nucleoprotein Epitope. J Virol 93, (2019). -   5. M. May, C. A. Rieder, R. J. Rowe, Emergent lineages of mumps     virus suggest the need for a polyvalent vaccine. Int J Infect Dis     66, 1-4 (2018). -   6. M. Ramamurthy, P. Rajendiran, N. Saravanan, S. Sankar, S.     Gopalan, B. Nandagopal, Identification of immunogenic B-cell epitope     peptides of rubella virus E1 glycoprotein towards development of     highly specific immunoassays and/or vaccine. Conference Abstract,     (2019). -   7. U. S. F. Tambunan, F. R. P. Sipahutar, A. A. Parikesit, D.     Kerami, Vaccine Design for H5N1 Based on B- and T-cell Epitope     Predictions. Bioinform Biol Insights 10, 27-35 (2016).

Example 9—In Vivo Delivery of PE Agents

Precise genome targeting technologies using the CRISPR/Cas9 system have recently been explored in a wide range of applications, including gene therapy. A major limitation to the application of Cas9 and Cas9-based genome-editing agents in gene therapy is the size of Cas9 (>4 kb), impeding its efficient delivery via recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). Recently-developed fusions of Cas9 to reverse transcriptases (“Prime editors”) represent a novel genome editing technology that possesses a number of advantages over existing genome editing methods, including the ability to install any single nucleotide substitution, and to insert or delete any arbitrarily-defined short (<˜P20) stretch of nucleotides in a site-specific manner. As such, this method enables editing of human pathogenic variants that have been intractable to correction previously. The delivery of prime editing reagents could enable correction of genetic sequences that cause human disease, or allow for the installation of disease-preventing gene variants.

This invention describes methods for delivering prime editors into cells in vitro and in vivo. Prime editors have been developed and characterized solely in cultured cells. No known method can deliver prime editors in vivo. The presently disclosed methods for delivering prime editors via rAAV or pre-assembled ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes will overcome several barriers to in vivo delivery. For example, the DNA encoding prime editors is larger than the rAAV packaging limit, and so requires special solutions. One such solution is formulating the editor fused to split intein pairs that are packaged into two separate rAAV particles that, when co-delivered to a cell, reconstitute the functional editor protein. Several other special considerations to account for the unique features of prime editing are described, including the optimization of second-site nicking targets and properly packaging prime editors into virus vectors, including lentiviruses and rAAV.

Distinguishing features include using ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery formulations, prime editors and nearby nicking targets can be pre-complexed with their specific sgRNA/PEgRNA. This will enhance the range of possible targetable sites and allow for greater optimization of editing efficiency relative to current data that has used DNA delivery. Using either RNP or mRNA delivery formulations, variant Cas proteins can be used that each complex with their own guide RNA variant. This will also allow for a greater diversity of potential nicking loci, so it is expected that optimization can be achieved for greater efficiency in any given application. Using RNP, it is expected to increase editing specificity base on previous RNP reports (Rees et al., 2017). This would reduce off-target prime editing. Potential architectures for splitting prime editors into two AAV vectors for delivery in vivo or ex vivo are described. Packaging prime editor into a dual AAV system requires optimization of design considerations including split sites, reconstitution methods (such as inteins), and guide expression architecture. Using a mixture of virus and RNP for delivery of prime editor, it is expected that editing will be controlled over time since RNP eventually degrades in vivo which will stop prime editing after RNP is no longer supplied.

Prime editor ribonucleoprotein (RNP), mRNA with prime editor guide RNA, or DNA can be packaged into lipid nanoparticles, rAAV, or lentivirus and injected, ingested, or inhaled to alter genomic DNA in vivo and ex vivo, including for the purposes of establishing animal models of human disease, testing therapeutic and scientific hypotheses in animal models of human disease, and treating disease in humans.

Prime editors could feasibly be used to correct a large fraction of all genetic diseases (˜89% of pathogenic human genetic variants in Clinvar), if suitable means of delivery into relevant cell types in vivo are developed. Blood diseases, retinal diseases, and liver diseases are the most likely first applications due to established delivery systems for other reagents. AAV capsids, other evolved or engineered viral vectors, and lipid nanoparticle formulations would need to be used in combination with this invention.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the prime editor domains (e.g., the napDNAbp domain or the RT domain) could be engineered with an intein sequence.

Example 10—Use of PE to Identify Off-Target Editing

There are currently no described methods to detect off-target editing with prime editors (prime editing itself has not been published yet). These methods would allow a researcher to identify potential sites of off-target editing using prime editors, which would be important considerations were this technique used to treat genetic disease in patients.

Methods described here could also be useful to identify off-targets of Cas nucleases. These off-targets have previously been identified using BLESS, Guide-Seq, CIRCLE-Seq, and Digenome-Seq. However, this method is advantageous in the sensitivity and simplicity of the process.

The key concept of this aspect is the idea of using prime editing to insert an adapter sequence or primer binding site, templated from a PEgRNA, to enable the rapid identification of genomic off-target modification sites of Cas nucleases or prime editors.

No method to identify in an unbiased manner prime editing off-target sites is known. This method is distinguished from other techniques that identify nuclease off-target sites because the adapter sequence is inserted in the same event as DNA binding and nicking, simplifying the downstream processing.

The present invention includes identification of off-target editing sites when editing inside a living cell, in tissue culture or animal models (see FIG. 33 ). To conduct this method, a PEgRNA is generated that has an identical protospacer to the final desired editor (and, if looking at prime editing off-targets, an identical primer-binding site sequence to the final desired editor), but includes the necessary sequences to install an adapter or primer binding site after reverse transcription by prime editing. In vivo editing is conducted using a prime editor or RT-fused nuclease, and isolate genomic DNA. The genomic DNA is fragmented by enzymatic or mechanical means and append a different adapter to sites of DNA fragmentation. PCR is used to amplify from one adapter to the adapter installed via PEgRNA. The resulting product is deep-sequenced to identify all modified sites.

The invention also includes identification of off-target editing sites using in vitro modification of genomic DNA (see FIG. 33 ). To conduct this method, RNP of purified prime editor protein and a PEgRNA is assembled that will install an adapter or primer binding sequence, but is otherwise the same as the PEgRNA of interest. This RNP is incubated with extracted genomic DNA before or after fragmentation of the DNA and attachment of different adapters to sites of DNA breaks. PCR is used to amplify from fragmented site to the adapter that was installed with PE. Deep sequence to identify sites of modification. This in vitro editing method should enhance the sensitivity of detection, because cellular DNA repair will never eliminate the reverse-transcribed DNA adapter added by the prime editor.

These methods could be used to identify off-target editing for any prime editor, or any genome editor that uses a guideRNA to recognize a target cut site (most Cas nucleases).

These methods could be applied to all genetic diseases for which genome editors are considered for use in treatment.

Example 11—Use of PE to Enable Chemical-Induced Dimerization of Target Proteins In Vivo

The prime editors described herein may also be used to place dimerization-induced biological processes, such as receptor signaling, under control of a convenient small-molecule drug by the genomic integration of genes encoding small-molecule binding proteins with prime editing is described herein. Using the prime editors described herein, the gene sequence encoding a small-molecule binding protein may be inserted within a gene encoding a target protein of interest in a living cell or patient. This edit alone should have no physiological effect. Upon administration of the small-molecule drug, which typically is a dimeric small molecule that can simultaneously bind to two drug-binding protein domains each of which is fused to a copy of the target protein, the small-molecule induces dimerization of the targeted protein. This target protein dimerization event then induces a biological signaling event, such as erythropoiesis or insulin signaling.

Example 12—Prime Editing: Highly Versatile and Precise Search-and-Replace Genome Editing in Human Cells without Double-Stranded DNA Breaks

Current genome editing methods can disrupt, delete, or insert target genes with accompanying byproducts of double-stranded DNA breaks using programmable nucleases, and install the four transition point mutations at target loci using base editors. Small insertions, small deletions, and the eight transversion point mutations, however, collectively represent most pathogenic genetic variants but cannot be corrected efficiently and without an excess of byproducts in most cell types. Described herein is prime editing, a highly versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a catalytically impaired Cas9 fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase, programmed with an engineered prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) that both specifies the target site and encodes the desired edit. Greater than 175 distinct edits in human cells were performed to establish that prime editing can make targeted insertions, deletions, all 12 possible types of point mutations, and combinations thereof efficiently (typically 20-60%, up to 77% in unsorted cells) and with low byproducts (typically 1-10%), without requiring double-stranded breaks or donor DNA templates. Prime editing was applied in human cells to correct the primary genetic causes of sickle cell disease (requiring an A•T-to-T•A transversion in HBB) and Tay-Sachs disease (requiring a 4-base deletion in HEXA), in both cases efficiently reverting the pathogenic genomic alleles to wild-type with minimal byproducts. Prime editing was also used to create human cell lines with these pathogenic HBB transversion and HEXA insertion mutations, to install the G127V mutation in PRNP that confers resistance to prion disease (requiring a G•C-to-T•A transversion), and to efficiently insert a His6 tag, a FLAG epitope tag, and an extended LoxP site into target loci in human cells. Prime editing offers efficiency and product purity advantages over HDR, and complementary strengths and weaknesses compared to base editing. Consistent with its search-and-replace mechanism, which requires three distinct base-pairing events, prime editing is much less prone to off-target DNA modification at known Cas9 off-target sites than Cas9. Prime editing substantially expands the scope and capabilities of genome editing, and in principle can correct ˜89% of known pathogenic human genetic variants.

The ability to make virtually any targeted change in the genome of any living cell or organism is a longstanding aspiration of the life sciences. Despite rapid advances in genome editing technologies, the majority of the >75,000 known human genetic variants associated with diseases¹¹¹ cannot be corrected or installed in most therapeutically relevant cells (FIG. 38A). Programmable nucleases such as CRISPR-Cas9 make double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) that can disrupt genes by inducing mixtures of insertions and deletions (indels) at target sites¹¹²⁻¹¹⁴. Nucleases can also be used to delete target genes^(115,116) or insert exogenous genes¹¹⁷⁻¹¹⁹, through homology-independent processes. Double-stranded DNA breaks, however, are also associated with undesired outcomes including complex mixtures of products, translocations¹²⁰, and p53 activation^(121,122). Moreover, the vast majority of pathogenic alleles differ from their non-pathogenic counterparts by small insertions, deletions, or base substitutions that require much more precise editing technologies to correct (FIG. 38A). Homology-directed repair (HDR) stimulated by nuclease-induced DSBs¹²³ has been widely used to install a variety of precise DNA changes. HDR, however, relies on exogenous donor DNA repair templates, typically generates an excess of indel byproducts from end-joining repair of DSBs, and is inefficient in most therapeutically relevant cell types (T cells and some stem cells being important exceptions)^(124,125). While enhancing the efficiency and precision of DSB-mediated genome editing remains the focus of promising efforts¹²⁶⁻¹³⁰, these challenges necessitate the exploration of alternative precision genome editing strategies.

Base editing can efficiently install or correct the four types of transition mutations (C to T, G to A, A to G, and T to C) without requiring DSBs in a wide variety of cell types and organisms, including mammals¹²⁸⁻¹³¹ but cannot currently achieve any of the eight transversion mutations (C to A, C to G, G to C, G to T, A to C, A to T, T to A, and T to G), such as the T•A-to-A•T mutation needed to directly correct the most common cause of sickle cell disease (HBB E6V)¹³². In addition, no DSB-free method has been reported to perform target deletions, such as the removal of the 4-base duplication that causes Tay-Sachs disease (HEXA 1278+TATC)¹³³, or targeted insertions, such as the precise 3-base insertion required to directly correct the most common cause of cystic fibrosis (CFTR ΔF508)¹³⁴. Targeted transversion point mutations, insertions, and deletions thus are difficult to install or correct efficiently and without excess byproducts in most cell types, even though they collectively account for most known pathogenic alleles (FIG. 38A).

Described herein is the development of prime editing, a new “search-and-replace” genome editing technology that mediates targeted insertions, deletions, and all 12 possible base-to-base conversions at targeted loci in human cells without requiring double-stranded DNA breaks, or donor DNA templates. Prime editors, initially exemplified by PE1, use a reverse transcriptase fused to a programmable nickase and a prime editing extended guide RNA (PEgRNA) to directly copy genetic information from the extension on the PEgRNA into the target genomic locus. A second-generation prime editor (PE2) uses an engineered reverse transcriptase to substantially increase editing efficiencies with minimal (typically <2%) indel formation, while a third-generation PE3 system adds a second guide RNA to nick the non-edited strand, thereby favoring replacement of the non-edited strand and further increasing editing efficiency, typically, to about 20-50% in human cells with about 1-10% indel formation. PE3 offers far fewer byproducts and higher or similar efficiency compared to optimized Cas9 nuclease-initiated HDR, and offers complementary strengths and weaknesses compared to current-generation base editors.

PE3 was applied at genomic loci in human HEK293T cells to achieve efficient conversion of HBB E6V to wild-type HBB, deletion of the inserted TATC to restore HEXA 1278+TATC to wild-type HEXA, installation in PRNP of the G127V mutation that confers resistance to prion disease¹³⁵ (requiring a G•C-to-T•A transversion), and targeted insertion of a His6 tag (18 bp), FLAG epitope tag (24 bp), and extended LoxP site for Cre-mediated recombination (44 bp). Prime editing was also successful in three other human cell lines, as well as in post-mitotic primary mouse cortical neurons, with varying efficiencies. Due to a high degree of flexibility in the distance between the initial nick and location of the edit, prime editing is not substantially constrained by the PAM requirement of Cas9 and in principle can target the vast majority of genomic loci. Off-target prime editing is much rarer than off-target Cas9 editing at known Cas9 off-target loci, likely due to the requirement of three distinct DNA base pairing events in order for productive prime editing to take place. By enabling precise targeted insertions, deletions, and all 12 possible classes of point mutations at a wide variety of genomic loci without the need for DSBs or donor DNA templates, prime editing has the potential to advance the study and correction of many gene variants.

Results

Strategy for Transferring Information from an Extended Guide RNA into a Target DNA Locus

Cas9 targets DNA using a guide RNA containing a spacer sequence that hybridizes to the target DNA site ^(112-114,136,137). The aim was to engineer guide RNAs to both specify the DNA target as in natural CRISPR systems^(138,139), and also to contain new genetic information that replaces the corresponding DNA nucleotides at the target locus. The direct transfer of genetic information from an extended guide RNA into a specified DNA site, followed by replacement of the original unedited DNA, in principle could provide a general means of installing targeted DNA sequence changes in living cells, without dependence on DSBs or donor DNA templates. To achieve this direct information transfer, the aim was to use genomic DNA, nicked at the target site to expose a 3′-hydroxyl group, to prime the reverse transcription of the genetic information from an extension on the engineered guide RNA (hereafter referred to as the prime editing guide RNA, or PEgRNA) directly into the target site (FIG. 38A).

These initial steps of nicking and reverse transcription, which resemble mechanisms used by some natural mobile genetic elements¹⁴⁰, result in a branched intermediate with two redundant single-stranded DNA flaps on one strand: a 5′ flap that contains the unedited DNA sequence, and a 3′ flap that contains the edited sequence copied from the PEgRNA (FIG. 38B). To achieve a successful edit, this branched intermediate must be resolved so that the edited 3′ flap replaces the unedited 5′ flap. While hybridization of the 5′ flap with the unedited strand is likely to be thermodynamically favored since the edited 3′ flap can make fewer base pairs with the unedited strand, 5′ flaps are the preferred substrate for structure-specific endonucleases such as FEN1¹⁴¹, which excises 5′ flaps generated during lagging-strand DNA synthesis and long-patch base excision repair. It was reasoned that preferential 5′ flap excision and 3′ flap ligation could drive the incorporation of the edited DNA strand, creating heteroduplex DNA containing one edited strand and one unedited strand (FIG. 38B).

Permanent installation of the edit could arise from subsequent DNA repair that resolves the mismatch between the two DNA strands in a manner that copies the information in the edited strand to the complementary DNA strand (FIG. 38C). Based on a similar strategy developed to maximize the efficiency of DNA base editing¹³¹⁻¹³³, it was envisioned that nicking the non-edited DNA strand, far enough from the site of the initial nick to minimize double-strand break formation, might bias DNA repair to preferentially replace the non-edited strand.

Validation of Prime Editing Steps In Vitro and in Yeast Cells

Following cleavage of the PAM-containing DNA strand by the RuvC nuclease domain of Cas9, the PAM-distal fragment of this strand can dissociate from otherwise stable Cas9:sgRNA:DNA complexes¹⁴³ It was hypothesized that the 3′ end of this liberated strand might be sufficiently accessible to prime DNA polymerization. Guide RNA engineering efforts¹⁴⁴⁻¹⁴⁶ and crystal structures of Cas9:sgRNA:DNA complexes¹⁴⁷⁻¹⁴⁹ suggest that the 5′ and 3′ termini of the sgRNA can be extended without abolishing Cas9:sgRNA activity. PEgRNAs were designed by extending sgRNAs to include two critical components: a primer binding site (PBS) that allows the 3′ end of the nicked DNA strand to hybridize to the PEgRNA, and a reverse transcriptase (RT) template containing the desired edit that would be directly copied into the genomic DNA site as the 3′ end of the nicked DNA strand is extended across the RNA template by a polymerase (FIG. 38C).

These hypotheses were tested in vitro using purified S. pyogenes Cas9 protein. A series of PEgRNA candidates were constructed by extending sgRNAs on either terminus with a PBS sequence (5 to 6 nucleotides, nt) and an RT template (7 to 22 nt). It was confirmed that 5′-extended PEgRNAs direct Cas9 binding to target DNA, and that both 5′-extended PEgRNAs and 3′-extended PEgRNAs support Cas9-mediated target nicking in vitro and DNA cleavage activities in mammalian cells (FIGS. 44A-44C). These candidate PEgRNA designs were tested using pre-nicked 5′-Cy5-labeled dsDNA substrates, catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9), and a commercial variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase (FIG. 44D). When all components were present, efficient conversion of the fluorescently labeled DNA strand into longer DNA products with gel mobilities, consistent with reverse transcription along the RT template, (FIG. 38D, FIGS. 44D-44E) was observed. Products of desired length were formed with either 5′-extended or 3′-extended PEgRNAs (FIGS. 38D-38E). Omission of dCas9 led to nick translation products derived from reverse transcriptase-mediated DNA polymerization on the DNA template, with no PEgRNA information transfer (FIG. 38D). No DNA polymerization products were observed when the PEgRNA was replaced by a conventional sgRNA, confirming the necessity of the PBS and RT template components of the PEgRNA (FIG. 38D). These results demonstrate that Cas9-mediated DNA melting exposes a single-stranded R-loop that, if nicked, is competent to prime reverse transcription from either a 5′-extended or 3′-extended PEgRNA.

Next, non-nicked dsDNA substrates were tested with a Cas9 nickase (H840A mutant) that exclusively nicks the PAM-containing strand¹¹². In these reactions, 5′-extended PEgRNAs generated reverse transcription products inefficiently, possibly due to impaired Cas9 nickase activity (FIG. 44F). However, 3′-extended PEgRNAs enabled robust Cas9 nicking and efficient reverse transcription (FIG. 38E). The use of 3′-extended PEgRNAs generated only a single apparent product, despite the potential, in principle, for reverse transcription to terminate anywhere within the remainder of the PEgRNA. DNA sequencing of the products of reactions with Cas9 nickase, RT, and 3′-extended PEgRNAs revealed that the complete RT template sequence was reverse transcribed into the DNA substrate (FIG. 44G). These experiments established that 3′-extended PEgRNAs can template the reverse transcription of new DNA strands while retaining the ability to direct Cas9 nickase activity.

To evaluate the eukaryotic cell DNA repair outcomes of 3′ flaps produced by PEgRNA-programmed reverse transcription in vitro, DNA nicking and reverse transcription using PEgRNAs, Cas9 nickase, and RT in vitro on reporter plasmid substrates were performed, and the reaction products were then transformed into yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells (FIG. 45A). Encouragingly, when plasmids were edited in vitro with 3′-extended PEgRNAs encoding a T•A-to-A•T transversion that corrects the premature stop codon, 37% of yeast transformants expressed both GFP and mCherry proteins (FIG. 38F, FIG. 45C). Consistent with the results in FIG. 38E and FIG. 44F, editing reactions carried out in vitro with 5′-extended PEgRNAs yielded fewer GFP and mCherry double-positive colonies (9%) than those with 3′-extended PEgRNAs (FIG. 38F and FIG. 45D). Productive editing was also observed using 3′-extended PEgRNAs that insert a single nucleotide (15% double-positive transformants) or delete a single nucleotide (29% double-positive transformants) to correct frameshift mutations (FIG. 38F and FIGS. 45E-45F). DNA sequencing of edited plasmids recovered from double-positive yeast colonies confirmed that the encoded transversion edit occurred at the desired sequence position (FIG. 45G). These results demonstrate that DNA repair in eukaryotic cells can resolve 3′ DNA flaps arising from prime editing to incorporate precise DNA edits including transversions, insertions, and deletions.

Design of Prime Editor 1 (PE1)

Encouraged by the results in vitro and in yeast, a prime editing system with a minimum number of components capable of editing genomic DNA in mammalian cells was sought for development. It was hypothesized that 3′-extended PEgRNAs (hereafter referred to simply as PEgRNAs, FIG. 39A) and direct fusions of Cas9 H840A to reverse transcriptase via a flexible linker may constitute a functional two-component prime editing system. HEK293T (immortalized human embryonic kidney) cells were transfected with one plasmid encoding a fusion of wild-type M-MLV reverse transcriptase to either terminus of Cas9 H840A nickase as well as a second plasmid encoding a PEgRNA. Initial attempts led to no detectable T•A-to-A•T conversion at the HEK3 target locus.

Extension of the PBS in the PEgRNA to 8-15 bases (FIG. 39A), however, led to detectable T•A-to-A•T editing at the HEK3 target site (FIG. 39B), with higher efficiencies for prime editor constructs in which the RT was fused to the C-terminus of Cas9 nickase (3.7% maximal T•A-to-A•T conversion with PBS lengths ranging from 8-15 nt) compared to N-terminal RT-Cas9 nickase fusions (1.3% maximal T•A-to-A•T conversion) (FIG. 39B; all mammalian cell data herein reports values for the entire treated cell population, without selection or sorting, unless otherwise specified). These results suggest that wild-type M-MLV RT fused to Cas9 requires longer PBS sequences for genome editing in human cells compared to what is required in vitro using the commercial variant of M-MLV RT supplied in trans. This first-generation wild-type M-MLV reverse transcriptase fused to the C-terminus of Cas9 H840A nickase was designated as PE1.

The ability of PE1 to precisely introduce transversion point mutations at four additional genomic target sites specified by the PEgRNA (FIG. 39C) was tested. Similar to editing at the HEK3 locus, efficiency at these genomic sites was dependent on PBS length, with maximal editing efficiencies ranging from 0.7-5.5% (FIG. 39C). Indels from PE1 were low, averaging 0.2±0.1% for the five sites under conditions that maximized each site's editing efficiency (FIG. 46A). PE1 was also able to install targeted insertions and deletions, exemplified by a single-nucleotide deletion (4.0% efficiency), a single-nucleotide insertion (9.7%), and a three-nucleotide insertion (17%) at the HEK3 locus (FIG. 39C). These results establish the ability of PE1 to directly install targeted transversions, insertions, and deletions without requiring double-stranded DNA breaks or DNA templates.

Design of Prime Editor 2 (PE2)

While PE1 can install a variety of edits at several loci in HEK293T cells, editing efficiencies were generally low (typically ≤5%) (FIG. 39C). It was hypothesized that engineering the reverse transcriptase in PE1 might improve the efficiency of DNA synthesis within the unique conformational constraints of the prime editing complex, resulting in higher genome editing yields. M-MLV RT mutations have been previously reported that increase enzyme thermostabilityl^(50,151), processivityl⁵⁰, and DNA:RNA heteroduplex substrate affinityl⁵², and that inactivate RNaseH activityl⁵³. 19 PE1 variants were constructed containing a variety of reverse transcriptase mutations to evaluate their prime editing efficiency in human cells.

First, a series of M-MLV RT variants that previously emerged from laboratory evolution for their ability to support reverse transcription at elevated temperatures¹⁵⁰ were investigated. Successive introduction of three of these amino acid substitutions (D200N, L603W, and T330P) into M-MLV RT, hereafter referred to as M3, led to a 6.8-fold average increase in transversion and insertion editing efficiency across five genomic loci in HEK293T cells compared to that of PE1 (FIGS. 47A-47S).

Next, in combination with M3, additional reverse transcriptase mutations that were previously shown to enhance binding to template:PBS complex, enzyme processivity, and thermostability¹⁵² were tested. Among the 14 additional mutants analyzed, a variant with T306K and W313F substitutions, in addition to the M3 mutations, improved editing efficiency an additional 1.3-fold to 3.0-fold compared to M3 for six transversion or insertion edits across five genomic sites in human cells (FIGS. 47A-47S). This pentamutant of M-MLV reverse transcriptase incorporated into the PE1 architecture (Cas9 H840A-M-MLV RT (D200N L603W T330P T306K W313F)) is hereafter referred to as PE2.

PE2 installs single-nucleotide transversion, insertion, and deletion mutations with substantially higher efficiency than PE1 (FIG. 39C), and is compatible with shorter PBS PEgRNA sequences (FIG. 39C), consistent with an enhanced ability to productively engage transient genomic DNA:PBS complexes. On average, PE2 led to a 1.6- to 5.1-fold improvement in prime editing point mutation efficiency over PE1 (FIG. 39C), and in some cases dramatically improved editing yields up to 46-fold (FIG. 47F and FIG. 47I). PE2 also effected targeted insertions and deletions more efficiently than PE1, achieving the targeted insertion of the 24-bp FLAG epitope tag at the HEK3 locus with 4.5% efficiency, a 15-fold improvement over the efficiency of installing this insertion with PE1 (FIG. 47D), and mediated a 1-bp deletion in HEK3 with 8.6% efficiency, 2.1-fold higher than that of PE1 (FIG. 39C). These results establish PE2 as a more efficient prime editor than PE1.

Optimization of PEgRNA Features

The relationship between PEgRNA architecture and prime editing efficiency was systematically probed at five genomic loci in HEK293T cells with PE2 (FIG. 39C). In general, priming sites with lower G•C content required longer PBS sequences (EMX1 and RNF2, containing 40% and 30% G•C content, respectively, in the first 10 nt upstream of the nick), whereas those with greater G•C content supported prime editing with shorter PBS sequences (HEK4 and FANCF, containing 80% and 60% G•C content, respectively, in the first 10 nt upstream of the nick) (FIG. 39C), consistent with the energetic requirements for hybridization of the nicked DNA strand to the PEgRNA PBS. No PBS length or G•C content level was strictly predictive of prime editing efficiency, and other factors such as secondary structure in the DNA primer or PEgRNA extension may also influence editing activity. It is recommended to start with a PBS length of ˜13 nt for a typical target sequence, and exploring different PBS lengths if the sequence deviates from ˜40-60% G•C content. When necessary, optimal PBS sequences should be determined empirically.

Next, the performance determinants of the RT template portion of the PEgRNA were studied. PEgRNAs with RT templates ranging from 10-20 nt in length were systemically evaluated at five genomic target sites using PE2 (FIG. 39D) and with longer RT templates as long as 31 nt at three genomic sites (FIGS. 48A-48C). As with PBS length, RT template length also could be varied to maximize prime editing efficiency, although in general many RT template lengths ≥10 nt long support more efficient prime editing (FIG. 39D). Since some target sites preferred longer RT templates (>15 nt) to achieve higher editing efficiencies (FANCF, EMX1), while other loci preferred short RT templates (HEK3, HEK4) (FIG. 39D), it is recommend both short and long RT templates be tested when optimizing a PEgRNA, starting with ˜10-16 nt.

Importantly, RT templates that place a C as the nucleotide adjacent to the terminal hairpin of the sgRNA scaffold generally resulted in lower editing efficiency compared to other PEgRNAs with RT templates of similar length (FIGS. 48A-48C). Based on the structure of sgRNAs bound to Cas9^(148,149) it was speculated that the presence of a C as the first nucleotide of the 3′ extension of a canonical sgRNA can disrupt the sgRNA scaffold fold by pairing with G81, a nucleotide that natively forms a pi stack with Tyr 1356 in Cas9 and a non-canonical base pair with sgRNA A68. Since many RT template lengths support prime editing, it is recommended to choose PEgRNAs in which the first base of the 3′ extension (the last reverse-transcribed base of the RT template) is not C.

Design of Prime Editor 3 Systems (PE3 and PE3b)

While PE2 can transfer genetic information from the PEgRNA to the target locus more efficiently than PE1, the manner in which the cell resolves the resulting heteroduplex DNA created by one edited strand and one unedited strand determines if the edit is durable. A previous development of base editing faced a similar challenge since the initial product of cytosine or adenine deamination is heteroduplex DNA containing one edited and one non-edited strand. To increase the efficiency of base editing, a Cas9 D10A nickase was used to introduce a nick into the non-edited strand and to direct DNA repair to that strand, using the edited strand as a template^(129,130,142). To exploit this principle to enhance prime editing efficiencies, a similar strategy of nicking the non-edited strand using the Cas9 H840A nickase already present in PE2 and a simple sgRNA to induce preferential replacement of the non-edited strand by the cell (FIG. 40A) was tested. Since the edited DNA strand was also nicked to initiate prime editing, a variety of sgRNA-programmed nick locations were tested on the non-edited strand to minimize the production of double-stranded DNA breaks that lead to indels.

This PE3 strategy was first tested at five genomic sites in HEK293T cells by screening sgRNAs that induce nicks located 14 to 116 bases from the site of the PEgRNA-induced nick, either 5′ or 3′ of the PAM. In four of the five sites tested, nicking the non-edited strand increased the amount of indel-free prime editing products compared to the PE2 system by 1.5- to 4.2-fold, to as high as 55% (FIG. 40B). While the optimal nicking position varied depending on the genomic site, nicks positioned 3′ of the PAM (positive distances in FIG. 40B) approximately 40-90 bp from the PEgRNA-induced nick generally produced favorable increases in prime editing efficiency (averaging 41%) without excess indel formation (6.8% average indels for the sgRNA resulting in the highest editing efficiency for each of the five sites tested) (FIG. 40B). As expected, at some sites, placement of the non-edited strand nick within 40 bp of the PEgRNA-induced nick led to large increases in indel formation up to 22% (FIG. 40B), presumably due to the formation of a double-strand break from nicking both strands close together. At other sites, however, nicking as close as 14 bp away from the PEgRNA-induced nick produced only 5% indels (FIG. 40B), suggesting that locus-dependent factors control conversion of proximal dual nicks into double-strand DNA breaks. At one tested site (HEK4), complementary strand nicks either provided no benefit or led to indel levels that surpassed editing efficiency (up to 26%), even when placed at distances >70 bp from the PEgRNA-induced nick, consistent with an unusual propensity of the edited strand at that site to be nicked by the cell, or to be ligated inefficiently. It is recommend to start with non-edited strand nicks approximately 50 bp from the PEgRNA-mediated nick, and to test alternative nick locations if indel frequencies exceed acceptable levels.

This model for how complementary strand nicking improved prime editing efficiency (FIG. 40A) predicted that nicking the non-edited strand only after edited strand flap resolution could minimize the presence of concurrent nicks, decreasing the frequency of double-strand breaks that go on to form indels. To achieve temporal control over non-edited strand nicking, sgRNAs with spacer sequences that match the edited strand, but not the original allele, were designed. Using this strategy, referred to hereafter as PE3b, mismatches between the spacer and the unedited allele should disfavor nicking by the sgRNA until after the editing event on the PAM strand takes place. This PE3b approach was tested with five different edits at three genomic sites in HEK293T cells and compared outcomes to those achieved with PE2 and PE3 systems. In all cases, PE3b was associated with substantially lower levels of indels compared to PE3 (3.5- to 30-fold, averaging 12-fold lower indels, or 0.85%), without any evident decrease in overall editing efficiency compared to PE3 (FIG. 40C). Therefore, when the edit lay within a second protospacer, the PE3b system could decrease indels while still improving editing efficiency compared to PE2, often to levels similar to those of PE3 (FIG. 40C).

Together, these findings established that PE3 systems (Cas9 nickase-optimized reverse transcriptase+PEgRNA+sgRNA) improved editing efficiencies ˜3-fold compared with PE2 (FIGS. 40B-40C). PE3 was accompanied by wider ranges of indels than PE2, as expected given the additional nicking activity of PE3. The use of PE3 is recommended when prioritizing prime editing efficiency. When minimization of indels is critical, PE2 offers ˜10-fold lower indel frequencies. When it is possible to use a sgRNA that recognizes the installed edit to nick the non-edited strand, the PE3b system can achieve PE3-like editing levels while greatly reducing indel formation.

To demonstrate the targeting scope and versatility of prime editing with PE3, the installation of all possible single nucleotide substitutions across the +1 to +8 positions (counting the first base 3′ of the PEgRNA-induced nick as position+1) of the HEK3 target site using PE3 and PEgRNAs with 10-nucleotide RT templates (FIG. 41A) was explored. Collectively, these 24 distinct edits cover all four transition mutations and all eight transversion mutations, and proceed with editing efficiencies (containing no indels) averaging 33±7.9% (ranging between 14% and 48%), with an average of 7.5±1.8% indels.

Importantly, long-distance RT templates could also give rise to efficient prime editing with PE3. For example, using PE3 with a 34-nt RT template, point mutations were installed at positions+12, +14, +17, +20, +23, +24, +26, +30, and +33 (12 to 33 bases from the PEgRNA-induced nick) in the HEK3 locus with an average of 36±8.7% efficiency and 8.6±2.0% indels (FIG. 41B). Although edits beyond the +10 position at other loci were not attempted, other RT templates ≥30 nt at three alternative sites also support efficient editing (FIGS. 48A-C). The viability of long RT templates enabled efficient prime editing for dozens of nucleotides from the initial nick site. Since an NGG PAM on either DNA strand occurs on average every ˜8 bp, far less than maximum distances between the edit and the PAM that support efficient prime editing, prime editing is not substantially constrained by the availability of a nearby PAM sequence, in contrast with other precision genome editing methods^(125,142,154). Given the presumed relationship between RNA secondary structure and prime editing efficiency, when designing PEgRNAs for long-range edits it is prudent to test RT templates of various lengths and, if necessary, sequence compositions (e.g., synonymous codons) to optimize editing efficiency.

To further test the scope and limitations of the PE3 system for introducing transition and transversion point mutations, 72 additional edits covering all 12 possible types of point mutations across six additional genomic target sites (FIG. 41C-41H) were tested. Overall, indel-free editing efficiency averaged 25±14%, while indel formation averaged 8.3±7.5%. Since the PEgRNA RT template included the PAM sequence, prime editing could induce changes to the PAM sequence. In these cases, higher editing efficiency (averaging 39±9.7%) and lower indel generation (averaging 5.0±2.9%) were observed (FIGS. 41A-41K, point mutations at positions+5 or +6). This increase in efficiency and decrease in indel formation for PAM edits may arise from the inability of the Cas9 nickase to re-bind and nick the edited strand prior to the repair of the complementary strand. Since prime editing supports combination edits with no apparent loss of editing efficiency, editing the PAM, in addition to other desired changes, when possible, is recommended.

Next, 14 targeted small insertions and 14 targeted small deletions at seven genomic sites using PE3 (FIG. 41I) were performed. Targeted 1-bp insertions proceeded with an average efficiency of 32±9.8%, while 3-bp insertions were installed with an average efficiency of 39±16%. Targeted 1-bp and 3-bp deletions were also efficient, proceeding with an average yield of 29±14% and 32±11%, respectively. Indel generation (beyond the targeted insertion or deletion) averaged 6.8±5.4%. Since insertions and deletions introduced between positions+1 and +6 alter the position or the structure of the PAM, it was speculated that insertion and deletion edits in this range are typically more efficient due to the inability of Cas9 nickase to re-bind and nick the edited DNA strand prior to repair of the complementary strand, similar to point mutations that edit the PAM.

PE3 was also tested for its ability to mediate larger precise deletions of 5 bp to 80 bp at the HEK3 site (FIG. 41J). Very high editing efficiencies (52 to 78%) were observed for 5-, 10-, and 15-bp deletions when using a 13-nt PBS and an RT template that contained 29, 24, or 19 bp of homology to the target locus, respectively. Using a 26-nt RT template supported a larger deletion of 25 bp with 72±4.2% efficiency, while a 20-nt RT template enabled an 80-bp deletion with an efficiency of 52±3.8%. These targeted deletions were accompanied by indel frequencies averaging 11±4.8% (FIG. 41J).

Finally, the ability of PE3 to mediate 12 combinations of multiple edits at the same target locus consisting of insertions and deletions, insertions and point mutations, deletions and point mutations, or two point mutations across three genomic sites was tested. These combination edits were very efficient, averaging 55% of the target edit with 6.4% indels (FIG. 41K), and demonstrating the ability of prime editing to make combinations of precision insertions, deletions, and point mutations at individual target sites with high efficiency and low indel frequencies.

Together, the examples in FIGS. 41A-41K represent 156 distinct transition, transversion, insertion, deletion, and combination edits across seven human genomic loci. These findings establish the versatility, precision, and targeting flexibility of prime editing.

Prime Editing Compared with Base Editing

Current-generation cytidine base editors (CBEs) and adenine base editors (ABEs) can install C•G-to-T•A transition mutations and A•T-to-G•C transition mutations with high efficiency and low indels^(129,130,142). The application of base editing can be limited by the presence of multiple cytidine or adenine bases within the base editing activity window (typically ˜5-bp wide), which gives rise to unwanted bystander edits^(129,130,142,155), or by the absence of a PAM positioned approximately 15±2 nt from the target nucleotide^(142,156). It was anticipated that prime editing could be particularly useful for precise installation of transitions mutations without bystander edits, or when the lack of suitably positioned PAMs precludes favorable positioning the target nucleotide within the CBE or ABE activity window.

Prime editing and cytosine base editing was compared by editing three genomic loci that contain multiple target cytidines in the canonical base editing window (protospacer positions 4-8, counting the PAM as positions 21-23) using optimized CBEs¹⁵⁷ without nickase activity (BE2max) or with nickase activity (BE4max), or using the analogous PE2 and PE3 prime editing systems. Among the nine total target cytosines within the base editing windows of the three sites, BE4max yielded 2.2-fold higher average total C•G-to-T•A conversion than PE3 for bases in the center of the base editing window (protospacer positions 5-7, FIG. 42A). Likewise, non-nicking BE2max outperformed PE2 by 1.4-fold on average at these well-positioned bases (FIG. 42A). However, PE3 outperformed BE4max by 2.7-fold, and PE2 outperformed BE2max by 2.0-fold, for cytosines beyond the center of the base editing window (average editing of 40±17% for PE3 vs. 15±18% for BE4max, and 22±11% for PE2 vs. 11±13% for BE2max). Overall, indel frequencies for PE2 were very low (averaging 0.86±0.47%), and for PE3 were similar to or modestly higher than that of BE4max (BE4max range: 2.5% to 14%; PE3 range: 2.5% to 21%) (FIG. 42B).

When comparing the efficiency of base editing to prime editing for installation of precise C•G-to-T•A edits (without any bystander editing), the efficiency of prime editing greatly exceeded that of base editing at the above sites, which like most genomic DNA sites, contain multiple cytosines within the ˜5-bp base editing window (FIG. 42C). At these sites, such as EMX1, which contains cytosines at protospacer positions C5, C6, and C7, BE4max generated few products containing only the single target base pair conversion with no bystander edits. In contrast, prime editing at this site could be used to selectively install a C•G-to-T•A edit at any position or combination of positions (C5, C6, C7, C5+C6, C6+C7, C5+C7, or C5+C6+C7) (FIG. 42C). All precise one-base or two-base edits (that is, edits that do not modify any other nearby bases) were much more efficient with PE3 or PE2 than with BE4max or BE2, respectively, while the three-base C•G-to-T•A edit was more efficient with BE4max (FIG. 42C), reflecting the propensity of base editors to edit all target bases within the activity window. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cytosine base editors can result in higher levels of editing at optimally positioned target bases than PE2 or PE3, but prime editing can outperform base editing at non-optimally positioned target bases, and can edit with much higher precision with multiple editable bases.

A•T-to-G•C editing was compared at two genomic loci by an optimized non-nicking ABE (ABEmax¹⁵² with a dCas9 instead of a Cas9 nickase, hereafter referred to as ABEdmax) versus PE2, and by the optimized nicking adenine base editor ABEmax versus PE3. At a site that contains two target adenines in the base editing window (HEK3), ABEs were more efficient than PE2 or PE3 for conversion of A5, but PE3 was more efficient for conversion of A8, which lies at the edge of the ABEmax editing window (FIG. 42D). When comparing the efficiency of precision edits in which only a single adenine is converted, PE3 outperformed ABEmax at both A5 and A8 (FIG. 42E). Overall, ABEs produced far fewer indels at HEK3 than prime editors (0.19±0.02% for ABEdmax vs. 1.5±0.46% for PE2, and 0.53±0.16% for ABEmax vs. 11±2.3% for PE3, FIG. 42F). At FANCF, in which only a single A is present within the base editing window, ABE2 and ABEmax outperformed their prime editing counterparts in total target base pair conversion by 1.8- to 2.9-fold, with virtually all edited products from both base editing and prime editing containing only the precise edit (FIGS. 42D-42E). As with the HEK3 site, ABEs produced far fewer indels at the FANCF site (FIG. 42F).

Collectively, these results indicate that base editing and prime editing offer complementary strengths and weaknesses for making targeted transition mutations. For cases in which a single target nucleotide is present within the base editing window, or when bystander edits are acceptable, current base editors are typically more efficient and result in fewer indels than prime editors. When multiple cytosines or adenines are present and bystander edits are undesirable, or when target bases are poorly positioned for base editing relative to available PAMs, prime editors offer substantial advantages.

Off-Target Prime Editing

To result in productive editing, prime editing requires target locus:PEgRNA spacer complementary for the Cas9 domain to bind, target locus:PEgRNA PBS complementarity for PEgRNA-primed reverse transcription to initiate, and target locus:reverse transcriptase product complementarity for flap resolution. It was hypothesized that these three distinct DNA hybridization requirements may minimize off-target prime editing compared to that of other genome editing methods. To test this possibility, HEK293T cells were treated with PE3 or PE2 and 16 total PEgRNAs designed to target four on-target genomic loci, with Cas9 and the four corresponding sgRNAs targeting the same protospacers, or with Cas9 and the same 16 PEgRNAs. These four target loci were chosen because each has at least four well-characterized off-target sites for which Cas9 and the corresponding on-target sgRNA in HEK293T cells is known to cause substantial off-target DNA modification^(118,159). Following treatment, the four on-target loci and the top four known Cas9 off-target sites for each on-target spacer, were sequenced, for a total of 16 off-target sites (Table 1).

Consistent with previous studies¹¹⁸, Cas9 and the four target sgRNAs modified all 16 of the previously reported off-target loci (FIG. 42G). Cas9 off-target modification efficiency among the four off-target sites for the HEK3 target locus averaged 16%. Cas9 and the sgRNA targeting HEK4 resulted in an average of 60% modification of the four tested known off-target sites. Likewise, off-target sites for EMX1 and FANCF were modified by Cas9:sgRNA at an average frequency of 48% and 4.3%, respectively (FIG. 42G). It was noted that PEgRNAs with Cas9 nuclease modified on-target sites at similar (1- to 1.5-fold lower) efficiency on average compared to sgRNAs, while PEgRNAs with Cas9 nuclease modified off-target sites at ˜4-fold lower average efficiency than sgRNAs.

Strikingly, PE3 or PE2 with the same 16 tested PEgRNAs containing these four target spacers resulted in much lower off-target editing (FIG. 42H). Of the 16 sites known to undergo off-target editing by Cas9+sgRNA, PE3+PEgRNAs or PE2+PEgRNAs resulted in detectable off-target prime editing at only 3 of 16 off-target sites, with only 1 of 16 showing off-target editing efficiency ≥1% (FIG. 42H). Average off-target prime editing for the PEgRNAs targeting HEK3, HEK4, EMX1, and FANCF at these 16 known Cas9 off-target sites was <0.1%, <2.2±5.2%, <0.1%, and <0.13±0.11%, respectively (FIG. 42H). Notably, at the HEK4 off-target 3 site that Cas9+PEgRNA1 edits with 97% efficiency, PE2+PEgRNA1 results in only 0.7% off-target editing despite sharing the same spacer sequence, demonstrating how the two additional DNA hybridization events required for prime editing compared to Cas9 editing can greatly reduce off-target editing. Taken together, these results suggest that PE3 and PEgRNAs induce much lower off-target DNA editing in human cells than Cas9 and sgRNAs that target the same protospacers.

Reverse transcription of 3′-extended PEgRNAs in principle can proceed into the guide RNA scaffold. If the resulting 3′ flap, despite a lack of complementary at its 3′ end with the unedited DNA strand, is incorporated into the target locus, the outcome is insertion of PEgRNA scaffold nucleotides that contributes to indel frequency. We analyzed sequencing data from 66 PE3-mediated editing experiments at four loci in HEK293T cells and observed PEgRNA scaffold insertion at a low frequency, averaging 1.7±1.5% total insertion of any number of PEgRNA scaffold nucleotides (FIGS. 56A-56D). It is speculated that inaccessibility of the guide RNA scaffold to the reverse transcriptase due to Cas9 domain binding, as well as cellular excision during flap resolution of the mismatched 3′ end of the 3′ flap that results from PEgRNA scaffold reverse transcription, minimizes products that incorporate PEgRNA scaffold nucleotides. While such events are rare, future efforts to engineer PEgRNAs or prime editor proteins that minimize PEgRNA scaffold incorporation may further decrease indel frequencies.

Deaminases in some base editors can act in a Cas9-independent manner, resulting in low-level but widespread off-target DNA editing among first-generation CBEs (but not ABEs)¹⁶⁰⁻¹⁶² and off-target RNA editing among first-generation CBEs and ABEs¹⁶³⁻¹⁶⁵, although newer CBE and ABE variants with engineered deaminases greatly reduce Cas9-independent off-target DNA and RNA editing¹⁶³⁻¹⁶⁵ Prime editors lack base-modification enzymes such as deaminases, and therefore have no inherent ability to modify DNA or RNA bases in a Cas9-independent manner.

While the reverse transcriptase domain in prime editors in principle could process properly primed RNA or DNA templates in cells, it was noted that retrotransposons such as those in the LINE-1 family¹⁶⁶′ endogenous retroviruses^(167,168), and human telomerase all provided active endogenous human reverse transcriptases. Their natural presence in human cells suggests that reverse transcriptase activity itself is not substantially toxic. Indeed, no PE3-dependent differences were observed in HEK293T cell viability compared to that of controls expressing dCas9, Cas9 H840A nickase, or PE2 with R110S+K103L (PE2-dRT) mutations that inactivate the reverse transcriptase¹⁶⁹ (FIGS. 49A-49B).

The above data and analyses notwithstanding, additional studies are needed to assess off-target prime editing in an unbiased, genome-wide manner, as well as to characterize the extent to which the reverse transcriptase variants in prime editors, or prime editing intermediates, may affect cells.

Prime Editing Pathogenic Transversion, Insertion, and Deletion Mutations in Human Cells

The ability of PE3 to directly install or correct in human cells transversion, small insertion, and small deletion mutations that cause genetic diseases, was tested. Sickle cell disease is most commonly caused by an AT-to-TA transversion mutation in HBB, resulting in the mutation of Glu6→Val in beta-globin. Treatment of hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo with Cas9 nuclease and a donor DNA template for HDR, followed by enrichment of edited cells, transplantation, and engraftment is a promising potential strategy for the treatment of sickle-cell disease¹⁷⁰. However, this approach still generates many indel-containing byproducts in addition to the correctly edited HBB allele¹⁷⁰⁻¹⁷¹. While base editors generally produce far fewer indels, they cannot currently make the T•A-to-A•T transversion mutation needed to directly restore the normal sequence of HBB.

PE3 was used to install the HBB E6V mutation in HEK293T cells with 44% efficiency and 4.8% indels (FIG. 43A. From the mixture of PE3-treated cells, we isolated six HEK293T cell lines that are homozygous (triploid) for the HBB E6V allele (FIGS. 53A-53E), demonstrating the ability of prime editing to generate human cell lines with pathogenic mutations. To correct the HBB E6V allele to wild-type HBB, we treated homozygous HBB E6V HEK293T cells with PE3 and a PEgRNA programmed to directly revert the HBB E6V mutation to wild-type HBB. In total, 14 PEgRNA designs were tested. After three days, DNA sequencing revealed that all 14 PEgRNAs when combined with PE3 gave efficient correction of HBB E6V to wild-type HBB (≥26% wild-type HBB without indels), and indel levels averaging 2.8±0.70% (FIG. 50A). The best PEgRNA resulted in 52% correction of HBB E6V to wild-type with 2.4% indels (FIG. 43A). Introduction of a silent mutation that modifies the PAM recognized by the PEgRNA modestly improved editing efficiency and product purity, to 58% correction with 1.4% indels (FIG. 43A). These results establish that prime editing can install and correct a pathogenic transversion point mutation in a human cell line with high efficiency and minimal byproducts.

Tay-Sachs disease is most often caused by a 4-bp insertion into the HEXA gene (HEXA 1278+TATC)¹³⁶. PE3 was used to install this 4-bp insertion into HEK293T cells with 31% efficiency and 0.8% indels (FIG. 43B), and isolated two HEK293T cell lines that are homozygous for the HEXA 1278+TATC allele (FIGS. 53A-53E). These cells were used to test 43 PEgRNAs and three nicking sgRNAs with PE3 or PE3b systems for correction of the pathogenic insertion in HEXA (FIG. 50B), either by perfect reversion to the wild-type allele or by a shifted 4-bp deletion that disrupts the PAM and installs a silent mutation. Nineteen of the 43 PEgRNAs tested resulted in ≥20% editing. Perfect correction to wild-type HEXA with PE3 or PE3b and the best PEgRNA proceeded with similar average efficiencies (30% for PE3 vs. 33% for PE3b), but the PE3b system was accompanied by 5.3-fold fewer indel products (1.7% for PE3 vs. 0.32% for PE3b) (FIG. 43B and FIG. 50B). These findings demonstrate the ability of prime editing to make precise small insertions and deletions that install or correct a pathogenic allele in mammalian cells efficiently and with a minimum of byproducts.

Finally, the installation of a protective SNP into PRNP, the gene encoding the human prion protein (PrP), was tested. PrP misfolding causes progressive and fatal neurodegenerative prion disease that can arise spontaneously, through inherited dominant mutations in the PRNP gene, or through exposure to misfolded PrP¹⁷². A naturally occurring PRNP G127V mutant allele confers resistance to prion disease in humans¹³⁸ and mice¹⁷³. PE3 was used to install G127V into the human PRNP allele in HEK293T cells, which requires a G•C-to-T•A transversion. Four PEgRNAs and three nicking sgRNAs were evaluated with the PE3 system. After three days of exposure to the most effective PE3 and PEgRNA, DNA sequencing revealed 53±11% efficiency of installing the G127V mutation and indel levels of 1.7±0.7% (FIG. 43C). Taken together, these results establish the ability of prime editing in human cells to install or correct transversion, insertion, or deletion mutations that cause or confer resistance to disease efficiently, and with a minimum of byproducts.

Prime Editing in Various Human Cell Lines and Primary Mouse Neurons

Next, prime editing was tested for its ability to edit endogenous sites in three additional human cell lines. In K562 (leukemic bone marrow) cells, PE3 was used to perform transversion edits in the HEK3, EMX1, and FANCF sites, as well as the 18-bp insertion of a 6xHis tag in HEK3. An average editing efficiency of 15-30% was observed for each of these four PE3-mediated edits, with indels averaging 0.85-2.2% (FIG. 43A). In U20S (osteosarcoma) cells, transversion mutations in HEK3 and FANCF were installed, as well as a 3-bp insertion and 6×His tag insertion into HEK3, with 7.9-22% editing efficiency that exceeded indel formation 10- to 76 fold(FIG. 43A). Finally, in HeLa (cervical cancer) cells, a 3-bp insertion into HEK3 was performed, with 12% average efficiency and 1.3% indels (FIG. 43A). Collectively, these data indicate that multiple cell lines beyond HEK293T cells support prime editing, although editing efficiencies vary by cell type and are generally less efficient than in HEK293T cells. Editing:indel ratios remained high in all tested human cell lines.

To determine if prime editing is possible in post-mitotic, terminally differentiated primary cells, primary cortical neurons harvested from E18.5 mice were transduced with a dual split-PE3 lentiviral delivery system in which split-intein splicing²⁰³ reconstitutes PE2 protein from N-terminal and C-terminal halves, each delivered from a separate virus. To restrict editing to post-mitotic neurons, the human synapsin promoter, which is highly specific for mature neurons²⁰⁴, was used to drive expression of both PE2 protein components. GFP was fused through a self-cleaving P2A peptide²⁰⁵ to the N-terminal half of PE2. Nuclei from neurons were isolated two weeks following dual viral transduction and were sequenced directly, or sorted for GFP expression before sequencing. A 7.1±1.2% average prime editing to install a transversion at the DNMT1 locus with 0.58±0.14% average indels in sorted nuclei (FIG. 43D was observed. Cas9 nuclease in the same split-intein dual lentivirus system resulted in 31±5.5% indels among sorted cortical neuron nuclei (FIG. 43D. These data indicate that post-mitotic, terminally differentiated primary cells can support prime editing, and thus establish that prime editing does not require cell replication.

Prime Editing Compared with Cas9-Initiated HDR

The performance of PE3 was compared with that of optimized Cas9-initiated HDR^(128,125) in mitotic cell lines that support HDR¹²⁸. HEK293T, HeLa, K562 and U2OS cells were treated with Cas9 nuclease, a sgRNA, and an ssDNA donor oligonucleotide template designed to install a variety of transversion and insertion edits (FIGS. 43E-43G, and FIGS. 51A-51G). Cas9-initiated HDR in all cases successfully installed the desired edit, but with far higher levels of byproducts (predominantly indels), as expected from treatments that cause double-stranded breaks. Using PE3 in HEK293T cells, HBB E6V installation and correction proceeded with 42% and 58% average editing efficiency with 2.6% and 1.4% average indels, respectively (FIG. 43E and FIG. 43G). In contrast, the same edits with Cas9 nuclease and an HDR template resulted in 5.2% and 6.7% average editing efficiency, with 79% and 51% average indel frequency (FIG. 43E and FIG. 43G). Similarly, PE3 installed PRNP G127V with 53% efficiency and 1.7% indels, whereas Cas9-initiated HDR installed this mutation with 6.9% efficiency and 53% indels (FIG. 43E and FIG. 43G). Thus, the ratio of editing:indels for HBB E6V installation, HBB E6V correction, and PRNP G127V installation on average was 270-fold higher for PE3 than for Cas9-initiated HDR.

Comparisons between PE3 and HDR in human cell lines other than HEK293T showed similar results, although with lower PE3 editing efficiencies. For example, in K562 cells, PE3-mediated 3-bp insertion into HEK3 proceeded with 25% efficiency and 2.8% indels, compared with 17% editing and 72% indels for Cas9-initiated HDR, a 40-fold editing:indel ratio advantage favoring PE3 (FIGS. 43F-43G). In U2OS cells, PE3 performed this 3-bp insertion with 22% efficiency and 2.2% indels, while Cas9-initiated HDR resulted in 15% editing with 74% indels, a 49-fold lower editing:indel ratio (FIGS. 43F-43G). In HeLa cells, PE3 made this insertion with 12% efficiency and 1.3% indels, versus 3.0% editing and 69% indels for Cas9-initiated HDR, a 210-fold editing:indel ratio difference (FIGS. 43F-43G). Collectively, these data indicated that HDR typically results in similar or lower editing efficiencies and far higher indels than PE3 in the four cell lines tested (FIGS. 51A-51G).

Discussion and Future Directions

The ability to insert DNA sequences with single-nucleotide precision is an especially enabling prime editing capability. For example, PE3 was used to precisely insert into the HEK3 locus in HEK293T cells a His6tag (18 bp, 65% average efficiency), a FLAG epitope tag (24 bp, 18% average efficiency), and an extended LoxP site (44 bp, 23% average efficiency) that is the native substrate for Cre recombinase. Average indels ranged between 3.0% and 5.9% for these examples (FIG. 43H). Many biotechnological, synthetic biology, and therapeutic applications are envisioned to arise from the ability to efficiently and precisely introduce new DNA sequences into target sites of interest in living cells.

Collectively, the prime editing experiments described herein installed 18 insertions up to 44 bp, 22 deletions up to 80 bp, 113 point mutations including 77 transversions, and 18 combination edits, across 12 endogenous loci in the human and mouse genomes at locations ranging from 3 bp upstream to 29 bp downstream of the start of a PAM without making explicit double-stranded DNA breaks. These results establish prime editing as a remarkably versatile genome editing method. Because the overwhelming majority (85-99%) of insertions, deletions, indels, and duplications in ClinVar are ≤30 bp (FIGS. 52A-52D), in principle prime editing can correct up to ˜89% of the 75,122 currently known pathogenic human genetic variants in ClinVar (transitions, transversions, insertions, deletions, indels, and duplications in FIG. 38A), with additional potential to ameliorate diseases caused by copy number gain or loss.

Importantly, for any desired edit the flexibility of prime editing offers many possible choices of PEgRNA-induced nick locations, sgRNA-induced second nick locations, PBS lengths, RT template lengths, and which strand to edit first, as demonstrated extensively herein. This flexibility, which contrasts with more limited options typically available for other precision genome editing methods^(125,142,154), allows editing efficiency, product purity, DNA specificity, or other parameters to be optimized to suit the needs of a given application, as shown in FIGS. 50A-50B in which testing 14 and 43 PEgRNAs covering a range of prime editing strategies optimized correction of pathogenic HBB and HEXA alleles, respectively.

Much additional research is needed to further understand and improve prime editing. Additional modifications of prime editor systems may be required to expand their compatibility to include other cell types, such as post-mitotic cells. Interfacing prime editing with viral and non-viral in vitro and in vivo delivery strategies is needed to fully explore the potential of prime editing to enable a wide range of applications including the study and treatment of genetic diseases. By enabling highly precise targeted transitions, transversions, small insertions, and small deletions in the genomes of mammalian cells without requiring double-stranded breaks or HDR, however, prime editing provides a new “search-and-replace” capability that substantially expands the scope of genome editing.

Methods

General Methods

DNA amplification was conducted by PCR using Phusion U Green Multiplex PCR Master Mix (ThermoFisher Scientific) or Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity 2× Master Mix (New England BioLabs) unless otherwise noted. DNA oligonucleotides, including Cy5-labeled DNA oligonucleotides, dCas9 protein, and Cas9 H840A protein were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies. Yeast reporter plasmids were derived from previously described plasmids64 and cloned by the Gibson assembly method. All mammalian editor plasmids used herein were assembled using the USER cloning method as previously described¹⁷⁵. Plasmids expressing sgRNAs were constructed by ligation of annealed oligonucleotides into BsmBI-digested acceptor vector. Plasmids expressing PEgRNAs were constructed by Gibson assembly or Golden Gate assembly using a custom acceptor plasmid (see supplemental ‘Golden Gate assembly’ outline). Sequences of sgRNA and PEgRNA constructs used herein are listed in Tables 2A-2C and Tables 3A-3R. All vectors for mammalian cell experiments were purified using Plasmid Plus Midiprep kits (Qiagen) or PureYield plasmid miniprep kits (Promega), which include endotoxin removal steps. All experiments using live animals were approved by the Broad Institute Institutional and Animal Care and Use Committees. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were obtained from Charles River (#027).

In Vitro Biochemical Assays

PEgRNAs and sgRNAs were transcribed in vitro using the HiScribe T7 in vitro transcription kit (New England Biolabs) from PCR-amplified templates containing a T7 promoter sequence. RNA was purified by denaturing urea PAGE and quality-confirmed by an analytical gel prior to use. 5′-Cy5-labeled DNA duplex substrates were annealed using two oligonucleotides (Cy5-AVA024 and AVA025; 1:1.1 ratio) for the non-nicked substrate or three oligonucleotides (Cy5-AVA023, AVA025 and AVA026; 1:1.1:1.1) for the pre-nicked substrate by heating to 95° C. for 3 minutes followed by slowly cooling to room temperature (Tables 2A-2C). Cas9 cleavage and reverse transcription reactions were carried out in 1× cleavage buffer²⁰⁵ supplemented with dNTPs (20 mM HEPES-K, pH 7.5; 100 mM KCl; 5% glycerol; 0.2 mM EDTA, pH 8.0; 3 mM MgCl2; 0.5 mM dNTP mix; 5 mM DTT). dCas9 or Cas9 H840A (5 μM final) and the sgRNA or PEgRNA (5 μM final) were pre-incubated at room temperature in a 5 μL reaction mixture for 10 minutes prior to the addition of duplex DNA substrate (400 nM final), followed by the addition of Superscript III reverse transcriptase (ThermoFisher Scientific), an undisclosed M-MLV RT variant, when applicable. Reactions were carried out at 37° C. for 1 hour, then diluted to a volume of 10 μL with water, treated with 0.2 μL of proteinase K solution (20 mg/mL, ThermoFisher Scientific), and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Following heat inactivation at 95° C. for 10 minutes, reaction products were combined with 2× formamide gel loading buffer (90% formamide; 10% glycerol; 0.01% bromophenol blue), denatured at 95° C. for 5 minutes, and separated by denaturing urea-PAGE gel (15% TBE-urea, 55° C., 200V). DNA products were visualized by Cy5 fluorescence signal using a Typhoon FLA 7000 biomolecular imager.

Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were carried out in 1× binding buffer (1× cleavage buffer+10 μg/mL heparin) using pre-incubated dCas9:sgRNA or dCas9:PEgRNA complexes (concentration range between 5 nM and 1 μM final) and Cy5-labeled duplex DNA (Cy5-AVA024 and AVA025; 20 nM final). After 15 minutes of incubation at 37° C., the samples were analyzed by native PAGE gel (10% TBE) and imaged for Cy5 fluorescence.

For DNA sequencing of reverse transcription products, fluorescent bands were excised and purified from urea-PAGE gels, then 3′ tailed with terminal transferase (TdT; New England Biolabs) in the presence of dGTP or dATP according to the manufacturer's protocol. Tailed DNA products were diluted 10-fold with binding buffer (40% saturated aqueous guanidinium chloride+60% isopropanol) and purified by QIAquick spin column (Qiagen), then used as templates for primer extension by Klenow fragment (New England Biolabs) using primer AVA134 (A-tailed products) or AVA135 (G-tailed products) (Tables 2A-2C). Extension were amplified by PCR for 10 cycles using primers AVA110 and AVA122, then sequenced with AVA037 using the Sanger method (Tables 2A-2C).

Yeast Fluorescent Reporter Assays

Dual fluorescent reporter plasmids containing an in-frame stop codon, a +1 frameshift, or a −1 frameshift were subjected to 5′-extended PEgRNA or 3′-extended PEgRNA prime editing reactions in vitro as described above. Following incubation at 37° C. for 1 hour, the reactions were diluted with water and plasmid DNA was precipitated with 0.3 M sodium acetate and 70% ethanol. Resuspended DNA was transformed into S. cerevisiae by electroporation as previously described⁶⁷ and plated on synthetic complete media without leucine (SC(glucose), L-). GFP and mCherry fluorescence signals were visualized from colonies with the Typhoon FLA 7000 biomolecular imager.

General Mammalian Cell Culture Conditions

HEK293T (ATCC CRL-3216), U2OS (ATTC HTB-96), K562 (CCL-243), and HeLa (CCL-2) cells were purchased from ATCC and cultured and passaged in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) plus GlutaMAX (ThermoFisher Scientific), McCoy's 5A Medium (Gibco), RPMI Medium 1640 plus GlutaMAX (Gibco), or Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (EMEM, ATCC), respectively, each supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, qualified) and 1× Penicillin Streptomycin (Corning). All cell types were incubated, maintained, and cultured at 37° C. with 5% CO₂. Cell lines were authenticated by their respective suppliers and tested negative for mycoplasma.

HEK293T Tissue Culture Transfection Protocol and Genomic DNA Preparation

HEK293T cells grown were seeded on 48-well poly-D-lysine coated plates (Corning). 16 to 24 hours post-seeding, cells were transfected at approximately 60% confluency with 1 μL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's protocols and 750 ng of PE plasmid, 250 ng of PEgRNA plasmid, and 83 ng of sgRNA plasmid (for PE3 and PE3b). Unless otherwise stated, cells were cultured 3 days following transfection, after which the media was removed, the cells were washed with 1× PBS solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and genomic DNA was extracted by the addition of 150 μL of freshly prepared lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 0.05% SDS; 25 μg/mL Proteinase K (ThermoFisher Scientific)) directly into each well of the tissue culture plate. The genomic DNA mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 1 to 2 hours, followed by an 80° C. enzyme inactivation step for 30 minutes. Primers used for mammalian cell genomic DNA amplification are listed in Table 4. For HDR experiments in HEK293T cells, 231 ng of nuclease-expression plasmid, 69 ng of sgRNA expression plasmid, 50 ng (1.51 μmol) 100-nt ssDNA donor template (PAGE-purified; Integrated DNA Technologies) was lipofected using 1.4 μL Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher) per well. Genomic DNA from all HDR experiments was purified using the Agencourt DNAdvance Kit (Beckman Coulter), according to the manufacturer's protocol.

High-Throughput DNA Sequencing of Genomic DNA Samples

Genomic sites of interest were amplified from genomic DNA samples and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq as previously described with the following modifications^(129,130). Briefly, amplification primers containing Illumina forward and reverse adapters (Table 4) were used for a first round of PCR (PCR 1) amplifying the genomic region of interest. 25 μL PCR 1 reactions were performed with 0.5 μM of each forward and reverse primer, 1 μL of genomic DNA extract and 12.5 μL of Phusion U Green Multiplex PCR Master Mix. PCR reactions were carried out as follows: 98° C. for 2 minutes, then 30 cycles of [98° C. for 10 seconds, 61° C. for 20 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds], followed by a final 72° C. extension for 2 minutes. Unique Illumina barcoding primer pairs were added to each sample in a secondary PCR reaction (PCR 2). Specifically, 25 μL of a given PCR 2 reaction contained 0.5 μM of each unique forward and reverse illumina barcoding primer pair, 1 μL of unpurified PCR 1 reaction mixture, and 12.5 μL of Phusion U Green Multiplex PCR 2× Master Mix. The barcoding PCR 2 reactions were carried out as follows: 98° C. for 2 minutes, then 12 cycles of [98° C. for 10 seconds, 61° C. for 20 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds], followed by a final 72° C. extension for 2 minutes. PCR products were evaluated analytically by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel. PCR 2 products (pooled by common amplicons) were purified by electrophoresis with a 1.5% agarose gel using a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen), eluting with 40 μL of water. DNA concentration was measured by fluorometric quantification (Qubit, ThermoFisher Scientific) or qPCR (KAPA Library Quantification Kit-Illumina, KAPA Biosystems) and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq instrument according to the manufacturer's protocols.

Sequencing reads were demultiplexed using MiSeq Reporter (Illumina). Alignment of amplicon sequences to a reference sequence was performed using CRISPResso2¹⁷⁸. For quantification of point mutation editing, CRISPResso2 was run in standard mode with “discard_indel_reads” on. Editing efficiency was calculated as: (frequency of specified point mutation in non-discarded reads) ×(# of non-discarded reads) ÷ total reads. For insertion or deletion edits, CRISPResso2 was run in HDR mode using the desired allele as the expected allele (e flag), and with “discard_indel_reads” ON. Editing yield was calculated as the number of HDR aligned reads divided by total reads. For all edits, indel yields were calculated as the number of discarded reads divided by total reads.

Nucleofection of U2OS, K562, and HeLa Cells

Nucleofection was performed in all experiments using K562, HeLa, and U2OS cells. For PE conditions in these cell types, 800 ng prime editor-expression plasmid, 200 ng PEgRNA-expression plasmid, and 83 ng nicking plasmid was nucleofected in a final volume of 20 μL in a 16-well nucleocuvette strip (Lonza). For HDR conditions in these three cell types, 350 ng nuclease-expression plasmid, 150 ng sgRNA-expression plasmid and 200 pmol (6.6 μg) 100-nt ssDNA donor template (PAGE-purified; Integrated DNA Technologies) was nucleofected in a final volume of 20 μL per sample in a 16-well Nucleocuvette strip (Lonza). K562 cells were nucleofected using the SF Cell Line 4D-Nucleofector X Kit (Lonza) with 5×10⁵ cells per sample (program FF-120), according to the manufacturers protocol. U2OS cells were nucleofected using the SE Cell Line 4D-Nucleofector X Kit (Lonza) with 3-4×10⁵ cells per sample (program DN-100), according to the manufacturers protocol. HeLa cells were nucleofected using the SE Cell Line 4D-Nucleofector X Kit (Lonza) with 2×10⁵ cells per sample (program CN-114), according to the manufacturers protocol. Cells were harvested 72 hours after nucleofection for genomic DNA extraction.

Genomic DNA Extraction for HDR Experiments

Genomic DNA from all HDR comparison experiments in HEK293T, HEK293T HBB E6V, K562, U20S, and HeLa cells was purified using the Agencourt DNAdvance Kit (Beckman Coulter), according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Comparison Between PE2, PE3, BE2, BE4max, ABEdmax, and ABEmax

HEK293T cells were seeded on 48-well poly-D-lysine coated plates (Corning). After 16 to 24 hours, cells were transfected at approximately 60% confluency. For base editing with CBE or ABE constructs, cells were transfected with 750 ng of base editor plasmid, 250 ng of sgRNA expression plasmid, and 1 μL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). PE transfections were performed as described above. Genomic DNA extraction for PE and BE was performed as described above.

Determination of PE3 Activity at Known Cas9 Off-Target Sites

To evaluate PE3 off-target editing activity at known Cas9 off-target sites, genomic DNA extracted from HEK293T cells 3 days after transfection with PE3 was used as template for PCR amplification of 16 previously reported Cas9 off-target genomic sites¹¹⁸′¹⁵⁹ (the top four off-target sites each for the HEK3, EMX1, FANCF, and HEK4 spacers; primer sequences are listed in Table 4). These genomic DNA samples were identical to those used for quantifying on-target PE3 editing activities shown in FIGS. 41A-41K; PEgRNA and nicking sgRNA sequences are listed in Tables 3A-3R. Following PCR amplification of off-target sites, amplicons were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform as described above (HTS analysis). For determining Cas9 nuclease, Cas9 H840A nickase, dCas9, and PE2-dRT on-target and off-target editing activity, HEK293T cells were transfected with 750 ng of editor plasmid (Cas9 nuclease, Cas9 H840A nickase, dCas9, or PE2-dRT), 250 ng of PEgRNA or sgRNA plasmid, and 1 μL of Lipofectamine 2000. Genomic DNA was isolated from cells 3 days after transfection as described above. On-target and off-target genomic loci were amplified by PCR using primer sequences in Table 4 and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq.

HTS data analysis was performed using CRISPResso2¹⁷⁸. The editing efficiencies of Cas9 nuclease, Cas9 H840A nickase, and dCas9 were quantified as the percent of total sequencing reads containing indels. For quantification of PE3 and PE3-dRT off-targets, aligned sequencing reads were examined for point mutations, insertions, or deletions that were consistent with the anticipated product of PEgRNA reverse transcription initiated at the Cas9 nick site. Single nucleotide variations occurring at <0.1% overall frequency among total reads within a sample were excluded from analysis. For reads containing single nucleotide variations that both occurred at frequencies ≥0.1% and were partially consistent with the PEgRNA-encoded edit, t-tests (unpaired, one-tailed, α=0.5) were used to determine if the variants occurred at significantly higher levels compared to samples treated with PEgRNAs that contained the same spacer but encoded different edits. To avoid differences in sequencing errors, comparisons were made between samples that were sequenced simultaneously within the same MiSeq run. Variants that did not meet the criteria of p-value >0.05 were excluded. Off-target PE3 editing activity was then calculated as the percentage of total sequencing reads that met the above criteria.

Generation of a HEK293T Cell Line Containing the HBB E6V Mutation Using Cas9-Initiated HDR

HEK293T cells were seeded in a 48-well plate and transfected at approximately 60% confluency with 1.5 μL of Lipofectamine 2000, 300 ng of Cas9 D10A nickase plasmid, 100 ng of sgRNA plasmid, and 200 ng of 100-mer ssDNA donor template (Table 5). Three days after transfection, media was exchanged for fresh media. Four days after transfection, cells were dissociated using 30 μL of TrypLE solution and suspended in 1.5 mL of media. Single cells were isolated into individual wells of two 96-well plates by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (Beckman-Coulter Astrios). See FIGS. 53A-53B for representative FACS sorting examples. Cells were expanded for 14 days prior to genomic DNA sequencing as described above. Of the isolated clonal populations, none was found to be homozygous for the HBB E6V mutation, so a second round of editing by lipofection, sorting, and outgrowth was repeated in a partially edited cell line to yield a cell line homozygous for the E6V allele.

Generation of a HEK293T Cell Line Containing the HBB E6V Mutation Using PE3

2.5×104 HEK293T cells grown in the absence of antibiotic were seeded on 48-well poly-D-lysine coated plates (Corning). 16 to 24 hours post-seeding, cells were transfected at approximately 70% confluency with 1 μL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's protocols and 750 ng of PE2-P2A-GFP plasmid, 250 ng of PEgRNA plasmid, and 83 ng of sgRNA plasmid. After 3 days post transfection, cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (Gibco) and dissociated using TrypLE Express (Gibco). Cells were then diluted with DMEM plus GlutaMax (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS (Gibco) and passed through a 35-μm cell strainer (Corning) prior to sorting. Flow cytometry was carried out on a LE-MA900 cell sorter (Sony). Cells were treated with 3 nM DAPI (BioLegend) 15 minutes prior to sorting. After gating for doublet exclusion, single DAPI-negative cells with GFP fluorescence above that of a GFP-negative control cell population were sorted into 96-well flat-bottom cell culture plates (Corning) filled with pre-chilled DMEM with GlutaMax supplemented with 10% FBS. See FIGS. 53A-53B for representative FACS sorting examples. Cells were cultured for 10 days prior to genomic DNA extraction and characterization by HTS, as described above. A total of six clonal cell lines were identified that are homozygous for the E6V mutation in HBB.

Generation of a HEK293T Cell Line Containing the HEXA 1278+TATC Insertion Using PE3

HEK293T cells containing the HEXA 1278+TATC allele were generated following the protocol described above for creation of the HBB E6V cell line; PEgRNA and sgRNA sequences are listed in Tables 2A-2C under the FIGS. 43A-43H subheading. After transfection and sorting, cells were cultured for 10 days prior to genomic DNA extraction and characterization by HTS, as described above. Two heterozygous cell lines were isolated that contained 50% HEXA 1278+TATC alleles, and two homozygous cell lines containing 100% HEXA 1278+TATC alleles were recovered.

Cell Viability Assays

HEK293T cells were seeded in 48-well plates and transfected at approximately 70% confluency with 750 ng of editor plasmid (PE3, PE3 R110S K103L, Cas9 H840A nickase, or dCas9), 250 ng of HEK3-targeting PEgRNA plasmid, and 1 μL of Lipofectamine 2000, as described above. Cell viability was measured every 24 hours post-transfection for 3 days using the CellTiter-Glo 2.0 assay (Promega) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Luminescence was measured in 96-well flat-bottomed polystyrene microplates (Corning) using a M1000 Pro microplate reader (Tecan) with a 1-second integration time.

Lentivirus Production

Lentivirus was produced as previously described²⁰⁶. T-75 flasks of rapidly dividing HEK293T cells (ATCC; Manassas, Va., USA) were transfected with lentivirus production helper plasmids pVSV-G and psPAX2 in combination with modified lentiCRISPR_v2 genomes carrying intein-split PE2 editor using FuGENE HD (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) according to the manufacturer's directions. Four split-intein editor constructs were designed: 1) a viral genome encoding a U6-PEgRNA expression cassette and the N-terminal portion (1-573) of Cas9 H840A nickase fused to the Npu N-intein, a self-cleaving P2A peptide, and GFP-KASH; 2) a viral genome encoding the Npu C-intein fused to the C-terminal remainder of PE2; 3) a viral genome encoding the Npu C-intein fused to the C-terminal remainder of Cas9 for the Cas9 control; and 4) a nicking sgRNA for DNMT1. The split-intein mediates trans splicing to join the two halves of PE2 or Cas9, while the P2A GFP-KASH enables co-translational production of a nuclear membrane-localized GFP. After 48 hours, supernatant was collected, centrifuged at 500 g for 5 minutes to remove cellular debris, and filtered using a 0.45 μm filter. Filtered supernatant was concentrated using the PEG-it Virus Precipitation Solution (System Biosciences, Palo Alto, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's directions. The resulting pellet was resuspended in Opti-MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA) using 1% of the original media volume. Resuspended pellet was flash-frozen and stored at −80° C. until use.

Mouse Primary Cortical Neuron Dissection and Culture

E18.5 dissociated cortical cultures were harvested from timed-pregnant C57BL/6 mice (Charles River). Embryos were harvested from pregnant mice after euthanasia by CO₂ followed by decapitation. Cortical caps were dissected in ice-cold Hibernate-E supplemented with penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies). Following a rinse with ice-cold Hibernate-E, tissue was digested at 37° C. for 8 minutes in papain/DNase (Worthington/Sigma). Tissue was triturated in NBActiv4 (BrainBits) supplemented with DNase. Cells were counted and plated in 24-well plates at 100,000 cells per well. Half of the media was changed twice per week.

Prime Editing in Primary Neurons and Nuclei Isolation

At DIV 1, 15 μL of lentivirus was added at 10:10:1 ratio of N-terminal:C-terminal:nicking sgRNA. At DIV 14, neuronal nuclei were isolated using the EZ-PREP buffer (Sigma D8938) following the manufacturer's protocol. All steps were performed on ice or at 4° C. Media was removed from dissociated cultures, and cultures were washed with ice-cold PBS. PBS was aspirated and replaced with 200 μL EZ-PREP solution. Following a 5-minute incubation on ice, EZ-PREP was pipetted across the surface of the well to dislodge remaining cells. The sample was centrifuged at 500 g for 5 minutes, and the supernatant removed. Samples were washed with 200 μL EZ-PREP and centrifuged again at 500 g for 5 minutes. Samples were resuspended with gentle pipetting in 200 μL ice-cold Nuclei Suspension Buffer (NSB) consisting of 100 μg/mL BSA and 3.33 μM Vybrant DyeCycle Ruby (Thermo Fisher) in 1× PBS, then centrifuged at 500 g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was removed and nuclei were resuspended in 100 μL NSB and sorted into 100 μL Agencourt DNAdvance lysis buffer using a MoFlo Astrios (Beckman Coulter) at the Broad Institute flow cytometry facility. Genomic DNA was purified according to the manufacturer's Agencourt DNAdvance instructions.

RNA-Sequencing and Data Analysis

HEK293T cells were co-transfected with PRNP-targeting or HEXA-targeting PEgRNAs and PE2, PE2-dRT, or Cas9 H840A nickase. 72 hours following transfection, total RNA was harvested from cells using TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher) and purified with RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) including on-column DNasel treatment. Ribosomes were depleted from total RNA using the rRNA removal protocol of the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA library prep kit (Illumina) and subsequently washed with RNAClean XP beads (Beckman Coulter). Sequencing libraries were prepared using ribo-depleted RNA on a SMARTer PrepX Apollo NGS library prep system (Takara) following the manufacturer's protocol. Resulting libraries were visualized on a 2200 TapeStation (Agilent Technologies), normalized using a Qubit dsDNA HS assay (Thermo Fisher), and sequenced on a NextSeq 550 using high output v2 flow cell (Illumina) as 75-bp paired-end reads. Fastq files were generated with bc12fastq2 version 2.20 and trimmed using TrimGalore version 0.6.2 (github.com/FelixKrueger/TrimGalore) to remove low-quality bases, unpaired sequences, and adaptor sequences. Trimmed reads were aligned to a Homo sapiens genome assembly GRCh¹⁴⁸ with a custom Cas9 H840A gene entry using RSEM version 1.3.1²⁰⁷. The limma-voom²⁰⁸package was used to normalize gene expression levels and perform differential expression analysis with batch effect correction. Differentially expressed genes were called with FDR-corrected p-value <0.05 and fold-change >2 cutoffs, and results were visualized in R.

ClinVar Analysis

The ClinVar variant summary was downloaded from NCBI (accessed Jul. 15, 2019), and the information contained therein was used for all downstream analysis. The list of all reported variants was filtered by allele ID in order to remove duplicates and by clinical significance in order to restrict the analysis to pathogenic variants. The list of pathogenic variants was filtered sequentially by variant type in order to calculate the fraction of pathogenic variants that are insertions, deletions, etc. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were separated into two categories (transitions and transversions) based on the reported reference and alternate alleles. SNVs that did not report reference or alternate alleles were excluded from the analysis.

The lengths of reported insertions, deletions, and duplications were calculated using reference/alternate alleles, variant start/stop positions, or appropriate identifying information in the variant name. Variants that did not report any of the above information were excluded from the analysis. The lengths of reported indels (single variants that include both insertions and deletions relative to the reference genome) were calculated by determining the number of mismatches or gaps in the best pairwise alignment between the reference and alternate alleles. Frequency distributions of variant lengths were calculated using GraphPad Prism 8.

Data Availability

High-throughput sequencing data are deposited to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive database. Plasmids encoding PE1, PE2/PE3, and PEgRNA expression vectors will be available from Addgene.

Code Availability

The script used to quantify PEgRNA scaffold insertion is provided in FIGS. 60A-60B.

Supplemental Information: Tables and Sequences

TABLE 1 Activities of prime editors, Cas9 nuclease, Cas9 H840A nickase, and PE2- dRT at HEK3, HEK4, EMX1, and FANCF on-target and off-target sites. PE2/PE3 editing is shown as % prime editing alongside % indels (in parentheses). % indels are shown for Cas9, Cas9 H840A nickase (nCas9), and PE2-dRT at the top four previously characterized off- target sites^(179,180). sgRNA and PEgRNA sequences can be found in Tables 3A-3R, under the FIGs. 42A-42H heading. All values are the average of three independent biological replicates. PE pegRNA HEK3 (PE3) HEK4 (PE2) EMX1 (PE3) FANCF (PE3) Site . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 On-target 44.2 61.2 40.4 48.4 18.2 14.8 9.8 7.9 28.6 14.1 35.7 15.4 56.8 32.4 42.8 47.6 (11.9) (8.8) (16.5) (3.3) (0.9) (1.8) (2.0) (2.2) (3.5) (2.4) (3.3) (2.9) (9.3) (16.7) (13.6) (12.9) Off-target 1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.4 <0.1 0.4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.6 <0.1 <0.1 (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) Off-target 2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (<0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (0.1) (<0.1) Off-target 3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 6.8 19.2 7.0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (0.5) (1.9) (0.5) (3.5) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) Off-target 4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (0.2) (<0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.2) (0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) Cas9 pegRNA HEK3 HEK4 EMX1 FANCF sgRNA 1 2 3 4 sgRNA 1 2 3 4 sgRNA 1 2 3 4 sgRNA 1 2 3 4 On-target 91.8 87.5 89.2 89.1 86.8 71.8 68.6 72.8 72.8 70.9 85.6 79.7 70.6 76.6 76.0 78.7 55.9 58.3 51.8 52.0 Off-target 1 17.2 1.9 5.5 5.2 1.8 54.2 39.5 48.4 49.7 49.2 81.1 63.5 48.1 53.0 59.6 12.6 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 Off-target 2 38.0 6.5 12.6 11.8 4.7 42.5 19.5 29.4 27.3 30.3 58.3 12.0 6.0 8.2 12.9 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 Off-target 3 8.8 0.6 1.7 1.5 0.5 98.1 96.9 97.3 97.6 97.5 14.8 4.2 3.1 3.6 4.8 2.4 0.2 <0.1 0.2 0.2 Off-target 4 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 45.3 16.9 28.0 27.5 29.7 39.5 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 nCas9 pegRNA HEK3 HEK4 EMX1 FANCF Site . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 Off-target 1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.1 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Off-target 2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Off-target 3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Off-target 4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 PE2-dRT pegRNA HEK3 HEK4 EMX1 FANCF Site . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 . . . 1 2 3 4 Off-target 1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Off-target 2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Off-target 3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 1.4 0.9 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Off-target 4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Tables 2A-2C: Sequences of DNA oligonucleotides, PEgRNAs, and sgRNAs used for in vitro experiments.

TABLE 2A DNA oligonucleotides OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE AVA023 5CY5-CCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACG (SEQ ID NO: 374) AVA024 5CY5- CCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGATGGCAGAGG AAAGG (SEQ ID NO: 375) AVA025 5PHOS- CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCACGTGCTCAGTCTGGGCCCCAAGGATTGACC CAGG (SEQ ID NO: 376) AVA026 5PHOS-TGATGGCAGAGGAAAGG (SEQ ID NO: 377) AVA037 GCAGGCTTTAAAGGAACCAATTC (SEQ ID NO: 378) AVA110 GCAGGCTTTAAAGGAACCAATTCCCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 379) AVA122 CTCTGGAGGATCTAGCGGAG (SEQ ID NO: 380) AVA134 CTCTGGAGGATCTAGCGGAGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT (SEQ ID NO: 381) AVA135 CTCTGGAGGATCTAGCGGAGCCCCCCCCCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 382)

TABLE 2B 5′-extended PEgRNAs RT LINKER PBS TEMPLATE SPACER 5′ EXTENSION LENGTH LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA SEQUENCE SEQUENCE (NT) (NT) (NT) PEGRNA 1 GGCCCAGACTG GGCTAACCGTGCCATT 15 5 7 AGCACGTGA TGATCAGGTCA (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 383) ID NO: 429) PEGRNA 2 GGCCCAGACTG GGCTAACCGTGCAAA 15 5 7 AGCACGTGA TTAACAAACTAA (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 384) ID NO: 430) PEGRNA 3 GGCCCAGACTG GGCCATCTCGTGCAA 15 5 8 AGCACGTGA ATTAACAAACTAA (SEQ ID NO: 385) (SEQ ID NO: 431) PEGRNA 4 GGCCCAGACTG GGTCCTCTGCCATCTC 15 5 15 AGCACGTGA GTGCAAATTAACAAA (SEQ ID NO: 386) CTAA (SEQ ID NO: 432) PEGRNA 5 GGCCCAGACTG GGCTTCCTTTCCTCTG 15 5 22 AGCACGTGA CCATCTCGTGCAAATT (SEQ ID NO: 387) AACAAACTAA (SEQ ID NO: 433) 5′- GGCCCAGACTG GGCTAACCGTGCCATT 15 5 7 PEGRNA_RT_7_A AGCACGTGA TGATCAGGTCA (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 388) ID NO: 434) 5′- GGCCCAGACTG GGCTAACCGTGCAAA 15 5 7 PEGRNA_RT_7_B AGCACGTGA TTAACAAACTAA (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 389) ID NO: 435) 5′- GGCCCAGACTG GGCCATCTCGTGCAA 15 5 8 PEGRNA_RT_8 AGCACGTGA ATTAACAAACTAA (SEQ ID NO: 390) (SEQ ID NO: 436) 5′- GGCCCAGACTG GGTCCTCTGCCATCTC 15 5 15 PEGRNA_RT_15 AGCACGTGA GTGCAAATTAACAAA (SEQ ID NO: 391) CTAA (SEQ ID NO: 437) 5′- GGCCCAGACTG GGCTTCCTTTCCTCTG 15 5 22 PEGRNA_RT_22 AGCACGTGA CCATCTCGTGCAAATT (SEQ ID NO: 392) AACAAACTAA (SEQ ID NO: 438)

TABLE 2C 3′-extended PEgRNAs RT PBS TEMPLATE 3′ EXTENSION LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA SPACER SEQUENCE SEQUENCE (NT) (NT) 3′-PEGRNA_10 GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCG 7 10 CACGTGA(SEQ ID TGCTC (SEQ ID NO: 506) NO: 439) 3′- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCG 7 10 PEGRNA_YEAST_TTOA CACGTGA (SEQ ID TGCTC (SEQ ID NO: 507) NO: 440) 3′- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCATC 7 11 PEGRNA_YEAST_+1AINS CACGTGA (SEQ ID GTGCTC (SEQ ID NO: 508) NO: 441) 3′- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCCGT 7 9 PEGRNA_YEAST_+1TDEL CACGTGA (SEQ ID GCTC (SEQ ID NO: 509) NO: 442)

Tables 3A-3R: Sequences of PEgRNAs and sgRNAs used in mammalian cell experiments. All sequences are shown in 5′ to 3′ orientation. To construct PEgRNAs, spacer sequences listed below were added to the 5′ end of the sgRNA scaffold and the 3′ extensions listed below containing the primer binding site and RT template were added to the 3′ end of the sgRNA scaffold. The sgRNA scaffold sequence is

(SEQ ID NO: 131) GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACT TGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGC.

TABLE 3A FIGs. 39A-39D PEgRNA RT SPACER SEQUENCE PBS TEMPLATE (SEQ ID NOS: 3′ EXTENSION (SEQ ID LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA 2890-2996) NOS: 2997-3103) (NT) (NT) HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 8 10 C_8 CACGTGA HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 9 10 C_9 CACGTGA G HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 10 10 C_10 CACGTGA GT HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 11 10 C_11 CACGTGA GTC HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 12 10 C_12 CACGTGA GTCT HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 13 10 C_13 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 14 10 C_14 CACGTGA GTCTGG HEK3_2B- GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 15 10 C_15 CACGTGA GTCTGGG HEK3_2C_16 GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 16 10 CACGTGA GTCTGGGC HEK3_2C_17 GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 17 10 CACGTGA GTCTGGGCC EMX1_2C_9 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 9 13 AGAAGAA CTGC EMX1_2C_10 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 10 13 AGAAGAA CTGCT EMX1_2C_11 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 11 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTC EMX1_2C_12 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 12 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTCG EMX1_2C_13 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 13 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTCGG EMX1_2C_14 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 14 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTCGGA EMX1_2C_15 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 15 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTCGGAC EMX1_2C_16 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 16 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTCGGACT EMX1_2C_17 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCTT 17 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTCGGACTC FANCF_2C_8 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 8 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGA FANCF_2C_9 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 9 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAA FANCF_2C_10 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 10 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAG FANCF_2C_11 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 11 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGG FANCF_2C_12 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 12 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGG FANCF_2C_13 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 13 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_2C_14 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_2C_15 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 15 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGATT FANCF_2C_16 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 16 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGATTC FANCF_2C_17 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 17 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGATTCC RNF2_2C_9 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 9 11 TACCTG ACT RNF2_2C_10 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 10 11 TACCTG ACTA RNF2_2C_11 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 11 11 TACCTG ACTAA RNF2_2C_12 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 12 11 TACCTG ACTAAG RNF2_2C_13 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 13 11 TACCTG ACTAAGA RNF2_2C_14 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 14 11 TACCTG ACTAAGAT RNF2_2C_15 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 15 11 TACCTG ACTAAGATG RNF2_2C_16 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 16 11 TACCTG ACTAAGATGA RNF2_2C_17 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 17 11 TACCTG ACTAAGATGAC HEK4_2C_7 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 7 13 GAGGTGG CAG HEK4_2C_8 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 8 13 GAGGTGG CAGC HEK4_2C_9 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 9 13 GAGGTGG CAGCC HEK4_2C_10 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 10 13 GAGGTGG CAGCCG HEK4_2C_11 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 11 13 GAGGTGG CAGCCGC HEK4_2C_12 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 12 13 GAGGTGG CAGCCGCA HEK4_2C_13 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 13 13 GAGGTGG CAGCCGCAG HEK4_2C_14 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 14 13 GAGGTGG CAGCCGCAGT HEK4_2C_15 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 15 13 GAGGTGG CAGCCGCAGTG HEK3_2C_1TDEL GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCCGTGCTCAG 13 10 CACGTGA TCTG HEK3_2C_1AINS GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCATCGTGCTC 13 10 CACGTGA AGTCTG HEK3_2C_1CTTINS GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTG 13 10 CACGTGA CTCAGTCTG HEK3_2D 10 GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_2D_11 GGCCCAGACTGAG CTCTGCCATCTCGTGCTC 13 11 CACGTGA AGTCTG HEK3_2D_12 GGCCCAGACTGAG CCTCTGCCATCTCGTGCT 13 12 CACGTGA CAGTCTG HEK3_2D_13 GGCCCAGACTGAG TCCTCTGCCATCTCGTGC 13 13 CACGTGA TCAGTCTG HEK3_2D_14 GGCCCAGACTGAG TTCCTCTGCCATCTCGTG 13 14 CACGTGA CTCAGTCTG HEK3_2D_15 GGCCCAGACTGAG TTTCCTCTGCCATCTCGT 13 15 CACGTGA GCTCAGTCTG HEK3_2D_16 GGCCCAGACTGAG CTTTCCTCTGCCATCTCG 13 16 CACGTGA TGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_2D_17 GGCCCAGACTGAG CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCTC 13 17 CACGTGA GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_2D_18 GGCCCAGACTGAG TCCTTTCCTCTGCCATCT 13 18 CACGTGA CGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_2D_19 GGCCCAGACTGAG TTCCTTTCCTCTGCCATC 13 19 CACGTGA TCGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_2D_20 GGCCCAGACTGAG CTTCCTTTCCTCTGCCAT 13 20 CACGTGA CTCGTGCTCAGTCTG EMX1_2D_10 GAGTCCGAGCAGA GGAGCCCTTGTTCTTCTG 13 10 AGAAGAA CTCGG EMX1_2D_11 GAGTCCGAGCAGA GGGAGCCCTTGTTCTTCT 13 11 AGAAGAA GCTCGG EMX1_2D_12 GAGTCCGAGCAGA TGGGAGCCCTTGTTCTTC 13 12 AGAAGAA TGCTCGG EMX1_2D_13 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCCCTTGTTCTT 13 13 AGAAGAA CTGCTCGG EMX1_2D_14 GAGTCCGAGCAGA GATGGGAGCCCTTGTTC 13 14 AGAAGAA TTCTGCTCGG EMX1_2D_15 GAGTCCGAGCAGA TGATGGGAGCCCTTGTT 13 15 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGG EMX1_2D_16 GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCCCTTGT 13 16 AGAAGAA TCTTCTGCTCGG EMX1_2D_17 GAGTCCGAGCAGA TGTGATGGGAGCCCTTG 13 17 AGAAGAA TTCTTCTGCTCGG EMX1_2D_18 GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGTGATGGGAGCCCTT 13 18 AGAAGAA GTTCTTCTGCTCGG EMX1_2D_19 GAGTCCGAGCAGA GATGTGATGGGAGCCCT 13 19 AGAAGAA TGTTCTTCTGCTCGG EMX1_2D_20 GAGTCCGAGCAGA TGATGTGATGGGAGCCC 13 20 AGAAGAA TTGTTCTTCTGCTCGG FANCF_2D_10 GGAATCCCTTCTGC CGATCAAGGTGCTGCAG 13 10 AGCACC AAGGGA FANCF_2D_11 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GCGATCAAGGTGCTGCA 13 11 AGCACC GAAGGGA FANCF_2D_12 GGAATCCCTTCTGC AGCGATCAAGGTGCTGC 13 12 AGCACC AGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_13 GGAATCCCTTCTGC AAGCGATCAAGGTGCTG 13 13 AGCACC CAGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_14 GGAATCCCTTCTGC AAAGCGATCAAGGTGCT 13 14 AGCACC GCAGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_15 GGAATCCCTTCTGC AAAAGCGATCAAGGTGC 13 15 AGCACC TGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_16 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GAAAAGCGATCAAGGTG 13 16 AGCACC CTGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_17 GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 13 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_18 GGAATCCCTTCTGC CGGAAAAGCGATCAAGG 13 18 AGCACC TGCTGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_19 GGAATCCCTTCTGC TCGGAAAAGCGATCAAG 13 19 AGCACC GTGCTGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_2D_20 GGAATCCCTTCTGC CTCGGAAAAGCGATCAA 13 20 AGCACC GGTGCTGCAGAAGGGA RNF2_2D_10 GTCATCTTAGTCAT AACACCTCATGTAATGA 15 10 TACCTG CTAAGATG RNF2_2D_11 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GAACACCTCATGTAATG 15 11 TACCTG ACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_12 GTCATCTTAGTCAT CGAACACCTCATGTAAT 15 12 TACCTG GACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_13 GTCATCTTAGTCAT ACGAACACCTCATGTAA 15 13 TACCTG TGACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_14 GTCATCTTAGTCAT AACGAACACCTCATGTA 15 14 TACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_15 GTCATCTTAGTCAT CAACGAACACCTCATGT 15 15 TACCTG AATGACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_16 GTCATCTTAGTCAT ACAACGAACACCTCATG 15 16 TACCTG TAATGACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_17 GTCATCTTAGTCAT TACAACGAACACCTCAT 15 17 TACCTG GTAATGACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_18 GTCATCTTAGTCAT TTACAACGAACACCTCA 15 18 TACCTG TGTAATGACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_19 GTCATCTTAGTCAT GTTACAACGAACACCTC 15 19 TACCTG ATGTAATGACTAAGATG RNF2_2D_20 GTCATCTTAGTCAT AGTTACAACGAACACCT 15 20 TACCTG CATGTAATGACTAAGATG HEK4_2D_7 GGCACTGCGGCTG ACCCCAACCTCCAGCCG 11 7 GAGGTGG C HEK4_2D_8 GGCACTGCGGCTG AACCCCAACCTCCAGCC 11 8 GAGGTGG GC HEK4_2D_9 GGCACTGCGGCTG TAACCCCAACCTCCAGC 11 9 GAGGTGG CGC HEK4_2D_10 GGCACTGCGGCTG TTAACCCCAACCTCCAG 11 10 GAGGTGG CCGC HEK4_2D_11 GGCACTGCGGCTG TTTAACCCCAACCTCCA 11 11 GAGGTGG GCCGC HEK4_2D_12 GGCACTGCGGCTG CTTTAACCCCAACCTCC 11 12 GAGGTGG AGCCGC HEK4_2D_13 GGCACTGCGGCTG GCTTTAACCCCAACCTC 11 13 GAGGTGG CAGCCGC HEK4_2D_14 GGCACTGCGGCTG CGCTTTAACCCCAACCT 11 14 GAGGTGG CCAGCCGC HEK4_2D_15 GGCACTGCGGCTG CCGCTTTAACCCCAACC 11 15 GAGGTGG TCCAGCCGC HEK4_2D_16 GGCACTGCGGCTG TCCGCTTTAACCCCAAC 11 16 GAGGTGG CTCCAGCCGC HEK4_2D_17 GGCACTGCGGCTG CTCCGCTTTAACCCCAA 11 17 GAGGTGG CCTCCAGCCGC HEK4_2D_18 GGCACTGCGGCTG CTCCGCTTTAACCCCAA 11 18 GAGGTGG CCTCCAGCCGC HEK4_2D_19 GGCACTGCGGCTG CTCCGCTTTAACCCCAA 11 19 GAGGTGG CCTCCAGCCGC

TABLE 3B FIGs. 40A-40C PEgRNA RT SPACER SEQUENCE PBS TEMPLATE (SEQ ID NO: 3′ EXTENSION (SEQ ID LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA 3104-3112) NOS: 3113-3121) (NT) (NT) RNF2_3B GTCATCTTAGTCAT AACGAACACCTCATGTA 15 14 TACCTG ATGACTAAGATG EMX1_3B GAGTCCGAGCAGA ATGGGAGCACTTCTTCT 15 13 AGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGAC FANCF_3B GGAATCCCTTCTG GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 15 17 CAGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGATT HE3_3B GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATGACGTGCTC 13 10 CACGTGA AGTCTG HEK4_3B GGCACTGCGGCTG TTAACCCCAACCTCCAG 9 10 GAGGTGG CC RNF2_3C_4ATOC GTCATCTTAGTCAT AACGAACACCGCAGGTA 15 14 TACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_3C_4ATOG GTCATCTTAGTCAT AACGAACACCCCAGGTA 15 14 TACCTG ATGACTAAGATG FANCF_3C_5GTOT GGAATCCCTTCTG GGAAAAGCGATCAAGGT 13 17 CAGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_3C_7ATOC GGAATCCCTTCTG GGAAAAGCGAGCCAGG 14 17 CAGCACC TGCTGCAGAAGGGAT

TABLE 3C FIGs. 40A-40C nicking sgRNA sequences SEQ ID NICKING SGRNA SPACER SEQUENCE NO: RNF2_2B_+41 GTCAACCATTAAGCAAAACAT 3122 RNF2_2B_+67 GTCTCAGGCTGTGCAGACAAA 3123 EMX1_2B_−116 GGGGCACAGATGAGAAACTC 3124 EMX1_2B_−57 GCCGTTTGTACTTTGTCCTC 3125 EMX1_2B_+14 GCGCCACCGGTTGATGTGAT 3126 EMX1_2B_+27 GCTTCGTGGCAATGCGCCAC 3127 EMX1_2B_+53 GACATCGATGTCCTCCCCAT 3128 EMX1_2B_+80 GTGGTTGCCCACCCTAGTCAT 3129 FANCF_2B_−78 GCGACTCTCTGCGTACTGAT 3130 FANCF_2B_−50 GCCCTACTTCCGCTTTCACCT 3131 FANCF_2B_−27 GGATTCCATGAGGTGCGCGA 3132 FANCF_2B_−17 GCTGCAGAAGGGATTCCATG 3133 FANCF_2B_+21 GCTTGAGACCGCCAGAAGCT 3134 FANCF_2B_+48 GGGGTCCCAGGTGCTGACGT 3135 HEK3_2B_−108 GCAGAAATAGACTAATTGCA 3136 HEK3_2B_−38 GGATTGACCCAGGCCAGGGC 3137 HEK3_2B_+26 GACGCCCTCTGGAGGAAGCA 3138 HEK3_2B_+37 GCTGTCCTGCGACGCCCTC 3139 HEK3_2B_+63 GCACATACTAGCCCCTGTCT 3140 HEK3_2B_+90 GTCAACCAGTATCCCGGTGC 3141 HEK4_2B_−95 TCCCTTCCTTCCACCCAGCC 3142 HEK4_2B_−51 CCCTGCCTGTCATCCTGCTT 3143 HEK4_2B_−26 GCAGTGCCACCGGGGCGCCG 3144 HEK4_2B_+52 GCGGGGGCTCAGAGAGGGCA 3145 HEK4_2B_+74 GAGACACACACACAGGCCTGG 3146 RNF2_2C_+41 GTCAACCATTAAGCAAAACAT 3147 RNF2_2C_4ATOC_+5 GTGAGTTACAACGAACACCGC 3148 RNF2_2C_4ATOG_+5 GTGAGTTACAACGAACACCCC 3149 FANCF_2C_+48 GGGGTCCCAGGTGCTGACGT 3150 FANCF_2C_5GTOT_+7 GAAGCTCGGAAAAGCGATCA 3151 FANCF_2C_7ATOC_+7 GAAGCTCGGAAAAGCGAGCC 3152 HEK3_2C_+90 GTCAACCAGTATCCCGGTGC 3153

TABLE 3D FIGs. 41A-41K PEgRNA RT SPACER SEQUENCE PBS TEMPLATE (SEQ ID NO: 3′ EXTENSION (SEQ ID LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA 3154-3304) NO: 3305-3455) (NT) (NT) HEK3_4A_1TTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_1TTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCGCGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_1TTOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCCCGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_2GTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATTACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_2GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATGACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_2GTOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATAACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_3ATOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCAGCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_3ATOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCACCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_3ATOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCAACACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_4TTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCTTCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_4TTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCGTCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_4TTOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCCTCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_5GTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCTATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_5GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCGATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_5GTOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCAATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_6GTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGTCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_6GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGGCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_6GTOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGACATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_7CTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTTCCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_7CTOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTCCCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_7CTOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTACCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_8ATOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TCGGCCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_8ATOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TCCGCCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4A_8ATOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TCAGCCATCACGTGCTCA 13 10 CACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_4B_1TTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCTC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_12GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTGCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_14ATOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTATCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_17GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA GCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_20GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGGTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_23CTOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCACGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_24TTOA GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCTGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_26CTOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAACCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_30CTOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGACGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4B_33CTOG GGCCCAGACTGAG TCGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC GTGCTCAGTCTG RNF2_4C_1CTOA GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCATGTAA 15 14 ACCTG TGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_1CTOG GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCACGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_1CTOT GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCAAGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_2TTOA GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCTGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_2TTOG GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCCGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_3GTOC GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTGAGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_4ATOC GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCGCAGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_4ATOT GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCACAGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_4ATOG GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCCCAGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_5GTOT GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACATCAGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_6GTOA GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACATCTCAGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4C_7TTOC GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACGCCTCAGGTA 15 14 ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG FANCF_4D_1ATOG GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCAGGC 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_1ATOT GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCAGGA 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_2CTOA GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCAGTT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_3CTOG GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCACGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_3CTOT GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCAAGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_4TTOA GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCTGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_4TTOG GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCCGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_5GTOA GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCTAGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_6GTOC GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATGCAGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_7ATOC GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGAGCCAGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_8TTOC GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGGTCCAGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4D_10GTOT GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGAGATCCAGGT 14 17 AGCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT EMX1_4E_2ATOC GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCCCTGCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_2ATOT GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCCCTACTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_3ATOG GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCCCCTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_4GTOC GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCCGTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_5GTOA GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCTCTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_5GTOT GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCACTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_7CTOA GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGATCCCTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_8TTOA GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGTGCCCTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_8TTOC GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGGGCCCTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_8TTOG GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGCGCCCTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_9CTOG GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGCAGCCCTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4E_9CTOT GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGAAGCCCTTCTT 14 16 AGAAGAA CTTCTGCTCGGA RUNX1_4F_1CTOA GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCATCTCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_1CTOG GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCATCCCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_1CTOT GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCATCACTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_2GTOA GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCATTGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_3ATOC GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCAGCGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_3ATOG GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCACCGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_3ATOT GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCAACGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_4TTOA GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCTTCGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_4TTOC GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCGTCGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_4TTOG GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCCTCGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_5GTOT GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCAATCGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4F_6GTOC GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGGCATCGCTT 15 15 AAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT VEGFA_4G_1TTOA GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CTCTTCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_1TTOC GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CTCGTCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_1TTOG GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CTCCTCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_2GTOA GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CTTATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_3ATOC GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CGCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_3ATOG GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CCCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_3ATOT GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CACATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_5GTOT GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCA 13 22 AGATGA CTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_6GTOC GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGGC 13 22 AGATGA CTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_7CTOA GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGATCC 13 22 AGATGA CTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_7CTOT GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAACC 13 22 AGATGA CTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4G_9CTOG GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGCAGCC 13 22 AGATGA CTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA DNMT1_4H_1ATOC GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCCCTGGTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_1ATOG GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCCCTGCTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_2CTOA GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCCCTTTTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_2CTOG GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCCCTCTTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_2CTOT GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCCCTATTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_3ATOT GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCCCAGTTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_4GTOA GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCCTTGTTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_5GTOT GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACCACTGTTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_6GTOC GATTCCTGGTGCCA GTCACGCCTGTTTCTGGC 13 11 GAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_4H_8TTOA GATTCCTGGTGCCA GCCCTCCCGTCTCCCCTG 13 19 GAAACA TTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_4H_8TTOC GATTCCTGGTGCCA GCCCTCCCGTCGCCCCTG 13 19 GAAACA TTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_4H_8TTOG GATTCCTGGTGCCA GCCCTCCCGTCCCCCCTG 13 19 GAAACA TTTCTGGCACCAGG HEK3_4J_DEL1-5 GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 29 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCGTGCT CAGTCTG HEK3_4J_DEL1-10 GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 24 CACGTGA CCTTTCCCGTGCTCAGTC TG HEK3_4J_DEL1-15 GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 19 CACGTGA CCCGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4J_DEL1-25 GGCCCAGACTGAG TGTCCTGCGACGCCCTCT 13 26 CACGTGA GGAGGAAGCGTGCTCAG TCTG HEK3_4J_DEL1-30 GGCCCAGACTGAG TGTCCTGCGACGCCCTCT 13 21 CACGTGA GGACGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4J_DEL1-80 GGCCCAGACTGAG AGTATCCCGGTGCAGGA 13 20 CACGTGA GCTCGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4I_1AINS GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCATCGTGCTC 13 11 CACGTGA AGTCTG HEK3_4I_1CTTINS GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGC 13 13 CACGTGA TCAGTCTG HEK3_4I_1TDEL GGCCCAGACTGAG TCTGCCATCCGTGCTCAG 13 9 CACGTGA TCTG HEK3_4I_1- GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 31 3TGADEL CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCACGTG CTCAGTCTG RNF2_4I_1TINS GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCAGAGT 15 15 ACCTG AATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4I_1GTAINS GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCAGTAC 15 17 ACCTG GTAATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4I_4ADEL GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCCAGGTAA 15 13 ACCTG TGACTAAGATG RNF2_4I_3-5GAGDEL GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACAGGTAATG 15 11 ACCTG ACTAAGATG FANCF_4I_3CINS GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCAGGG 14 18 AGCACC TGCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4I_4GATINS GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCCAATC 14 20 AGCACC GGTGCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4I_6GDEL GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAGGTG 14 16 AGCACC CTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4I_5- GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGAAGGTGCT 14 14 7GGADEL AGCACC GCAGAAGGGAT EMX1_4I_6TINS GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCACCTTCT 14 17 AGAAGAA TCTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4I_1TGCINS GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCCCTTCGC 14 19 AGAAGAA ATTCTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4I_5GDEL GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGCCTTCTTC 14 15 AGAAGAA TTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_4I_4- GAGTCCGAGCAGA GTGATGGGAGTTCTTCTT 14 13 6GGGDEL AGAAGAA CTGCTCGGA RUNX1_4I_1CINS GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCATCGGCT 15 16 AAGCGA TCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4I_1ATGINS GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCATCCATG 15 18 AAGCGA CTTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4I_2GDEL GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCATGCTTC 15 14 AAGCGA CTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_4I_2- GCATTTTCAGGAGG TGTCTGAAGCCGCTTCCT 15 12 4GATDEL AAGCGA CCTGAAAAT VEGFA_4I_4CINS GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 23 AGATGA GCTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4I_2ACAINS GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 25 AGATGA CTTGTCATCTGGCCTGCA GA VEGFA_4I_3ADEL GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 21 AGATGA CCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_4I_2- GATGTCTGCAGGCC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCC 13 19 4GAGDEL AGATGA ATCTGGCCTGCAGA DNMT1_4I_4CINS GATTCCTGGTGCCA TCCCGTCACCCGCTGTTT 13 16 GAAACA CTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_4I_1TCAINS GATTCCTGGTGCCA TCCCGTCACCCCTGTGAT 13 18 GAAACA TTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_4I_3ADEL GATTCCTGGTGCCA TCCCGTCACCCCGTTTCT 13 14 GAAACA GGCACCAGG DNMT1_4I_3- GATTCCTGGTGCCA TCCCGTCACCGTTTCTGG 13 12 5AGGDEL GAAACA CACCAGG HEK3_4K_1CTTINS_5GDEL GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 36 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCATCAAA GCGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4K_1CTTINS_2GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 37 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATGAA AGCGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4K_3TDEL_5GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 33 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCGATCCG TGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_4K_3GTOC_6GTOT GGCCCAGACTGAG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 34 CACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGACATGAC GTGCTCAGTCTG RNF2_4K_2AAINS_3- GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCATTGGTA 15 14 4GADEL ACCTG ATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4K_1AINS_5GTOC GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACGTCAGTGT 15 15 ACCTG AATGACTAAGATG RNF2_4K_1- GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACAACTCGTAAT 15 12 2CTDEL_6GTOT ACCTG GACTAAGATG RNF2_4K_1CTOA_5GTOT GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACATCATGTAA 15 14 ACCTG TGACTAAGATG FANCF_4K_1TINS_3- GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCGGTAG 14 16 4TGDEL AGCACC CTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4K_1TINS_6GTOA GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATTCAGGT 14 18 AGCACC AGCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_4K_2CDEL_5GTOT GGAATCCCTTCTGC GGAAAAGCGATCAAGTG 14 16 AGCACC CTGCAGAAGGGAT

TABLE 3E FIGs. 41A-41K nicking sgRNA SPACER SEQUENCE (SEQ ID NICKING SGRNA NOS: 3456-3463) HEK3_4A_+90 GTCAACCAGTATCCCGGTGC HEK3_4B_+90 GTCAACCAGTATCCCGGTGC RNF2_4C_+41 GTCAACCATTAAGCAAAACAT FANCF_4D_+48 GGGGTCCCAGGTGCTGACGT EMX1_4E_+53 GACATCGATGTCCTCCCCAT RUNX1_4F_+38 GATGAAGCACTGTGGGTACGA VEGFA_4G_+57 GATGTACAGAGAGCCCAGGGC DNMT1_4H_+49 GCCCTTCAGCTAAAATAAAGG

TABLE 3F FIGs. 42A-42H PEgRNA RT SPACER PBS TEMPLATE SEQUENCE (SEQ 3′ EXTENSION (SEQ ID LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA ID NOS: 3464-3478) NOS: 3479-3493) (NT) (NT) HEK3_5A_C3 GGCCCAGACTGA TCTGTCATCACGTGCTCAGT 13 10 GCACGTGA CTG HEK3_5A_C4 GGCCCAGACTGA TCTGCTATCACGTGCTCAGT 13 10 GCACGTGA CTG HEK3_5A_C7 GGCCCAGACTGA TCTGCCATTACGTGCTCAGT 13 10 GCACGTGA CTG FANCF_5A_C3 GGAATCCCTTCTG GGAAAAGTGATCCAGGTGC 14 17 CAGCACC TGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_5A_C7 GGAATCCCTTCTG GGAAAAGCGATTCAGGTGC 14 17 CAGCACC TGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_5A_C8 GGAATCCCTTCTG GGAAAAGCGATCTAGGTGC 14 17 CAGCACC TGCAGAAGGGAT EMX1_5A_C5 GAGTCCGAGCAG GTGATGGGAGTCCTTCTTCT 14 16 AAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5A_C6 GAGTCCGAGCAG GTGATGGGAGCTCTTCTTCT 14 16 AAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5A_C7 GAGTCCGAGCAG GTGATGGGAGCCTTTCTTCT 14 16 AAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5C_C5_6 GAGTCCGAGCAG GTGATGGGAGTTCTTCTTCT 14 16 AAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5C_C5_7 GAGTCCGAGCAG GTGATGGGAGTCTTTCTTCT 14 16 AAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5C_C6_7 GAGTCCGAGCAG GTGATGGGAGCTTTTCTTCT 14 16 AAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5C_C5_6_7 GAGTCCGAGCAG GTGATGGGAGTTTTTCTTCT 14 16 AAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGGA HEK3_5D_A5 GGCCCAGACTGA TCTGCCGTCACGTGCTCAGT 13 10 GCACGTGA CTG HEK3_5D_A8 GGCCCAGACTGA TCTGCCATCGCGTGCTCAGT 13 10 GCACGTGA CTG

TABLE 3G FIGs. 42A-42H nicking sgRNA POSSIBLE SPACER POSSIBLE SPACER NICKING SEQUENCE SEQUENCE (SEQ ID SGRNA (SEQ ID NOS: 616-618) NOS: 619-621) HEK3_5A- GTCAACCAGTATCCCGGTGC GTCAACCAGTATCCCGGTGC F_+90 FANCF_5A- GGGGTCCCAGGTGCTGACGT GATGTACAGAGAGCCCAGGG F_+48 C EMX1_5A- GATGTACAGAGAGCCCAGGGC GGGGTCCCAGGTGCTGACGT F_+57

TABLE 3H FIGs. 42A-42H base editing sgRNA BASE EDITING SGRNA SPACER SEQUENCE HEK3_5A-F_BE GTGCCATCACGTGCTCAGTCT (SEQ ID NO: 455) FANCF_5A- GAGCGATCCAGGTGCTGCAGA F_BE (SEQ ID NO: 456) EMX1_5A-F_BE GGAGCCCTTCTTCTTCTGCT (SEQ ID NO: 457)

TABLE 3I FIGs. 42A-42H on-target sgRNA ON-TARGET SGRNA SPACER SEQUENCE HEK3_5G GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA (SEQ ID NO: 510) HEK4_5G GGCACTGCGGCTGGAGGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 511) EMX1_5G GAGTCCGAGCAGAAGAAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 512) FANCF_5G GGAATCCCTTCTGCAGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 513)

TABLE 3J FIGs. 42A-42H on-target PEgRNA RT PBS TEMPLATE ON-TARGET SPACER SEQUENCE 3′ EXTENSION (SEQ ID LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA (SEQ ID NO: 663-677) NO: 678-692) (NT) (NT) HEK3_5G- GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCA 13 10 H_PEGRNA_1 ACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_5G- GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTG 13 13 H_PEGRNA_2 ACGTGA CTCAGTCTG HEK3_5G- GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCCGTGCTCA 13 9 H_PEGRNA_3 ACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_5G- GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCGATCACGTGCTC 13 10 H_PEGRNA_4 ACGTGA AGTCTG HEK4_5G- GGCACTGCGGCTGG TTAACGCCCACCTCCAG 9 10 H_PEGRNA_1 AGGTGG CC HEK4_5G- GGCACTGCGGCTGG TTAACCCCCCCCTCCAG 9 10 H_PEGRNA_2 AGGTGG CC HEK4_5G- GGCACTGCGGCTGG TTAACCCCTTACACCTCC 9 13 H_PEGRNA_3 AGGTGG AGCC HEK4_5G- GGCACTGCGGCTGG TTAACCCCCCCTCCAGC 9 9 H_PEGRNA_4 AGGTGG C EMX1_5G- GAGTCCGAGCAGAA GTGATGGGAGCACTTCT 14 16 H_PEGRNA_1 GAAGAA TCTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5G- GAGTCCGAGCAGAA GTGATGGGAGCCCTGCT 14 16 H_PEGRNA_2 GAAGAA TCTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5G- GAGTCCGAGCAGAA GTGATGGGAGCCCTTCG 14 19 H_PEGRNA_3 GAAGAA CATTCTTCTGCTCGGA EMX1_5G- GAGTCCGAGCAGAA GTGATGGGAGTTCTTCTT 14 13 H_PEGRNA_4 GAAGAA CTGCTCGGA FANCF_5G- GGAATCCCTTCTGCA GGAAAAGCGATGCAGGT 14 17 H_PEGRNA_1 GCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_5G- GGAATCCCTTCTGCA GGAAAAGCGATCCAGGC 14 17 H_PEGRNA_2 GCACC GCTGCAGAAGGGAT FANCF_5G- GGAATCCCTTCTGCA GGAAAAGCGATCCAATC 14 20 H_PEGRNA_3 GCACC GGTGCTGCAGAAGGGAT

TABLE 3K FIGs. 49A-49BPEgRNA RT SPACER PBS TEMPLATE SEQUENCE (SEQ 3′ EXTENSION (SEQ ID LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA ID NO: 3494-3521) NO: 3522-3540) (NT) (NT) HEK3_6A_2GTOC GGCCCAGACTG TCTGCCATGACGTGCTC 13 10 AGCACGTGA AGTCTG HEK3_6A_2GTOC GGCCCAGACTG AGCACGTGA EMX1_6A_3GTOC GAGTCCGAGCA ATGGGAGCCCTTGTTCT 13 13 GAAGAAGAA TCTGCTCGG EMX1_6A_3GTOC GAGTCCGAGCA GAAGAAGAA FANCF_6A_5GTOT GGAATCCCTTCT AAAAGCGATCAAGGTGC 13 15 GCAGCACC TGCAGAAGGGA FANCF_6A_5GTOT GGAATCCCTTCT GCAGCACC HEK3_6A_1HIS6INS GGCCCAGACTG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 52 AGCACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAA TGATGGTGATGATGGTG CGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_6A_1HIS6INS GGCCCAGACTG AGCACGTGA HEK3_6A_5GTOT GGCCCAGACTG TCTGCAATCACGTGCTC 13 10 AGCACGTGA AGTCTG HEK3_6A_5GTOT GGCCCAGACTG AGCACGTGA HEK3_6A_1CTTINS GGCCCAGACTG TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTG 13 10 AGCACGTGA CTCAGTCTG HEK3_6A_1CTTINS GGCCCAGACTG AGCACGTGA HBB_6B_INSALL GCATGGTGCAC AGACTTCTCCACAGGAG 13 14 CTGACTCCTG TCAGGTGCAC HBB_6B_INSALL GCATGGTGCAC CTGACTCCTG HBB_6B_CORRECT GCATGGTGCAC AGACTTCTCCTCAGGAG 13 14 CTGACTCCTG TCAGGTGCAC HBB_6B_CORRECT GCATGGTGCAC CTGACTCCTG HBB_6B_CORRECT_W_SILENT GCATGGTGCAC AGACTTCTCTTCAGGAG 13 14 CTGACTCCTG TCAGGTGCAC HBB_6B_CORRECT_W_SILENT GCATGGTGCAC CTGACTCCTG HEXA_6B_INSTALL GTACCTGAACC AGTCAGGGCCATAGGAT 12 14 GTATATCCTA AGATATACGGTTC HEXA_6B_CORRECT GATCCTTCCAGT ACCTGAACCGTATATCCT 10 21 CAGGGCCAT ATGGCCCTGACTG HEXA_6B_CORRECT_W_SILENT GATCCTTCCAGT GTACCTGAACCGTATATC 9 27 CAGGGCCAT TTATGGCCCTGACT PRNP_6C GCAGTGGTGGG ATGTAGACGCCAAGGCC 12 12 GGGCCTTGG CCCCACC HEK3_6E- GGCCCAGACTG TCTGCCATCCCGTGCTC 13 10 G_1TTOG AGCACGTGA AGTCTG HEK3_6E- GGCCCAGACTG TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTG 13 10 G_1CTTINS AGCACGTGA CTCAGTCTG RNF2_6E- GTCATCTTAGTC AACGAACACCTCACGTA 15 14 G_1CTOG ATTACCTG ATGACTAAGATG HBB_6E- GCATGGTGCAC AGACTTCTCCACAGGAG G_4ATOT CTGACTCCTG TCAGGTGCAC 13 14 HEK3_6H_1HIS6INS GGCCCAGACTG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 52 AGCACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAA TGATGGTGATGATGGTG CGTGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_6H_1FLAGINS GGCCCAGACTG TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 58 AGCACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC TTATCGTCGTCATCCTTG TAATCCGTGCTCAGTCT G

TABLE 3L FIGs. 47A-74D PEgRNA RT SPACER SEQUENCE PBS TEMPLATE (SEQ ID NO: 3′ EXTENSION SEQUENCE LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA 3541-3547) (SEQ ID NO: 3549-3556) (NT) (NT) HEK3_ED4B_1TDEL GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCCGTGCTCAG 13 9 ACGTGA TCTG HEK3_ED4B_1AINS GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCATCGTGCTC 13 11 ACGTGA AGTCTG HEK3_ED4B_1CTTINS GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGC 13 13 ACGTGA TCAGTCTG HEK3_ED4C_2GTOC GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATGACGTGCTCA 13 10 ACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_ED4D_1FLAGINS GGCCCAGACTGAGC TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTT 13 58 ACGTGA CCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAC TTATCGTCGTCATCCTTGT AATCCGTGCTCAGTCTG RNF2_ED4E_1CTOA GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCATGTAA 15 14 ACCTG TGACTAAGATG EMX1_ED4F_1GTOC GAGTCCGAGCAGAA ATGGGAGCCCTTGTTCTT 13 13 GAAGAA CTGCTCGG HBB_ED4G_2TTOA GTAACGGCAGACTT ATCTGACTCCTGTGGAGA 12 14 CTCCTC AGTCTGCC

TABLE 3M FIGs. 48A-48C PEgRNA RT SPACER PBS TEMPLATE SEQUENCE (SEQ 3' EXTENSION SEQUENCE LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA ID NO: 3557-3627) (SEQ ID NO: 3628-3698) (NT) (NT) VEGFA_ED5A_31 GATGTCTGCAGGC CCCTCTGACAATGTGCCATC 13 31 CAGATGA TGGAGCACTCATCTGGCCTG CAGA VEGFA_ED5A_30 GATGTCTGCAGGC CCTCTGACAATGTGCCATCT 13 30 CAGATGA GGAGCACTCATCTGGCCTGC AGA VEGFA_ED5A_29 GATGTCTGCAGGC CTCTGACAATGTGCCATCTG 13 29 CAGATGA GAGCACTCATCTGGCCTGCA GA VEGFA_ED5A_28 GATGTCTGCAGGC TCTGACAATGTGCCATCTGG 13 28 CAGATGA AGCACTCATCTGGCCTGCAG A VEGFA_ED5A_27 GATGTCTGCAGGC CTGACAATGTGCCATCTGGA 13 27 CAGATGA GCACTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_26 GATGTCTGCAGGC TGACAATGTGCCATCTGGAG 13 26 CAGATGA CACTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_25 GATGTCTGCAGGC GACAATGTGCCATCTGGAGC 13 25 CAGATGA ACTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_24 GATGTCTGCAGGC ACAATGTGCCATCTGGAGCA 13 24 CAGATGA CTCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_23 GATGTCTGCAGGC CAATGTGCCATCTGGAGCAC 13 23 CAGATGA TCATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_22 GATGTCTGCAGGC AATGTGCCATCTGGAGCACT 13 22 CAGATGA CATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_21 GATGTCTGCAGGC ATGTGCCATCTGGAGCACTC 13 21 CAGATGA ATCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_20 GATGTCTGCAGGC TGTGCCATCTGGAGCACTCA 13 20 CAGATGA TCTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_19 GATGTCTGCAGGC GTGCCATCTGGAGCACTCAT 13 19 CAGATGA CTGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_18 GATGTCTGCAGGC TGCCATCTGGAGCACTCATC 13 18 CAGATGA TGGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_17 GATGTCTGCAGGC GCCATCTGGAGCACTCATCT 13 17 CAGATGA GGCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_16 GATGTCTGCAGGC CCATCTGGAGCACTCATCTG 13 16 CAGATGA GCCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_15 GATGTCTGCAGGC CATCTGGAGCACTCATCTGG 13 15 CAGATGA CCTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_14 GATGTCTGCAGGC ATCTGGAGCACTCATCTGGC 13 14 CAGATGA CTGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_13 GATGTCTGCAGGC TCTGGAGCACTCATCTGGCC 13 13 CAGATGA TGCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_12 GATGTCTGCAGGC CTGGAGCACTCATCTGGCCT 13 12 CAGATGA GCAGA VEGFA_ED5A_11 GATGTCTGCAGGC TGGAGCACTCATCTGGCCTG 13 11 CAGATGA CAGA VEGFA_ED5A_10 GATGTCTGCAGGC GGAGCACTCATCTGGCCTGC 13 10 CAGATGA AGA VEGFA_ED5A_9 GATGTCTGCAGGC GAGCACTCATCTGGCCTGCA 13 9 CAGATGA GA VEGFA_ED5A_8 GATGTCTGCAGGC AGCACTCATCTGGCCTGCAG 13 8 CAGATGA A DNMT1_ED5B_31 GATTCCTGGTGCC AGGACTAGTTCTGCCCTCCC 13 31 AGAAACA GTCACCACTGTTTCTGGCAC CAGG DNMT1_ED5B_30 GATTCCTGGTGCC GGACTAGTTCTGCCCTCCCG 13 30 AGAAACA TCACCACTGTTTCTGGCACC AGG DNMT1_ED5B_29 GATTCCTGGTGCC GACTAGTTCTGCCCTCCCGT 13 29 AGAAACA CACCACTGTTTCTGGCACCA GG DNMT1_ED5B_28 GATTCCTGGTGCC ACTAGTTCTGCCCTCCCGTC 13 28 AGAAACA ACCACTGTTTCTGGCACCAG G DNMT1_ED5B_27 GATTCCTGGTGCC CTAGTTCTGCCCTCCCGTCA 13 27 AGAAACA CCACTGTTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_26 GATTCCTGGTGCC TAGTTCTGCCCTCCCGTCAC 13 26 AGAAACA CACTGTTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_25 GATTCCTGGTGCC AGTTCTGCCCTCCCGTCACC 13 25 AGAAACA ACTGTTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_24 GATTCCTGGTGCC GTTCTGCCCTCCCGTCACCA 13 24 AGAAACA CTGTTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_23 GATTCCTGGTGCC TTCTGCCCTCCCGTCACCAC 13 23 AGAAACA TGTTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_22 GATTCCTGGTGCC TCTGCCCTCCCGTCACCACT 13 22 AGAAACA GTTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_21 GATTCCTGGTGCC CTGCCCTCCCGTCACCACTG 13 21 AGAAACA TTTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_20 GATTCCTGGTGCC TGCCCTCCCGTCACCACTGT 13 20 AGAAACA TTCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_19 GATTCCTGGTGCC GCCCTCCCGTCACCACTGTT 13 19 AGAAACA TCTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_18 GATTCCTGGTGCC CCCTCCCGTCACCACTGTTT 13 18 AGAAACA CTGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_17 GATTCCTGGTGCC CCTCCCGTCACCACTGTTTC 13 17 AGAAACA TGGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_16 GATTCCTGGTGCC CTCCCGTCACCACTGTTTCT 13 16 AGAAACA GGCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_15 GATTCCTGGTGCC TCCCGTCACCACTGTTTCTG 13 15 AGAAACA GCACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_14 GATTCCTGGTGCC CCCGTCACCACTGTTTCTGG 13 14 AGAAACA CACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_13 GATTCCTGGTGCC CCGTCACCACTGTTTCTGGC 13 13 AGAAACA ACCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_12 GATTCCTGGTGCC CGTCACCACTGTTTCTGGCA 13 12 AGAAACA CCAGG DNMT1_ED5B_11 GATTCCTGGTGCC GTCACCACTGTTTCTGGCAC 13 11 AGAAACA CAGG DNMT1_ED5B_10 GATTCCTGGTGCC TCACCACTGTTTCTGGCACC 13 10 AGAAACA AGG DNMT1_ED5B_9 GATTCCTGGTGCC CACCACTGTTTCTGGCACCA 13 9 AGAAACA GG DNMT1_ED5B_8 GATTCCTGGTGCC ACCACTGTTTCTGGCACCAG 13 8 AGAAACA G RUNX1_ED5C_31 GCATTTTCAGGAG AATGACTCAAATATGCTGTC 15 31 GAAGCGA TGAAGCAATCGCTTCCTCCT GAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_30 GCATTTTCAGGAG ATGACTCAAATATGCTGTCT 15 30 GAAGCGA GAAGCAATCGCTTCCTCCTG AAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_29 GCATTTTCAGGAG TGACTCAAATATGCTGTCTG 15 29 GAAGCGA AAGCAATCGCTTCCTCCTGA AAAT RUNX1_ED5C_28 GCATTTTCAGGAG GACTCAAATATGCTGTCTGA 15 28 GAAGCGA AGCAATCGCTTCCTCCTGAA AAT RUNX1_ED5C_27 GCATTTTCAGGAG ACTCAAATATGCTGTCTGAA 15 27 GAAGCGA GCAATCGCTTCCTCCTGAAA AT RUNX1_ED5C_26 GCATTTTCAGGAG CTCAAATATGCTGTCTGAAG 15 26 GAAGCGA CAATCGCTTCCTCCTGAAAA T RUNX1_ED5C_25 GCATTTTCAGGAG TCAAATATGCTGTCTGAAGC 15 25 GAAGCGA AATCGCTTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_24 GCATTTTCAGGAG CAAATATGCTGTCTGAAGCA 15 24 GAAGCGA ATCGCTTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_23 GCATTTTCAGGAG AAATATGCTGTCTGAAGCAA 15 23 GAAGCGA TCGCTTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_22 GCATTTTCAGGAG AATATGCTGTCTGAAGCAAT 15 22 GAAGCGA CGCTTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_21 GCATTTTCAGGAG ATATGCTGTCTGAAGCAATC 15 21 GAAGCGA GCTTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_20 GCATTTTCAGGAG TATGCTGTCTGAAGCAATCG 15 20 GAAGCGA CTTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_19 GCATTTTCAGGAG ATGCTGTCTGAAGCAATCGC 15 19 GAAGCGA TTCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_18 GCATTTTCAGGAG TGCTGTCTGAAGCAATCGCT 15 18 GAAGCGA TCCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_17 GCATTTTCAGGAG GCTGTCTGAAGCAATCGCTT 15 17 GAAGCGA CCTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_16 GCATTTTCAGGAG CTGTCTGAAGCAATCGCTTC 15 16 GAAGCGA CTCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_15 GCATTTTCAGGAG TGTCTGAAGCAATCGCTTCC 15 15 GAAGCGA TCCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_14 GCATTTTCAGGAG GTCTGAAGCAATCGCTTCCT 15 14 GAAGCGA CCTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_13 GCATTTTCAGGAG TCTGAAGCAATCGCTTCCTC 15 13 GAAGCGA CTGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_12 GCATTTTCAGGAG CTGAAGCAATCGCTTCCTCC 15 12 GAAGCGA TGAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_11 GCATTTTCAGGAG TGAAGCAATCGCTTCCTCCT 15 11 GAAGCGA GAAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_10 GCATTTTCAGGAG GAAGCAATCGCTTCCTCCTG 15 10 GAAGCGA AAAAT RUNX1_ED5C_9 GCATTTTCAGGAG AAGCAATCGCTTCCTCCTGA 15 9 GAAGCGA AAAT

TABLE 3N FIGs. 48A-48C PEgRNA RT PBS TEMPLATE 3′ EXTENSION LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA SPACER SEQUENCE SEQUENCE (NT) (NT) HEK3_ED6_5GTOA GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCTATCACGTGCT 13 10 ACGTGA (SEQ ID CAGTCTG (SEQ ID NO: NO: 393) 394)

TABLE 3O FIGs. 48A-48C nicking sgRNA NICKING SGRNA SPACER SEQUENCE HEK3_ED6_+63 GCACATACTAGCCCCTGTCT (SEQ ID NO: 395)

TABLE 3P FIGs. 50A-50B PEgRNA RT PBS TEMPLATE SPACER (SEQ ID 3′ EXTENSION (5′ TO 3′) LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA NO: 3699-3754) (SEQ ID NO: 3755-3810) (NT) (NT) HBB GTAACGGCAGAC AGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAGGT 12 14 3.5 TTCTCCAC GCAC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT AGACTTCTCTTCAGGAGTCAGGT 13 14 3.7 GACTCCTG GCAC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT TAACGGCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGA 13 19 5.2 GACTCCTG GTCAGGTGCAC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT ACGGCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGT 13 17 5.3 GACTCCTG CAGGTGCAC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT GGCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCA 13 16 5.4 GACTCCTG GGTGCAC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT GCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAG 13 13 5.5 GACTCCTG GTGCAC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT GACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAGGTG 13 12 5.6 GACTCCTG CAC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT ACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAGGTGC 13 21 5.7 GACTCCTG AC HBB GCATGGTGCACCT TAACGGCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGA 12 19 5.8 GACTCCTG GTCAGGTGCA HBB GCATGGTGCACCT ACGGCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGT 12 17 5.9 GACTCCTG CAGGTGCA HBB GCATGGTGCACCT GGCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCA 12 16 5.10 GACTCCTG GGTGCA HBB GCATGGTGCACCT GCAGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAG 12 13 5.11 GACTCCTG GTGCA HBB GCATGGTGCACCT GACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAGGTG 12 12 5.12 GACTCCTG CA HBB GCATGGTGCACCT ACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAGGTGC 12 14 5.13 GACTCCTG A HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA ATATCTTATGGCCCTGACTGGAA 13 14 1 GGGCCAT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TATATCTTATGGCCCTGACTGGAA 13 15 2 GGGCCAT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA GTATATCTTATGGCCCTGACTGGA 13 16 3 GGGCCAT A HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTGACT 13 19 4 GGGCCAT GGAA HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA AACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTGAC 13 20 5 GGGCCAT TGGAA HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA GAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTGA 13 21 6 GGGCCAT CTGGAA HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 13 22 7 GGGCCAT ACTGGAA HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA ATATCTTATGGCCCTGACT 9 14 8 GGGCCAT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TATATCTTATGGCCCTGACT 9 15 9 GGGCCAT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA GTATATCTTATGGCCCTGACT 9 16 10 GGGCCAT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTGACT 9 19 11 GGGCCAT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA AACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTGAC 9 20 12 GGGCCAT T HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA GAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTGA 9 21 13 GGGCCAT CT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 9 22 14 GGGCCAT ACT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 8 22 15 GGGCCAT AC HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 10 22 16 GGGCCAT ACTG HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 11 22 17 GGGCCAT ACTGG HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 12 22 18 GGGCCAT ACTGGA HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 13 22 19 GGGCCAT ACTGGAA HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 14 22 20 GGGCCAT ACTGGAAG HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCCCTG 15 22 21 GGGCCAT ACTGGAAGG HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCTGAACCGTATATCTTATGGCC 9 25 22 GGGCCAT CTGACT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TACCTGAACCGTATATCTTATGGC 9 26 23 GGGCCAT CCTGACT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA GTACCTGAACCGTATATCTTATGG 9 27 24 GGGCCAT CCCTGACT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA GGTACCTGAACCGTATATCTTATG 9 28 25 GGGCCAT GCCCTGACT HEXAS ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGGTACCTGAACCGTATATCTTAT 9 29 26 GGGCCAT GGCCCTGACT HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCC 13 21 5 GGGCCAT CTGACTGGAA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCGTATATCCTATGGCCCTGACT 13 15 6 GGGCCAT GGAA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCC 15 21 7 GGGCCAT CTGACTGGAAGG HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCC 14 21 8 GGGCCAT CTGACTGGAAG HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCC 12 21 9 GGGCCAT CTGACTGGA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCC 11 21 10 GGGCCAT CTGACTGG HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA ACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCC 10 21 11 GGGCCAT CTGACTG HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA AACCGTATATCCTATGGCCCTGAC 13 16 12 GGGCCAT TGGAA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCCCTG 13 18 13 GGGCCAT ACTGGAA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA TACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGC 13 22 14 GGGCCAT CCTGACTGGAA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGGTACCTGAACCGTATATCCTAT 13 25 15 GGGCCAT GGCCCTGACTGGAA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA GTACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGG 13 23 16 GGGCCAT CCCTGACTGGAA HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA AACCGTATATCCTATGGCCCTGAC 10 16 17 GGGCCAT TG HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGAACCGTATATCCTATGGCCCTG 10 18 18 GGGCCAT ACTG HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA TACCTGAACCGTATATCCTATGGC 10 22 19 GGGCCAT CCTGACTG HEXA ATCCTTCCAGTCA TGGTACCTGAACCGTATATCCTAT 10 25 20 GGGCCAT GGCCCTGACTG

TABLE 3Q FIGs. 50A-50B nicking sgRNA NICKING SGRNA SPACER SEQUENCE HBB_ED7A_+72 GCCTTGATACCAACCTGCCCA (SEQ ID NO: 626) HEXA_ED7B_+60 GCTGGAACTGGTCACCAAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 627) HEXA_ED7B_CORRECT_WT_PE3B GTACCTGAACCGTATATCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 628) HEXA_ED7B_CORRECT_SILENT_PE3B GTACCTGAACCGTATATCTTA (SEQ ID NO: 629)

TABLE 3R FIGs. 51A-51G PEgRNA RT PBS TEMPLATE SPACER SEQUENCE 3' EXTENSION (SEQ LENGTH LENGTH PEGRNA (SEQ ID NO: 632-640) ID NO: 641-649) (NT) (NT) HEK3_ED8_1TTOG GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCCCGTGCTCA 13 10 ACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_ED8_3ATOC GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCAGCACGTGCTCA 13 10 ACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_ED8_3ATOT GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCAACACGTGCTCA 13 10 ACGTGA GTCTG HEK3_ED8_3 GGCCCAGACTGAGC TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTTC 13 34 ATOT_5- ACGTGA CTTTCCTCTGAAAACACG 6GGTOTT TGCTCAGTCTG HEK3_ED8_1CTTINS GGCCCAGACTGAGC TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGC 13 10 ACGTGA TCAGTCTG RNF2_ED8_1CTOA GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCATGTAA 15 14 ACCTG TGACTAAGATG RNF2_ED8_1CTOG GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCACGTAA 15 14 ACCTG TGACTAAGATG RNF2_ED8_1GTAINS GTCATCTTAGTCATT AACGAACACCTCAGTACG 15 17 ACCTG TAATGACTAAGATG HBB_ED8_4ATOT GCATGGTGCACCTG AGACTTCTCCACAGGAGT 13 14 ACTCCTG CAGGTGCAC

TABLE 4 Sequences of primers used for mammalian cell genomic DNA amplification and HTS¹⁸¹. DESCRIPTION SEQUENCE (SEQ ID NOS: 3811-3863) HEK3 FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNATGTG GGCTGCCTAGAAAGG HEK3 REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCCCAGCCAAACTT GTCAACC RNF2 FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNACGTC TCATATGCCCCTTGG RNF2 REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTACGTAGGAATTTT GGTGGGACA HEK4 FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGAACC CAGGTAGCCAGAGAC HEK4 REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTTCCTTTCAACCCG AACGGAG EMX1 FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCAGCT CAGCCTGAGTGTTGA EMX1 REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCTCGTGGGTTTGT GGTTGC FANCF FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCATTG CAGAGAGGCGTATCA FANCF REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGGGGTCCCAGGT GCTGAC HBB FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNAGGGT TGGCCAATCTACTCCC HBB REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGTCTTCTCTGTCT CCACATGCC PRNP FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGTCAG TGGAACAAGCCGAGT PRNP REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTACTTGGTTGGGGT AACGGTG HEXA FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCATAC AGGTGTGGCGAGAGG HEXA REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCCAGCCTCCTTTG GTTAGCA RUNX1 FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNTCACA AACAAGACAGGGAACTG RUNX1 REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTAGATGTAGGGCTA GAGGGGTG VEGFA FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNACTTG GTGCCAAATTCTTCTCC VEGFA REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTAAAGAGGGAATG GGCTTTGGA DNMT FWD ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCACAA CAGCTTCATGTCAGCC DNMT REV TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTACGTTAATGTTTC CTGATGGTCC HEK3 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNTCCCC SITE 1 FWD TGTTGACCTGGAGAA HEK3 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCACTGTACTTGCC SITE 1 REV CTGACCA HEK3 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNTTGGT SITE 2 FWD GTTGACAGGGAGCAA HEK3 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCTGAGATGTGGGC SITE 2 REV AGAAGGG HEK3 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNTGAGA SITE 3 FWD GGGAACAGAAGGGCT HEK3 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGTCCAAAGGCCC SITE 3 REV AAGAACCT HEK3 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNTCCTA SITE 4 FWD GCACTTTGGAAGGTCG HEK3 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGCTCATCTTAATCT SITE 4 REV GCTCAGCC HEK4 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGGCAT SITE 1 FWD GGCTTCTGAGACTCA HEK4 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGTCTCCCTTGCAC SITE 1 REV TCCCTGTCTTT HEK4 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNTTTGG SITE 2 FWD CAATGGAGGCATTGG HEK4 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGAAGAGGCTGCC SITE 2 REV CATGAGAG HEK4 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGGTCT SITE 3 FWD GAGGCTCGAATCCTG HEK4 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCTGTGGCCTCCAT SITE 3 REV ATCCCTG HEK4 OFF-TARGET ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNTTTCC SITE 4 FWD ACCAGAACTCAGCCC HEK4 OFF-TARGET TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCCTCGGTTCCTCC SITE 4 REV ACAACAC EMX1 OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGTGGG TARGET SITE 1 GAGATTTGCATCTGTGGAGG FWD EMX1 OFF- TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGCTTTTATACCATC TARGET SITE 1 TTGGGGTTACAG REV EMX1 OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCAATG TARGET SITE 2 TGCTTCAACCCATCACGGC FWD EMX1 OFF- TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCCATGAATTTGTG TARGET SITE 2 ATGGATGCAGTCTG REV EMX1 OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGAGAA TARGET SITE 3 GGAGGTGCAGGAGCTAGAC FWD EMX1 OFF- TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCATCCCGACCTTC TARGET SITE 3 ATCCCTCCTGG REV EMX1 OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGTAGT TARGET SITE 4 TCTGACATTCCTCCTGAGGG FWD EMX1 OFF- TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTTCAAACAAGGTG TARGET SITE 4 CAGATACAGCA REV FANCF OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNGCGGG TARGET SITE 1 CAGTGGCGTCTTAGTCG FWD FANCF OFF- TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCCCTGGGTTTGGT TARGET SITE 1 TGGCTGCTC REV FANCF OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCTCCT TARGET SITE 2 TGCCGCCCAGCCGGTC FWD FANCF OFF- TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTCACTGGGGAAGA TARGET SITE 2 GGCGAGGACAC REV FANCF OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCCAGT TARGET SITE 3 GTTTCCCATCCCCAACAC FWD FANCF OFF- TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTGAATGGATCCCCC TARGET SITE 3 CCTAGAGCTC REV FANCF OFF- ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNCAGGC TARGET SITE 4 CCACAGGTCCTTCTGGA FWD

TABLE 5 Sequences of 100-mer single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide donor templates used in HDR experiments and in the creation of the HBB E6V HEK293T cell line. Oligonucleotides are 100-103 nt in length with homology arms centered around the site of the edit. Oligonucleotides were from Integrated DNA Technologies, purified by PAGE. HEK3 + 3 A TO T GCTTCTCCAGCCCTGGCCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGCCCAG ACTGAGCACGTGTTGGCAGAGGAAAGGAAGCCCTGCTTC CTCCAGAGGGCGTCGCAGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 717) HEK3 + 3 A TO T, +5, 6 GCTTCTCCAGCCCTGGCCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGCCCAG GG TO TT ACTGAGCACGTGTTTTCAGAGGAAAGGAAGCCCTGCTTC CTCCAGAGGGCGTCGCAGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 718) HEK3 + 1 T TO G GCTTCTCCAGCCCTGGCCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGCCCAG ACTGAGCACGGGATGGCAGAGGAAAGGAAGCCCTGCTTC CTCCAGAGGGCGTCGCAGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 719) HEK3 + 3 A TO C GCTTCTCCAGCCCTGGCCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGCCCAG ACTGAGCACGTGCTGGCAGAGGAAAGGAAGCCCTGCTTC CTCCAGAGGGCGTCGCAGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 720) HEK3 + 1 CTT GCTTCTCCAGCCCTGGCCTGGGTCAATCCTTGGGGCCCAG INSERTION ACTGAGCACGCTTTGATGGCAGAGGAAAGGAAGCCCTGC TTCCTCCAGAGGGCGTCGCAGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 721) RNF2 + 1 C TO A CCCAGTTTACACGTCTCATATGCCCCTTGGCAGTCATCTTA GTCATTACATGAGGTGTTCGTTGTAACTCATATAAACTGAG TTCCCATGTTTTGCTTAA (SEQ ID NO: 722) RNF2 + 1 C TO G CCCAGTTTACACGTCTCATATGCCCCTTGGCAGTCATCTTA GTCATTACGTGAGGTGTTCGTTGTAACTCATATAAACTGAG TTCCCATGTTTTGCTTAA (SEQ ID NO: 723) RNF2 + 1 GTA CAGTTTACACGTCTCATATGCCCCTTGGCAGTCATCTTAGT INSERTION CATTACGTACTGAGGTGTTCGTTGTAACTCATATAAACTGA GTTCCCATGTTTTGCTTA (SEQ ID NO: 724) HBB E6V ACTTCATCCACGTTCACCTTGCCCCACAGGGCAGTAACGG INSTALLATION (ALSO CAGACTTCTCCACAGGAGTCAGATGCACCATGGTGTCTGT USED FOR CREATION TTGAGGTTGCTAGTGAACAC (SEQ ID NO: 725) OF THE HBB E6V HEK293T CELL LINE) HBB E6V ACTTCATCCACGTTCACCTTGCCCCACAGGGCAGTAACGG CORRECTION CAGACTTCTCCTCAGGAGTCAGGTGCACCATGGTGTCTGT PROTOSPACER A TTGAGGTTGCTAGTGAACAC (SEQ ID NO: 726) HBB E6V GTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCACCT CORRECTION GACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGC PROTOSPACER B AAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGT (SEQ ID NO: 727) HBB E6V GTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCACCT CORRECTION GACTCCTGATGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGC PROTOSPACER B, AAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGT (SEQ ID NO: 728) SILENT PAM MUTATION PRNP G127V CACATGGCTGGTGCTGCAGCAGCTGGGGCAGTGGTGGGG GGCCTTGGCGTCTACATGCTGGGAAGTGCCATGAGCAGGC CCATCATACATTTCGGCAGTG (SEQ ID NO: 729)

Additional Sequences

Sequences of yeast dual fluorescent reporter plasmids used herein

p425-GFP_stop_mCherry: (SEQ ID NO: 730) ATGTCTAAAGGTGAAGAATTATTCACTGGTGTTGTCCCAATTTTGGTTGAATTAGAT GGTGATGTTAATGGTCACAAATTTTCTGTCTCCGGTGAAGGTGAAGGTGATGCTAC TTACGGTAAATTGACCTTAAAATTTATTTGTACTACTGGTAAATTGCCAGTTCCATG GCCAACCTTAGTCACTACTTTCGGTTATGGTGTTCAATGTTTTGCTAGATACCCAGA TCATATGAAACAACATGACTTTTTCAAGTCTGCCATGCCAGAAGGTTATGTTCAAG AAAGAACTATTTTTTTCAAAGATGACGGTAACTACAAGACCAGAGCTGAAGTCAA GTTTGAAGGTGATACCTTAGTTAATAGAATCGAATTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGA AGATGGTAACATTTTAGGTCACAAATTGGAATACAACTATAACTCTCACAATGTTTA CATCATGGCTGACAAACAAAAGAATGGTATCAAAGTTAACTTCAAAATTAGACAC AACATTGAAGATGGTTCTGTTCAATTAGCTGACCATTATCAACAAAATACTCCAATT GGTGATGGTCCAGTCTTGTTACCAGACAACCATTACTTATCCACTCAATCTGCCTTA TCCAAAGATCCAAACGAAAAGAGAGACCACATGGTCTTGTTAGAATTTGTTACTG CTGCTGGTATTACCCATGGTATGGATGAATTGTACAAAGCTAGCAACCTGGGTCAA TCCTTGG GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA TGGCAGAGCACAGGAGACGTCATGGT TTCAAAAGGTGAAGAAGATAATATGGCTATTATTAAAGAATTTATGAGATTTAAAGTTCATA TGGAAGGTTCAGTTAATGGTCATGAATTTGAAATTGAAGGTGAAGGTGAAGGTAGACCA TATGAAGGTACTCAAACTGCTAAATTGAAAGTTACTAAAGGTGGTCCATTACCATTTGCTT GGGATATTTTGTCACCACAATTTATGTATGGTTCAAAAGCTTATGTTAAACATCCAGCTGA TATTCCAGATTATTTAAAATTGTCATTTCCAGAAGGTTTTAAATGGGAAAGAGTTATGAATT TTGAAGATGGTGGTGTTGTTACTGTTACTCAAGATTCATCATTACAAGATGGTGAATTTAT TTATAAAGTTAAATTGAGAGGTACTAATTTTCCATCAGATGGTCCAGTTATGCAAAAAAAA ACTATGGGTTGGGAAGCTTCATCAGAAAGAATGTATCCAGAAGATGGTGCTTTAAAAGG TGAAATTAAACAAAGATTGAAATTAAAAGATGGTGGTCATTATGATGCTGAAGTTAAAACT ACTTATAAAGCTAAAAAACCAGTTCAATTACCAGGTGCTTATAATGTTAATATTAAATTGGA TATTACTTCACATAATGAAGATTATACTATTGTTGAACAATATGAAAGAGCTGAAGGTAGAC ATTCAACTGGTGGTATGGATGAATTATATAAAGGTACCGCTCGAGCAGCTGTGATTGATT GAGTCGACTTGGTTGAACACGTTGCCAAGGCTTAAGTGAATTTACTTTAAATCTTG CATTTAAATAAATTTTCTTTTTATAGCTTTATGACTTAGTTTCAATTTATATACTATTTT AATGACATTTTCGATTCGGATCCACTAGTTCTAGAGCGGCCGCCACCGCGGTGGAG CTCCAGCTTTTGTTCCCTTTAGTGAGGGTTAATTGCGCGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTC ATAGCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATAGGAG CCGGAAGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGGTAACTCACATT AATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTG CATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTT CCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGT ATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCA GGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGC CGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATC GACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGT TTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGA TACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTG TAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAAC CCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAAC CCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCA GAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGG CTACACTAGAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCG GAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTG GTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGA TCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAG GGATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAA AATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACC AATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAG TTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGC CCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGC AATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCC GCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGT TAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGT CGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGA TCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAG AAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTC TTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAG TCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACG GGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTT CTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAA CCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGG GTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACAC GGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGG TTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGG GGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGAACGAAGCATCTGTGCTTCA TTTTGTAGAACAAAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCTAATTTTTCAAACAAAGAATCTG AGCTGCATTTTTACAGAACAGAAATGCAACGCGAAAGCGCTATTTTACCAACGAA GAATCTGTGCTTCATTTTTGTAAAACAAAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCTAATTTTTC AAACAAAGAATCTGAGCTGCATTTTTACAGAACAGAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCT ATTTTACCAACAAAGAATCTATACTTCTTTTTTGTTCTACAAAAATGCATCCCGAGA GCGCTATTTTTCTAACAAAGCATCTTAGATTACTTTTTTTCTCCTTTGTGCGCTCTAT AATGCAGTCTCTTGATAACTTTTTGCACTGTAGGTCCGTTAAGGTTAGAAGAAGGC TACTTTGGTGTCTATTTTCTCTTCCATAAAAAAAGCCTGACTCCACTTCCCGCGTTT ACTGATTACTAGCGAAGCTGCGGGTGCATTTTTTCAAGATAAAGGCATCCCCGATT ATATTCTATACCGATGTGGATTGCGCATACTTTGTGAACAGAAAGTGATAGCGTTGA TGATTCTTCATTGGTCAGAAAATTATGAACGGTTTCTTCTATTTTGTCTCTATATACT ACGTATAGGAAATGTTTACATTTTCGTATTGTTTTCGATTCACTCTATGAATAGTTCT TACTACAATTTTTTTGTCTAAAGAGTAATACTAGAGATAAACATAAAAAATGTAGAG GTCGAGTTTAGATGCAAGTTCAAGGAGCGAAAGGTGGATGGGTAGGTTATATAGG GATATAGCACAGAGATATATAGCAAAGAGATACTTTTGAGCAATGTTTGTGGAAGC GGTATTCGCAATATTTTAGTAGCTCGTTACAGTCCGGTGCGTTTTTGGTTTTTTGAA AGTGCGTCTTCAGAGCGCTTTTGGTTTTCAAAAGCGCTCTGAAGTTCCTATACTTT CTAGAGAATAGGAACTTCGGAATAGGAACTTCAAAGCGTTTCCGAAAACGAGCGC TTCCGAAAATGCAACGCGAGCTGCGCACATACAGCTCACTGTTCACGTCGCACCT ATATCTGCGTGTTGCCTGTATATATATATACATGAGAAGAACGGCATAGTGCGTGTTT ATGCTTAAATGCGTACTTATATGCGTCTATTTATGTAGGATGAAAGGTAGTCTAGTAC CTCCTGTGATATTATCCCATTCCATGCGGGGTATCGTATGCTTCCTTCAGCACTACCC TTTAGCTGTTCTATATGCTGCCACTCCTCAATTGGATTAGTCTCATCCTTCAATGCTA TCATTTCCTTTGATATTGGATCATACTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAACCTA TAAAAATAGGCGTATCACGAGGCCCTTTCGTCTCGCGCGTTTCGGTGATGACGGTG AAAACCTCTGACACATGCAGCTCCCGGAGACGGTCACAGCTTGTCTGTAAGCGGA TGCCGGGAGCAGACAAGCCCGTCAGGGCGCGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTCG GGGCTGGCTTAACTATGCGGCATCAGAGCAGATTGTACTGAGAGTGCACCATATCG ACTACGTCGTAAGGCCGTTTCTGACAGAGTAAAATTCTTGAGGGAACTTTCACCAT TATGGGAAATGCTTCAAGAAGGTATTGACTTAAACTCCATCAAATGGTCAGGTCAT TGAGTGTTTTTTATTTGTTGTATTTTTTTTTTTTTAGAGAAAATCCTCCAATATCAAA TTAGGAATCGTAGTTTCATGATTTTCTGTTACACCTAACTTTTTGTGTGGTGCCCTC CTCCTTGTCAATATTAATGTTAAAGTGCAATTCTTTTTCCTTATCACGTTGAGCCATT AGTATCAATTTGCTTACCTGTATTCCTTTACTATCCTCCTTTTTCTCCTTCTTGATAA ATGTATGTAGATTGCGTATATAGTTTCGTCTACCCTATGAACATATTCCATTTTGTAAT TTCGTGTCGTTTCTATTATGAATTTCATTTATAAAGTTTATGTACAAATATCATAAAA AAAGAGAATCTTTTTAAGCAAGGATTTTCTTAACTTCTTCGGCGACAGCATCACCG ACTTCGGTGGTACTGTTGGAACCACCTAAATCACCAGTTCTGATACCTGCATCCAA AACCTTTTTAACTGCATCTTCAATGGCCTTACCTTCTTCAGGCAAGTTCAATGACA ATTTCAACATCATTGCAGCAGACAAGATAGTGGCGATAGGGTCAACCTTATTCTTT GGCAAATCTGGAGCAGAACCGTGGCATGGTTCGTACAAACCAAATGCGGTGTTCT TGTCTGGCAAAGAGGCCAAGGACGCAGATGGCAACAAACCCAAGGAACCTGGGA TAACGGAGGCTTCATCGGAGATGATATCACCAAACATGTTGCTGGTGATTATAATAC CATTTAGGTGGGTTGGGTTCTTAACTAGGATCATGGCGGCAGAATCAATCAATTGA TGTTGAACCTTCAATGTAGGGAATTCGTTCTTGATGGTTTCCTCCACAGTTTTTCTC CATAATCTTGAAGAGGCCAAAAGATTAGCTTTATCCAAGGACCAAATAGGCAATGG TGGCTCATGTTGTAGGGCCATGAAAGCGGCCATTCTTGTGATTCTTTGCACTTCTG GAACGGTGTATTGTTCACTATCCCAAGCGACACCATCACCATCGTCTTCCTTTCTCT TACCAAAGTAAATACCTCCCACTAATTCTCTGACAACAACGAAGTCAGTACCTTTA GCAAATTGTGGCTTGATTGGAGATAAGTCTAAAAGAGAGTCGGATGCAAAGTTAC ATGGTCTTAAGTTGGCGTACAATTGAAGTTCTTTACGGATTTTTAGTAAACCTTGTT CAGGTCTAACACTACCGGTACCCCATTTAGGACCAGCCACAGCACCTAACAAAAC GGCATCAACCTTCTTGGAGGCTTCCAGCGCCTCATCTGGAAGTGGGACACCTGTA GCATCGATAGCAGCACCACCAATTAAATGATTTTCGAAATCGAACTTGACATTGGA ACGAACATCAGAAATAGCTTTAAGAACCTTAATGGCTTCGGCTGTGATTTCTTGAC CAACGTGGTCACCTGGCAAAACGACGATCTTCTTAGGGGCAGACATAGGGGCAG ACATTAGAATGGTATATCCTTGAAATATATATATATATTGCTGAAATGTAAAAGGTAA GAAAAGTTAGAAAGTAAGACGATTGCTAACCACCTATTGGAAAAAACAATAGGTC CTTAAATAATATTGTCAACTTCAAGTATTGTGATGCAAGCATTTAGTCATGAACGCT TCTCTATTCTATATGAAAAGCCGGTTCCGGCCTCTCACCTTTCCTTTTTCTCCCAATT TTTCAGTTGAAAAAGGTATATGCGTCAGGCGACCTCTGAAATTAACAAAAAATTTC CAGTCATCGAATTTGATTCTGTGCGATAGCGCCCCTGTGTGTTCTCGTTATGTTGAG GAAAAAAATAATGGTTGCTAAGAGATTCGAACTCTTGCATCTTACGATACCTGAGT ATTCCCACAGTTAACTGCGGTCAAGATATTTCTTGAATCAGGCGCCTTAGACCGCT CGGCCAAACAACCAATTACTTGTTGAGAAATAGAGTATAATTATCCTATAAATATAA CGTTTTTGAACACACATGAACAAGGAAGTACAGGACAATTGATTTTGAAGAGAAT GTGGATTTTGATGTAATTGTTGGGATTCCATTTTTAATAAGGCAATAATATTAGGTAT GTGGATATACTAGAAGTTCTCCTCGACCGTCGATATGCGGTGTGAAATACCGCACA GATGCGTAAGGAGAAAATACCGCATCAGGAAATTGTAAACGTTAATATTTTGTTAA AATTCGCGTTAAATTTTTGTTAAATCAGCTCATTTTTTAACCAATAGGCCGAAATCG GCAAAATCCCTTATAAATCAAAAGAATAGACCGAGATAGGGTTGAGTGTTGTTCCA GTTTGGAACAAGAGTCCACTATTAAAGAACGTGGACTCCAACGTCAAAGGGCGA AAAACCGTCTATCAGGGCGATGGCCCACTACGTGAACCATCACCCTAATCAAGTTT TTTGGGGTCGAGGTGCCGTAAAGCACTAAATCGGAACCCTAAAGGGAGCCCCCGA TTTAGAGCTTGACGGGGAAAGCCGGCGAACGTGGCGAGAAAGGAAGGGAAGAA AGCGAAAGGAGCGGGCGCTAGGGCGCTGGCAAGTGTAGCGGTCACGCTGCGCGT AACCACCACACCCGCCGCGCTTAATGCGCCGCTACAGGGCGCGTCGCGCCATTCG CCATTCAGGCTGCGCAACTGTTGGGAAGGGCGATCGGTGCGGGCCTCTTCGCTAT TACGCCAGCTGGCGAAAGGGGGATGTGCTGCAAGGCGATTAAGTTGGGTAACGCC AGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAGCGCGCGTAATAC GACTCACTATAGGGCGAATTGGGTACCGGGCCCCCCCTCGAGGTCGACGGTATCG ATAAGCTTGATATCGAATTCCTGCAGCCCGGGGGATCCGTTAGAATCATTTTGAATA AAAAACACGCTTTTTCAGTTCGAGTTTATCATTATCAATACTGCCATTTCAAAGAAT ACGTAAATAATTAATAGTAGTGATTTTCCTAACTTTATTTAGTCAAAAAATTAGCCTT TTAATTCTGCTGTAACCCGTACATGCCCAAAATAGGGGGCGGGTTACACAGAATAT ATAACATCGTAGGTGTCTGGGTGAACAGTTTATTCCTGGCATCCACTAAATATAATG GAGCCCGCTTTTTAAGCTGGCATCCAGAAAAAAAAAGAATCCCAGCACCAAAATA TTGTTTTCTTCACCAACCATCAGTTCATAGGTCCATTCTCTTAGCGCAACTACAGAG AACAGGGGCACAAACAGGCAAAAAACGGGCACAACCTCAATGGAGTGATGCAA CCTGCCTGGAGTAAATGATGACACAAGGCAATTGACCCACGCATGTATCTATCTCA TTTTCTTACACCTTCTATTACCTTCTGCTCTCTCTGATTTGGAAAAAGCTGAAAAAA AAGGTTGAAACCAGTTCCCTGAAATTATTCCCCTACTTGACTAATAAGTATATAAAG ACGGTAGGTATTGATTGTAATTCTGTAAATCTATTTCTTAAACTTCTTAAATTCTACT TTTATAGTTAGTCTTTTTTTTAGTTTTAAAACACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGAATAAAC ACACATAAACAAACAAAGAATTC p425-GFP_+1fs_mCherry: (SEQ ID NO: 731) ATGTCTAAAGGTGAAGAATTATTCACTGGTGTTGTCCCAATTTTGGTTGAATTAGAT GGTGATGTTAATGGTCACAAATTTTCTGTCTCCGGTGAAGGTGAAGGTGATGCTAC TTACGGTAAATTGACCTTAAAATTTATTTGTACTACTGGTAAATTGCCAGTTCCATG GCCAACCTTAGTCACTACTTTCGGTTATGGTGTTCAATGTTTTGCTAGATACCCAGA TCATATGAAACAACATGACTTTTTCAAGTCTGCCATGCCAGAAGGTTATGTTCAAG AAAGAACTATTTTTTTCAAAGATGACGGTAACTACAAGACCAGAGCTGAAGTCAA GTTTGAAGGTGATACCTTAGTTAATAGAATCGAATTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGA AGATGGTAACATTTTAGGTCACAAATTGGAATACAACTATAACTCTCACAATGTTTA CATCATGGCTGACAAACAAAAGAATGGTATCAAAGTTAACTTCAAAATTAGACAC AACATTGAAGATGGTTCTGTTCAATTAGCTGACCATTATCAACAAAATACTCCAATT GGTGATGGTCCAGTCTTGTTACCAGACAACCATTACTTATCCACTCAATCTGCCTTA TCCAAAGATCCAAACGAAAAGAGAGACCACATGGTCTTGTTAGAATTTGTTACTG CTGCTGGTATTACCCATGGTATGGATGAATTGTACAAAGCTAGCAAACCTGGGTCA ATCCTTGG GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA TGGCAGAGCACAGGAGACGTCATGG TTTCAAAAGGTGAAGAAGATAATATGGCTATTATTAAAGAATTTATGAGATTTAAAGTTCAT ATGGAAGGTTCAGTTAATGGTCATGAATTTGAAATTGAAGGTGAAGGTGAAGGTAGACC ATATGAAGGTACTCAAACTGCTAAATTGAAAGTTACTAAAGGTGGTCCATTACCATTTGCT TGGGATATTTTGTCACCACAATTTATGTATGGTTCAAAAGCTTATGTTAAACATCCAGCTG ATATTCCAGATTATTTAAAATTGTCATTTCCAGAAGGTTTTAAATGGGAAAGAGTTATGAAT TTTGAAGATGGTGGTGTTGTTACTGTTACTCAAGATTCATCATTACAAGATGGTGAATTTA TTTATAAAGTTAAATTGAGAGGTACTAATTTTCCATCAGATGGTCCAGTTATGCAAAAAAA AACTATGGGTTGGGAAGCTTCATCAGAAAGAATGTATCCAGAAGATGGTGCTTTAAAAG GTGAAATTAAACAAAGATTGAAATTAAAAGATGGTGGTCATTATGATGCTGAAGTTAAAAC TACTTATAAAGCTAAAAAACCAGTTCAATTACCAGGTGCTTATAATGTTAATATTAAATTGG ATATTACTTCACATAATGAAGATTATACTATTGTTGAACAATATGAAAGAGCTGAAGGTAGA CATTCAACTGGTGGTATGGATGAATTATATAAAGGTACCGCTCGAGCAGCTGTGATTGAT TGAGTCGACTTGGTTGAACACGTTGCCAAGGCTTAAGTGAATTTACTTTAAATCTT GCATTTAAATAAATTTTCTTTTTATAGCTTTATGACTTAGTTTCAATTTATATACTATT TTAATGACATTTTCGATTCGGATCCACTAGTTCTAGAGCGGCCGCCACCGCGGTGG AGCTCCAGCTTTTGTTCCCTTTAGTGAGGGTTAATTGCGCGCTTGGCGTAATCATG GTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATAGG AGCCGGAAGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGGTAACTCACA TTAATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCT GCATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCT TCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGG TATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCA GGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGC CGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATC GACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGT TTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGA TACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTG TAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAAC CCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAAC CCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCA GAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGG CTACACTAGAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCG GAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTG GTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGA TCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAG GGATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAA AATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACC AATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAG TTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGC CCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGC AATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCC GCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGT TAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGT CGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGA TCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAG AAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTC TTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAG TCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACG GGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTT CTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAA CCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGG GTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACAC GGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGG TTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGG GGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGAACGAAGCATCTGTGCTTCA TTTTGTAGAACAAAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCTAATTTTTCAAACAAAGAATCTG AGCTGCATTTTTACAGAACAGAAATGCAACGCGAAAGCGCTATTTTACCAACGAA GAATCTGTGCTTCATTTTTGTAAAACAAAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCTAATTTTTC AAACAAAGAATCTGAGCTGCATTTTTACAGAACAGAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCT ATTTTACCAACAAAGAATCTATACTTCTTTTTTGTTCTACAAAAATGCATCCCGAGA GCGCTATTTTTCTAACAAAGCATCTTAGATTACTTTTTTTCTCCTTTGTGCGCTCTAT AATGCAGTCTCTTGATAACTTTTTGCACTGTAGGTCCGTTAAGGTTAGAAGAAGGC TACTTTGGTGTCTATTTTCTCTTCCATAAAAAAAGCCTGACTCCACTTCCCGCGTTT ACTGATTACTAGCGAAGCTGCGGGTGCATTTTTTCAAGATAAAGGCATCCCCGATT ATATTCTATACCGATGTGGATTGCGCATACTTTGTGAACAGAAAGTGATAGCGTTGA TGATTCTTCATTGGTCAGAAAATTATGAACGGTTTCTTCTATTTTGTCTCTATATACT ACGTATAGGAAATGTTTACATTTTCGTATTGTTTTCGATTCACTCTATGAATAGTTCT TACTACAATTTTTTTGTCTAAAGAGTAATACTAGAGATAAACATAAAAAATGTAGAG GTCGAGTTTAGATGCAAGTTCAAGGAGCGAAAGGTGGATGGGTAGGTTATATAGG GATATAGCACAGAGATATATAGCAAAGAGATACTTTTGAGCAATGTTTGTGGAAGC GGTATTCGCAATATTTTAGTAGCTCGTTACAGTCCGGTGCGTTTTTGGTTTTTTGAA AGTGCGTCTTCAGAGCGCTTTTGGTTTTCAAAAGCGCTCTGAAGTTCCTATACTTT CTAGAGAATAGGAACTTCGGAATAGGAACTTCAAAGCGTTTCCGAAAACGAGCGC TTCCGAAAATGCAACGCGAGCTGCGCACATACAGCTCACTGTTCACGTCGCACCT ATATCTGCGTGTTGCCTGTATATATATATACATGAGAAGAACGGCATAGTGCGTGTTT ATGCTTAAATGCGTACTTATATGCGTCTATTTATGTAGGATGAAAGGTAGTCTAGTAC CTCCTGTGATATTATCCCATTCCATGCGGGGTATCGTATGCTTCCTTCAGCACTACCC TTTAGCTGTTCTATATGCTGCCACTCCTCAATTGGATTAGTCTCATCCTTCAATGCTA TCATTTCCTTTGATATTGGATCATACTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAACCTA TAAAAATAGGCGTATCACGAGGCCCTTTCGTCTCGCGCGTTTCGGTGATGACGGTG AAAACCTCTGACACATGCAGCTCCCGGAGACGGTCACAGCTTGTCTGTAAGCGGA TGCCGGGAGCAGACAAGCCCGTCAGGGCGCGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTCG GGGCTGGCTTAACTATGCGGCATCAGAGCAGATTGTACTGAGAGTGCACCATATCG ACTACGTCGTAAGGCCGTTTCTGACAGAGTAAAATTCTTGAGGGAACTTTCACCAT TATGGGAAATGCTTCAAGAAGGTATTGACTTAAACTCCATCAAATGGTCAGGTCAT TGAGTGTTTTTTATTTGTTGTATTTTTTTTTTTTTAGAGAAAATCCTCCAATATCAAA TTAGGAATCGTAGTTTCATGATTTTCTGTTACACCTAACTTTTTGTGTGGTGCCCTC CTCCTTGTCAATATTAATGTTAAAGTGCAATTCTTTTTCCTTATCACGTTGAGCCATT AGTATCAATTTGCTTACCTGTATTCCTTTACTATCCTCCTTTTTCTCCTTCTTGATAA ATGTATGTAGATTGCGTATATAGTTTCGTCTACCCTATGAACATATTCCATTTTGTAAT TTCGTGTCGTTTCTATTATGAATTTCATTTATAAAGTTTATGTACAAATATCATAAAA AAAGAGAATCTTTTTAAGCAAGGATTTTCTTAACTTCTTCGGCGACAGCATCACCG ACTTCGGTGGTACTGTTGGAACCACCTAAATCACCAGTTCTGATACCTGCATCCAA AACCTTTTTAACTGCATCTTCAATGGCCTTACCTTCTTCAGGCAAGTTCAATGACA ATTTCAACATCATTGCAGCAGACAAGATAGTGGCGATAGGGTCAACCTTATTCTTT GGCAAATCTGGAGCAGAACCGTGGCATGGTTCGTACAAACCAAATGCGGTGTTCT TGTCTGGCAAAGAGGCCAAGGACGCAGATGGCAACAAACCCAAGGAACCTGGGA TAACGGAGGCTTCATCGGAGATGATATCACCAAACATGTTGCTGGTGATTATAATAC CATTTAGGTGGGTTGGGTTCTTAACTAGGATCATGGCGGCAGAATCAATCAATTGA TGTTGAACCTTCAATGTAGGGAATTCGTTCTTGATGGTTTCCTCCACAGTTTTTCTC CATAATCTTGAAGAGGCCAAAAGATTAGCTTTATCCAAGGACCAAATAGGCAATGG TGGCTCATGTTGTAGGGCCATGAAAGCGGCCATTCTTGTGATTCTTTGCACTTCTG GAACGGTGTATTGTTCACTATCCCAAGCGACACCATCACCATCGTCTTCCTTTCTCT TACCAAAGTAAATACCTCCCACTAATTCTCTGACAACAACGAAGTCAGTACCTTTA GCAAATTGTGGCTTGATTGGAGATAAGTCTAAAAGAGAGTCGGATGCAAAGTTAC ATGGTCTTAAGTTGGCGTACAATTGAAGTTCTTTACGGATTTTTAGTAAACCTTGTT CAGGTCTAACACTACCGGTACCCCATTTAGGACCAGCCACAGCACCTAACAAAAC GGCATCAACCTTCTTGGAGGCTTCCAGCGCCTCATCTGGAAGTGGGACACCTGTA GCATCGATAGCAGCACCACCAATTAAATGATTTTCGAAATCGAACTTGACATTGGA ACGAACATCAGAAATAGCTTTAAGAACCTTAATGGCTTCGGCTGTGATTTCTTGAC CAACGTGGTCACCTGGCAAAACGACGATCTTCTTAGGGGCAGACATAGGGGCAG ACATTAGAATGGTATATCCTTGAAATATATATATATATTGCTGAAATGTAAAAGGTAA GAAAAGTTAGAAAGTAAGACGATTGCTAACCACCTATTGGAAAAAACAATAGGTC CTTAAATAATATTGTCAACTTCAAGTATTGTGATGCAAGCATTTAGTCATGAACGCT TCTCTATTCTATATGAAAAGCCGGTTCCGGCCTCTCACCTTTCCTTTTTCTCCCAATT TTTCAGTTGAAAAAGGTATATGCGTCAGGCGACCTCTGAAATTAACAAAAAATTTC CAGTCATCGAATTTGATTCTGTGCGATAGCGCCCCTGTGTGTTCTCGTTATGTTGAG GAAAAAAATAATGGTTGCTAAGAGATTCGAACTCTTGCATCTTACGATACCTGAGT ATTCCCACAGTTAACTGCGGTCAAGATATTTCTTGAATCAGGCGCCTTAGACCGCT CGGCCAAACAACCAATTACTTGTTGAGAAATAGAGTATAATTATCCTATAAATATAA CGTTTTTGAACACACATGAACAAGGAAGTACAGGACAATTGATTTTGAAGAGAAT GTGGATTTTGATGTAATTGTTGGGATTCCATTTTTAATAAGGCAATAATATTAGGTAT GTGGATATACTAGAAGTTCTCCTCGACCGTCGATATGCGGTGTGAAATACCGCACA GATGCGTAAGGAGAAAATACCGCATCAGGAAATTGTAAACGTTAATATTTTGTTAA AATTCGCGTTAAATTTTTGTTAAATCAGCTCATTTTTTAACCAATAGGCCGAAATCG GCAAAATCCCTTATAAATCAAAAGAATAGACCGAGATAGGGTTGAGTGTTGTTCCA GTTTGGAACAAGAGTCCACTATTAAAGAACGTGGACTCCAACGTCAAAGGGCGA AAAACCGTCTATCAGGGCGATGGCCCACTACGTGAACCATCACCCTAATCAAGTTT TTTGGGGTCGAGGTGCCGTAAAGCACTAAATCGGAACCCTAAAGGGAGCCCCCGA TTTAGAGCTTGACGGGGAAAGCCGGCGAACGTGGCGAGAAAGGAAGGGAAGAA AGCGAAAGGAGCGGGCGCTAGGGCGCTGGCAAGTGTAGCGGTCACGCTGCGCGT AACCACCACACCCGCCGCGCTTAATGCGCCGCTACAGGGCGCGTCGCGCCATTCG CCATTCAGGCTGCGCAACTGTTGGGAAGGGCGATCGGTGCGGGCCTCTTCGCTAT TACGCCAGCTGGCGAAAGGGGGATGTGCTGCAAGGCGATTAAGTTGGGTAACGCC AGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAGCGCGCGTAATAC GACTCACTATAGGGCGAATTGGGTACCGGGCCCCCCCTCGAGGTCGACGGTATCG ATAAGCTTGATATCGAATTCCTGCAGCCCGGGGGATCCGTTAGAATCATTTTGAATA AAAAACACGCTTTTTCAGTTCGAGTTTATCATTATCAATACTGCCATTTCAAAGAAT ACGTAAATAATTAATAGTAGTGATTTTCCTAACTTTATTTAGTCAAAAAATTAGCCTT TTAATTCTGCTGTAACCCGTACATGCCCAAAATAGGGGGCGGGTTACACAGAATAT ATAACATCGTAGGTGTCTGGGTGAACAGTTTATTCCTGGCATCCACTAAATATAATG GAGCCCGCTTTTTAAGCTGGCATCCAGAAAAAAAAAGAATCCCAGCACCAAAATA TTGTTTTCTTCACCAACCATCAGTTCATAGGTCCATTCTCTTAGCGCAACTACAGAG AACAGGGGCACAAACAGGCAAAAAACGGGCACAACCTCAATGGAGTGATGCAA CCTGCCTGGAGTAAATGATGACACAAGGCAATTGACCCACGCATGTATCTATCTCA TTTTCTTACACCTTCTATTACCTTCTGCTCTCTCTGATTTGGAAAAAGCTGAAAAAA AAGGTTGAAACCAGTTCCCTGAAATTATTCCCCTACTTGACTAATAAGTATATAAAG ACGGTAGGTATTGATTGTAATTCTGTAAATCTATTTCTTAAACTTCTTAAATTCTACT TTTATAGTTAGTCTTTTTTTTAGTTTTAAAACACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGAATAAAC ACACATAAACAAACAAAGAATTC p425-GFP_−1fs_mCherry: (SEQ ID NO: 732) ATGTCTAAAGGTGAAGAATTATTCACTGGTGTTGTCCCAATTTTGGTTGAATTAGAT GGTGATGTTAATGGTCACAAATTTTCTGTCTCCGGTGAAGGTGAAGGTGATGCTAC TTACGGTAAATTGACCTTAAAATTTATTTGTACTACTGGTAAATTGCCAGTTCCATG GCCAACCTTAGTCACTACTTTCGGTTATGGTGTTCAATGTTTTGCTAGATACCCAGA TCATATGAAACAACATGACTTTTTCAAGTCTGCCATGCCAGAAGGTTATGTTCAAG AAAGAACTATTTTTTTCAAAGATGACGGTAACTACAAGACCAGAGCTGAAGTCAA GTTTGAAGGTGATACCTTAGTTAATAGAATCGAATTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGA AGATGGTAACATTTTAGGTCACAAATTGGAATACAACTATAACTCTCACAATGTTTA CATCATGGCTGACAAACAAAAGAATGGTATCAAAGTTAACTTCAAAATTAGACAC AACATTGAAGATGGTTCTGTTCAATTAGCTGACCATTATCAACAAAATACTCCAATT GGTGATGGTCCAGTCTTGTTACCAGACAACCATTACTTATCCACTCAATCTGCCTTA TCCAAAGATCCAAACGAAAAGAGAGACCACATGGTCTTGTTAGAATTTGTTACTG CTGCTGGTATTACCCATGGTATGGATGAATTGTACAAAGCTAGCAAACCTGGGTCA ATCCTTGG GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA TGGCAGAGCACAGGACGTCATGGTTT CAAAAGGTGAAGAAGATAATATGGCTATTATTAAAGAATTTATGAGATTTAAAGTTCATATG GAAGGTTCAGTTAATGGTCATGAATTTGAAATTGAAGGTGAAGGTGAAGGTAGACCATAT GAAGGTACTCAAACTGCTAAATTGAAAGTTACTAAAGGTGGTCCATTACCATTTGCTTGG GATATTTTGTCACCACAATTTATGTATGGTTCAAAAGCTTATGTTAAACATCCAGCTGATAT TCCAGATTATTTAAAATTGTCATTTCCAGAAGGTTTTAAATGGGAAAGAGTTATGAATTTT GAAGATGGTGGTGTTGTTACTGTTACTCAAGATTCATCATTACAAGATGGTGAATTTATTT ATAAAGTTAAATTGAGAGGTACTAATTTTCCATCAGATGGTCCAGTTATGCAAAAAAAAAC TATGGGTTGGGAAGCTTCATCAGAAAGAATGTATCCAGAAGATGGTGCTTTAAAAGGTG AAATTAAACAAAGATTGAAATTAAAAGATGGTGGTCATTATGATGCTGAAGTTAAAACTAC TTATAAAGCTAAAAAACCAGTTCAATTACCAGGTGCTTATAATGTTAATATTAAATTGGATAT TACTTCACATAATGAAGATTATACTATTGTTGAACAATATGAAAGAGCTGAAGGTAGACAT TCAACTGGTGGTATGGATGAATTATATAAAGGTACCGCTCGAGCAGCTGTGATTGATTGA GTCGACTTGGTTGAACACGTTGCCAAGGCTTAAGTGAATTTACTTTAAATCTTGCA TTTAAATAAATTTTCTTTTTATAGCTTTATGACTTAGTTTCAATTTATATACTATTTTA ATGACATTTTCGATTCGGATCCACTAGTTCTAGAGCGGCCGCCACCGCGGTGGAGC TCCAGCTTTTGTTCCCTTTAGTGAGGGTTAATTGCGCGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCA TAGCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATAGGAGC CGGAAGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGGTAACTCACATTA ATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGC ATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTC CGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGTAT CAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAGG AAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCG CGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGA CGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTC CCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATAC CTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAG GTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCC CCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCC GGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGA GCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCT ACACTAGAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGA AAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTT TTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCC TTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGG ATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAA TGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAA TGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTT GCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCC CAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCA ATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCG CCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTT AATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTC GTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGAT CCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGA AGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTT ACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTC ATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGG ATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCT TCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAAC CCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGG TGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACG GAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGT TATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGG GTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGAACGAAGCATCTGTGCTTCATT TTGTAGAACAAAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCTAATTTTTCAAACAAAGAATCTGAG CTGCATTTTTACAGAACAGAAATGCAACGCGAAAGCGCTATTTTACCAACGAAGA ATCTGTGCTTCATTTTTGTAAAACAAAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCTAATTTTTCAA ACAAAGAATCTGAGCTGCATTTTTACAGAACAGAAATGCAACGCGAGAGCGCTAT TTTACCAACAAAGAATCTATACTTCTTTTTTGTTCTACAAAAATGCATCCCGAGAGC GCTATTTTTCTAACAAAGCATCTTAGATTACTTTTTTTCTCCTTTGTGCGCTCTATAA TGCAGTCTCTTGATAACTTTTTGCACTGTAGGTCCGTTAAGGTTAGAAGAAGGCTA CTTTGGTGTCTATTTTCTCTTCCATAAAAAAAGCCTGACTCCACTTCCCGCGTTTAC TGATTACTAGCGAAGCTGCGGGTGCATTTTTTCAAGATAAAGGCATCCCCGATTATA TTCTATACCGATGTGGATTGCGCATACTTTGTGAACAGAAAGTGATAGCGTTGATG ATTCTTCATTGGTCAGAAAATTATGAACGGTTTCTTCTATTTTGTCTCTATATACTAC GTATAGGAAATGTTTACATTTTCGTATTGTTTTCGATTCACTCTATGAATAGTTCTTA CTACAATTTTTTTGTCTAAAGAGTAATACTAGAGATAAACATAAAAAATGTAGAGG TCGAGTTTAGATGCAAGTTCAAGGAGCGAAAGGTGGATGGGTAGGTTATATAGGG ATATAGCACAGAGATATATAGCAAAGAGATACTTTTGAGCAATGTTTGTGGAAGCG GTATTCGCAATATTTTAGTAGCTCGTTACAGTCCGGTGCGTTTTTGGTTTTTTGAAA GTGCGTCTTCAGAGCGCTTTTGGTTTTCAAAAGCGCTCTGAAGTTCCTATACTTTC TAGAGAATAGGAACTTCGGAATAGGAACTTCAAAGCGTTTCCGAAAACGAGCGCT TCCGAAAATGCAACGCGAGCTGCGCACATACAGCTCACTGTTCACGTCGCACCTA TATCTGCGTGTTGCCTGTATATATATATACATGAGAAGAACGGCATAGTGCGTGTTTA TGCTTAAATGCGTACTTATATGCGTCTATTTATGTAGGATGAAAGGTAGTCTAGTAC CTCCTGTGATATTATCCCATTCCATGCGGGGTATCGTATGCTTCCTTCAGCACTACCC TTTAGCTGTTCTATATGCTGCCACTCCTCAATTGGATTAGTCTCATCCTTCAATGCTA TCATTTCCTTTGATATTGGATCATACTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAACCTA TAAAAATAGGCGTATCACGAGGCCCTTTCGTCTCGCGCGTTTCGGTGATGACGGTG AAAACCTCTGACACATGCAGCTCCCGGAGACGGTCACAGCTTGTCTGTAAGCGGA TGCCGGGAGCAGACAAGCCCGTCAGGGCGCGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTCG GGGCTGGCTTAACTATGCGGCATCAGAGCAGATTGTACTGAGAGTGCACCATATCG ACTACGTCGTAAGGCCGTTTCTGACAGAGTAAAATTCTTGAGGGAACTTTCACCAT TATGGGAAATGCTTCAAGAAGGTATTGACTTAAACTCCATCAAATGGTCAGGTCAT TGAGTGTTTTTTATTTGTTGTATTTTTTTTTTTTTAGAGAAAATCCTCCAATATCAAA TTAGGAATCGTAGTTTCATGATTTTCTGTTACACCTAACTTTTTGTGTGGTGCCCTC CTCCTTGTCAATATTAATGTTAAAGTGCAATTCTTTTTCCTTATCACGTTGAGCCATT AGTATCAATTTGCTTACCTGTATTCCTTTACTATCCTCCTTTTTCTCCTTCTTGATAA ATGTATGTAGATTGCGTATATAGTTTCGTCTACCCTATGAACATATTCCATTTTGTAAT TTCGTGTCGTTTCTATTATGAATTTCATTTATAAAGTTTATGTACAAATATCATAAAA AAAGAGAATCTTTTTAAGCAAGGATTTTCTTAACTTCTTCGGCGACAGCATCACCG ACTTCGGTGGTACTGTTGGAACCACCTAAATCACCAGTTCTGATACCTGCATCCAA AACCTTTTTAACTGCATCTTCAATGGCCTTACCTTCTTCAGGCAAGTTCAATGACA ATTTCAACATCATTGCAGCAGACAAGATAGTGGCGATAGGGTCAACCTTATTCTTT GGCAAATCTGGAGCAGAACCGTGGCATGGTTCGTACAAACCAAATGCGGTGTTCT TGTCTGGCAAAGAGGCCAAGGACGCAGATGGCAACAAACCCAAGGAACCTGGGA TAACGGAGGCTTCATCGGAGATGATATCACCAAACATGTTGCTGGTGATTATAATAC CATTTAGGTGGGTTGGGTTCTTAACTAGGATCATGGCGGCAGAATCAATCAATTGA TGTTGAACCTTCAATGTAGGGAATTCGTTCTTGATGGTTTCCTCCACAGTTTTTCTC CATAATCTTGAAGAGGCCAAAAGATTAGCTTTATCCAAGGACCAAATAGGCAATGG TGGCTCATGTTGTAGGGCCATGAAAGCGGCCATTCTTGTGATTCTTTGCACTTCTG GAACGGTGTATTGTTCACTATCCCAAGCGACACCATCACCATCGTCTTCCTTTCTCT TACCAAAGTAAATACCTCCCACTAATTCTCTGACAACAACGAAGTCAGTACCTTTA GCAAATTGTGGCTTGATTGGAGATAAGTCTAAAAGAGAGTCGGATGCAAAGTTAC ATGGTCTTAAGTTGGCGTACAATTGAAGTTCTTTACGGATTTTTAGTAAACCTTGTT CAGGTCTAACACTACCGGTACCCCATTTAGGACCAGCCACAGCACCTAACAAAAC GGCATCAACCTTCTTGGAGGCTTCCAGCGCCTCATCTGGAAGTGGGACACCTGTA GCATCGATAGCAGCACCACCAATTAAATGATTTTCGAAATCGAACTTGACATTGGA ACGAACATCAGAAATAGCTTTAAGAACCTTAATGGCTTCGGCTGTGATTTCTTGAC CAACGTGGTCACCTGGCAAAACGACGATCTTCTTAGGGGCAGACATAGGGGCAG ACATTAGAATGGTATATCCTTGAAATATATATATATATTGCTGAAATGTAAAAGGTAA GAAAAGTTAGAAAGTAAGACGATTGCTAACCACCTATTGGAAAAAACAATAGGTC CTTAAATAATATTGTCAACTTCAAGTATTGTGATGCAAGCATTTAGTCATGAACGCT TCTCTATTCTATATGAAAAGCCGGTTCCGGCCTCTCACCTTTCCTTTTTCTCCCAATT TTTCAGTTGAAAAAGGTATATGCGTCAGGCGACCTCTGAAATTAACAAAAAATTTC CAGTCATCGAATTTGATTCTGTGCGATAGCGCCCCTGTGTGTTCTCGTTATGTTGAG GAAAAAAATAATGGTTGCTAAGAGATTCGAACTCTTGCATCTTACGATACCTGAGT ATTCCCACAGTTAACTGCGGTCAAGATATTTCTTGAATCAGGCGCCTTAGACCGCT CGGCCAAACAACCAATTACTTGTTGAGAAATAGAGTATAATTATCCTATAAATATAA CGTTTTTGAACACACATGAACAAGGAAGTACAGGACAATTGATTTTGAAGAGAAT GTGGATTTTGATGTAATTGTTGGGATTCCATTTTTAATAAGGCAATAATATTAGGTAT GTGGATATACTAGAAGTTCTCCTCGACCGTCGATATGCGGTGTGAAATACCGCACA GATGCGTAAGGAGAAAATACCGCATCAGGAAATTGTAAACGTTAATATTTTGTTAA AATTCGCGTTAAATTTTTGTTAAATCAGCTCATTTTTTAACCAATAGGCCGAAATCG GCAAAATCCCTTATAAATCAAAAGAATAGACCGAGATAGGGTTGAGTGTTGTTCCA GTTTGGAACAAGAGTCCACTATTAAAGAACGTGGACTCCAACGTCAAAGGGCGA AAAACCGTCTATCAGGGCGATGGCCCACTACGTGAACCATCACCCTAATCAAGTTT TTTGGGGTCGAGGTGCCGTAAAGCACTAAATCGGAACCCTAAAGGGAGCCCCCGA TTTAGAGCTTGACGGGGAAAGCCGGCGAACGTGGCGAGAAAGGAAGGGAAGAA AGCGAAAGGAGCGGGCGCTAGGGCGCTGGCAAGTGTAGCGGTCACGCTGCGCGT AACCACCACACCCGCCGCGCTTAATGCGCCGCTACAGGGCGCGTCGCGCCATTCG CCATTCAGGCTGCGCAACTGTTGGGAAGGGCGATCGGTGCGGGCCTCTTCGCTAT TACGCCAGCTGGCGAAAGGGGGATGTGCTGCAAGGCGATTAAGTTGGGTAACGCC AGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAGCGCGCGTAATAC GACTCACTATAGGGCGAATTGGGTACCGGGCCCCCCCTCGAGGTCGACGGTATCG ATAAGCTTGATATCGAATTCCTGCAGCCCGGGGGATCCGTTAGAATCATTTTGAATA AAAAACACGCTTTTTCAGTTCGAGTTTATCATTATCAATACTGCCATTTCAAAGAAT ACGTAAATAATTAATAGTAGTGATTTTCCTAACTTTATTTAGTCAAAAAATTAGCCTT TTAATTCTGCTGTAACCCGTACATGCCCAAAATAGGGGGCGGGTTACACAGAATAT ATAACATCGTAGGTGTCTGGGTGAACAGTTTATTCCTGGCATCCACTAAATATAATG GAGCCCGCTTTTTAAGCTGGCATCCAGAAAAAAAAAGAATCCCAGCACCAAAATA TTGTTTTCTTCACCAACCATCAGTTCATAGGTCCATTCTCTTAGCGCAACTACAGAG AACAGGGGCACAAACAGGCAAAAAACGGGCACAACCTCAATGGAGTGATGCAA CCTGCCTGGAGTAAATGATGACACAAGGCAATTGACCCACGCATGTATCTATCTCA TTTTCTTACACCTTCTATTACCTTCTGCTCTCTCTGATTTGGAAAAAGCTGAAAAAA AAGGTTGAAACCAGTTCCCTGAAATTATTCCCCTACTTGACTAATAAGTATATAAAG ACGGTAGGTATTGATTGTAATTCTGTAAATCTATTTCTTAAACTTCTTAAATTCTACT TTTATAGTTAGTCTTTTTTTTAGTTTTAAAACACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGAATAAAC ACACATAAACAAACAAAGAATTC KEY: GFP open reading frame Linker containing stop codon +1 frameshift, or −1 frameshift mCherry open reading frame Plasmid backbone (containing the GPD promoter, Leu2 marker, and AmpR) Protospacer (underlined) PAM (boldfaced) DNA sequences of mammalian prime editor plasmids and example PEgRNA plasmid pCMV-PE1: (SEQ ID NO: 733) ATGAAACGGACAGCCGACGGAAGCGAGTTCGAGTCACCAAAGAAGAAGCGGAA AGTCGACAAGAAGTACAGCATCGGCCTGGACATCGGCACCAACTCTGTGGGCTGG GCCGTGATCACCGACGAGTACAAGGTGCCCAGCAAGAAATTCAAGGTGCTGGGC AACACCGACCGGCACAGCATCAAGAAGAACCTGATCGGAGCCCTGCTGTTCGAC AGCGGCGAAACAGCCGAGGCCACCCGGCTGAAGAGAACCGCCAGAAGAAGATA CACCAGACGGAAGAACCGGATCTGCTATCTGCAAGAGATCTTCAGCAACGAGATG GCCAAGGTGGACGACAGCTTCTTCCACAGACTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTGGTGGAA GAGGATAAGAAGCACGAGCGGCACCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTGGACGAGGTG GCCTACCACGAGAAGTACCCCACCATCTACCACCTGAGAAAGAAACTGGTGGACA GCACCGACAAGGCCGACCTGCGGCTGATCTATCTGGCCCTGGCCCACATGATCAA GTTCCGGGGCCACTTCCTGATCGAGGGCGACCTGAACCCCGACAACAGCGACGT GGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAGCTGGTGCAGACCTACAACCAGCTGTTCGAGGAAAAC CCCATCAACGCCAGCGGCGTGGACGCCAAGGCCATCCTGTCTGCCAGACTGAGCA AGAGCAGACGGCTGGAAAATCTGATCGCCCAGCTGCCCGGCGAGAAGAAGAATG GCCTGTTCGGAAACCTGATTGCCCTGAGCCTGGGCCTGACCCCCAACTTCAAGAG CAACTTCGACCTGGCCGAGGATGCCAAACTGCAGCTGAGCAAGGACACCTACGA CGACGACCTGGACAACCTGCTGGCCCAGATCGGCGACCAGTACGCCGACCTGTTT CTGGCCGCCAAGAACCTGTCCGACGCCATCCTGCTGAGCGACATCCTGAGAGTGA ACACCGAGATCACCAAGGCCCCCCTGAGCGCCTCTATGATCAAGAGATACGACGA GCACCACCAGGACCTGACCCTGCTGAAAGCTCTCGTGCGGCAGCAGCTGCCTGA GAAGTACAAAGAGATTTTCTTCGACCAGAGCAAGAACGGCTACGCCGGCTACATT GACGGCGGAGCCAGCCAGGAAGAGTTCTACAAGTTCATCAAGCCCATCCTGGAA AAGATGGACGGCACCGAGGAACTGCTCGTGAAGCTGAACAGAGAGGACCTGCTG CGGAAGCAGCGGACCTTCGACAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAGATCCACCTGGGA GAGCTGCACGCCATTCTGCGGCGGCAGGAAGATTTTTACCCATTCCTGAAGGACA ACCGGGAAAAGATCGAGAAGATCCTGACCTTCCGCATCCCCTACTACGTGGGCCC TCTGGCCAGGGGAAACAGCAGATTCGCCTGGATGACCAGAAAGAGCGAGGAAAC CATCACCCCCTGGAACTTCGAGGAAGTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTTCCGCCCAGAG CTTCATCGAGCGGATGACCAACTTCGATAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTG CCCAAGCACAGCCTGCTGTACGAGTACTTCACCGTGTATAACGAGCTGACCAAAG TGAAATACGTGACCGAGGGAATGAGAAAGCCCGCCTTCCTGAGCGGCGAGCAGA AAAAGGCCATCGTGGACCTGCTGTTCAAGACCAACCGGAAAGTGACCGTGAAGC AGCTGAAAGAGGACTACTTCAAGAAAATCGAGTGCTTCGACTCCGTGGAAATCTC CGGCGTGGAAGATCGGTTCAACGCCTCCCTGGGCACATACCACGATCTGCTGAAA ATTATCAAGGACAAGGACTTCCTGGACAATGAGGAAAACGAGGACATTCTGGAAG ATATCGTGCTGACCCTGACACTGTTTGAGGACAGAGAGATGATCGAGGAACGGCT GAAAACCTATGCCCACCTGTTCGACGACAAAGTGATGAAGCAGCTGAAGCGGCG GAGATACACCGGCTGGGGCAGGCTGAGCCGGAAGCTGATCAACGGCATCCGGGA CAAGCAGTCCGGCAAGACAATCCTGGATTTCCTGAAGTCCGACGGCTTCGCCAAC AGAAACTTCATGCAGCTGATCCACGACGACAGCCTGACCTTTAAAGAGGACATCC AGAAAGCCCAGGTGTCCGGCCAGGGCGATAGCCTGCACGAGCACATTGCCAATCT GGCCGGCAGCCCCGCCATTAAGAAGGGCATCCTGCAGACAGTGAAGGTGGTGGA CGAGCTCGTGAAAGTGATGGGCCGGCACAAGCCCGAGAACATCGTGATCGAAAT GGCCAGAGAGAACCAGACCACCCAGAAGGGACAGAAGAACAGCCGCGAGAGAA TGAAGCGGATCGAAGAGGGCATCAAAGAGCTGGGCAGCCAGATCCTGAAAGAAC ACCCCGTGGAAAACACCCAGCTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTGTACCTGTACTACCTGCA GAATGGGCGGGATATGTACGTGGACCAGGAACTGGACATCAACCGGCTGTCCGAC TACGATGTGGACGCTATCGTGCCTCAGAGCTTTCTGAAGGACGACTCCATCGACA ACAAGGTGCTGACCAGAAGCGACAAGAACCGGGGCAAGAGCGACAACGTGCCC TCCGAAGAGGTCGTGAAGAAGATGAAGAACTACTGGCGGCAGCTGCTGAACGCC AAGCTGATTACCCAGAGAAAGTTCGACAATCTGACCAAGGCCGAGAGAGGCGGC CTGAGCGAACTGGATAAGGCCGGCTTCATCAAGAGACAGCTGGTGGAAACCCGG CAGATCACAAAGCACGTGGCACAGATCCTGGACTCCCGGATGAACACTAAGTACG ACGAGAATGACAAGCTGATCCGGGAAGTGAAAGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCCAAGC TGGTGTCCGATTTCCGGAAGGATTTCCAGTTTTACAAAGTGCGCGAGATCAACAA CTACCACCACGCCCACGACGCCTACCTGAACGCCGTCGTGGGAACCGCCCTGATC AAAAAGTACCCTAAGCTGGAAAGCGAGTTCGTGTACGGCGACTACAAGGTGTACG ACGTGCGGAAGATGATCGCCAAGAGCGAGCAGGAAATCGGCAAGGCTACCGCCA AGTACTTCTTCTACAGCAACATCATGAACTTTTTCAAGACCGAGATTACCCTGGCC AACGGCGAGATCCGGAAGCGGCCTCTGATCGAGACAAACGGCGAAACCGGGGAG ATCGTGTGGGATAAGGGCCGGGATTTTGCCACCGTGCGGAAAGTGCTGAGCATGC CCCAAGTGAATATCGTGAAAAAGACCGAGGTGCAGACAGGCGGCTTCAGCAAAG AGTCTATCCTGCCCAAGAGGAACAGCGATAAGCTGATCGCCAGAAAGAAGGACT GGGACCCTAAGAAGTACGGCGGCTTCGACAGCCCCACCGTGGCCTATTCTGTGCT GGTGGTGGCCAAAGTGGAAAAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAAACTGAAGAGTGTGAAAG AGCTGCTGGGGATCACCATCATGGAAAGAAGCAGCTTCGAGAAGAATCCCATCGA CTTTCTGGAAGCCAAGGGCTACAAAGAAGTGAAAAAGGACCTGATCATCAAGCT GCCTAAGTACTCCCTGTTCGAGCTGGAAAACGGCCGGAAGAGAATGCTGGCCTCT GCCGGCGAACTGCAGAAGGGAAACGAACTGGCCCTGCCCTCCAAATATGTGAAC TTCCTGTACCTGGCCAGCCACTATGAGAAGCTGAAGGGCTCCCCCGAGGATAATG AGCAGAAACAGCTGTTTGTGGAACAGCACAAGCACTACCTGGACGAGATCATCG AGCAGATCAGCGAGTTCTCCAAGAGAGTGATCCTGGCCGACGCTAATCTGGACAA AGTGCTGTCCGCCTACAACAAGCACCGGGATAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAGGCCGA GAATATCATCCACCTGTTTACCCTGACCAATCTGGGAGCCCCTGCCGCCTTCAAGT ACTTTGACACCACCATCGACCGGAAGAGGTACACCAGCACCAAAGAGGTGCTGG ACGCCACCCTGATCCACCAGAGCATCACCGGCCTGTACGAGACACGGATCGACCT GTCTCAGCTGGGAGGTGACTCTGGAGGATCTAGCGGAGGATCCTCTGGCAGCGAGA CACCAGGAACAAGCGAGTCAGCAACACCAGAGAGCAGTGGCGGCAGCAGCGGCGGC AGCAGC ACCCTAAATATAGAAGATGAGTATCGGCTACATGAGACCTCAAAAGA GCCAGATGTTTCTCTAGGGTCCACATGGCTGTCTGATTTTCCTCAGGCCTGG GCGGAAACCGGGGGCATGGGACTGGCAGTTCGCCAAGCTCCTCTGATCATA CCTCTGAAAGCAACCTCTACCCCCGTGTCCATAAAACAATACCCCATGTCACA AGAAGCCAGACTGGGGATCAAGCCCCACATACAGAGACTGTTGGACCAGGG AATACTGGTACCCTGCCAGTCCCCCTGGAACACGCCCCTGCTACCCGTTAAG AAACCAGGGACTAATGATTATAGGCCTGTCCAGGATCTGAGAGAAGTCAACA AGCGGGTGGAAGACATCCACCCCACCGTGCCCAACCCTTACAACCTCTTGAG CGGGCTCCCACCGTCCCACCAGTGGTACACTGTGCTTGATTTAAAGGATGCC TTTTTCTGCCTGAGACTCCACCCCACCAGTCAGCCTCTCTTCGCCTTTGAGT GGAGAGATCCAGAGATGGGAATCTCAGGACAATTGACCTGGACCAGACTCC CACAGGGTTTCAAAAACAGTCCCACCCTGTTTGATGAGGCACTGCACAGAGA CCTAGCAGACTTCCGGATCCAGCACCCAGACTTGATCCTGCTACAGTACGTG GATGACTTACTGCTGGCCGCCACTTCTGAGCTAGACTGCCAACAAGGTACTC GGGCCCTGTTACAAACCCTAGGGAACCTCGGGTATCGGGCCTCGGCCAAGA AAGCCCAAATTTGCCAGAAACAGGTCAAGTATCTGGGGTATCTTCTAAAAGA GGGTCAGAGATGGCTGACTGAGGCCAGAAAAGAGACTGTGATGGGGCAGCC TACTCCGAAGACCCCTCGACAACTAAGGGAGTTCCTAGGGACGGCAGGCTT CTGTCGCCTCTGGATCCCTGGGTTTGCAGAAATGGCAGCCCCCCTGTACCCT CTCACCAAAACGGGGACTCTGTTTAATTGGGGCCCAGACCAACAAAAGGCCT ATCAAGAAATCAAGCAAGCTCTTCTAACTGCCCCAGCCCTGGGGTTGCCAGA TTTGACTAAGCCCTTTGAACTCTTTGTCGACGAGAAGCAGGGCTACGCCAAA GGTGTCCTAACGCAAAAACTGGGACCTTGGCGTCGGCCGGTGGCCTACCTG TCCAAAAAGCTAGACCCAGTAGCAGCTGGGTGGCCCCCTTGCCTACGGATGG TAGCAGCCATTGCCGTACTGACAAAGGATGCAGGCAAGCTAACCATGGGACA GCCACTAGTCATTCTGGCCCCCCATGCAGTAGAGGCACTAGTCAAACAACCC CCCGACCGCTGGCTTTCCAACGCCCGGATGACTCACTATCAGGCCTTGCTTT TGGACACGGACCGGGTCCAGTTCGGACCGGTGGTAGCCCTGAACCCGGCTA CGCTGCTCCCACTGCCTGAGGAAGGGCTGCAACACAACTGCCTTGATATCCT GGCCGAAGCCCACGGAACCCGACCCGACCTAACGGACCAGCCGCTCCCAGA CGCCGACCACACCTGGTACACGGATGGAAGCAGTCTCTTACAAGAGGGACA GCGTAAGGCGGGAGCTGCGGTGACCACCGAGACCGAGGTAATCTGGGCTAA AGCCCTGCCAGCCGGGACATCCGCTCAGCGGGCTGAACTGATAGCACTCAC CCAGGCCCTAAAGATGGCAGAAGGTAAGAAGCTAAATGTTTATACTGATAGC CGTTATGCTTTTGCTACTGCCCATATCCATGGAGAAATATACAGAAGGCGTGG GTTGCTCACATCAGAAGGCAAAGAGATCAAAAATAAAGACGAGATCTTGGCC CTACTAAAAGCCCTCTTTCTGCCCAAAAGACTTAGCATAATCCATTGTCCAGG ACATCAAAAGGGACACAGCGCCGAGGCTAGAGGCAACCGGATGGCTGACCA AGCGGCCCGAAAGGCAGCCATCACAGAGACTCCAGACACCTCTACCCTCCT CATAGAAAATTCATCACCCTCTGGCGGCTCAAAAAGAACCGCCGACGGCAGC GAATTCGAGCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTAA CCGGTCATCATCACCATCAC CATTGAGTTTAAACCCGCTGATCAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATC TGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTG TCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGAAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTA TTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGACAATA GCAGGCATGCTGGGGATGCGGTGGGCTCTATGGCTTCTGAGGCGGAAAGAACCAG CTGGGGCTCGATACCGTCGACCTCTAGCTAGAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGC TGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGA AGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTAGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGCTAACTCACATTAATTGC GTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAAT GAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTC CTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCT CACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAGGAAAGA ACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGC TGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCA AGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTG GAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCC GCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCT CAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTT CAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAG ACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGG TATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAG AAGAACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGA GTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGT TTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATC TTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGG TCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTT TTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAA TCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGAC TCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCT GCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCA GCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCATC CAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTT GCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTA TGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATG TTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGT TGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCA TGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGA GAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATAC CGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGG CGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCG TGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAA AAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTT GAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCT CATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGC GCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGACGTCGACGGATCGGGAGATCGATCTCC CGATCCCCTAGGGTCGACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCTGATGCCGCATAGTTAAGCC AGTATCTGCTCCCTGCTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTGAGTAGTGCGCGAGCAAAATT TAAGCTACAACAAGGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTGCATGAAGAATCTGCTTAGGG TTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCGCGATGTACGGGCCAGATATACGCGTTGACATTGA TTATTGACTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATA TGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAAC GACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGG GACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAG TACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAAT GGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAG TACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATC AATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGA CGTCAATGGGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGT AACAACTCCGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCT ATATAAGCAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCCGCTAGAGATCCGCGGCCGCT AATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCGCCACC pCMV-PE2: (SEQ ID NO: 734) ATGAAACGGACAGCCGACGGAAGCGAGTTCGAGTCACCAAAGAAGAAGCGGAA AGTCGACAAGAAGTACAGCATCGGCCTGGACATCGGCACCAACTCTGTGGGCTGG GCCGTGATCACCGACGAGTACAAGGTGCCCAGCAAGAAATTCAAGGTGCTGGGC AACACCGACCGGCACAGCATCAAGAAGAACCTGATCGGAGCCCTGCTGTTCGAC AGCGGCGAAACAGCCGAGGCCACCCGGCTGAAGAGAACCGCCAGAAGAAGATA CACCAGACGGAAGAACCGGATCTGCTATCTGCAAGAGATCTTCAGCAACGAGATG GCCAAGGTGGACGACAGCTTCTTCCACAGACTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTGGTGGAA GAGGATAAGAAGCACGAGCGGCACCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTGGACGAGGTG GCCTACCACGAGAAGTACCCCACCATCTACCACCTGAGAAAGAAACTGGTGGACA GCACCGACAAGGCCGACCTGCGGCTGATCTATCTGGCCCTGGCCCACATGATCAA GTTCCGGGGCCACTTCCTGATCGAGGGCGACCTGAACCCCGACAACAGCGACGT GGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAGCTGGTGCAGACCTACAACCAGCTGTTCGAGGAAAAC CCCATCAACGCCAGCGGCGTGGACGCCAAGGCCATCCTGTCTGCCAGACTGAGCA AGAGCAGACGGCTGGAAAATCTGATCGCCCAGCTGCCCGGCGAGAAGAAGAATG GCCTGTTCGGAAACCTGATTGCCCTGAGCCTGGGCCTGACCCCCAACTTCAAGAG CAACTTCGACCTGGCCGAGGATGCCAAACTGCAGCTGAGCAAGGACACCTACGA CGACGACCTGGACAACCTGCTGGCCCAGATCGGCGACCAGTACGCCGACCTGTTT CTGGCCGCCAAGAACCTGTCCGACGCCATCCTGCTGAGCGACATCCTGAGAGTGA ACACCGAGATCACCAAGGCCCCCCTGAGCGCCTCTATGATCAAGAGATACGACGA GCACCACCAGGACCTGACCCTGCTGAAAGCTCTCGTGCGGCAGCAGCTGCCTGA GAAGTACAAAGAGATTTTCTTCGACCAGAGCAAGAACGGCTACGCCGGCTACATT GACGGCGGAGCCAGCCAGGAAGAGTTCTACAAGTTCATCAAGCCCATCCTGGAA AAGATGGACGGCACCGAGGAACTGCTCGTGAAGCTGAACAGAGAGGACCTGCTG CGGAAGCAGCGGACCTTCGACAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAGATCCACCTGGGA GAGCTGCACGCCATTCTGCGGCGGCAGGAAGATTTTTACCCATTCCTGAAGGACA ACCGGGAAAAGATCGAGAAGATCCTGACCTTCCGCATCCCCTACTACGTGGGCCC TCTGGCCAGGGGAAACAGCAGATTCGCCTGGATGACCAGAAAGAGCGAGGAAAC CATCACCCCCTGGAACTTCGAGGAAGTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTTCCGCCCAGAG CTTCATCGAGCGGATGACCAACTTCGATAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTG CCCAAGCACAGCCTGCTGTACGAGTACTTCACCGTGTATAACGAGCTGACCAAAG TGAAATACGTGACCGAGGGAATGAGAAAGCCCGCCTTCCTGAGCGGCGAGCAGA AAAAGGCCATCGTGGACCTGCTGTTCAAGACCAACCGGAAAGTGACCGTGAAGC AGCTGAAAGAGGACTACTTCAAGAAAATCGAGTGCTTCGACTCCGTGGAAATCTC CGGCGTGGAAGATCGGTTCAACGCCTCCCTGGGCACATACCACGATCTGCTGAAA ATTATCAAGGACAAGGACTTCCTGGACAATGAGGAAAACGAGGACATTCTGGAAG ATATCGTGCTGACCCTGACACTGTTTGAGGACAGAGAGATGATCGAGGAACGGCT GAAAACCTATGCCCACCTGTTCGACGACAAAGTGATGAAGCAGCTGAAGCGGCG GAGATACACCGGCTGGGGCAGGCTGAGCCGGAAGCTGATCAACGGCATCCGGGA CAAGCAGTCCGGCAAGACAATCCTGGATTTCCTGAAGTCCGACGGCTTCGCCAAC AGAAACTTCATGCAGCTGATCCACGACGACAGCCTGACCTTTAAAGAGGACATCC AGAAAGCCCAGGTGTCCGGCCAGGGCGATAGCCTGCACGAGCACATTGCCAATCT GGCCGGCAGCCCCGCCATTAAGAAGGGCATCCTGCAGACAGTGAAGGTGGTGGA CGAGCTCGTGAAAGTGATGGGCCGGCACAAGCCCGAGAACATCGTGATCGAAAT GGCCAGAGAGAACCAGACCACCCAGAAGGGACAGAAGAACAGCCGCGAGAGAA TGAAGCGGATCGAAGAGGGCATCAAAGAGCTGGGCAGCCAGATCCTGAAAGAAC ACCCCGTGGAAAACACCCAGCTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTGTACCTGTACTACCTGCA GAATGGGCGGGATATGTACGTGGACCAGGAACTGGACATCAACCGGCTGTCCGAC TACGATGTGGACGCTATCGTGCCTCAGAGCTTTCTGAAGGACGACTCCATCGACA ACAAGGTGCTGACCAGAAGCGACAAGAACCGGGGCAAGAGCGACAACGTGCCC TCCGAAGAGGTCGTGAAGAAGATGAAGAACTACTGGCGGCAGCTGCTGAACGCC AAGCTGATTACCCAGAGAAAGTTCGACAATCTGACCAAGGCCGAGAGAGGCGGC CTGAGCGAACTGGATAAGGCCGGCTTCATCAAGAGACAGCTGGTGGAAACCCGG CAGATCACAAAGCACGTGGCACAGATCCTGGACTCCCGGATGAACACTAAGTACG ACGAGAATGACAAGCTGATCCGGGAAGTGAAAGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCCAAGC TGGTGTCCGATTTCCGGAAGGATTTCCAGTTTTACAAAGTGCGCGAGATCAACAA CTACCACCACGCCCACGACGCCTACCTGAACGCCGTCGTGGGAACCGCCCTGATC AAAAAGTACCCTAAGCTGGAAAGCGAGTTCGTGTACGGCGACTACAAGGTGTACG ACGTGCGGAAGATGATCGCCAAGAGCGAGCAGGAAATCGGCAAGGCTACCGCCA AGTACTTCTTCTACAGCAACATCATGAACTTTTTCAAGACCGAGATTACCCTGGCC AACGGCGAGATCCGGAAGCGGCCTCTGATCGAGACAAACGGCGAAACCGGGGAG ATCGTGTGGGATAAGGGCCGGGATTTTGCCACCGTGCGGAAAGTGCTGAGCATGC CCCAAGTGAATATCGTGAAAAAGACCGAGGTGCAGACAGGCGGCTTCAGCAAAG AGTCTATCCTGCCCAAGAGGAACAGCGATAAGCTGATCGCCAGAAAGAAGGACT GGGACCCTAAGAAGTACGGCGGCTTCGACAGCCCCACCGTGGCCTATTCTGTGCT GGTGGTGGCCAAAGTGGAAAAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAAACTGAAGAGTGTGAAAG AGCTGCTGGGGATCACCATCATGGAAAGAAGCAGCTTCGAGAAGAATCCCATCGA CTTTCTGGAAGCCAAGGGCTACAAAGAAGTGAAAAAGGACCTGATCATCAAGCT GCCTAAGTACTCCCTGTTCGAGCTGGAAAACGGCCGGAAGAGAATGCTGGCCTCT GCCGGCGAACTGCAGAAGGGAAACGAACTGGCCCTGCCCTCCAAATATGTGAAC TTCCTGTACCTGGCCAGCCACTATGAGAAGCTGAAGGGCTCCCCCGAGGATAATG AGCAGAAACAGCTGTTTGTGGAACAGCACAAGCACTACCTGGACGAGATCATCG AGCAGATCAGCGAGTTCTCCAAGAGAGTGATCCTGGCCGACGCTAATCTGGACAA AGTGCTGTCCGCCTACAACAAGCACCGGGATAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAGGCCGA GAATATCATCCACCTGTTTACCCTGACCAATCTGGGAGCCCCTGCCGCCTTCAAGT ACTTTGACACCACCATCGACCGGAAGAGGTACACCAGCACCAAAGAGGTGCTGG ACGCCACCCTGATCCACCAGAGCATCACCGGCCTGTACGAGACACGGATCGACCT GTCTCAGCTGGGAGGTGACTCTGGAGGATCTAGCGGAGGATCCTCTGGCAGCGAG ACACCAGGAACAAGCGAGTCAGCAACACCAGAGAGCAGTGGCGGCAGCAGCGG CGGCAGCAGCACCCTAAATATAGAAGATGAGTATCGGCTACATGAGACCTCAAAA GAGCCAGATGTTTCTCTAGGGTCCACATGGCTGTCTGATTTTCCTCAGGCCTGGGC GGAAACCGGGGGCATGGGACTGGCAGTTCGCCAAGCTCCTCTGATCATACCTCTG AAAGCAACCTCTACCCCCGTGTCCATAAAACAATACCCCATGTCACAAGAAGCCA GACTGGGGATCAAGCCCCACATACAGAGACTGTTGGACCAGGGAATACTGGTACC CTGCCAGTCCCCCTGGAACACGCCCCTGCTACCCGTTAAGAAACCAGGGACTAAT GATTATAGGCCTGTCCAGGATCTGAGAGAAGTCAACAAGCGGGTGGAAGACATCC ACCCCACCGTGCCCAACCCTTACAACCTCTTGAGCGGGCTCCCACCGTCCCACCA GTGGTACACTGTGCTTGATTTAAAGGATGCCTTTTTCTGCCTGAGACTCCACCCCA CCAGTCAGCCTCTCTTCGCCTTTGAGTGGAGAGATCCAGAGATGGGAATCTCAGG ACAATTGACCTGGACCAGACTCCCACAGGGTTTCAAAAACAGTCCCACCCTGTTT AATGAGGCACTGCACAGAGACCTAGCAGACTTCCGGATCCAGCACCCAGACTTGA TCCTGCTACAGTACGTGGATGACTTACTGCTGGCCGCCACTTCTGAGCTAGACTGC CAACAAGGTACTCGGGCCCTGTTACAAACCCTAGGGAACCTCGGGTATCGGGCCT CGGCCAAGAAAGCCCAAATTTGCCAGAAACAGGTCAAGTATCTGGGGTATCTTCT AAAAGAGGGTCAGAGATGGCTGACTGAGGCCAGAAAAGAGACTGTGATGGGGCA GCCTACTCCGAAGACCCCTCGACAACTAAGGGAGTTCCTAGGGAAGGCAGGCTTC TGTCGCCTCTTCATCCCTGGGTTTGCAGAAATGGCAGCCCCCCTGTACCCTCTCAC CAAACCGGGGACTCTGTTTAATTGGGGCCCAGACCAACAAAAGGCCTATCAAGAA ATCAAGCAAGCTCTTCTAACTGCCCCAGCCCTGGGGTTGCCAGATTTGACTAAGC CCTTTGAACTCTTTGTCGACGAGAAGCAGGGCTACGCCAAAGGTGTCCTAACGCA AAAACTGGGACCTTGGCGTCGGCCGGTGGCCTACCTGTCCAAAAAGCTAGACCC AGTAGCAGCTGGGTGGCCCCCTTGCCTACGGATGGTAGCAGCCATTGCCGTACTG ACAAAGGATGCAGGCAAGCTAACCATGGGACAGCCACTAGTCATTCTGGCCCCCC ATGCAGTAGAGGCACTAGTCAAACAACCCCCCGACCGCTGGCTTTCCAACGCCCG GATGACTCACTATCAGGCCTTGCTTTTGGACACGGACCGGGTCCAGTTCGGACCG GTGGTAGCCCTGAACCCGGCTACGCTGCTCCCACTGCCTGAGGAAGGGCTGCAAC ACAACTGCCTTGATATCCTGGCCGAAGCCCACGGAACCCGACCCGACCTAACGGA CCAGCCGCTCCCAGACGCCGACCACACCTGGTACACGGATGGAAGCAGTCTCTTA CAAGAGGGACAGCGTAAGGCGGGAGCTGCGGTGACCACCGAGACCGAGGTAATC TGGGCTAAAGCCCTGCCAGCCGGGACATCCGCTCAGCGGGCTGAACTGATAGCAC TCACCCAGGCCCTAAAGATGGCAGAAGGTAAGAAGCTAAATGTTTATACTGATAGC CGTTATGCTTTTGCTACTGCCCATATCCATGGAGAAATATACAGAAGGCGTGGGTG GCTCACATCAGAAGGCAAAGAGATCAAAAATAAAGACGAGATCTTGGCCCTACTA AAAGCCCTCTTTCTGCCCAAAAGACTTAGCATAATCCATTGTCCAGGACATCAAAA GGGACACAGCGCCGAGGCTAGAGGCAACCGGATGGCTGACCAAGCGGCCCGAAA GGCAGCCATCACAGAGACTCCAGACACCTCTACCCTCCTCATAGAAAATTCATCAC CCTCTGGCGGCTCAAAAAGAACCGCCGACGGCAGCGAATTCGAGCCCAAGAAGA AGAGGAAAGTCTAACCGGTCATCATCACCATCACCATTGAGTTTAAACCCGCTGAT CAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTG CCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGAA AATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGC AGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGACAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGGATGCGG TGGGCTCTATGGCTTCTGAGGCGGAAAGAACCAGCTGGGGCTCGATACCGTCGAC CTCTAGCTAGAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTA TCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGAAGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTAG GGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTT CCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGG AGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCG CTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGG TTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAGGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAG CAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCC GCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACC CGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCT CCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAG CGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTC GCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTT ATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGG CAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGA GTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGAACAGTATTTGGTATCT GCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGG CAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACG CGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACG CTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAG GATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTAT ATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCT CAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAA CTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGA CCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCC GAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTG CCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCC ATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTC CGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCG GTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATC ACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATG CTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGC GACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAG AACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGG ATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATC TTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAA AATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCT TCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACAT ATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAA AAGTGCCACCTGACGTCGACGGATCGGGAGATCGATCTCCCGATCCCCTAGGGTC GACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCTGATGCCGCATAGTTAAGCCAGTATCTGCTCCCTG CTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTGAGTAGTGCGCGAGCAAAATTTAAGCTACAACAAG GCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTGCATGAAGAATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCG CTGCTTCGCGATGTACGGGCCAGATATACGCGTTGACATTGATTATTGACTAGTTAT TAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTA CATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCCGCCCATTG ACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGT CAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCA TATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATT ATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAG TCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGC GGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTTG TTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGCCCCATT GACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGAGCTGGT TTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCCGCTAGAGATCCGCGGCCGCTAATACGACTCACTATAG GGAGAGCCGCCACC N-terminal NLS + Cas9 H840A Flexible linker M-MLV reverse transcriptase + C-terminal NLS Plasmid backbone (containing CMV promoter and AmpR) pU6-HEK3_PEgRNA_CTTins: (SEQ ID NO: 735) GAGGGCCTATTTCCCATGATTCCTTCATATTTGCATATACGATACAAGGCTGTTAGA GAGATAATTAGAATTAATTTGACTGTAAACACAAAGATATTAGTACAAAATACGTG ACGTAGAAAGTAATAATTTCTTGGGTAGTTTGCAGTTTTAAAATTATGTTTTAAAAT GGACTATCATATGCTTACCGTAACTTGAAAGTATTTCGATTTCTTGGCTTTATATATC TTGTGGAAAGGACGAAACACC GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA GTTTTAGAGCTAGA AATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAG TCGGTCC TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTG TTTTTTTAAGCTTGGGCCGCT CGAGGTACCTCTCTACATATGACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAA CCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAG CATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAA AGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCT GCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTC ATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGC TGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCG TCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGT AACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGT GGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGAACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAG CCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCG CTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGG ATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAA ACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATC CTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGG TCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTT CGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGG CTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTC CAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTC CTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAA GTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTG GTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAG GCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTC CGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCA CTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAG TACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCC GGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCA TTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATC CAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCA CCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGA ATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGA AGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAA AATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGACGTCG CTAGCTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTTTAAAGGAACCAATTCAGTCGACTGGATCCGG TACCAAGGTCGGGCAGGAA U6 Promoter sequence Spacer sequence sgRNA scaffold 3′ extension (contains PBS and RT template) Backbone (contains AmpR) pLenti-hSyn-N-PE2-NpuN-P2A-GFP-KASH_U6-DNMT1-PEgRNA: (SEQ ID NO: 736) GTCGACGGATCGGGAGATCTCCCGATCCCCTATGGTGCACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCT GATGCCGCATAGTTAAGCCAGTATCTGCTCCCTGCTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTGAGTA GTGCGCGAGCAAAATTTAAGCTACAACAAGGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTGCATGAAG AATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCGCGATGTACGGGCCAGATATACGCG TTGACATTGATTATTGACTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGC CCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAG GGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTA CATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCC CGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTA CGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGG ATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTT TGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGCCCCATTG ACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGCGCGTTTTGCC TGTACTGGGTCTCTCTGGTTAGACCAGATCTGAGCCTGGGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGG GAACCCACTGCTTAAGCCTCAATAAAGCTTGCCTTGAGTGCTTCAAGTAGTGTGTGCCC GTCTGTTGTGTGACTCTGGTAACTAGAGATCCCTCAGACCCTTTTAGTCAGTGTGGAAA ATCTCTAGCAGTGGCGCCCGAACAGGGACTTGAAAGCGAAAGGGAAACCAGAGGAGC TCTCTCGACGCAGGACTCGGCTTGCTGAAGCGCGCACGGCAAGAGGCGAGGGGCGGC GACTGGTGAGTACGCCAAAAATTTTGACTAGCGGAGGCTAGAAGGAGAGAGATGGGT GCGAGAGCGTCAGTATTAAGCGGGGGAGAATTAGATCGCGATGGGAAAAAATTCGGTT AAGGCCAGGGGGAAAGAAAAAATATAAATTAAAACATATAGTATGGGCAAGCAGGGAG CTAGAACGATTCGCAGTTAATCCTGGCCTGTTAGAAACATCAGAAGGCTGTAGACAAAT ACTGGGACAGCTACAACCATCCCTTCAGACAGGATCAGAAGAACTTAGATCATTATATA ATACAGTAGCAACCCTCTATTGTGTGCATCAAAGGATAGAGATAAAAGACACCAAGGA AGCTTTAGACAAGATAGAGGAAGAGCAAAACAAAAGTAAGACCACCGCACAGCAAGC GGCCGCTGATCTTCAGACCTGGAGGAGGAGATATGAGGGACAATTGGAGAAGTGAATT ATATAAATATAAAGTAGTAAAAATTGAACCATTAGGAGTAGCACCCACCAAGGCAAAGA GAAGAGTGGTGCAGAGAGAAAAAAGAGCAGTGGGAATAGGAGCTTTGTTCCTTGGGT TCTTGGGAGCAGCAGGAAGCACTATGGGCGCAGCGTCAATGACGCTGACGGTACAGG CCAGACAATTATTGTCTGGTATAGTGCAGCAGCAGAACAATTTGCTGAGGGCTATTGAG GCGCAACAGCATCTGTTGCAACTCACAGTCTGGGGCATCAAGCAGCTCCAGGCAAGA ATCCTGGCTGTGGAAAGATACCTAAAGGATCAACAGCTCCTGGGGATTTGGGGTTGCT CTGGAAAACTCATTTGCACCACTGCTGTGCCTTGGAATGCTAGTTGGAGTAATAAATCT CTGGAACAGATTTGGAATCACACGACCTGGATGGAGTGGGACAGAGAAATTAACAATT ACACAAGCTTAATACACTCCTTAATTGAAGAATCGCAAAACCAGCAAGAAAAGAATGA ACAAGAATTATTGGAATTAGATAAATGGGCAAGTTTGTGGAATTGGTTTAACATAACAA ATTGGCTGTGGTATATAAAATTATTCATAATGATAGTAGGAGGCTTGGTAGGTTTAAGAA TAGTTTTTGCTGTACTTTCTATAGTGAATAGAGTTAGGCAGGGATATTCACCATTATCGTT TCAGACCCACCTCCCAACCCCGAGGGGACCCGACAGGCCCGAAGGAATAGAAGAAGA AGGTGGAGAGAGAGACAGAGACAGATCCATTCGATTAGTGAACGGATCGGCACTGCG TGCGCCAATTCTGCAGACAAATGGCAGTATTCATCCACAATTTTAAAAGAAAAGGGGG GATTGGGGGGTACAGTGCAGGGGAAAGAATAGTAGACATAATAGCAACAGACATACAA ACTAAAGAATTACAAAAACAAATTACAAAAATTCAAAATTTTCGGGTTTATTACAGGGA CAGCAGAGATCCAGTTTGGTTAATTAAGGTACCAAGGTCGGGCAGGAAGAGGGCCTAT TTCCCATGATTCCTTCATATTTGCATATACGATACAAGGCTGTTAGAGAGATAATTAGAAT TAATTTGACTGTAAACACAAAGATATTAGTACAAAATACGTGACGTAGAAAGTAATAAT TTCTTGGGTAGTTTGCAGTTTTAAAATTATGTTTTAAAATGGACTATCATATGCTTACCGT AACTTGAAAGTATTTCGATTTCTTGGCTTTATATATCTTGTGGAAAGGACGAAACACC G CGGGCTGGAGCTGTTCGCGCGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGC TAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCAAGATGCAAGCGC GAACAGCTCCAG TTTTTTTGAATTC AGTGCAAGTGGGTTTTAGGACCAGGATGAGGCG GGGTGGGGGTGCCTACCTGACGACCGACCCCGACCCACTGGACAAGCACCCAACCCCCAT TCCCCAAATTGCGCATCCCCTATCAGAGAGGGGGAGGGGAAACAGGATGCGGCGAGGCGC GTGCGCACTGCCAGCTTCAGCACCGCGGACAGTGCCTTCGCCCCCGCCTGGCGGCGCGC GCCACCGCCGCCTCAGCACTGAAGGCGCGCTGACGTCACTCGCCGGTCCCCCGCAAACTC CCCTTCCCGGCCACCTTGGTCGCGTCCGCGCCGCCGCCGGCCCAGCCGGACCGCACCAC GCGAGGCGCGAGATAGGGGGGCACGGGCGCGACCATCTGCGCTGCGGCGCCGGCGACT CAGCGCTGCCTCAGTCTGCGGTGGGCAGCGGAGGAGTCGTGTCGTGCCTGAGAGCGCAG TCGAGAATCTAGAGCGCTGCCACCATGAAACGGACAGCCGACGGAAGCGAGTTCGAGT CACCAAAGAAGAAGCGGAAAGTCGACAAGAAGTACAGCATCGGCCTGGACATCGGCA CCAACTCTGTGGGCTGGGCCGTGATCACCGACGAGTACAAGGTGCCCAGCAAGAAATT CAAGGTGCTGGGCAACACCGACCGGCACAGCATCAAGAAGAACCTGATCGGAGCCCT GCTGTTCGACAGCGGCGAAACAGCCGAGGCCACCCGGCTGAAGAGAACCGCCAGAA GAAGATACACCAGACGGAAGAACCGGATCTGCTATCTGCAAGAGATCTTCAGCAACGA GATGGCCAAGGTGGACGACAGCTTCTTCCACAGACTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTGGTGGA AGAGGATAAGAAGCACGAGCGGCACCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTGGACGAGGTGGC CTACCACGAGAAGTACCCCACCATCTACCACCTGAGAAAGAAACTGGTGGACAGCAC CGACAAGGCCGACCTGCGGCTGATCTATCTGGCCCTGGCCCACATGATCAAGTTCCGG GGCCACTTCCTGATCGAGGGCGACCTGAACCCCGACAACAGCGACGTGGACAAGCTG TTCATCCAGCTGGTGCAGACCTACAACCAGCTGTTCGAGGAAAACCCCATCAACGCCA GCGGCGTGGACGCCAAGGCCATCCTGTCTGCCAGACTGAGCAAGAGCAGACGGCTGG AAAATCTGATCGCCCAGCTGCCCGGCGAGAAGAAGAATGGCCTGTTCGGAAACCTGAT TGCCCTGAGCCTGGGCCTGACCCCCAACTTCAAGAGCAACTTCGACCTGGCCGAGGAT GCCAAACTGCAGCTGAGCAAGGACACCTACGACGACGACCTGGACAACCTGCTGGCC CAGATCGGCGACCAGTACGCCGACCTGTTTCTGGCCGCCAAGAACCTGTCCGACGCCA TCCTGCTGAGCGACATCCTGAGAGTGAACACCGAGATCACCAAGGCCCCCCTGAGCGC CTCTATGATCAAGAGATACGACGAGCACCACCAGGACCTGACCCTGCTGAAAGCTCTC GTGCGGCAGCAGCTGCCTGAGAAGTACAAAGAGATTTTCTTCGACCAGAGCAAGAAC GGCTACGCCGGCTACATTGACGGCGGAGCCAGCCAGGAAGAGTTCTACAAGTTCATCA AGCCCATCCTGGAAAAGATGGACGGCACCGAGGAACTGCTCGTGAAGCTGAACAGAG AGGACCTGCTGCGGAAGCAGCGGACCTTCGACAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAGATCC ACCTGGGAGAGCTGCACGCCATTCTGCGGCGGCAGGAAGATTTTTACCCATTCCTGAA GGACAACCGGGAAAAGATCGAGAAGATCCTGACCTTCCGCATCCCCTACTACGTGGGC CCTCTGGCCAGGGGAAACAGCAGATTCGCCTGGATGACCAGAAAGAGCGAGGAAACC ATCACCCCCTGGAACTTCGAGGAAGTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTTCCGCCCAGAGCTTC ATCGAGCGGATGACCAACTTCGATAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTGCCCAAGC ACAGCCTGCTGTACGAGTACTTCACCGTGTATAACGAGCTGACCAAAGTGAAATACGT GACCGAGGGAATGAGAAAGCCCGCCTTCCTGAGCGGCGAGCAGAAAAAGGCCATCGT GGACCTGCTGTTCAAGACCAACCGGAAAGTGACCGTGAAGCAGCTGAAAGAGGACTA CTTCAAGAAAATCGAG TGCCTGTCCTACGAGACAGAGATCCTGACAGTGGAGTATGGCCT GCTGCCAATCGGCAAGATCGTGGAGAAGAGGATCGAGTGTACCGTGTACTCTGTGGATAAC AATGGCAACATCTATACACAGCCCGTGGCACAGTGGCACGATAGGGGAGAGCAGGAGGTGT TCGAGTATTGCCTGGAGGACGGCAGCCTGATCAGGGCAACCAAGGACCACAAGTTCATGAC AGTGGATGGCCAGATGCTGCCCATCGACGAGATTTTCGAGCGGGAGCTGGACCTGATGAGA GTGGATAACCTGCCTAAT

ACGCGTTAAGTCGACAATCAACCTCTGGATTACAAAATTTGTGA AAGATTGACTGGTATTCTTAACTATGTTGCTCCTTTTACGCTATGTGGATACGCTGCTTTA ATGCCTTTGTATCATGCTATTGCTTCCCGTATGGCTTTCATTTTCTCCTCCTTGTATAAATC CTGGTTGCTGTCTCTTTATGAGGAGTTGTGGCCCGTTGTCAGGCAACGTGGCGTGGTGT GCACTGTGTTTGCTGACGCAACCCCCACTGGTTGGGGCATTGCCACCACCTGTCAGCT CCTTTCCGGGACTTTCGCTTTCCCCCTCCCTATTGCCACGGCGGAACTCATCGCCGCCT GCCTTGCCCGCTGCTGGACAGGGGCTCGGCTGTTGGGCACTGACAATTCCGTGGTGTT GTCGGGGAAATCATCGTCCTTTCCTTGGCTGCTCGCCTGTGTTGCCACCTGGATTCTGC GCGGGACGTCCTTCTGCTACGTCCCTTCGGCCCTCAATCCAGCGGACCTTCCTTCCCGC GGCCTGCTGCCGGCTCTGCGGCCTCTTCCGCGTCTTCGCCTTCGCCCTCAGACGAGTC GGATCTCCCTTTGGGCCGCCTCCCCGCGTCGACTTTAAGACCAATGACTTACAAGGCA GCTGTAGATCTTAGCCACTTTTTAAAAGAAAAGGGGGGACTGGAAGGGCTAATTCACT CCCAACGAAGACAAGATCTGCTTTTTGCTTGTACTGGGTCTCTCTGGTTAGACCAGATC TGAGCCTGGGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGGGAACCCACTGCTTAAGCCTCAATAAAGCT TGCCTTGAGTGCTTCAAGTAGTGTGTGCCCGTCTGTTGTGTGACTCTGGTAACTAGAGA TCCCTCAGACCCTTTTAGTCAGTGTGGAAAATCTCTAGCAGGGCCCGTTTAAACCCGCT GATCAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTG CCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAAT TGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACA GCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGACAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGGATGCGGTGGGCTCTAT GGCTTCTGAGGCGGAAAGAACCAGCTGGGGCTCTAGGGGGTATCCCCACGCGCCCTGT AGCGGCGCATTAAGCGCGGCGGGTGTGGTGGTTACGCGCAGCGTGACCGCTACACTTG CCAGCGCCCTAGCGCCCGCTCCTTTCGCTTTCTTCCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCC GGCTTTCCCCGTCAAGCTCTAAATCGGGGGCTCCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTTT ACGGCACCTCGACCCCAAAAAACTTGATTAGGGTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCG CCCTGATAGACGGTTTTTCGCCCTTTGACGTTGGAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGGACT CTTGTTCCAAACTGGAACAACACTCAACCCTATCTCGGTCTATTCTTTTGATTTATAAGG GATTTTGCCGATTTCGGCCTATTGGTTAAAAAATGAGCTGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGC GAATTAATTCTGTGGAATGTGTGTCAGTTAGGGTGTGGAAAGTCCCCAGGCTCCCCAG CAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCAGGTGTGGAAAGTC CCCAGGCTCCCCAGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACC ATAGTCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCATCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTC TCCGCCCCATGGCTGACTAATTTTTTTTATTTATGCAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCTGCCTC TGAGCTATTCCAGAAGTAGTGAGGAGGCTTTTTTGGAGGCCTAGGCTTTTGCAAAAAG CTCCCGGGAGCTTGTATATCCATTTTCGGATCTGATCAGCACGTGTTGACAATTAATCAT CGGCATAGTATATCGGCATAGTATAATACGACAAGGTGAGGAACTAAACCATGGCCAAG TTGACCAGTGCCGTTCCGGTGCTCACCGCGCGCGACGTCGCCGGAGCGGTCGAGTTCT GGACCGACCGGCTCGGGTTCTCCCGGGACTTCGTGGAGGACGACTTCGCCGGTGTGGT CCGGGACGACGTGACCCTGTTCATCAGCGCGGTCCAGGACCAGGTGGTGCCGGACAA CACCCTGGCCTGGGTGTGGGTGCGCGGCCTGGACGAGCTGTACGCCGAGTGGTCGGA GGTCGTGTCCACGAACTTCCGGGACGCCTCCGGGCCGGCCATGACCGAGATCGGCGA GCAGCCGTGGGGGCGGGAGTTCGCCCTGCGCGACCCGGCCGGCAACTGCGTGCACTT CGTGGCCGAGGAGCAGGACTGACACGTGCTACGAGATTTCGATTCCACCGCCGCCTTC TATGAAAGGTTGGGCTTCGGAATCGTTTTCCGGGACGCCGGCTGGATGATCCTCCAGCG CGGGGATCTCATGCTGGAGTTCTTCGCCCACCCCAACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTTATAATGG TTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCACAAATTTCACAAATAAAGCATTTTTTTCACTGCATTC TAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCAAACTCATCAATGTATCTTATCATGTCTGTATACCGTCGACCTCT AGCTAGAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTC ACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGAAGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAAT GAGTGAGCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAAC CTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTA TTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGG CGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATA ACGCAGGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAG GCCGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCG ACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCC CCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTC CGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCA GTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCC CGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACT TATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGG TGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGAACAGTATTTG GTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCC GGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGC GCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCA GTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTC ACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAA ACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCT ATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGG GCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCC AGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGC AACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTC GCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCT CGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGA TCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAG TAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGT CATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAG AATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCG CCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAAC TCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAAC TGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGC AAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTT CCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTT GAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGT GCCACCTGAC U6promoter PEgRNA hSynpromoter N-termPE2 N-termNpu P2A-GFP-KASH pLenti-hSyn-C-PE2-NpuC: (SEQ ID NO: 737) GTCGACGGATCGGGAGATCTCCCGATCCCCTATGGTGCACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCT GATGCCGCATAGTTAAGCCAGTATCTGCTCCCTGCTTGTGTGTTGGAGGTCGCTGAGTA GTGCGCGAGCAAAATTTAAGCTACAACAAGGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTGCATGAAG AATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCGCGATGTACGGGCCAGATATACGCG TTGACATTGATTATTGACTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGC CCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAG GGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTA CATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCC CGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTA CGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGG ATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTT TGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGCCCCATTG ACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGCGCGTTTTGCC TGTACTGGGTCTCTCTGGTTAGACCAGATCTGAGCCTGGGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGG GAACCCACTGCTTAAGCCTCAATAAAGCTTGCCTTGAGTGCTTCAAGTAGTGTGTGCCC GTCTGTTGTGTGACTCTGGTAACTAGAGATCCCTCAGACCCTTTTAGTCAGTGTGGAAA ATCTCTAGCAGTGGCGCCCGAACAGGGACTTGAAAGCGAAAGGGAAACCAGAGGAGC TCTCTCGACGCAGGACTCGGCTTGCTGAAGCGCGCACGGCAAGAGGCGAGGGGCGGC GACTGGTGAGTACGCCAAAAATTTTGACTAGCGGAGGCTAGAAGGAGAGAGATGGGT GCGAGAGCGTCAGTATTAAGCGGGGGAGAATTAGATCGCGATGGGAAAAAATTCGGTT AAGGCCAGGGGGAAAGAAAAAATATAAATTAAAACATATAGTATGGGCAAGCAGGGAG CTAGAACGATTCGCAGTTAATCCTGGCCTGTTAGAAACATCAGAAGGCTGTAGACAAAT ACTGGGACAGCTACAACCATCCCTTCAGACAGGATCAGAAGAACTTAGATCATTATATA ATACAGTAGCAACCCTCTATTGTGTGCATCAAAGGATAGAGATAAAAGACACCAAGGA AGCTTTAGACAAGATAGAGGAAGAGCAAAACAAAAGTAAGACCACCGCACAGCAAGC GGCCGCTGATCTTCAGACCTGGAGGAGGAGATATGAGGGACAATTGGAGAAGTGAATT ATATAAATATAAAGTAGTAAAAATTGAACCATTAGGAGTAGCACCCACCAAGGCAAAGA GAAGAGTGGTGCAGAGAGAAAAAAGAGCAGTGGGAATAGGAGCTTTGTTCCTTGGGT TCTTGGGAGCAGCAGGAAGCACTATGGGCGCAGCGTCAATGACGCTGACGGTACAGG CCAGACAATTATTGTCTGGTATAGTGCAGCAGCAGAACAATTTGCTGAGGGCTATTGAG GCGCAACAGCATCTGTTGCAACTCACAGTCTGGGGCATCAAGCAGCTCCAGGCAAGA ATCCTGGCTGTGGAAAGATACCTAAAGGATCAACAGCTCCTGGGGATTTGGGGTTGCT CTGGAAAACTCATTTGCACCACTGCTGTGCCTTGGAATGCTAGTTGGAGTAATAAATCT CTGGAACAGATTTGGAATCACACGACCTGGATGGAGTGGGACAGAGAAATTAACAATT ACACAAGCTTAATACACTCCTTAATTGAAGAATCGCAAAACCAGCAAGAAAAGAATGA ACAAGAATTATTGGAATTAGATAAATGGGCAAGTTTGTGGAATTGGTTTAACATAACAA ATTGGCTGTGGTATATAAAATTATTCATAATGATAGTAGGAGGCTTGGTAGGTTTAAGAA TAGTTTTTGCTGTACTTTCTATAGTGAATAGAGTTAGGCAGGGATATTCACCATTATCGTT TCAGACCCACCTCCCAACCCCGAGGGGACCCGACAGGCCCGAAGGAATAGAAGAAGA AGGTGGAGAGAGAGACAGAGACAGATCCATTCGATTAGTGAACGGATCGGCACTGCG TGCGCCAATTCTGCAGACAAATGGCAGTATTCATCCACAATTTTAAAAGAAAAGGGGG GATTGGGGGGTACAGTGCAGGGGAAAGAATAGTAGACATAATAGCAACAGACATACAA ACTAAAGAATTACAAAAACAAATTACAAAAATTCAAAATTTTCGGGTTTATTACAGGGA CAGCAGAGATCCAGTTTGGTTAATTAAGGTACCAGTGCAAGTGGGTTTTAGGACCAGG ATGAGGCGGGGTGGGGGTGCCTACCTGACGACCGACCCCGACCCACTGGACAAGCAC CCAACCCCCATTCCCCAAATTGCGCATCCCCTATCAGAGAGGGGGAGGGGAAACAGGA TGCGGCGAGGCGCGTGCGCACTGCCAGCTTCAGCACCGCGGACAGTGCCTTCGCCCC CGCCTGGCGGCGCGCGCCACCGCCGCCTCAGCACTGAAGGCGCGCTGACGTCACTCG CCGGTCCCCCGCAAACTCCCCTTCCCGGCCACCTTGGTCGCGTCCGCGCCGCCGCCGG CCCAGCCGGACCGCACCACGCGAGGCGCGAGATAGGGGGGCACGGGCGCGACCATCT GCGCTGCGGCGCCGGCGACTCAGCGCTGCCTCAGTCTGCGGTGGGCAGCGGAGGAGT CGTGTCGTGCCTGAGAGCGCAG TCGAGAATCTAGAGCGCTGCCACCATGAAACGGACAGC CGACGGAAGCGAGTTCGAGTCACCAAAGAAGAAGCGGAAAGTC ATCAAGATTGCTACACGG AAATACCTGGGAAAGCAGAACGTGTACGACATCGGCGTGGAGCGGGATCACAACTTCGCCC TGAAGAATGGCTTTATCGCCAGCAAT TGCTTCGACTCCGTGGAAATCTCCGGCGTGGA AGATCGGTTCAACGCCTCCCTGGGCACATACCACGATCTGCTGAAAATTATCAAG GACAAGGACTTCCTGGACAATGAGGAAAACGAGGACATTCTGGAAGATATCGTG CTGACCCTGACACTGTTTGAGGACAGAGAGATGATCGAGGAACGGCTGAAAACC TATGCCCACCTGTTCGACGACAAAGTGATGAAGCAGCTGAAGCGGCGGAGATAC ACCGGCTGGGGCAGGCTGAGCCGGAAGCTGATCAACGGCATCCGGGACAAGCA GTCCGGCAAGACAATCCTGGATTTCCTGAAGTCCGACGGCTTCGCCAACAGAAA CTTCATGCAGCTGATCCACGACGACAGCCTGACCTTTAAAGAGGACATCCAGAAA GCCCAGGTGTCCGGCCAGGGCGATAGCCTGCACGAGCACATTGCCAATCTGGCC GGCAGCCCCGCCATTAAGAAGGGCATCCTGCAGACAGTGAAGGTGGTGGACGAG CTCGTGAAAGTGATGGGCCGGCACAAGCCCGAGAACATCGTGATCGAAATGGCC AGAGAGAACCAGACCACCCAGAAGGGACAGAAGAACAGCCGCGAGAGAATGAA GCGGATCGAAGAGGGCATCAAAGAGCTGGGCAGCCAGATCCTGAAAGAACACCC CGTGGAAAACACCCAGCTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTGTACCTGTACTACCTGCAGAA TGGGCGGGATATGTACGTGGACCAGGAACTGGACATCAACCGGCTGTCCGACTA CGATGTGGACCATATCGTGCCTCAGAGCTTTCTGAAGGACGACTCCATCGACAAC AAGGTGCTGACCAGAAGCGACAAGAACCGGGGCAAGAGCGACAACGTGCCCTC CGAAGAGGTCGTGAAGAAGATGAAGAACTACTGGCGGCAGCTGCTGAACGCCAA GCTGATTACCCAGAGAAAGTTCGACAATCTGACCAAGGCCGAGAGAGGCGGCCT GAGCGAACTGGATAAGGCCGGCTTCATCAAGAGACAGCTGGTGGAAACCCGGCA GATCACAAAGCACGTGGCACAGATCCTGGACTCCCGGATGAACACTAAGTACGA CGAGAATGACAAGCTGATCCGGGAAGTGAAAGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCCAAGCT GGTGTCCGATTTCCGGAAGGATTTCCAGTTTTACAAAGTGCGCGAGATCAACAAC TACCACCACGCCCACGACGCCTACCTGAACGCCGTCGTGGGAACCGCCCTGATC AAAAAGTACCCTAAGCTGGAAAGCGAGTTCGTGTACGGCGACTACAAGGTGTAC GACGTGCGGAAGATGATCGCCAAGAGCGAGCAGGAAATCGGCAAGGCTACCGCC AAGTACTTCTTCTACAGCAACATCATGAACTTTTTCAAGACCGAGATTACCCTGGC CAACGGCGAGATCCGGAAGCGGCCTCTGATCGAGACAAACGGCGAAACCGGGG AGATCGTGTGGGATAAGGGCCGGGATTTTGCCACCGTGCGGAAAGTGCTGAGCA TGCCCCAAGTGAATATCGTGAAAAAGACCGAGGTGCAGACAGGCGGCTTCAGCA AAGAGTCTATCCTGCCCAAGAGGAACAGCGATAAGCTGATCGCCAGAAAGAAGG ACTGGGACCCTAAGAAGTACGGCGGCTTCGACAGCCCCACCGTGGCCTATTCTG TGCTGGTGGTGGCCAAAGTGGAAAAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAAACTGAAGAGTGTG AAAGAGCTGCTGGGGATCACCATCATGGAAAGAAGCAGCTTCGAGAAGAATCCC ATCGACTTTCTGGAAGCCAAGGGCTACAAAGAAGTGAAAAAGGACCTGATCATCA AGCTGCCTAAGTACTCCCTGTTCGAGCTGGAAAACGGCCGGAAGAGAATGCTGG CCTCTGCCGGCGAACTGCAGAAGGGAAACGAACTGGCCCTGCCCTCCAAATATG TGAACTTCCTGTACCTGGCCAGCCACTATGAGAAGCTGAAGGGCTCCCCCGAGG ATAATGAGCAGAAACAGCTGTTTGTGGAACAGCACAAGCACTACCTGGACGAGAT CATCGAGCAGATCAGCGAGTTCTCCAAGAGAGTGATCCTGGCCGACGCTAATCTG GACAAAGTGCTGTCCGCCTACAACAAGCACCGGGATAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAG GCCGAGAATATCATCCACCTGTTTACCCTGACCAATCTGGGAGCCCCTGCCGCCT TCAAGTACTTTGACACCACCATCGACCGGAAGAGGTACACCAGCACCAAAGAGG TGCTGGACGCCACCCTGATCCACCAGAGCATCACCGGCCTGTACGAGACACGGA TCGACCTGTCTCAGCTGGGAGGTGACTCTGGCGGCTCAAAAAGAACCGCCGACG GCAGCGAATTCGAGCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTAA ACGCGTTAAGTCGACAA TCAACCTCTGGATTACAAAATTTGTGAAAGATTGACTGGTATTCTTAACTATGTTGCTCC TTTTACGCTATGTGGATACGCTGCTTTAATGCCTTTGTATCATGCTATTGCTTCCCGTATG GCTTTCATTTTCTCCTCCTTGTATAAATCCTGGTTGCTGTCTCTTTATGAGGAGTTGTGG CCCGTTGTCAGGCAACGTGGCGTGGTGTGCACTGTGTTTGCTGACGCAACCCCCACTG GTTGGGGCATTGCCACCACCTGTCAGCTCCTTTCCGGGACTTTCGCTTTCCCCCTCCCT ATTGCCACGGCGGAACTCATCGCCGCCTGCCTTGCCCGCTGCTGGACAGGGGCTCGGC TGTTGGGCACTGACAATTCCGTGGTGTTGTCGGGGAAATCATCGTCCTTTCCTTGGCTG CTCGCCTGTGTTGCCACCTGGATTCTGCGCGGGACGTCCTTCTGCTACGTCCCTTCGGC CCTCAATCCAGCGGACCTTCCTTCCCGCGGCCTGCTGCCGGCTCTGCGGCCTCTTCCGC GTCTTCGCCTTCGCCCTCAGACGAGTCGGATCTCCCTTTGGGCCGCCTCCCCGCGTCGA CTTTAAGACCAATGACTTACAAGGCAGCTGTAGATCTTAGCCACTTTTTAAAAGAAAAG GGGGGACTGGAAGGGCTAATTCACTCCCAACGAAGACAAGATCTGCTTTTTGCTTGTA CTGGGTCTCTCTGGTTAGACCAGATCTGAGCCTGGGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGGGAA CCCACTGCTTAAGCCTCAATAAAGCTTGCCTTGAGTGCTTCAAGTAGTGTGTGCCCGTC TGTTGTGTGACTCTGGTAACTAGAGATCCCTCAGACCCTTTTAGTCAGTGTGGAAAATC TCTAGCAGGGCCCGTTTAAACCCGCTGATCAGCCTCGACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGC CATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACT GTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATT CTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGACAATAGCAG GCATGCTGGGGATGCGGTGGGCTCTATGGCTTCTGAGGCGGAAAGAACCAGCTGGGGC TCTAGGGGGTATCCCCACGCGCCCTGTAGCGGCGCATTAAGCGCGGCGGGTGTGGTGG TTACGCGCAGCGTGACCGCTACACTTGCCAGCGCCCTAGCGCCCGCTCCTTTCGCTTTC TTCCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCCGGCTTTCCCCGTCAAGCTCTAAATCGGGGGCT CCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTTTACGGCACCTCGACCCCAAAAAACTTGATTAGG GTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCGCCCTGATAGACGGTTTTTCGCCCTTTGACGTTG GAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGGACTCTTGTTCCAAACTGGAACAACACTCAACCCTAT CTCGGTCTATTCTTTTGATTTATAAGGGATTTTGCCGATTTCGGCCTATTGGTTAAAAAAT GAGCTGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGCGAATTAATTCTGTGGAATGTGTGTCAGTTAGGG TGTGGAAAGTCCCCAGGCTCCCCAGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAAGCATGCATCTCAATT AGTCAGCAACCAGGTGTGGAAAGTCCCCAGGCTCCCCAGCAGGCAGAAGTATGCAAA GCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCATAGTCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCATCCCGCCC CTAACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTCTCCGCCCCATGGCTGACTAATTTTTTTTATTTATG CAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCTGCCTCTGAGCTATTCCAGAAGTAGTGAGGAGGCTTTTT TGGAGGCCTAGGCTTTTGCAAAAAGCTCCCGGGAGCTTGTATATCCATTTTCGGATCTG ATCAGCACGTGTTGACAATTAATCATCGGCATAGTATATCGGCATAGTATAATACGACAA GGTGAGGAACTAAACCATGGCCAAGTTGACCAGTGCCGTTCCGGTGCTCACCGCGCGC GACGTCGCCGGAGCGGTCGAGTTCTGGACCGACCGGCTCGGGTTCTCCCGGGACTTCG TGGAGGACGACTTCGCCGGTGTGGTCCGGGACGACGTGACCCTGTTCATCAGCGCGGT CCAGGACCAGGTGGTGCCGGACAACACCCTGGCCTGGGTGTGGGTGCGCGGCCTGGA CGAGCTGTACGCCGAGTGGTCGGAGGTCGTGTCCACGAACTTCCGGGACGCCTCCGG GCCGGCCATGACCGAGATCGGCGAGCAGCCGTGGGGGCGGGAGTTCGCCCTGCGCGA CCCGGCCGGCAACTGCGTGCACTTCGTGGCCGAGGAGCAGGACTGACACGTGCTACG AGATTTCGATTCCACCGCCGCCTTCTATGAAAGGTTGGGCTTCGGAATCGTTTTCCGGG ACGCCGGCTGGATGATCCTCCAGCGCGGGGATCTCATGCTGGAGTTCTTCGCCCACCCC AACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTTATAATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCACAAATTTCACA AATAAAGCATTTTTTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCAAACTCATCAATGTATCT TATCATGTCTGTATACCGTCGACCTCTAGCTAGAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTG TTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAACATACGAGCCGGAAGCAT AAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTGAGCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCT CACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGGGAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATCGGCCA ACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGAC TCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAA TACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAGGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCC AGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCG CCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGAC AGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTC CGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTT TCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGG CTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTC TTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAG GATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAAC TACGGCTACACTAGAAGAACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTT CGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGG TTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCT TTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTT GGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTT TAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAG TGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGT CGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATAC CGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAG GGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTT GCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATT GCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTC CCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCC TTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTAT GGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGG TGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCC CGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATT GGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTT CGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTT CTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACA CGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTT ATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGG TTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGAC hSynpromoter C-termNpu C-termwtCas9 pLenti-U6-DNMT1_nicking_sgRNA: (SEQ ID NO: 738) TAACAAATTGGCTGTGGTATATAAAATTATTCATAATGATAGTAGGAGGCTTGGTAGGTT TAAGAATAGTTTTTGCTGTACTTTCTATAGTGAATAGAGTTAGGCAGGGATATTCACCAT TATCGTTTCAGACCCACCTCCCAACCCCGAGGGGACCCAGAGAGGGCCTATTTCCCATG ATTCCTTCATATTTGCATATACGATACAAGGCTGTTAGAGAGATAATTAGAATTAATTTGACTGT AAACACAAAGATATTAGTACAAAATACGTGACGTAGAAAGTAATAATTTCTTGGGTAGTTTTGCA GTTTTAAAATTATGTTTTAAAATGGACTATCATATGCTTACCGTAACTTGAAAGTATTTCGATTTC TTGGCTTTATATATCTTGTGGAAAGGACGAAACACC GCCGCGCGCGCGAAAAAGCCGGTTT TAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCA CCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTAAGCTTGGCGTAACTAGATCTTGAGACAAATGGCAGTATTC ATCCACAATTTTAAAAGAAAAGGGGGGATTGGGGGGTACAGTGCAGGGGAAAGAATA GTAGACATAATAGCAACAGACATACAAACTAAAGAATTACAAAAACAAATTACAAAAA TTCAAAATTTTCGGGTTTATTACAGGGACAGCAGAGATCCACTTTGGCGCCGGCTCGAG GGGGCCCGGGTGCAAAGATGGATAAAGTTTTAAACAGAGAGGAATCTTTGCAGCTAAT GGACCTTCTAGGTCTTGAAAGGAGTGGGAATTGGCTCCGGTGCCCGTCAGTGGGCAGA GCGCACATCGCCCACAGTCCCCGAGAAGTTGGGGGGAGGGGTCGGCAATTGATCCGG TGCCTAGAGAAGGTGGCGCGGGGTAAACTGGGAAAGTGATGTCGTGTACTGGCTCCGC CTTTTTCCCGAGGGTGGGGGAGAACCGTATATAAGTGCAGTAGTCGCCGTGAACGTTCT TTTTCGCAACGGGTTTGCCGCCAGAACACAGGTAAGTGCCGTGTGTGGTTCCCGCGGG CCTGGCCTCTTTACGGGTTATGGCCCTTGCGTGCCTTGAATTACTTCCACCTGGCTGCA GTACGTGATTCTTGATCCCGAGCTTCGGGTTGGAAGTGGGTGGGAGAGTTCGAGGCCT TGCGCTTAAGGAGCCCCTTCGCCTCGTGCTTGAGTTGAGGCCTGGCCTGGGCGCTGGG GCCGCCGCGTGCGAATCTGGTGGCACCTTCGCGCCTGTCTCGCTGCTTTCGATAAGTCT CTAGCCATTTAAAATTTTTGATGACCTGCTGCGACGCTTTTTTTCTGGCAAGATAGTCTT GTAAATGCGGGCCAAGATCTGCACACTGGTATTTCGGTTTTTGGGGCCGCGGGCGGCG ACGGGGCCCGTGCGTCCCAGCGCACATGTTCGGCGAGGCGGGGCCTGCGAGCGCGGC CACCGAGAATCGGACGGGGGTAGTCTCAAGCTGGCCGGCCTGCTCTGGTGCCTGGCCT CGCGCCGCCGTGTATCGCCCCGCCCTGGGCGGCAAGGCTGGCCCGGTCGGCACCAGTT GCGTGAGCGGAAAGATGGCCGCTTCCCGGCCCTGCTGCAGGGAGCTCAAAATGGAGG ACGCGGCGCTCGGGAGAGCGGGCGGGTGAGTCACCCACACAAAGGAAAAGGGCCTT TCCGTCCTCAGCCGTCGCTTCATGTGACTCCACGGAGTACCGGGCGCCGTCCAGGCAC CTCGATTAGTTCTCGAGCTTTTGGAGTACGTCGTCTTTAGGTTGGGGGGAGGGGTTTTA TGCGATGGAGTTTCCCCACACTGAGTGGGTGGAGACTGAAGTTAGGCCAGCTTGGCAC TTGATGTAATTCTCCTTGGAATTTGCCCTTTTTGAGTTTGGATCTTGGTTCATTCTCAAG CCTCAGACAGTGGTTCAAAGTTTTTTTCTTCCATTTCAGGTGTCGTGACGTACGGCCAC CATGACCGAGTACAAGCCCACGGTGCGCCTCGCCACCCGCGACGACGTCCCCAGGGC CGTACGCACCCTCGCCGCCGCGTTCGCCGACTACCCCGCCACGCGCCACACCGTCGAT CCGGACCGCCACATCGAGCGGGTCACCGAGCTGCAAGAACTCTTCCTCACGCGCGTCG GGCTCGACATCGGCAAGGTGTGGGTCGCGGACGACGGCGCCGCCGTGGCGGTCTGGA CCACGCCGGAGAGCGTCGAAGCGGGGGCGGTGTTCGCCGAGATCGGCCCGCGCATGG CCGAGTTGAGCGGTTCCCGGCTGGCCGCGCAGCAACAGATGGAAGGCCTCCTGGCGC CGCACCGGCCCAAGGAGCCCGCGTGGTTCCTGGCCACCGTCGGAGTCTCGCCCGACC ACCAGGGCAAGGGTCTGGGCAGCGCCGTCGTGCTCCCCGGAGTGGAGGCGGCCGAGC GCGCCGGGGTGCCCGCCTTCCTGGAGACCTCCGCGCCCCGCAACCTCCCCTTCTACGA GCGGCTCGGCTTCACCGTCACCGCCGACGTCGAGGTGCCCGAAGGACCGCGCACCTG GTGCATGACCCGCAAGCCCGGTGCCTGAACGCGTTAAGTCGACAATCAACCTCTGGAT TACAAAATTTGTGAAAGATTGACTGGTATTCTTAACTATGTTGCTCCTTTTACGCTATGT GGATACGCTGCTTTAATGCCTTTGTATCATGCTATTGCTTCCCGTATGGCTTTCATTTTCT CCTCCTTGTATAAATCCTGGTTGCTGTCTCTTTATGAGGAGTTGTGGCCCGTTGTCAGGC AACGTGGCGTGGTGTGCACTGTGTTTGCTGACGCAACCCCCACTGGTTGGGGCATTGC CACCACCTGTCAGCTCCTTTCCGGGACTTTCGCTTTCCCCCTCCCTATTGCCACGGCGG AACTCATCGCCGCCTGCCTTGCCCGCTGCTGGACAGGGGCTCGGCTGTTGGGCACTGA CAATTCCGTGGTGTTGTCGGGGAAATCATCGTCCTTTCCTTGGCTGCTCGCCTGTGTTG CCACCTGGATTCTGCGCGGGACGTCCTTCTGCTACGTCCCTTCGGCCCTCAATCCAGCG GACCTTCCTTCCCGCGGCCTGCTGCCGGCTCTGCGGCCTCTTCCGCGTCTTCGCCTTCG CCCTCAGACGAGTCGGATCTCCCTTTGGGCCGCCTCCCCGCGTCGACTTTAAGACCAAT GACTTACAAGGCAGCTGTAGATCTTAGCCACTTTTTAAAAGAAAAGGGGGGACTGGAA GGGCTAATTCACTCCCAACGAAGACAAGATCTGCTTTTTGCTTGTACTGGGTCTCTCTG GTTAGACCAGATCTGAGCCTGGGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGGGAACCCACTGCTTAAG CCTCAATAAAGCTTGCCTTGAGTGCTTCAAGTAGTGTGTGCCCGTCTGTTGTGTGACTC TGGTAACTAGAGATCCCTCAGACCCTTTTAGTCAGTGTGGAAAATCTCTAGCAGTACGT ATAGTAGTTCATGTCATCTTATTATTCAGTATTTATAACTTGCAAAGAAATGAATATCAGA GAGTGAGAGGAACTTGTTTATTGCAGCTTATAATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCA CAAATTTCACAAATAAAGCATTTTTTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCAAACTCA TCAATGTATCTTATCATGTCTGGCTCTAGCTATCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCATCCCGCC CCTAACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTCTCCGCCCCATGGCTGACTAATTTTTTTTATTTAT GCAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCGGCCTCTGAGCTATTCCAGAAGTAGTGAGGAGGCTTTT TTGGAGGCCTAGGGACGTACCCAATTCGCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTACGCGCGCTCAC TGGCCGTCGTTTTACAACGTCGTGACTGGGAAAACCCTGGCGTTACCCAACTTAATCG CCTTGCAGCACATCCCCCTTTCGCCAGCTGGCGTAATAGCGAAGAGGCCCGCACCGAT CGCCCTTCCCAACAGTTGCGCAGCCTGAATGGCGAATGGGACGCGCCCTGTAGCGGCG CATTAAGCGCGGCGGGTGTGGTGGTTACGCGCAGCGTGACCGCTACACTTGCCAGCGC CCTAGCGCCCGCTCCTTTCGCTTTCTTCCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCCGGCTTTCC CCGTCAAGCTCTAAATCGGGGGCTCCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTTTACGGCACC TCGACCCCAAAAAACTTGATTAGGGTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCGCCCTGATAG ACGGTTTTTCGCCCTTTGACGTTGGAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGGACTCTTGTTCCA AACTGGAACAACACTCAACCCTATCTCGGTCTATTCTTTTGATTTATAAGGGATTTTGCC GATTTCGGCCTATTGGTTAAAAAATGAGCTGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGCGAATTTTA ACAAAATATTAACGCTTACAATTTAGGTGGCACTTTTCGGGGAAATGTGCGCGGAACCC CTATTTGTTTATTTTTCTAAATACATTCAAATATGTATCCGCTCATGAGACAATAACCCTG ATAAATGCTTCAATAATATTGAAAAAGGAAGAGTATGAGTATTCAACATTTCCGTGTCGC CCTTATTCCCTTTTTTGCGGCATTTTGCCTTCCTGTTTTTGCTCACCCAGAAACGCTGGT GAAAGTAAAAGATGCTGAAGATCAGTTGGGTGCACGAGTGGGTTACATCGAACTGGAT CTCAACAGCGGTAAGATCCTTGAGAGTTTTCGCCCCGAAGAACGTTTTCCAATGATGA GCACTTTTAAAGTTCTGCTATGTGGCGCGGTATTATCCCGTATTGACGCCGGGCAAGAG CAACTCGGTCGCCGCATACACTATTCTCAGAATGACTTGGTTGAGTACTCACCAGTCAC AGAAAAGCATCTTACGGATGGCATGACAGTAAGAGAATTATGCAGTGCTGCCATAACC ATGAGTGATAACACTGCGGCCAACTTACTTCTGACAACGATCGGAGGACCGAAGGAGC TAACCGCTTTTTTGCACAACATGGGGGATCATGTAACTCGCCTTGATCGTTGGGAACCG GAGCTGAATGAAGCCATACCAAACGACGAGCGTGACACCACGATGCCTGTAGCAATGG CAACAACGTTGCGCAAACTATTAACTGGCGAACTACTTACTCTAGCTTCCCGGCAACA ATTAATAGACTGGATGGAGGCGGATAAAGTTGCAGGACCACTTCTGCGCTCGGCCCTTC CGGCTGGCTGGTTTATTGCTGATAAATCTGGAGCCGGTGAGCGTGGGTCTCGCGGTATC ATTGCAGCACTGGGGCCAGATGGTAAGCCCTCCCGTATCGTAGTTATCTACACGACGGG GAGTCAGGCAACTATGGATGAACGAAATAGACAGATCGCTGAGATAGGTGCCTCACTG ATTAAGCATTGGTAACTGTCAGACCAAGTTTACTCATATATACTTTAGATTGATTTAAAA CTTCATTTTTAATTTAAAAGGATCTAGGTGAAGATCCTTTTTGATAATCTCATGACCAAA ATCCCTTAACGTGAGTTTTCGTTCCACTGAGCGTCAGACCCCGTAGAAAAGATCAAAG GATCTTCTTGAGATCCTTTTTTTCTGCGCGTAATCTGCTGCTTGCAAACAAAAAAACCA CCGCTACCAGCGGTGGTTTGTTTGCCGGATCAAGAGCTACCAACTCTTTTTCCGAAGGT AACTGGCTTCAGCAGAGCGCAGATACCAAATACTGTTCTTCTAGTGTAGCCGTAGTTAG GCCACCACTTCAAGAACTCTGTAGCACCGCCTACATACCTCGCTCTGCTAATCCTGTTA CCAGTGGCTGCTGCCAGTGGCGATAAGTCGTGTCTTACCGGGTTGGACTCAAGACGAT AGTTACCGGATAAGGCGCAGCGGTCGGGCTGAACGGGGGGTTCGTGCACACAGCCCA GCTTGGAGCGAACGACCTACACCGAACTGAGATACCTACAGCGTGAGCTATGAGAAAG CGCCACGCTTCCCGAAGGGAGAAAGGCGGACAGGTATCCGGTAAGCGGCAGGGTCGG AACAGGAGAGCGCACGAGGGAGCTTCCAGGGGGAAACGCCTGGTATCTTTATAGTCCT GTCGGGTTTCGCCACCTCTGACTTGAGCGTCGATTTTTGTGATGCTCGTCAGGGGGGCG GAGCCTATGGAAAAACGCCAGCAACGCGGCCTTTTTACGGTTCCTGGCCTTTTGCTGG CCTTTTGCTCACATGTTCTTTCCTGCGTTATCCCCTGATTCTGTGGATAACCGTATTACCG CCTTTGAGTGAGCTGATACCGCTCGCCGCAGCCGAACGACCGAGCGCAGCGAGTCAGT GAGCGAGGAAGCGGAAGAGCGCCCAATACGCAAACCGCCTCTCCCCGCGCGTTGGCC GATTCATTAATGCAGCTGGCACGACAGGTTTCCCGACTGGAAAGCGGGCAGTGAGCGC AACGCAATTAATGTGAGTTAGCTCACTCATTAGGCACCCCAGGCTTTACACTTTATGCTT CCGGCTCGTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAGCT ATGACCATGATTACGCCAAGCGCGCAATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGAACAAAAGCTGGA GCTGCAAGCTTAATGTAGTCTTATGCAATACTCTTGTAGTCTTGCAACATGGTAACGATG AGTTAGCAACATGCCTTACAAGGAGAGAAAAAGCACCGTGCATGCCGATTGGTGGAA GTAAGGTGGTACGATCGTGCCTTATTAGGAAGGCAACAGACGGGTCTGACATGGATTG GACGAACCACTGAATTGCCGCATTGCAGAGATATTGTATTTAAGTGCCTAGCTCGATAC ATAAACGGGTCTCTCTGGTTAGACCAGATCTGAGCCTGGGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGG GAACCCACTGCTTAAGCCTCAATAAAGCTTGCCTTGAGTGCTTCAAGTAGTGTGTGCCC GTCTGTTGTGTGACTCTGGTAACTAGAGATCCCTCAGACCCTTTTAGTCAGTGTGGAAA ATCTCTAGCAGTGGCGCCCGAACAGGGACTTGAAAGCGAAAGGGAAACCAGAGGAGC TCTCTCGACGCAGGACTCGGCTTGCTGAAGCGCGCACGGCAAGAGGCGAGGGGCGGC GACTGGTGAGTACGCCAAAAATTTTGACTAGCGGAGGCTAGAAGGAGAGAGATGGGT GCGAGAGCGTCAGTATTAAGCGGGGGAGAATTAGATCGCGATGGGAAAAAATTCGGTT AAGGCCAGGGGGAAAGAAAAAATATAAATTAAAACATATAGTATGGGCAAGCAGGGAG CTAGAACGATTCGCAGTTAATCCTGGCCTGTTAGAAACATCAGAAGGCTGTAGACAAAT ACTGGGACAGCTACAACCATCCCTTCAGACAGGATCAGAAGAACTTAGATCATTATATA ATACAGTAGCAACCCTCTATTGTGTGCATCAAAGGATAGAGATAAAAGACACCAAGGA AGCTTTAGACAAGATAGAGGAAGAGCAAAACAAAAGTAAGACCACCGCACAGCAAGC GGCCGCTGATCTTCAGACCTGGAGGAGGAGATATGAGGGACAATTGGAGAAGTGAATT ATATAAATATAAAGTAGTAAAAATTGAACCATTAGGAGTAGCACCCACCAAGGCAAAGA GAAGAGTGGTGCAGAGAGAAAAAAGAGCAGTGGGAATAGGAGCTTTGTTCCTTGGGT TCTTGGGAGCAGCAGGAAGCACTATGGGCGCAGCGTCAATGACGCTGACGGTACAGG CCAGACAATTATTGTCTGGTATAGTGCAGCAGCAGAACAATTTGCTGAGGGCTATTGAG GCGCAACAGCATCTGTTGCAACTCACAGTCTGGGGCATCAAGCAGCTCCAGGCAAGA ATCCTGGCTGTGGAAAGATACCTAAAGGATCAACAGCTCCTGGGGATTTGGGGTTGCT CTGGAAAACTCATTTGCACCACTGCTGTGCCTTGGAATGCTAGTTGGAGTAATAAATCT CTGGAACAGATTTGGAATCACACGACCTGGATGGAGTGGGACAGAGAAATTAACAATT ACACAAGCTTAATACACTCCTTAATTGAAGAATCGCAAAACCAGCAAGAAAAGAATGA ACAAGAATTATTGGAATTAGATAAATGGGCAAGTTTGTGGAATTGGTTTAACA U6promoter sgRNA Amino acid sequences of Maloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (M-MLV RT) variants used herein. PE1 M-MLV RT: (SEQ ID NO: 739) TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTP VSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLR EVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWR DPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAAT SELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKET VMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQQKAY QEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPV AAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMT HYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPD ADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKM AEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLS IIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP M3 M-MLV RT (D200N, T330P, L603W) (see Baranauskas et al.¹⁸²): (SEQ ID NO: 740) TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTP VSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLR EVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWR DPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAAT SELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKET VMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAY QEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPV AAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMT HYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPD ADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKM AEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRL SIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP PE2 M-MLV RT (D200N, T306K, W313F, T330P, L603W): (SEQ ID NO: 741) TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTP VSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLR EVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWR DPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAAT SELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKET VMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAY QEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPV AAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMT HYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPD ADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKM AEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRL SIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP M3-deadRT M-MLV RT: (SEQ ID NO: 742) TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTP VSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKLPGTNDYSPVQDLR EVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWR DPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAAT SELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKET VMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAY QEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPV AAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMT HYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPD ADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKM AEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRL SIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSP

KEY:

REFERENCES FOR EXAMPLE 12

Each of the following references are cited in Example 12, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

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Example 13—Cell Data Recording and Lineage Tracing by PE

Background

Genome modification can be used to study and record cellular processes and development. Linking cellular events, like cell division or signaling cascade activation, to DNA sequence modifications stores cellular histories as interpretable DNA sequence changes that would describe whether specific cellular events had taken place. DNA editing is necessary for these applications because DNA is faithfully passed from one cell to the next in a way that RNA and proteins are not. Information relating to cellular state and lineage are in general lost when modifications are made to short-lived protein and RNA molecules. Recording cellular events within a single cell is a powerful way to understand how disease states are initiated, maintained, and changed relative to healthy controls. The ability to probe these questions has implications for understanding the development of cancer, neurological disease, and a host of other important problems in human health. prime editing (PE) provides a system for creating targeted and sequence-specified genomic insertions, deletions, or mutations. Repeated modification of a DNA target that can be sequenced by targeted amplicon sequencing and/or RNA sequencing (which is of particular value for single cell recording experiments) can be used to record a host of important biological processes, including activation of signaling cascades, metabolic states, and cellular differentiation programs. Connecting internal and external cellular signals to sequence modifications in the genome is, in theory, possible for any signal for which a signal responsive promoter exists. It is believed that PE enables a greatly expanded toolkit for probing the cellular lineage and the signaling histories of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in both cultured conditions and in vivo.

Previous Standards

Targeted sequence insertion, deletion, or mutation can be used to study a number of important biological questions including lineage tracing and recording of cellular stimuli. The current toolkit for generating these signatures in the genome is limited. Mutagenesis of target loci has been developed to date using both DNA-nucleases and base editors.

CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease cutting of target sequences generates stochastic sequence changes to generate a large number of insertion or deletion (indel) products. The large number of sequence outcomes that arise from Cas9 cutting allows for clear determination of sequences that have been cut by the nuclease. The ability to distinguish cut versus non-cut sequences has been used in two predominant ways.

First, the expression of the Cas9 nuclease and/or its single guide RNA (sgRNA) have been connected to cellular signals. Additionally, whether that signal has occurred based on sequence modifications to the Cas9 targeted genomic locus has been recorded. However, this approach is limited because each signal requires a unique target locus, which makes tracking the relative timing of multiple signals difficult to interpret. Another limitation to this approach is that multiple target loci are desired for a specific sgRNA because generation of an indel often severely hinders additional mutagenesis of the target locus; this often means that pre-engineered target loci are integrated into cells for editing instead of direct mutagenesis of endogenous loci.

Second, Cas9 indels have been used to track cellular lineages. As described herein, the large number of possible indel states generated by Cas9 nuclease activity allows for the generation of cellular developmental trees that suggest which cells have arisen from one another across time. This approach is a powerful way to understand how cells arise from one another and has been used to help identify unique cell states and types across developmental time by performing RNA sequencing on selected cellular pools. This approach cannot independently report on cellular signaling events, their order, and may have biases when reporting on pre-cursor versus terminally differentiated cell states.

Cas9 nuclease mediated lineage tracing and signal recording are powerful techniques that come with some important caveats. Signal recording with Cas9 nuclease is often very technically challenging. Cas9 cutting exhausts the target locus (repeated cutting is difficult once an indel is generated) making it difficult to record long term stimuli at the single cell level. The kinetics of Cas9 cutting can be tuned to enable longer term recording events though the ability to integrate the order, intensity, and duration of multiple stimuli remains a very challenging technical problem that may not be achievable with this tool. Cas9 lineage tracing experiments have been incredibly powerful but suffer from minor technical challenges of sequence collapse due to simultaneous Cas9 cuts at a target locus. These lineage-tracing experiments require editing of pre-designed target loci, limiting the flexibility of this approach.

DNA base editing has also been used to track cellular signaling events. Base editing is not well suited for lineage tracing due to the low number of outcome states generated by an editing event relative to the number of states generated by Cas9 indels; however, the pre-defined nature of the sequence modifications made by a base editor are particularly useful for tracking internal and external cellular stimuli. As described herein, either base editor or sgRNA expression can be connected to a particular biological or chemical stimulus. Base editing activity has been used to track a large number of individual stimuli in both mammalian and bacterial cells. This approach has also been used to track consecutive stimuli where a first editing event was necessary before a second edit could take place.

Base editing signal recording is an important first step for the field, but it has a number of limitations. One such limitation is that base editing exhausts its target after editing, limiting the dynamic range of the technique. This means that using endogenous targets for recording events is often difficult and limited to recording bulk activities instead of activity at the single cell level. An alternative to this is the introduction of a pre-designed repetitive recording locus though this has not been performed to date. There are also issues with two-signal recording. These two signal-recording experiments only report on the presence of the second stimulus after a first; it does not report which stimulus happened first or how long the stimuli were present. This fundamentally limits the biological understanding gleaned from the experiment.

It has been proposed that PE lineage tracing can do both lineage tracing and cellular signaling recording by modifying genomic target sequences as well as integrated pre-designed sequences. PE uses a synthetic fusion protein comprising a Cas9 nickase fragment (often the SpCas9 H840A variant) and a reverse transcriptase (RT) domain, along with an engineered prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA). Together, these components target a specific genomic sequence and install a pre-determined edit. Since the PEgRNA specifies both the target genomic sequence and the editing outcome, highly specific and controlled genome modification can be achieved simultaneously using multiple PEgRNAs within the same cell. Accessible genome modifications include all single nucleotide substitution, small to medium size sequence insertions, and small to medium size sequence deletions. The versatility of this genome editing technology should enable temporally coupled, signal-specific recording within cells.

Utility of PE Lineage and Cell Signaling Recording

Recording cellular signaling can be accomplished in a number of ways. One important first application of this approach is to connect DNA modification events to cell cycle associated signals like the expression of cyclins, CDKs, or other proteins specific to phases of the cellular life span one could generate a cellular clock. A cellular clock allows researchers to understand the order of various signals being received and processed by individual cells. A molecular clock would also enable the determination of long-term signaling versus short-term bursts of signaling. Using prime editing components that can only edit once a cell cycle could also lead to a molecular clock. If editing can only proceed once a cell cycle without continued DNA modification (perhaps by not nicking the non-edited DNA strand) one could imagine a system that only can be edited by a second targeting PEsgRNA in a subsequent cell division. PE is particularly useful as a cellular clock as it can repeatedly insert, delete, or mutate loci in a predetermined way with insertions being particularly valuable as repeated, regular insertions can be made at any target genomic locus.

Another important application related to recording cellular signals is the parallel recording of a large number of cellular inputs. Linking cellular signaling events to DNA modification enables recording of whether such a signaling event has occurred. Similar to Cas9 nuclease-based or base editing-based recording systems, recording of cellular events can be tethered to gRNA or editor expression. Unlike these other approaches, lineage prime editing should be able to record the order, intensity, and duration of signaling events without requiring strict sequence motifs for ordered editing. Indeed, lineage prime editing should be able to integrate the cellular counter described above with signal specific insertions, deletions, or mutations to study the order, intensity, and duration of biological signals. Due to the programmable nature of prime editing, this approach can be achieved at genomic loci pre-existing in the target cell of interest (whether this is in bacteria, mice, rats, monkeys, pigs, humans, zebrafish, C. elegans, etc.). It is important to note as well that prime editing recording installs barcodes in a guide RNA dependent manner, the number of inputs is limited to the number of signals for which there are reliable signal specific guide RNA expression cassettes (which should be very high due to the ability to tether these expressions to the activity of RNA Pol II promoters). The number of recordable signals scales linearly with the number of PEgRNAs needed.

PE can also be used to trace cellular lineages. Repeated sequence modification can be used to generate unique cellular barcodes to track individual cells. The arrays of barcodes, their order, and size can all be used to infer cellular lineages in a way that can be complementary to the large number of indel states generated by Cas9 nuclease.

Prime Editing Methodology for Repeated Sequence Modification

A number of distinct modalities for repeated sequence modification using prime editing (PE) were envisioned: DNA mutagenesis; sequence deletion; and, sequence insertion. Notably, these applications can be used on either pre-existing genomic DNA targets or on pre-designed DNA sequences that researchers integrate into target cells. These techniques of serial sequence modification have value for recording information and for designed or stochastic modification of target loci in a continuous manner. Serial targeted locus modification may be particularly useful for generating libraries of variants in various hosts.

Repeated sequence mutation can be used to alter either genomic DNA or pre-designed integrated DNA sequences in an iterative manner to report on cellular signaling events. In this paradigm, mutations installed by PE gRNA activity will correspond to the presence of a cellular signal. These point mutations could install PAM motifs necessary for serial editing events, as well as point mutations that correspond to the presence of specific signals. This system would require gRNA design prior to use as each successive guide RNA will use a novel protospacer; however, it could be especially powerful for examining individual or small numbers of stimuli of particular interest. Installation of these mutations could be dependent on individual biological stimuli or could be connected to consistent cellular processes that would mark cellular time. The sequences below correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 743, 744, 744, and 745.

Target genomic DNA sequence CGTATCGGTAACTGATCCGATGGAAAGCCAGTTCAGAACCG Target sequence post edit #1 (install 

 and 

) CGTATCGGTAACTGATCCGATGGAA GCCAG ICAGAACCG Target sequence post edit #1 (use 

 PAM) CGTATCGGTAACTGATCCGATGGAA GCCAGGTCAGAACCG Target sequence post edit #2 (install 

 and 

) CGTATCGGTAACTGATCCGATGGAA GCCAGGTCA AAC G

Another similar PE guide RNA-intensive method is the repeated deletion of target sequences. Removal of individual sequences from a target locus would allow for the ability to reconstruct signaling events through the loss of DNA motifs. Design of PEgRNAs that delete successive sequences would enable the tracking of consecutive signals. This would allow researchers to identify instances where one signal followed another, which would allow researchers to probe which signaling events happen in which order. Such a system has been tested using CAMERA; however, this required pre-selection of particular loci with unique sequence requirements. Successive sequence deletion using PE would allow for the paralleled recording of pairwise events in individual cells as no specific sequence determinants are required. This would allow researchers the ability to probe pairwise signaling events in a multiplexed manner inside any target cell of interest. The sequences below correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 746, 747, and 748.

Example target DNA sequence CGTATCGGTAACTGATCCGATGGAAAGCCAGTTCAGAACCG Target sequence post edit #1 (delete AAA) CGTATCGGTAACTGATCCGATGGGCCAGTTCAGAACCG Target sequence post edit #2 (delete GCC) CGTATCGGTAACTGATCCGATGGAGTTCAGAACCG

Sequence insertion is a third approach for the tracking cellular signaling events. Some variants of this strategy are less PEgRNA-dependent than mutagenesis or deletion. A number of different insertion strategies exist-insertion of short sequences, insertion of protospacers, insertion of a protospacer and a barcode, insertion of novel homology sequences, and insertion of homology sequences with a barcode.

Insertion of short repetitive sequences is a way to incrementally increase the size of a target sequence to measure the passage of time in a cell. In this system insertion of 5 or more nucleotides of repetitive sequence can cause repeat expansion in connection to either the passage of time or the continued presence of a pre-determined stimulus. The locus-agnostic nature of lineage PE again enables paralleled tracking of multiple unique sequence expansions in connection with discrete biological signals. This should enable measuring of the intensity of multiple biological signals across cellular time in individual cells. The sequences below correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 749, 750, and 751.

Example target DNA sequence genomic sequence-CGTATCGTATCGTATCGTATTGG-denomic sequence Target sequence post edit #1  genomic sequence-CGTASICGTATCGTATCGTATCGTATTGG-genomic sequence (install CGTAT) Target sequence post edit #2  genomic sequence-CGTATCGTATCGTATCGTATCGTATCGTATTGG-genomic sequence (install CGTAT)

Insertion of different short sequences would require a handful of PEgRNAs in a manner similar to the deletional space. The number of signals being recorded and the size of the inserted sequence would determine the number of combinations of PEgRNAs needed. One challenge with recording multiple sequences in this system would be the different efficiencies of each PEgRNA at inserting its cargo sequence.

Insertion of protospacers as indicators of cellular signals is enticing though technical challenges may infringe on the efficiency of this approach. Single PEgRNA systems will be challenging to use because PEgRNA cassettes would be substrates for themselves, causing insertions into the PEgRNA that compromise the efficiency and fidelity of successive edits. This same problem persists for two or three PEgRNA systems, as each guide is a substrate for another, enabling insertion of other sequences into the guide cassette itself, which could lead to inappropriate insertion of protospacer sequences in connection with the wrong signal. These protospacer insertion systems are also difficult to imagine with the inclusion of barcode sequences. Single PEgRNA barcode systems would simply write over the barcodes used, removing the data stored in the first edit. Multiple guide systems again suffer from insertions into other PEgRNA expression constructs, limiting its utility (especially in vivo). See FIG. 90 .

Insertion of homology sequences (i.e., sequences 3′ of the Cas9 nick location), and especially homology sequences with associated barcodes, appear to be particularly useful lineage PE strategies. This system avoids the issues associated with protospacer insertion by ensuring that successive rounds of editing result in the insertion of a barcode from a PEgRNA cassette that cannot be modified by other PEgRNA editing events in the same cell. The barcoding system is valuable as multiple barcodes can be associated with a given stimulus. This system preserves the majority of the target protospacer but alters the seed sequence, PAM, and downstream adjacent nucleotides. This enables multiple signals to be connected to one editing locus without significant re-designing of the PEgRNAs being used. This strategy would enable multiplexed barcode insertion in response to a large number of cellular stimuli (either internal or external) at a single locus. It could enable recording of intensity, duration, and order of as many signals as there exist unique barcodes (which can be designed with multiple N nucleotides to generate 4{circumflex over ( )}N possible barcodes; i.e. a 5-nt barcode would enable recording of 4{circumflex over ( )}5 or 1024 unique signals at once). This system could be used both in vitro and in vivo.

REFERENCES CITED IN EXAMPLE 13

Each of the following references are incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Recording development with single cell dynamic lineage tracing.     Aaron McKenna, James A. Gagnon. -   2. Whole-organism lineage tracing by combinatorial and cumulative     genome editing. Mckenna et al. Science. 2016 Jul. 29;     353(6298):aaf7907. doi10.1126/science.aaf7907. Epub 2016 May 26. -   3. Molecular recording of mammalian embryogenesis. Chan et al. 2019.     Nature. June; 570(7759):77-82. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1184-5. Epub     2019 May 13.

Example 14—Modulating Biomolecule Activity and/or Localization by PE

The subcellular localization and modification states of biomolecules regulate their activities. Specific biological functions like transcriptional control, cellular metabolism, and signal transduction cascades are all carefully orchestrated in particular locations within the cell. As such, modulating the cellular localization and modification states of proteins represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of disease. Some existing therapeutics have been developed to alter the localization of target proteins. For example, farnesylation inhibitors are designed to prevent lipidation and membrane targeting of important oncogenic proteins like KRAS. Similarly, small-molecule-induced ubiquitination of target proteins directs them to the proteasome for degradation. The ability to traffic proteins to these and other unique cellular compartments provides an opportunity to alter a number of biological processes. It is proposed herein that the use of prime editing (PE) to install genetically encoded handles for altering the modification state and the subcellular trafficking of biomolecules with a genetically encoded signal (e.g. proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids) for the purposes of therapeutics.

PE is a genome editing technology that enables the installation, deletion, or replacement of short DNA sequences into any genomic locus targetable with a Cas9 enzyme. Using this technology, one could in principle install or remove important DNA, RNA, or protein coding sequences that change the activities of these important biomolecules. More specifically, prime editing could be used to install motifs, or signals, that change the localization or modification properties of biomolecules. Some examples include modification to: protein amino acid sequences; motifs for post translational modifications; RNA motifs that change folding or localization; and, installation of DNA sequences that change the local chromatin state or architecture of the surrounding DNA.

One target biomolecule for PE-mediated modification is DNA. Modifications to DNA could be made to install a number of DNA sequences that change the accessibility of the target locus. Chromatin accessibility controls gene transcriptional output. Installation of marks to recruit chromatin compacting enzymes should decrease the transcriptional output of neighboring genes, while installation of sequences associated with chromatin opening should make regions more accessible and in turn increase transcription. Installation of more complex sequence motifs that mirror native regulatory sequences should provide more nuanced and biologically sensitive control than the currently available dCas9 fusions to different epigenetic reader, writer, or eraser enzymes—tools that typically install large numbers of a single type of mark that may not have a particular biological antecedent. Installation of sequences that will bring two loci into close proximity, or bring loci into contact with the nuclear membrane, should also alter the transcriptional output of those loci as has been demonstrated in the burgeoning field of 3-D genomic architecture.

Modifications to RNAs can also be made to alter their activity by changing their cellular localization, interacting partners, structural dynamics, or thermodynamics of folding. Installation of motifs that will cause translational pausing or frameshifting could change the abundance of mRNA species through various mRNA processing mechanisms. Modifying consensus splice sequences would also alter the abundance and prevalence of different RNA species. Changing the relative ratio of different splice isoforms would predictably lead to a change in the ratio of protein translation products, and this could be used to alter many biological pathways. For instance, shifting the balance of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA repair proteins would alter the resilience of different cancers to chemotherapeutic reagents. Furthermore, RNAs could be modified with sequences that enable binding to novel protein targets. A number of RNA aptamers have been developed that bind with high affinity to cellular proteins. Installation of one of these aptamers could be used to either sequester different RNA species through binding to a protein target that will prevent their translation, biological activity, or to bring RNA species to specific subcellular compartments. Biomolecule degradation is another class of localization modification. For example, RNA methylation is used to regulate RNAs within the cell. Consensus motifs for methylation could be introduced into target RNA coding sequences with PE. RNAs could also be modified to include sequences that direct nonsense mediated decay machinery or other nucleic acid metabolism pathways to degrade the target RNA species would change the pool of RNAs in a cell. Additionally, RNA species could be modified to alter their aggregation state. Sequences could be installed on single RNAs of interest or multiple RNAs to generate RNA tangles that would render them ineffective substrates for translation or signaling.

Modifications to proteins via post-translational modification (PTM) also represent an important class of biomolecule manipulation that can be carried out with PE. As with RNA species, changing the abundance of proteins in a cell is an important capability of PE. Editing can be done to install stop codons in an open reading frame—this will eliminate full-length product from being produced by the edited DNA sequence. Alternatively, peptide motifs can be installed that cause the rate of protein degradation to be altered for a target protein. Installation of degradation tags into a gene body could be used to alter the abundance of a protein in a cell. Moreover, introduction of degrons that are induced by small molecules could enable temporal control over protein degradation. This could have important implications for both research and therapeutics as researchers could readily assess whether small molecule-mediated therapeutic protein degradation of a given target was a viable therapeutic strategy. Protein motifs could also be installed to change the subcellular localization of a protein. Amino acid motifs can be installed to preferentially traffic proteins to a number of subcellular compartments including the nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, peroxisome, lysosome, proteasome, exosome, and others.

Installing or destroying motifs modified by PTM machinery can alter protein post-translational modifications. Phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, lipidation (e.g. farnesylation, myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, GPI anchors), hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, crotonylation, SUMOylation, disulfide bond formations, side chain bond cleavage events, polypeptide backbone cleavage events (proteolysis), and a number of other protein PTMs have been identified. These PTMs change protein function, often by changing subcellular localization. Indeed, kinases often activate downstream signaling cascades via phosphorylation events. Removal of the target phosphosite would prevent signal transduction. The ability to site-specifically ablate or install any PTM motif while retaining full-length protein expression would be an important advance for both basic research and therapeutics. The sequence installation scope and target window of PE make it well suited for broad PTM modification space.

Removal of lipidation sites should prevent the trafficking of proteins to cell membranes. A major limitation to current therapeutics that target post-translational modification processes is their specificity. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors have been tested extensively for their ability to eliminate KRAS localization at cell membranes. Unfortunately, global inhibition of farnesylation comes with numerous off target effects that have prevented broad use of these small molecules. Similarly, specific inhibition of protein kinases with small molecules can be very challenging due to the large size of the human genome and similarities between various kinases. PE offers a potential solution to this specificity problem, as it enables inhibition of modification of the target protein by ablation of the modification site instead of global enzyme inhibition. For example, removal of the lapidated peptide motif in KRAS would be a targeted approach that could be used in place of farnesyl transferase inhibition. This approach is the functional inverse of inhibiting a target protein activity by installing a lipid-targeting motif on a protein not designed to be membrane bound.

PE can also be used to instigate protein-protein complexation events. Proteins often function within complexes to execute their biological activity. PE can be used to either create or destroy the ability of proteins to exist within these complexes. To eliminate complex formation events, amino acid substitutions or insertions along the protein: protein interface could be installed to disfavor complexation. SSX18 is a protein component of the BAF complex, an important histone-remodeling complex. Mutations in SSX18 drive synovial sarcomas. PE could be used to install side chains that prevent SSX18 from binding to its protein partners in the complex to prevent its oncogenic activity. PE could also be used to remove the pathogenic mutations to restore WT activity of this protein. Alternatively, PE could be used to keep proteins within either their native complex or to drag them to participate in interactions that are unrelated to their native activity to inhibit their activity. Forming complexes that maintain one interaction state over another could represent an important therapeutic modality. Altering protein: protein interfaces to decrease the Kd of the interaction would keep those proteins stuck to one another longer. As protein complexes can have multiple signaling complexes, like n-myc driving neuroblastoma signaling cascades in disease but otherwise participating in healthy transcriptional control in other cells. PE could be used to install mutations that drive n-myc association with healthy interactions partners and decrease its affinity for oncogenic interaction partners.

REFERENCES CITED IN EXAMPLE 14

Each of the following references are incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Selective Target Protein Degradation via Phthalimide Conjugation.     Winter et al. Science. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 Jul.     8. -   2. Reversible disruption of mSWI/SNF (BAF) complexes by the SS18-SSX     oncogenic fusion in synovial sarcoma. Kadoch and Crabtree. Cell.     2013 Mar. 28; 153(1):71-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.036. -   3. Ribosomal frameshifting and transcriptional slippage: From     genetic steganography and cryptography to adventitious use. Atkins     et al. Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 44, Issue 15, 6 Sep. 2016,     Pages 7007-7078. -   4. Transcriptional Regulation and its Misregulation in Disease. Lee     and Young. Cell. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Mar. 14. -   5. Protein localization in disease and therapy. Mien-Chie Hung,     Wolfgang Link Journal of Cell Science 2011 124: 3381-3392. -   6. Loss of post-translational modification sites in disease. Li et     al. Pac Symp Biocomput. 2010:337-47. PTMD: A Database of Human     Disease-associated Post-translational Modifications. Xu et al.     Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2018 August; 16(4):244-251. Epub     2018 Sep. 21. -   7. Post-transcriptional gene regulation by mRNA modifications. Zhao     et al. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology volumel8, pages 31-42     (2017).

Example 15—Design and Engineering of PEgRNAS

Described herein is a series of PEgRNA designs and strategies that can improve prime editing (PE) efficiency.

Prime editing (PE) is a genome editing technology that can replace, insert, or remove defined DNA sequences within a targeted genetic locus using information encoded within a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA). Prime editors (PEs) consist of a sequence-programmable DNA binding protein with nuclease activity (Cas9) fused to a reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. PEs form complexes with PEgRNAs, which contain the information for targeting specific DNA loci within their spacer sequences, as well as information specifying the desired edit in an engineered extension built into a standard sgRNA scaffold. PE:PEgRNA complexes bind and nick the programmed target DNA locus, allowing hybridization of the nicked DNA strand to the engineered primer binding sequence (PBS) of the PEgRNA. The reverse transcriptase domain then copies the edit-encoding information within the RT template portion of the PEgRNA, using the nicked genomic DNA as a primer for DNA polymerization. Subsequent DNA repair processes incorporate the newly synthesized edited DNA strand into the genomic locus. While the versatility of prime editing holds great promise as a research tool and potential therapeutic, several limitations in efficiency and scope exist due to the multi-step process required for editing. For example, unfavorable RNA structures that form within the PEgRNA can inhibit the copying of DNA edits from the PEgRNA to the genomic locus. One potential way to improve PE technology is through redesign and engineering of the critical PEgRNA component. Improvements to the design of these PEgRNAs are likely to be necessary for improved PE efficiency, as well as enable installation of longer inserted sequences into the genome.

Described herein is a series of PEgRNA designs that are envisioned to improve the efficacy of PE. These designs take advantage of a number of previously published approaches for improving sgRNA efficacy and/or stability, as well as utilize a number of novel strategies. These improvements can belong to one or more of a number of different categories:

(1) Longer PEgRNAs. This category relations to improved designs that enable efficient expression of functional PEgRNAs from non-polymerase III (pol III) promoters, which would enable the expression of longer PEgRNAs without burdensome sequence requirements;

(2) Core improvements. This category relates to improvements to the core, Cas9-binding PEgRNA scaffold, which could improve efficacy;

(3) RT processivity. This category relates to modifications to the PEgRNA that improve RT processivity, enabling the insertion of longer sequences at targeted genomic loci; and

(4) Termini motifs. This category relates to the addition of RNA motifs to the 5′ and/or 3′ termini of the PEgRNA that improve PEgRNA stability, enhance RT processivity, prevent mis-folding of the PEgRNA, or recruit additional factors important for genome editing.

Described herein are a number of potential such PEgRNA designs in each category. Several of these designs have been previously described for improving sgRNA activity with Cas9 and are indicated as such. Described herein is also a platform for the evolution of PEgRNAs for given sequence targets that would enable the polishing of the PEgRNA scaffold and enhance PE activity (5). Notably, these designs could also be readily applied to improve PEgRNAs recognized by any Cas9 or evolved variant thereof.

(1) Longer PEgRNAs.

sgRNAs are typically expressed from the U6 snRNA promoter. This promoter recruits pol III to express the associated RNA and is useful for expression of short RNAs that are retained within the nucleus. However, pol III is not highly processive and is unable to express RNAs longer than a few hundred nucleotides in length at the levels required for efficient genome editing¹⁸³. Additionally, pol III can stall or terminate at stretches of U's, potentially limiting the sequence diversity that could be inserted using a PEgRNA. Other promoters that recruit polymerase II (such as pCMV) or polymerase I (such as the U1 snRNA promoter) have been examined for their ability to express longer sgRNAs¹⁸³. However, these promoters are typically partially transcribed, which would result in extra sequence 5′ of the spacer in the expressed PEgRNA, which has been shown to result in markedly reduced Cas9:sgRNA activity in a site-dependent manner. Additionally, while pol III-transcribed PEgRNAs can simply terminate in a run of 6-7 U's, PEgRNAs transcribed from pol II or pol I would require a different termination signal. Often such signals also result in polyadenylation, which would result in undesired transport of the PEgRNA from the nucleus. Similarly, RNAs expressed from pol II promoters such as pCMV are typically 5′-capped, also resulting in their nuclear export.

Previously, Rinn and coworkers screened a variety of expression platforms for the production of long-noncoding RNA-(lncRNA) tagged sgRNAs¹⁸³. These platforms include RNAs expressed from pCMV and that terminate in the ENE element from the MALAT1 ncRNA from humans¹⁸⁴, the PAN ENE element from KSHV¹⁸⁵, or the 3′ box from U1 snRNA¹⁸⁶. Notably, the MALAT1 ncRNA and PAN ENEs form triple helices protecting the polyA-tail^(184,187). It is anticipated that, in addition to enabling expression of RNAs, these constructs could also enhance RNA stability (see section iv). Using the promoter from the U1 snRNA to enable expression of these longer sgRNAs¹⁸³ was also explored. It is anticipated that these expression systems will also enable the expression of longer PEgRNAs. In addition, a series of methods have been designed for the cleavage of the portion of the pol II promoter that would be transcribed as part of the PEgRNA, adding either a self-cleaving ribozyme such as the hammerhead¹⁸⁸, pistol¹⁸⁹, hatchet¹⁸⁹, hairpin¹⁹⁰, VS¹⁹¹, twister¹⁹², or twister sister¹⁹² ribozymes, or other self-cleaving elements to process the transcribed guide, or a hairpin that is recognized by Csy4¹⁹³ and also leads to processing of the guide. Also, it is hypothesized that incorporation of multiple ENE motifs could lead to improved PEgRNA expression and stability, as previously demonstrated for the KSHV PAN RNA and element¹⁸⁵. It is also anticipated that circularizing the PEgRNA in the form of a circular intronic RNA (ciRNA) could also lead to enhanced RNA expression and stability, as well as nuclear localization¹⁹⁴.

PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairping, the PEgRNA, and MALAT1 ENE (SEQ ID NO: 757) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTAGGGTCATGAAGGTTTTTCTTTTCCTGAGA AAACAACACGTATTGTTTTCTCAGGTTTTGCTTTTTGGCCTTTTTCTAGCT TAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAAAAGATGCTGGTGGTTGGCACTCCTGGTTTCCAG GACGGGGTTCAAATCCCTGCGGCGTCTTTGCTTTGACT PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairping, the PEgRNA, and PAN ENE (SEQ ID NO: 758) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACC GGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGA AAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAAC TAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAA TCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairping, the PEgRNA, and 3xPAN ENE (SEQ ID NO: 759) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACC GGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGA AAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAAC TAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAA TCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACACACTGTTTTGGCTGGGTTTTTCCT TGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTTTTATCCCAGT GTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGTGCCTAGAGCT CAAATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACATAAATAAAGGT CAATGTTTAATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATCTCTCTGTTTTGGCTG GGTTTTTCCTTGTTCGCACCGGACACCTCCAGTGACCAGACGGCAAGGTTT TTATCCCAGTGTATATTGGAAAAACATGTTATACTTTTGACAATTTAACGT GCCTAGAGCTCAAATTAAACTAATACCATAACGTAATGCAACTTACAACAT AAATAAAGGTCAATGTTTAATCCATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pCMV, Csy4 hairping, the PEgRNA, and 3′ box (SEQ ID NO: 760) TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATAT GGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAAC GCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAAC TGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGAC CTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTAT TACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTT TGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTT GTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAACTCCGC CCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAG CAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATCGTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAGGGC CCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATC AAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTGTTTCAAAAGTAGACTGTACGCTAAGGGTCA TATCTTTTTTTGTTTGGTTTGTGTCTTGGTTGGCGTCTTAAA PEgRNA expression platform consisting of pU1, Csy4 hairping, the PEgRNA, and 3′ box (SEQ ID NO: 761) CTAAGGACCAGCTTCTTTGGGAGAGAACAGACGCAGGGGCGGGAGGGAAAA AGGGAGAGGCAGACGTCACTTCCCCTTGGCGGCTCTGGCAGCAGATTGGTC GGTTGAGTGGCAGAAAGGCAGACGGGGACTGGGCAAGGCACTGTCGGTGAC ATCACGGACAGGGCGACTTCTATGTAGATGAGGCAGCGCAGAGGCTGCTGC TTCGCCACTTGCTGCTTCACCACGAAGGAGTTCCCGTGCCCTGGGAGCGGG TTCAGGACCGCTGATCGGAAGTGAGAATCCCAGCTGTGTGTCAGGGCTGGA AAGGGCTCGGGAGTGCGCGGGGCAAGTGACCGTGTGTGTAAAGAGTGAGGC GTATGAGGCTGTGTCGGGGCAGAGGCCCAAGATCTCAGTTCACTGCCGTAT AGGCAGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTT AAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCC TCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTCAGCAAGTTCAGAGAAATCTGA ACTTGCTGGATTTTTGGAGCAGGGAGATGGAATAGGAGCTTGCTCCGTCCA CTCCACGCATCGACCTGGTATTGCAGTACCTCCAGGAACGGTGCACCCACT TTCTGGAGTTTCAAAAGTAGACTGTACGCTAAGGGTCATATCTTTTTTTGT TTGGTTTGTGTCTTGGTTGGCGTCTTAAA

(2) Core Improvements.

The core, Cas9-binding PEgRNA scaffold can likely be improved to enhance PE activity. Several such approaches have already been demonstrated. For instance, the first pairing element of the scaffold (P1) contains a GTTTT-AAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 3939) pairing element. Such runs of Ts have been shown to result in pol III pausing and premature termination of the RNA transcript. Rational mutation of one of the T-A pairs to a G-C pair in this portion of P1 has been shown to enhance sgRNA activity, suggesting this approach would also be feasible for PEgRNAs¹⁹⁵. Additionally, increasing the length of P1 has also been shown to enhance sgRNA folding and lead to improved activityl⁹⁵, suggesting it as another avenue for the improvement of PEgRNA activity. Finally, it is likely the polishing of the PEgRNA scaffold through directed evolution of PEgRNAs on a given DNA target would also result in improved activity. This is described in section (v).

PEgRNA containing a 6 nt extension to P1 (SEQ ID NO: 228) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGCTCATGAAAATGAGCTAG CAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGT CGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTTTT PEgRNA containing a T-A to G-C mutation within P1 (SEQ ID NO: 229) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTGAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTTAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCC ATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGTTTTTTT

(iii) Improvement of RT Processivity Via Modifications to the Template Region of the PEgRNA

As the size of the insertion templated by the PEgRNA increases, it is more likely to be degraded by endonucleases, undergo spontaneous hydrolysis, or fold into secondary structures unable to be reverse-transcribed by the RT or that disrupt folding of the PEgRNA scaffold and subsequent Cas9-RT binding. Accordingly, it is likely that modification to the template of the PEgRNA might be necessary to affect large insertions, such as the insertion of whole genes. Some strategies to do so include the incorporation of modified nucleotides within a synthetic or semi-synthetic PEgRNA that render the RNA more resistant to degradation or hydrolysis or less likely to adopt inhibitory secondary structures¹⁹⁶. Such modifications could include 8-aza-7-deazaguanosine, which would reduce RNA secondary structure in G-rich sequences; locked-nucleic acids (LNA) that reduce degradation and enhance certain kinds of RNA secondary structure; 2′-O-methyl, 2′-fluoro, or 2′-O-methoxyethoxy modifications that enhance RNA stability. Such modifications could also be included elsewhere in the PEgRNA to enhance stability and activity. Alternatively or additionally, the template of the PEgRNA could be designed such that it both encodes for a desired protein product and is also more likely to adopt simple secondary structures that are able to be unfolded by the RT. Such simple structures would act as a thermodynamic sink, making it less likely that more complicated structures that would prevent reverse transcription would occur. Finally, one could also imagine splitting the template into two, separate PEgRNAs. In such a design, a PE would be used to initiate transcription and also recruit a separate template RNA to the targeted site via an RNA-binding protein fused to Cas9 or an RNA recognition element on the PEgRNA itself such as the MS2 aptamer. The RT could either directly bind to this separate template RNA, or initiate reverse transcription on the original PEgRNA before swapping to the second template. Such an approach could enable long insertions by both preventing mis-folding of the PEgRNA upon addition of the long template and also by not requiring dissociation of Cas9 from the genome for long insertions to occur, which could possibly be inhibiting PE-based long insertions.

(iv) Installation of Additional RNA Motifs at the 5′ or 3′ Termini

PEgRNA designs could also be improved via the installation of additional motifs at either end of the terminus of the RNA. Several such motifs—such as the PAN ENE from KSHV and the ENE from MALAT1 were discussed earlier in part (i)^(184,185) as possible means to terminate expression of longer PEgRNAs from non-pol III promoters. These elements form RNA triple helices that engulf the polyA tail, resulting in their being retained within the nucleus^(184,187). However, by forming complex structures at the 3′ terminus of the PEgRNA that occlude the terminal nucleotide, these structures would also likely help prevent exonuclease-mediated degradation of PEgRNAs. Other structural elements inserted at the 3′ terminus could also enhance RNA stability, albeit without enabling termination from non-pol III promoters. Such motifs could include hairpins or RNA quadruplexes that would occlude the 3′ terminus¹⁹⁷, or self-cleaving ribozymes such as HDV that would result in the formation of a 2′-3′-cyclic phosphate at the 3′ terminus and also potentially render the PEgRNA less likely to be degraded by exonucleases¹⁹⁸. Inducing the PEgRNA to cyclize via incomplete splicing—to form a ciRNA—could also increase PEgRNA stability and result in the PEgRNA being retained within the nucleus¹⁹⁴.

Additional RNA motifs could also improve RT processivity or enhance PEgRNA activity by enhancing RT binding to the DNA-RNA duplex. Addition of the native sequence bound by the RT in its cognate retroviral genome could enhance RT activityl⁹⁹. This could include the native primer binding site (PBS), polypurine tract (PPT), or kissing loops involved in retroviral genome dimerization and initiation of transcription¹⁹⁹. Addition of dimerization motifs—such as kissing loops or a GNRA tetraloop/tetraloop receptor pair²⁰⁰—at the 5′ and 3′ termini of the PEgRNA could also result in effective circularization of the PEgRNA, improving stability. Additionally, it is envisioned that addition of these motifs could enable the physical separation of the PEgRNA spacer and primer, prevention occlusion of the spacer which would hinder PE activity. Short 5′ extensions to the PEgRNA that form a small toehold hairpin in the spacer region could also compete favorably against the annealing region of the PEgRNA binding the spacer. Finally, kissing loops could also be used to recruit other template RNAs to the genomic site and enable swapping of RT activity from one RNA to the other (section iii).

PEgRNA-HDV fusion (SEQ ID NO: 230) GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCC ATCAAAGCGTGCTCAGTCTGGGCCGGCATGGTCCCAGCCTCCTCGCTGGCG CCGGCTGGGCAACATGCTTCGGCATGGCGAATGGGACTTTTTTT PEgRNA-MMLV kissing loop (SEQ ID NO: 231) GGTGGGAGACGTCCCACCGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGGA CCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTGGTGGGA GACGTCCCACCTTTTTTT PEgRNA-VS ribozyme kissing loop (SEQ ID NO: 232) GAGCAGCATGGCGTCGCTGCTCACGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAG AGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAA GTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTC CATCAGTTGACACCCTGAGGTTTTTTT PEgRNA-GNRA tetraloop/tetraloop receptor (SEQ ID NO: 233) GCAGACCTAAGTGGUGACATATGGTCTGGGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTT TTAGAGCTAUACGTAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTUA CGAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCCTCTGCCATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAG TCTGCATGCGATTAGAAATAATCGCATGTTTTTTT PEgRNA template switching secondary RNA-HDV fusion (SEQ ID NO: 234) TCTGCCATCAAAGCTGCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTGGTGGGAGACGTCCCACCG GCCGGCATGGTCCCAGCCTCCTCGCTGGCGCCGGCTGGGCAACATGCTTCG GCATGGCGAATGGGACTTTTTTT

(v) Evolution of PEgRNAs

It is likely that the PEgRNA scaffold can be further improved via directed evolution, in an analogous fashion to how SpCas9 and base editors have been improved²⁰¹. Directed evolution could enhance PEgRNA recognition by Cas9 or evolved Cas9 variants. Additionally, it is likely that different PEgRNA scaffold sequences would be optimal at different genomic loci, either enhancing PE activity at the site in question, reducing off-target activities, or both. Finally, evolution of PEgRNA scaffolds to which other RNA motifs have been added would almost certainly improve the activity of the fused PEgRNA relative to the unevolved, fusion RNA. For instance, evolution of allosteric ribozymes composed of c-di-GMP-I aptamers and hammerhead ribozymes led to dramatically improved activity²⁰², suggesting that evolution would improve the activity of hammerhead-PEgRNA fusions as well. In addition, while Cas9 currently does not generally tolerate 5′ extension of the sgRNA, directed evolution will likely generate enabling mutations that mitigate this intolerance, allowing additional RNA motifs to be utilized.

As described herein, a number of these approaches have already been described for use with Cas9:sgRNA complexes, but no designs for improving PEgRNA activity have been reported. Other strategies for the installation of programmable mutations into the genome include base-editing, homology-directed recombination (HDR), precise microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), or transposase-mediated editing. However, all of these approaches have significant drawbacks when compared to PEs. Current base editors, while more efficient than existing PEs, can only install certain classes of genomic mutations and can result in additional, undesired nucleotide conversions at the site of interest. HDR is only feasible in a very small minority of cell types and results in comparably high rates of random insertion and deletion mutations (indels). Precise MMEJ can lead to predictable repair of double-strand breaks, but is largely limited to installation of deletions, is very site-dependent, and can also have comparably high rates of undesired indels. Transposase-mediated editing has to date only been shown to function in bacteria. As such improvements to PE represent possibly the best path forward for the therapeutic correction of a wide-swatch of genomic mutations.

REFERENCES CITED IN EXAMPLE 15

Each of the following references are cited in Example 15, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Schechner, D M, Hacisuleyman E., Younger S T, Rinn J L. Nat     Methods 664-70 (2015). -   2. Brown J A, et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol 633-40 (2014). -   3. Conrad N A and Steitz J A. EMBO J 1831-41 (2005). -   4. Bartlett J S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8852-7 (1996). -   5. Mitton-Fry R M, DeGregorio S J, Wang J, Steitz T A, Steitz J A.     Science 1244-7 (2010). -   6. Forster A C, Symons R H. Cell. 1987. -   7. Weinberg Z, Kim P B, Chen T H, Li S, Harris K A, Lünse C E,     Breaker R R. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2015. -   8. Feldstein P A, Buzayan J M, Bruening G. Gene 1989. -   9. Saville B J, Collins R A. Cell. 1990. -   10. Roth A, Weinberg Z, Chen A G, Kim P G, Ames T D, Breaker R R.     Nat Chem Biol. 2013. -   11. Borchardt E K, et al. RNA 1921-30 (2015). -   12. Zhang Y, et al. Mol Cell 792-806 (2013). -   13. Dang Y, et al. Genome Biol 280 (2015). -   14. Schaefer M, Kapoor U, and Jantsch M F. Open Biol 170077 (2017). -   15. Nahar S, et al. Chem Comm 2377-80 (2018). -   16. Gao Y and Zhao Y. J Integr Plant Biol 343-9 (2014). -   17. Dubois N, Marquet R, Paillart J, Bernacchi S. Front Microbiol     527 (2018). -   18. Costa M and Michel F. EMBO J 1276-85 (1995). -   19. Hu J H, et al. Nature 57-63 (2018). -   20. Furukawa K, Gu H, Breaker R R. Methods Mol Biol 209-20 (2014).

Example 16—Expanding the Targeting Scope of PE Using DNA Binding Proteins Other than SpCas9

Prime editing (PE) using Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) can efficiently install all single base substitutions, insertions, deletions, and combinations thereof at genomic loci where there is a suitably-placed NGG protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) that SpCas9 can efficiently bind. The methods described herein broaden the targeting capability of PE by expanding the accessible PAMs and, therefore, the targetable genomic loci accessible for efficient PE. Prime editors using RNA-guided DNA binding proteins other than SpCas9 enable an expanded targettable scope of genomic loci by allowing access to different PAMs. In addition, use of RNA-guided DNA binding proteins smaller than SpCas9 also allows for more efficient viral delivery. PE with Cas proteins or other RNA-guided DNA binding proteins beyond SpCas9 will allow for high efficiency therapeutic edits that were either inaccessible or inefficient using SpCas9-based PE.

This is expected to be used in situations where SpCas9-based PE is either inefficient due to non-ideal spacing of an edit to relative to an NGG PAM or the overall size of the SpCas9-based construct is prohibitive for cellular expression and/or delivery. Specific disease-relevant loci such as the Huntingtin gene, which has few and poorly located NGG PAMs for SpCas9 near the target region, can easily be targeted using different Cas proteins in the PE system such as SpCas9-VRQR which recognizes an NGA PAM. Smaller Cas proteins will be used to generate smaller PE constructs that can be packaged into AAV vectors more efficiently, enabling better delivery to target tissues. FIG. 61 shows the reduction to practice of prime editing using Staphylococcus aureus CRISPR-Cas as the RNA-guided DNA binding protein. NT is untreated control.

FIGS. 62A-62B provide a demonstration of the importance of the protospacer for efficient installation of a desired edit at a precise location with prime editing. This highlights the importance of alternate PAMs and protospacers as novel features of this technology. “n.d.” in FIG. 62A is “not detected.”

FIG. 63 shows the reduction to practice of PE using SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR and SpCas9(H840A)-VRER as the RNA-guided DNA binding protein in a prime editor system. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR napDNAbp is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 87. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRER napDNAbp is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 88. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRER-MMLV RT fusion protein is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 516, wherein the MMLV RT comprises the D200N, L603W, T330P, T306K, and W313F substitutions relative to the wild type MMLV RT. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR-MMLV RT fusion protein is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 515, wherein the MMLV RT comprises the D200N, L603W, T330P, T306K, and W313F substitutions relative to the wild type MMLV RT. Seven different loci in the human genome are targeted: 4 with the SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR-MMLV RT prime editor system and 3 with the SpCas9(H840A)-VRER-MMLV RT system. The amino acid sequences of the tested contructs are as follows:

SACAS9-M-MLV MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVGKRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETR RT PRIME EDITOR DVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSKRGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKK LLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSAALLHLA KRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYVAELQLE RLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFID TYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPE ELRSVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLEYYEKFQIIEN VFKQKKKPTLKQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYH DIKDITARKEIIENAELLDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQE EIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLSLKAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKL VPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFIQSIKVINAIIKKYG LPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGK ENAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDHII PRSVSFDNSFNNKVLVKQEEASKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETF KKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDINRFSVQKDFINRNLVD TRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKWKFK KERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMF EEKQAESMPEIETEQEYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKK PNRELINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTLIVNNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLIN KSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDEKNPLYKYYEETGN YLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRNKVVK LSLKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYE EAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYNNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIE VNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPRIIKTIASKTQSIKKYSTDILGNL YEVKSKKHPQIIKKGSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSG GSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGL AVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGIL VPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVP NPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWR DPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDL ILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQ ICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREF LGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEI KQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRR PVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVI LAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVV ALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHT WYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAEL IALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSE GKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRM ADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKR KV (SEQ ID NO: 660) SPCAS9(H840A)- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEY VRQR-MALONEY KVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTAR MURINE RRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH LEUKEMIA VIRUS ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL REVERSE AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPIN TRANSCRIPTASE ASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSL PRIME EDITOR GLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTL LKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPI LEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTR KSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKH SLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKT NRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFD DKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSP AIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQN GRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSD KNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDEND KLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNA VVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATA KYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARK KDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGI TIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRK RMLASARELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQ KQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKQYRSTKEVL DATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESAT PESSGGSSGGSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQA WAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKP HIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVN KRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPT SQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDL ADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLG YRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPT PKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVL TQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAG KLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDT DRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTD QPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPA GTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIY RRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHS AEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADG SEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 661) SPCAS9(H840A)- MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEY VRER-MALONEY KVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTAR MURINE RRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH LEUKEMIA VIRUS ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLAL REVERSE AHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPIN TRANSCRIPTASE ASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSL PRIME EDITOR GLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTL LKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPI LEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAIL RRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTR KSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKH SLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKT NRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFD DKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDG FANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSP AIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQ KNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQN GRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSD KNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKA ERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDEND KLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNA VVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATA KYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRD FATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARK KDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGI TIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRK RMLASARELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQ KQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKEYRSTKEVL DATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESAT PESSGGSSGGSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQA WAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKP HIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVN KRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPT SQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDL ADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLG YRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPT PKTPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWG PDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVL TQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAG KLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDT DRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTD QPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPA GTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIY RRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHS AEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADG SEFEPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 662)

As shown in FIG. 63 , the SpCas9(H840A)-VRQR-MMLV RT was operational at PAM sites that included “AGAG” and “GGAG”, with some editing activity at “GGAT” and “AGAT” PAM sequences. The SpCas9(H840A)-VRER-MMLV RT was operational at PAM sites that included “AGCG” and “GGCG”, with some editing activity at “TGCG.”

The data demonstrates that prime editing may be conducted using napDNAbps which bear different PAM specificities, such as those Cas9 variant described herein.

Example 17—Introduction of Recombinase Target Sites with PE

This Example describes a method to address genetic disease or generate tailor-made animal or plant models by using prime editing (PE) to introduce recombinase targets sites (SSR target sites) in mammalian and other genomes with high specificity and efficiency.

This Example describes use of PE to introduce recombinase recognition sequences at high-value loci in human or other genomes, which, after exposure to site-specific recombinase(s), will direct precise and efficient genomic modifications (FIG. 64 ). In various embodiments show in FIG. 64 , PE may be used to (b) insert a single SSR target for use as a site for genomic integration of a DNA donor template. (c) shows how a tandem insertion of SSR target sites can be used to delete a portion of the genome. (d) shows how a tandem insertion of SSR target sites can be used to invert a portion of the genome. (e) shows how the insertion of two SSR target sites at two distal chromosomal regions can result in chromosomal translocation. (f) shows how the insertion of two different SSR target sites in the genome can be used to exchange a cassette from a DNA donor template. Each of the types of genome modifications are envisioned by using PE to insert SSR targets, but this list also is not meant to be limiting.

Many large-scale genomic changes, such as gene insertions, deletions, inversions, or chromosomal translocations, are implicated in genetic disease¹⁻⁷. In addition, custom and targeted manipulation of eukaryotic genomes is important for research into human disease, as well as generation of transgenic plants^(8,9) or other biotechnological products. For example, microdeletions of chromosomes can lead to disease, and replacement of these deletions by insertions of critical DNA elements could lead to a permanent amelioration of disease. In addition, diseases resulting from inversions, gene copy number changes, or chromosomal translocations could be addressed by restoring the previous gene structure in affected cells. Alternatively, in plants or other high value eukaryotic organisms used in industry, introduction of recombinant DNA or targeted genomic rearrangements could lead to improved products, for example crops which require fewer resources or are resistant to pathogens. Current technologies for effecting large-scale genomic changes rely on random or stochastic processes, for example the use of transposons or retroviruses, while other desired genomic modifications have only been achieved by homologous recombination strategies.

One appealing class of proteins for accomplishing targeted and efficient genomic modification is site-specific recombinases (SSRs). SSRs have a long history of being used as a tool for genomic modification¹⁰⁻¹³. SSRs are considered promising tools for gene therapy because they catalyze the precise cleavage, strand exchange, and rejoining of DNA fragments at defined recombination targets¹⁴ without relying on the endogenous repair of double-strand breaks which can induce indels, translocations, other DNA rearrangements, or p53 activation¹⁵⁻¹⁸. The reactions catalyzed by SSRs can result in the direct replacement, insertion, or deletion of target DNA fragments with efficiencies exceeding those of homology-directed repair^(14,19).

Although SSRs offer many advantages, they are not widely used because they have a strong innate preference for their cognate target sequence. The recognition sequences of SSRs are typically ≥20 base pairs and thus unlikely to occur in the genomes of humans or model organisms. Further, the native substrate preferences of SSRs are not easily altered, even with extensive laboratory engineering or evolution²⁰. This limitation is overcome by using PE to directly introduce recombinase targets into the genome, or to modify endogenous genomic sequences which natively resemble recombinase targets. Subsequent exposure of the cell to recombinase protein will permit precise and efficient genomic modification directed by the location and orientation of the recombinase target(s) (FIG. 64 ).

PE-mediated introduction of recombinase targets could be particularly useful for the treatment of genetic diseases which are caused by large-scale genomic defects, such as gene loss, inversion, or duplication, or chromosomal translocation¹⁻⁷ (Table 6). For example, Williams-Beuren syndrome is a developmental disorder caused by a deletion of 24 in chromosome 721. No technology exists currently for the efficient and targeted insertion of multiple entire genes in living cells (the potential of PE to do such a full-length gene insertion is currently being explored but has not yet been established); however, recombinase-mediated integration at a target inserted by PE offers one approach towards a permanent cure for this and other diseases. In addition, targeted introduction of recombinase recognition sequences could be highly enabling for applications including generation of transgenic plants, animal research models, bioproduction cell lines, or other custom eukaryotic cell lines. For example, recombinase-mediated genomic rearrangement in transgenic plants at PE-specific targets could overcome one of the bottlenecks to generating agricultural crops with improved properties^(8,9).

A number of SSR family members have been characterized and their target sequences described, including natural and engineered tyrosine recombinases (TABLE 7), large serine integrases (TABLE 8), serine resolvases (TABLE 9), and tyrosine integrases (TABLE 10). Modified target sequences that demonstrate enhanced rates of genomic integration have also been described for several SSRs²²⁻³⁰. In addition to natural recombinases, programmable recombinases with distinct specificities have been developed³¹⁻⁴⁰. Using PE, one or more of these recognition sequences could be introduced into the genomic at a specified location, such as a safe harbor locus⁴¹⁻⁴³, depending on the desired application.

For example, introduction of a single recombinase target in the genome would result in integrative recombination with a DNA donor template (FIG. 64B). Serine integrases, which operate robustly in human cells, may be especially well-suited for gene integration^(44,45). Additionally, introduction of two recombinase targets could result in deletion of the intervening sequence, inversion of the intervening sequence, chromosomal translocation, or cassette exchange, depending on the identity and orientation of the targets (FIGS. 64C-64F). By choosing endogenous sequences that already closely resemble recombinase targets, the scope of editing required to introduce the complete recombinase target would be reduced.

Finally, several recombinases have been demonstrated to integrate into human or eukaryotic genomes at natively occurring pseudosites⁴⁶⁻⁶⁴. PE editing could be used to modify these loci to enhance rates of integration at these natural pseudosites, or alternatively, to eliminate pseudosites that may serve as unwanted off-target sequences.

This report describes a general methodology for introducing recombinase target sequences in eukaryotic genomes using PE, the applications of which are nearly limitless. The genome editing reactions are intended for use with “prime editor,” a chimeric fusion of a CRISPR/Cas9 protein and a reverse-transcriptase domain, which utilizes a custom prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA). By extension, Cas9 tools and homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways may also be exploited to introduce recombinase targets through DNA templates by lowering the rates of indels using several techniques⁶⁵⁻⁶⁷. A proof-of-concept experiment in human cell culture is shown in FIG. 65 .

TABLE 6 Examples of genetic diseases linked to large-scale genomic modifications. Disease Source Cause Trisomy 17p 68 Gene duplication Charcot-Marie-Tooth 69 Gene duplication Smith-Magenis syndrome 70 Gene deletion Williams-Beuren 21 Gene deletion De la Chapelle syndrome 71 Chromosomal translocation Down syndrome (some 72 Chromosomal translocation Hemophilia A 73 Gene inversion Hunter syndrome 74 Gene inversion

TABLE 7 Tyrosine recombinases and SSR target sequences. cRecombinase Source Target Name Cre 75 ATAACTTCGTATAGCATACATTATACG loxP AAGTTAT (SEQ ID NO: 517) Dre 76 TAACTTTAAATAATGCCAATTATTTAA rox AGTTA (SEQ ID NO: 518) VCre 77 TCAATTTCTGAGAACTGTCATTCTCGG loxV AAATTGA (SEQ ID NO: 519) SCre 77 CTCGTGTCCGATAACTGTAATTATCGG loxS ACATGAT (SEQ ID NO: 520) Flp 78 GAAGTTCCTATTCTCTAGAAAGTATAG FRT GAACTTC (SEQ ID NO: 521) B2 79 GAGTTTCATTAAGGAATAACTAATTCC loxB CTAATGAAACTC (SEQ ID NO: 522) B3 79 GGTTGCTTAAGAATAAGTAATTCTTAA loxB3 GCAACC (SEQ ID NO: 523) Kw 80 ACGAAAAATGGTAAGGAATAGACCAT TCCTTACCATTTTTGGT (SEQ ID NO: 524) R 81 TTGATGAAAGAATAACGTATTCTTTCA RS TCAA (SEQ ID NO: 525) TD1-40 82 GTGCGTCAAATAATAACGTATTATTTG TDRS ACACTT (SEQ ID NO: 526) Vika 83 AATAGGTCTGAGAACGCCCATTCTCAG vox ACGTATT (SEQ ID NO: 527) Nigri 84 TGAATGTCCTATAATTACACTTATAGG nox ACATTCA (SEQ ID NO: 528) Panto 84 GAAACTTTAAATAATAAGTCTTATTTA pox AAGTTTC (SEQ ID NO: 529) Kd 79 AAACGATATCAGACATTTGTCTGATA loxK ATGCTTCATTATCAGACAAATGTCTG ATATCGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 530) Fre 85 ATATATACGTATATAGACATATATACG loxH TATATAT (SEQ ID NO: 531) CreALSHG 86 ATAACTCTATATAATGTATGCTATATA loxM7 GAGTTAT (SEQ ID NO: 532) Tre 87 ACAACATCCTATTACACCCTATATGCC loxLTR AACATGG (SEQ ID NO: 533) Brec1 12 AACCCACTGCTTAAGCCTCAATAAAGC loxBTR TTGCCTT (SEQ ID NO: 534) Cre-R3M3 88 GATACAACGTATATACCTTTCTATACG loxK2 TTGTTTA (SEQ ID NO: 535)

TABLE 8 Large serine integrases and SSR target sequences. Integrase Source Left Target Right Target Bxb1 89 GGTTTGTCTGGTCAACCACC GGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGG GCGGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGG TCTCCGTCGTCAGGATCAT TACAAACC (SEQ ID NO: 536) (SEQ ID NO: 537) phiC31 90 GTGCCCCAACTGGGGTAACC TGCGGGTGCCAGGGCGTGC TTTGAGTTCTCTCAGTTGGG CCTTGGGCTCCCCGGGCGCG GG (SEQ ID NO: 538) TACTCC (SEQ ID NO: 539) R4 91 TGTTCCCCAAAGCGATACCA GCATGTTCCCCAAAGCGATA CTTGAAGCAGTGGTACTGCT CCACTTGAAGCAGTGGTACT TGTGGGTACA (SEQ ID NO: GCTTGTGGGTACACTCTGCG 540) GGTG (SEQ ID NO: 541) phiBT1 92 GGTGCTGGGTTGTTGTCTCT CAGGTTTTTGACGAAAGTGA GGACAGTGATCCATGGGAA TCCAGATGATCCAG (SEQ ID ACTACTCAGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 543) NO: 542) MJ1 93 ATTTTAGGTATATGATTTTGT CAAAGGATCACTGAATCAA (phiFC1) TTATTAGTGTAAATAACACT AAGTATTGCTCATCCACGCG ATGTACCTAAAAT (SEQ ID AAA (SEQ ID NO: 545) NO: 544) MR11 94 TTTGTGCGGAACTACGAACA CGAAAATGTATGGAGGCAC GTTCATTAATACGAAGTGTA TTGTATCAATATAGGATGTA CAAACTTCCATACAA (SEQ TACCTTCGAAGACACTT ID NO: 546) (SEQ ID NO: 547) TP901-1 95 GAGTTTTTATTTCGTTTATTT ATGCCAACACAATTAACATC CAATTAAGGTAACTAAAAA TCAATCAAGGTAAATGCTTT ACTCCTTTTAAGG (SEQ ID TTGCTTTTTTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 548) NO: 549) A118 96 TTCCTCGTTTTCTCTCGTTGG TTTCGGATCAAGCTATGAAG AAGAAGAAGAAACGAGAAA GACGCAAAGAGGGAACTAA (SEQ ID NO: 550) A (SEQ ID NO: 551) U153 97 TTCCTCGTTTTCTCTCGTTGG TTTCGGATCAAGCTATGAAG ACGGAAACGAATCGAGAAA GACGCAAAGAGGGAACTAA (SEQ ID NO: 552) A (SEQ ID NO: 553) phiRV1 98 GTAGTGTATCTCACAGGTCC GAAGGTGTTGGTGCGGGGT ACGGTTGGCCGTGGACTGCT TGGCCGTGGTCGAGGTGGG GAAGAACATTCC (SEQ ID GT (SEQ ID NO: 555) NO: 554) phi370.1 99 AAAAAAATACAGCGTTTTTC TTGTAAAGGAGACTGATAA ATGTACAACTATACTAGTTG TGGCATGTACAACTATACTC TAGTGCCTAAAA (SEQ ID GTCGGTAAAAAGGCA (SEQ NO: 556) ID NO: 557) TG1 100 TCCAGCCCAACAGTGTTAGT GATCAGCTCCGCGGGCAAG CTTTGCTCTTACCCAGTTGG ACCTTTCTCCTTCACGGGGT GCGGGA (SEQ ID NO: 558) GGAAGGTC (SEQ ID NO: 559) WB 101 CTAGTTTTAAAGTTGGTTAT CGGAAGGTAGCGTCAACGA TAGTTACTGTGATATTTATC TAGGTGTAACTGTCGTGTTT ACGGTACCCAATAACCAATG GTAACGGTACTTCCAACAGC AAT (SEQ ID NO: 560) TGGCGCCGCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 561) BL3 102 CAATGAAAAACTAGGCATGT TTTCCACAGACAACTCACGT AGAAGTTGTTTGT (SEQ ID GGAGGTAGTCAC (SEQ ID NO: 562) NO: 563) SprA 103 TGTAGTAAGTATCTTAATAT CACCCATTGTGTTCACAGGA ACAGCTTTATCTGTTTTTTAA GATACAGCTTTATCTGTACT GATACTTACTACTTT (SEQ ID GATATTAATGACATGCTG NO: 564) (SEQ ID NO: 565) phiJoe 104 AGTTGTGGCCATGTGTCCAT ATCTGGATGTGGGTGTCCAT CTGGGGGCAGATGGAGACG CTGCGGGCAGACGCCGCAG GGGTCACA (SEQ ID NO: 566) TCGAAGCACGG (SEQ ID NO: 567) phiK38 105 CCCTAATACGCAAGTCGATA GAGCGCCGGATCAGGGAGT ACTCTCCTGGGAGCGTTGAC GGACGGCCTGGGAGCGCTA AACTTGCGCACCCTGATCTG CACGCTGTGGCTGCGGTCGG (SEQ ID NO: 569) TGC (SEQ ID NO: 570) Int2 105 GCTCATGTATGTGTCTACGC GGACGGCGCAGAAGGGGAG GAGATTCTCGCCCGAGAACT TAGCTCTTCGCCGGACCGTC TCTGCAAGGCACTGCTCTTG GACATACTGCTCAGCTCGTC GCT (SEQ ID NO: 571) (SEQ ID NO: 572) Int3 105 ATGGATAAAAAAATACAGC GTTTGTAAAGGAGACTGAT GTTTTTCATGTACAACTATA AATGGCATGTACAACTATAC CTAGTTGTAGTGCCTAAATA TCGTCGGTAAAAAGGCATCT ATGCTT (SEQ ID NO: 573) TAT (SEQ ID NO: 574) Int4 105 AAAAATTACAAAGTTTTCAA TTCCAAAGAGCGCCCAACG CCCTTGATTTGAATTAGCGG CGACCTGAAATTTGAATAA TCAAATAATTTGTAATTCGT GACTGCTGCTTGTGTAAAGG TT (SEQ ID NO: 575) CGATGATT (SEQ ID NO: 576) Int7 105 GTGTTATAAACCTGTGTGAG AGACGAGAAACGTTCCGTC AGTTAAGTTTACATGCCTAA CGTCTGGGTCAGTTGGGCAA CCTTAACTTTTACGCAGGTT AGTTGATGACCGGGTCGTCC CAGCTT(SEQ ID NO: 577) GTT (SEQ ID NO: 578) Int8 105 TTAATAAACTATGGAAGTAT CAATCATCAGATAACTATGG GTACAGTCTTGCAATGTTGA CGGCACGTGCATTAACCAC GTGAACAAACTTCCATAATA GGTTGTATCCCGTCTAAAGT AAAT (SEQ ID NO: 579) ACTCGT (SEQ ID NO: 580) Int9 105 GTGGTTGTTTTTGTTGGAAG TTTATATTGCGAAAAATAAT TGTGTATCAGGTATCTGCAT TGGCGAACGAGGTAACTGG AGTTATTCCGAACTTCCAAT ATACCTCATCCGCCAATTAA TA (SEQ ID NO: 581) AATTTG (SEQ ID NO: 582) Int 10 105 GGAAAATATAAATAATTTTA AGCACGCTGATAATCAGCA GTAACCTACATCTCAATCAA AGACCACCAACATTTCCACC GGATAGTAAAACTCTCACTC AATGTAAAAGCTTTAACCTT TT (SEQ ID NO: 583) AGC (SEQ ID NO: 584) Int11 105 GTTTATATGTTTACTAATAA ATGGATTTTGCAGATTCCCA GACGCTCTCAACCCATAAAG GATGCCCCTACAGAAAGAG TCTTATTAGTAAACATATTT GTACAAAACATTTATTGGAA CAACT (SEQ ID NO: 585) TTAATT (SEQ ID NO: 586) Int12 105 TTTTTGTATGTTAGTTGTGTC GTTCGTGGTAACTATGGGTG ACTGGGTAGACCTAAATAGT GTACAGGTGCCACATTAGTT GACACAACTGCTATTAAAAT GTACCATTTATGTTTATGTG TTAA (SEQ ID NO: 587) GTTAAC (SEQ ID NO: 588) Int13 105 CAATAACGGTTGTATTTGTA GCATACATTGTTGTTGTTTT GAACTTGACCAGTTGTTTTA TCCAGATCCAGTTGGTCCTG GTAACATAAATACAACTCCG TAAATATAAGCAATCCATGT AATA (SEQ ID NO: 589) GAGT (SEQ ID NO: 590) LI 106 GTTTAGTATCTCGTTATCTCT TAACTTTTTCGGATCGAGTT CGTTGGAGGGAGAAGAAAC ATGATGGACGTAAAGAGGG GGGATACCAAAA (SEQ ID AACAAAGCATCTA (SEQ ID NO: 591) NO: 592) Peaches 107 TAGTTTCCAATGTTACAGGA CGGTCTCCATCGGGATCTGC ACTGCTGGCAGAATCCAACA TGATCGAGCAGCATGCCGA CATTGGAAGTCG (SEQ ID CCA (SEQ ID NO: 594) NO: 593) Bxz2 107 TAACCGCAAGTGTACATCCC CGGTCTCCATCGGGATCTGC TCGGCTGGCCGAGACAAGTA TGATCGAGCAGCATGCCGA CAGTTGCGACAG (SEQ ID CCA (SEQ ID NO: 596) NO: 595) SV1 108 ATGTGGTCCTTTAGATCCAC CATCAGGGCGGTCAGGCCG TGACGTGGGTCAGTGTCTCT TAGATGTGGAAGAAACGGC AAAGGACTCGCG (SEQ ID AGCACGGCGAGGACG (SEQ NO: 597) ID NO: 598)

TABLE 9 Serine resolvases and SSR target sequences. Resolvase Source Left Target Right Target Gin 109 CGTTTCCTGTAAACCGAGGT CGTTTCCTGTAAACCGAGGT TTTGGATAAACA (SEQ ID TTTGGATAATGG (SEQ ID NO: 599) NO: 600) Cin 110 GAGTTCTCTTAAACCAAGGT GAGTTCTCTTAAACCAAGGT TTAGGATTGAAA (SEQ ID ATTGGATAACAG (SEQ ID NO: 601) NO: 602) Hin 111 TGGTTCTTGAAAACCAAGGT AAATTTTCCTTTTTGGAAGG TTTTGATAAAGC (SEQ ID NO: TTTTTGATAACCA (SEQ ID 603) NO: 604) Min 112 GCCTTCCCCTAAACCAACGT GCCTTCCCCCAAACCAAGGT TTTTATGCCGCC (SEQ ID NO: AATCAAGAACGC (SEQ ID 605) NO: 606) Sin 113 TTGTGAAATTTGGGTACACC CGTATGATTAGGGTGTATAT CTAATCATACAA (SEQ ID TAATTT (SEQ ID NO: 608) NO: 607)

TABLE 10 Tyrosine integrases and target sequences. Integrase Source attP attB HK022 114 CAAATGATTTTATTTTGACTAATAA GCACTTTAGGTGA TGACCTACTTACATTAATTTACTGAT AAAAGGTT (SEQ AATTAAAGAGATTTTAAATATACAA ID NO: 610) CTTATTCACCTAAAGGATGACAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 609) P22 115 CTAAGTGGTTTGGGACAAAAATGGG GCAGCGCATTCGT ACATACAAATCTTTGCATCGGTTTG AATGCGAAGGTCG CAAGGCTTTGCATGTCTTTCGAAGA T (SEQ ID NO: 613) TGGGACGTGTGAGCGCAGGTATGAC GTGGTATGTGTTGACTTAAAAGGTA GTTCTTATAATTCGTAATGCGAAGG TCGTAGGTTCGACTCCTATTATCGG CACCAGTTAAATCAAATACTTACGT ATTATTCGTGCCTTCCTTATTTTTAC TGTGGGACATATTTGGGACAGAAGT ACCAAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 612) L5 116 GCGATCCCCATCCGCGACGTGCCAA GAGCGGGCGACG CTAGGTCTCCTCTCGTCGTGAACAA GGAATCGAACCCG GGCTACCGGGTTGCAACTCCTGTGC CGTAGCTAGTTTG AACTCTCAGGCTTCAACGCGCTTCT GAAGA (SEQ ID ACGACCTGCAATTTCTTTCCACTTA NO: 615) GAGGATGCAGCCGAGAGGGGTAAA AACCTATCTTGACCGGCCCATATGT GGTCGGCAGACACCCATTCTTCCAA ACTAGCTACGCGGGTTCGATTCCCG TCGCCCGCTCCGCTGGTCAGAGGGT GTTTTCGCCCTCTGGCCATTTTTCTT TCCAGGGGTCTGCAACTCTTGTGCG ACTCTTCTGACCTGGGCATACGCGG TTGCAACGCATCCCTGATCTGGCTA CTTTCGATGCTGACAAACGAATAGA GCCCCCCGCCTGCGCGAACAGACG AGGGGCATTCACA (SEQ ID NO: 614)

REFERENCES CITED IN EXAMPLE 17

Each of the following references are cited in Example 17, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

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Example 18—Incorporation of 3′ Toeloop in the Primer Binding Site (PBS) Improves PEgRNA Activity

In order to further improve PE activity, the inventors contemplated adding a toeloop sequence at the 3′ end of a PEgRNA having a 3′ extension arm. FIG. 71A provides an example of a generic SpCas9 PEgRNA having a 3′ extension arm (top molecule). The 3′ extension arm, in turn, comprises an RT template (that includes that the desired edit) and a primer binding site (PBS) at the 3′ end of the molecule. The molecule terminates with a poly(U) sequence comprising three U nucleobases (i.e., 5′-UUU-3′).

By contrast, the bottom portion of FIG. 71A shows the same PEgRNA molecule as the top portion of FIG. 71A, but wherein a 9-nucleobase sequence of 5′-GAAANNNNN-3′ has been inserted between the 3′ end of the primer binding site and the 5′ end of the terminal poly(U) sequence. This structure folds back on itself by 180° to form a “toeloop” RNA structure, wherein the sequences of 5′-NNNNN-3′ of the 9-nucleobase insertion anneals with a complementary sequence in the primer binding site, and wherein the 5′-GAAA-3′ portion forms the 180° turn. The features of the toeloop sequence depicted in FIG. 71A is not intended to limit or narrow the scope of possible toeloops that could be used in its place. Further, the sequence of the toeloop will depend upon the complementary sequence of the primer binding site. Essentially though, the toeloop sequence, in various embodiments, may have a first sequence portion that forms a 180°, and a second sequence portion that has a sequence that is commentary to a portion of the primer binding site.

Without being bound by theory, the toeloop sequence is thought to enable PEgRNA the use of PEgRNAs with increasingly longer primer binding sites than would otherwise be possible. Longer PBS sequences, in turn, are thought to improve PE activity. PEgRNA More in particular, the likely function of the toeloop is to occlude or at least minimize the PBS from interacting with the spacer. Stable hairpin formation between the PBS and the spacer can lead to an inactive PEgRNA. Without a toeloop, this interaction may require restricting the length of the PBS. Blocking or minimizing the interaction between the spacer and the PBS using a 3′ end toeloop may lead to an improvement in PE activity.

Example 19—Prime Editing with Alternative Nucleic Acid Templates and Editor Protein Constructs

Prior to this example, prime editing is described as requiring a PEgRNA. Exemplary embodiments describing possible configurations of suitable PEgRNA for use in prime editing are depicted in FIG. 3A (a PEgRNA with a 5′ extension arm), FIG. 3B (a PEgRNA with a 3′ extension arm), FIG. 3C (an internally extended PEgRNA), FIG. 3D (a PEgRNA with a 3′ extension arm, and comprising a primer binding site, edit template, homology arm, and optional 3′ and 5′ modifier regions, and a region indicated as the DNA synthesis template), and FIG. 3E (a PEgRNA with a 5′ extension arm, and comprising a primer binding site, edit template, homology arm, and optional 3′ and 5′ modifier regions, and a region indicated as the DNA synthesis template). In addition, PEgRNA structure and composition are described extensively herein in the Detailed Description and throughout.

This Example describes additional design variations of PEgRNAs—in some cases, PEgRNAs which are wholly or partially chemically synthesized outside the cell—that are envisioned to work in conjunction with the prime editors of this Specification. Such alternative designs may improve various aspects of prime editing, including the insertion of longer DNA sequences by prime editing, the use of alternative polymerases (i.e., alternatives to reverse transcriptase) that potentially operate with increased efficiency and/or fidelity, and the use or recruitment of alternative and/or addition prime editor protein effector components to enhance or augment prime editing. In addition, the use of chemically synthesized PEgRNAs may potentially lead to the production of molecules that are more stable and possess desirable features that enhance prime editing efficiency and capabilities.

PEgRNA serves as the nucleic acid template that encodes the desired edited genetic information that is to be incorporated into a target site. In one aspect, a PEgRNA is created by adding an extension arm to either the 5′ end or 3′ end of an sgRNA (e.g., as shown in the embodiments of FIG. 3A, 3B, 3D, or 3E), or by inserting a similar sequence internally within an sgRNA (e.g., as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 3C), wherein the extension arm comprises a DNA synthesis template that is capable of encoding a ssDNA product by a polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase) and which includes the edited genetic information of interest. The extension arm comprises a primer binding site (PBS) for annealing to the napDNAbp-nicked genomic DNA strand, and a DNA synthesis template to encode t the edited DNA strand of interest, which becomes incorporated into the endogenous DNA target site by replacing the counterpart DNA strand. PEgRNA can be expressed within cells from plasmid DNA or a genomically integrated DNA cassette, or they can be made outside of cells by in vitro transcription or by chemical synthesis and subsequently delivered into cells. Preparation of PEgRNAs outside of cells, particularly by chemical synthesis, offers an opportunity to modify the PEgRNAs substantially. This invention describes alternative designs for prime editing templates (FIG. 72 ).

(A) DNA synthesis template expressed as a separate molecules from guide RNAs (i.e., DNA synthesis template provided in trans to the prime editor complex (napDNAbp+guide RNA).

In various embodiments described herein, prime editing utilizes a single PEgRNA that serves as both the programmable targeting molecules and the edit-encoding molecule. This embodiment is depicted in FIG. 72(a) with a PEgRNA having a 3′ extension arm. However, in some cases, this could be disadvantageous, particularly for more complex PEgRNA molecules such as those that encode a large insertion. These RNAs could contain extensive secondary structure that interferes with the PEgRNA scaffold structure and interactions with Cas9. Alternatively, prime editing can be carried out by substituting a PEgRNA with two separate RNA molecules: an sgRNA, and a trans prime editing RNA template (tPERT), as depicted in FIG. 72B. The sgRNA serves to target Cas9 (or more generally, the napDNAbp) to the desired genomic target site, while the tPERT is used by the polymerase (e.g., a reverse transcriptase) to write new DNA sequence into the target locus.

In general, simple expression of a tPERT leads to lower editing efficiency compared to a PEgRNA. However, the efficiency of trans prime editing can be enhanced by the introduction of one or more MS2 RNA aptamers into the tPERT RNA, along with a fusion of the MS2 coat protein (MS2cp) to the prime editor protein (to make MS2cp-Cas9-RT). This allows for the MS2 RNA aptamer to bind to the MS2cp, thereby co-localizing the tPERT (which comprises the DNA synthesis template) to the site of editing by the prime editor complex. The MS2 aptamer is preferably placed on the 3′ end of the tPERT to avoid reverse transcription of the aptamer sequence.

Although this example utilizes the MS2 tagging technique (comprising the MS2 RNA aptamer on the tPERT paired with the MS2cp protein fused to the prime editor), other RNA-protein recruitment systems can be used in the alternative. The general concept envisioned here is that the DNA synthesis template of the tPERT is modified to contain an RNA recruitment secondary structure (e.g., a specialized hairpin like the MS2 aptamer) so that the tPERT may be recruited by a modified prime editor fusion protein that further comprises an RNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes and binds to the RNA recruitment second structure on the tPERT molecule. A review of other RNA-protein recruitment domains are described in the art, for example, in Johansson et al., “RNA recognition by the MS2 phage coat protein,” Sem Virol., 1997, Vol. 8(3): 176-185; Delebecque et al., “Organization of intracellular reactions with rationally designed RNA assemblies,” Science, 2011, Vol. 333: 470-474; Mali et al., “Cas9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering,” Nat. Biotechnol., 2013, Vol. 31: 833-838; and Zalatan et al., “Engineering complex synthetic transcriptional programs with CRISPR RNA scaffolds,” Cell, 2015, Vol. 160: 339-350, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other systems include the PP7 hairpin, which specifically recruits the PCP protein, and the “corn” hairpin, which specifically recruits the Com protein. See Zalatan et al. Any of these well-known recruitment systems may be employed with trans prime editing as described herein.

The efficiency of the instant tPERT trans prime editing system was tested. Up to 20% efficiency of His6 insertion (18 bp) was achieved at the HEK3 site in HEK293T cells using a tPERT containing a single 3′ MS2 aptamer, a 13-nt primer binding site, and an RT template containing the insertion sequence and 34 nt of homology to the locus, along with an editor containing the MS2cp fused to the N-terminus of PE2. See FIG. 73 . The strategy of trans prime editing has the potential to address complications associated with PEgRNAPEgRNA design, and could be more suited for longer RT templates to achieve larger insertion, deletions, or edits at further distances from the prime editor nick site.

(B) Chemically Synthesized PEgRNAs with RNA and DNA Synthesis Templates

Alternative nucleic acid templates can be used within chemically synthesized PEgRNAs (FIG. 72C). For example, a synthetic PEgRNA can be constructed as an RNA/DNA hybrid wherein the spacer sequence and sgRNA scaffold is composed of RNA nucleotides and the primer binding site and synthesis template (shown as a 3′ extension in FIG. 72C) is composed of DNA nucleotides. This could allow for DNA-dependent DNA polymerases to be used in place of reverse transcriptase within prime editors. It could also prevent the synthesis of DNA that is templated by sgRNA scaffold sequence. In other designs, chemical linkers, composed of non-templating nucleotides or other suitable linker moieties, can be used to tether the nucleic acid edit template (composed of RNA or DNA) to the sgRNA scaffold. This could prevent continued DNA polymerization of the sgRNA scaffold and allow for flexibility in the extension that allows for more efficient templated synthesis. Finally, the directionality of the nucleic acid synthesis template can be inverted such that DNA polymerization proceeds away from the sgRNA scaffold as opposed to toward it.

(C) Recruitment of the DNA Polymerase Expressed in Trans

In the main embodiment of prime editing, the polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase enzyme) is expressed as a fusion to the napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 nickase). Alternatively, the polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) can be expressed in trans, and its activity can be localized to the editing site using recruitment systems such as the MS2 RNA aptamer and MS2 coat protein, or other similar recruitment system known in the art. In this system, the PEgRNA is modified to include an MS2 aptamer within one of the sgRNA scaffold hairpins, and the polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) is expressed as a fusion protein to MS2cp. The napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 nickase) is also expressed as an independent polypeptide. This system has been demonstrated with the wild type M-MLV reverse transcriptase (FIG. 74 ), and should be applicable to other RT variants. In addition, other RNA-protein interactions, or protein-protein interactions, could be used for RT recruitment.

The following sequences are pertinent to Example 19:

Sequences of tPERTs: MS2 aptamer/RT template/PBS/ Linker 5′-MS2_13nt-PBS: (SEQ ID NO: 762) 5′GCCAACATGAGGATCACCCATGTCTGCAGGGCC TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTTCC TTTCCTCTGCCATCAATGATGGTGATGATGGTGCGTGCTCAGTCTG - 3′ 5′-MS2_17nt-PBS: (SEQ ID NO: 773) 5′GCCAACATGAGGATCACCCATGTCTGCAGGGCC TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTTCC TTTCCTCTGCCATCAATGATGGTGATGATGGTGCGTGCTCAGTCTGGGCC - 3′ 3′-MS2_13nt-PBS: (SEQ ID NO: 774) 5′GGAGGAAGCAGGGCTTCCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAATGATGGTGATGATGGT GCGTGCTCAGTCTG AAATTAACAAATCAAGCCAACATGAGGATCACCCATGTCT GCAGGGCC - 3′ 3′-MS2_17nt-PBS: (SEQ ID NO: 775) 5′GGAGGAAGCAGGGCTTCCTTTCCTCTGCCATCAATGATGGTGATGATGGT GCGTGCTCAGTCTGGGCC AAATTAACAAATCAAGCCAACATGAGGATCACCCAT GTCTGCAGGGCC - 3′ Sequences of MS2 PEgRNAs: Spacer /MS2 aptamer/sgRNA scaffold/RT template/PBS HEK3_MS2_1 (SEQ ID NO: 776) 5′ GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA GTTTTAGAGCTAG GCCAACATGAGGATCACCCA TGTCTGCAGGGCCTAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTG GGACCGAGTCGGTCC TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCAGTCT - 3′ HEK3_MS2_2 (SEQ ID NO: 777) 5′ GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGC TAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG GCCAACATGAGGATCACCCATGTCTGCAGGGCC AAGTG GGACCGAGTCGGTCC TCTGCCATCTCGTGCTCAGTCT - 3′ Protein sequences: MS2cp-PE2 (SEQ ID NO: 778) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVGSASNFTQFVLVDNGGTGDVTVAPSNFANGVAEWISS NSRSQAYKVTCSVRQSSAQNRKYTIKVEVPKVATQTVGGEELPVAGWRSYLNMELT IPIFATNSDCELIVKAMQGLLKDGNPIPSAIAANSGIYSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATP ESSGGSSGGSSDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALL FDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKH ERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLN PDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGL FGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLS DAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGY AGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELH AILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVV DKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSG EQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDK DFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSR KLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIA NLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIE EGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSF LKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERG GLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRK DFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEI GKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMP QVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEK GKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRM LASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQIS EFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRY TSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGG SSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVS IKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNK RVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGIS GQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGT RALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQ LREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGL PDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAV LTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVA LNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKA GAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIY RRRGWLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARK AAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV MS2cp-MMLV-RT (SEQ ID NO: 779) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVGSASNFTQFVLVDNGGTGDVTVAPSNFANGVAEWISS NSRSQAYKVTCSVRQSSAQNRKYTIKVEVPKVATQTVGGEELPVAGWRSYLNMELT IPIFATNSDCELIVKAMQGLLKDGNPIPSAIAANSGIYSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATP ESSGGSSGGSSTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLII PLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRP VQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFE WRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAAT SELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMG QPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQ ALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPP CLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTD RVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSL LQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFA TAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRM ADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV MMLV-RT-MS2cp (SEQ ID NO: 780) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVTLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGM GLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPV KKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLH PTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLPQGFKNSPTLFDEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQ YVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALLQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLT EARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREFLGTAGFCRLWIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKTGTLFNWGPDQ QKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLD PVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTH YQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADH TWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLN VYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGLLTSEGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKG HSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDTSTLLIENSSPSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESS GGSSGGSSGSASNFTQFVLVDNGGTGDVTVAPSNFANGVAEWISSNSRSQAYKVTCS VRQSSAQNRKYTIKVEVPKVATQTVGGEELPVAGWRSYLNMELTIPIFATNSDCELIV KAMQGLLKDGNPIPSAIAANSGIYSGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV

Example 20. Split-Intein Delivery of Prime Editors

This Example demonstrates that a prime editor may be split using inteins as a means to deliver the prime editor to cells via separate vectors, wherein each vector encodes a portion of the prime editor fusion protein. This Example is focused on a PE fusion protein comprising the canonical SpCas9 (SEQ ID NO: 18). The split sites for other Cas9 proteins may be the corresponding same site, or may need to be optimized for each different Cas9 protein. In the instant Example, the prime editor was split between residues 1023 and 1024 of SpCas9 (SEQ ID NO: 18). This is referred to as the “1023/1024” split site.

Prime editors (PEs) exceed the AAV packaging capacity. It was therefore contemplated to split the PE by inserting a trans-splicing Npu intein at S. pyogenes Cas9 residue 1024 in SEQ ID NO: 18, allowing delivery of split-SpPEs as two separate polypeptides, each encoded by one of a dual-AAV system. The split site 1023/1024 was chosen because it (1) allows packaging into two AAVs while accommodating space for guide cassette(s) and minimal regulatory elements, (2) mutation of the native Serine to Cysteine would be relatively conservative, (3) the site is a flexible loop near the periphery of Cas9 which sterically is predicted to allow for spicing to occur, and (4) Cas9 has been successfully altered in this loop by circular permutation (but not previously at this specific split site).

To determine whether Npu-split prime editors are active, HEK cells were transfected with plasmids encoding split-editors, finding they recapitulate activity of full-length PE3 as analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, the three native Npu amino-terminal residues of C-terminal extein are known to splice most efficiently but differ from those natively flanking Cas9 residue 1024. Replacement of these Cas9 residues with the native Npu residues may alter the activity of prime editor. It was therefore determined whether mutation from the Cas9-native “SEQ” towards the Npu intein “CFN” sequence altered efficiency of prime editing. The “SEQ” residues facilitate prime editing with similar efficiency to full-length, suggesting the intein-split PE halves are able to associate and mediate prime editing. No further increase was seen by mutation towards “CFN”, suggesting that association alone may be sufficient for split-PE activity, as we have previously observed with intein-split base editors.

Although associated, unspliced editors may be active, perturbations of the sterics of the prime editor resulting from incomplete splicing during initiation steps may affect editing outcomes. 1024-CFN was therefore chosen for further studies as it also recapitulates full-length PE3 activity.

The following are the amino acid sequences of the 1023/1024 split.

SpPE2 split at 1023/1024 N terminal half  (SEQ ID NO: 3875) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDA KAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDA IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDAKVADVRKMIAK

KRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV SpPE2 split at 1023/1024 C terminal half (SEQ ID NO: 3876) MKRYADGSEFESPKKKRKV

C FNEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVR KVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAY SVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLP KYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQK QLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFT LTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD

TLNIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSD FPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQYPMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLL DQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVEDIHPTVPNPYNLL SGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLTWTRLP QGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRAL LQTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPK TPRQLREFLGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIK QALLTAPALGLPDLTKPFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDP VAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAGKLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLS NARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLLPLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTR PDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTETEVIWAKALPAGTSAQ RAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGWLTSEGKEIK NKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPD TSTLLIENSSP

KRTADGSEFEPKKKRK  Key: NLS,

 Mutated residues,

 

 NpuC intein, RT Prime Editor Packages in a Dual AAV System

Prime editors split between residues 1023 and 1024 with Npu trans-splicing intein become packages within AAV with high titer comparable to that of base editors of similar genome size produced in the same manner.

Prime Editing In Vivo

Split SpPE3 delivered with AAV9 by intracerebroventricular injection to P0 mice mediates prime editing in brain tissue in vivo. A nucleotide substitution at position+5 (i.e., 5 nucleotide bases downstream of nick site and within the PAM sequence) of a G-to-T results in the installation of a Pro>Gln coding mutation near the N terminus of DNMT1. This edit demonstrates the viability of prime editing in vivo and is not thought to introduce any selective pressure on edited cells (with “+5” referring to the +5 position downstream of the nick site). The AAV architectures tested include a full-length MMLV RT as well as a truncated variant lacking the RNAse H domain. The truncated post-transcriptional regulatory element W3 was also assessed as it has been shown to increase expression from viral cassettes in vivo but its importance had not been tested in the context of base editors or prime editors. It was found that full-length RT outperforms truncated RT, and the addition of the W3 sequence improves activity. The increase in editing activity when W3 is present indicates that expression of prime editor is limiting in vivo and demonstrates the distinct challenges of prime editing in vivo versus cell culture.

REFERENCES

-   Oakes, B. L., Fellmann, C. et al. CRISPR-Cas9 Circular Permutants as     Programmable Scaffolds for Genome Modification. Cell. 2019 Jan. 10;     176(1-2):254-267.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.ce11.2018.11.052.

Example 21. Linker Optimization in PE2 Format

This Example constructed a number of variant prime editors all based on PE2. PE2 has the following sequence and structure:

As used herein, “PE2” refers to a PE complex comprising a fusion protein comprising Cas9(H840A) and a variant MMLV RT having the following structure: [NLS]-[Cas9(H840A)]-[linkerHMMLV_RT(D200N)(T330P)(L603W)(T306K)(W313F)]+a desired PEgRNA, wherein the PE fusion has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134, which is shown as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 134) MKRTADGSEFESPKKKRKV DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGN TDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTD KADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPIN ASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFD LAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEI TKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGG ASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHA ILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPW NFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYV TEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVE DRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYA HLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNF MQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELV KVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPV ENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNK VLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGL SELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLV SDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYD VRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIV WDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDW DPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDF LEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRICRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNF LYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKV LSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDAT LIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS TL NIEDEYRLHETSKEPDVSLGSTWLSDFPQAWAETGGMGLAVRQAPLIIPLKATSTPVSIKQY PMSQEARLGIKPHIQRLLDQGILVPCQSPWNTPLLPVKKPGTNDYRPVQDLREVNKRVED IHPTVPNPYNLLSGLPPSHQWYTVLDLKDAFFCLRLHPTSQPLFAFEWRDPEMGISGQLT WTRLPQGFKNSPTLFNEALHRDLADFRIQHPDLILLQYVDDLLLAATSELDCQQGTRALL QTLGNLGYRASAKKAQICQKQVKYLGYLLKEGQRWLTEARKETVMGQPTPKTPRQLREF LGKAGFCRLFIPGFAEMAAPLYPLTKPGTLFNWGPDQQKAYQEIKQALLTAPALGLPDLTK PFELFVDEKQGYAKGVLTQKLGPWRRPVAYLSKKLDPVAAGWPPCLRMVAAIAVLTKDAG KLTMGQPLVILAPHAVEALVKQPPDRWLSNARMTHYQALLLDTDRVQFGPVVALNPATLL PLPEEGLQHNCLDILAEAHGTRPDLTDQPLPDADHTWYTDGSSLLQEGQRKAGAAVTTET EVIWAKALPAGTSAQRAELIALTQALKMAEGKKLNVYTDSRYAFATAHIHGEIYRRRGWLTS EGKEIKNKDEILALLKALFLPKRLSIIHCPGHQKGHSAEARGNRMADQAARKAAITETPDT STLLIENSSPSGGSKRTADGSEFEPKKKRKV KEY: NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE (NLS) TOP: (SEQ ID NO: 124), BOTTOM: (SEQ ID NO: 133) CAS9(H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 137) 33-AMINO ACID LINKER  (SEQ ID NO: 127) M-MLV reverse transcriptase (SEQ ID NO: 139). The PE2 linker is SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS (SEQ ID NO: 127).

In this experiment, the linker of PE2 was replaced with one of the following substitute linkers (or no linker in one instance):

Linker Name Nucleotide Sequence Amino Acid Sequence 1x SGGS TCCGGAGGATCT (SEQ ID NO: 3880) SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 174) 2x SGGS TCCGGAGGATCTAGCGGAGGCTCC SGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 446) (SEQ ID NO: 3881) 3x SGGS TCCGGAGGATCTAGCGGAGGCTCCA SGGSSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: GCGGAGGCAGC (SEQ ID NO: 3882) 3889) 1x XTEN TCTGGCTCTGAGACACCTGGCACAAG SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID CGAGAGCGCAACACCTGAAAGC NO: 171) (SEQ ID NO: 3883) No linker 1x Gly GGT G 1x Pro CCC P 1x GAAGCAGCTGCTAAA (SEQ ID NO: EAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 3968) EAAAK 3884) 2x GAAGCCGCTGCTAAAGAAGCTGCAG EAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: EAAAK CTAAG (SEQ ID NO: 3885) 3969) 3x GAAGCCGCTGCTAAAGAGGCCGCTG EAAAKEAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID EAAAK CTAAAGAAGCTGCAGCTAAG (SEQ ID NO: 3970) NO: 3886)

FIG. 79 shows the editing efficiency of the replacement linker constructs. In particular, the data shows the editing efficiency of the PE2 construct with the current linker (noted as PE2—white box) compared to various versions with the linker replaced with a sequence as indicated at the HEK3, EMX1, FANCF, RNF2 loci for representative PEgRNAs for transition, transversion, insertion, and deletion edits. The replacement linkers are referred to as “1× SGGS” (SEQ ID NO:174), “2× SGGS” (SEQ ID NO: 446), “3× SGGS” (SEQ ID NO: 3889), “1× XTEN” (SEQ ID NO: 171), “no linker”, “1× Gly”, “1× Pro”, “1× EAAAK” (SEQ ID NO: 3968), “2× EAAAK” (SEQ ID NO: 3969), and “3× EAAAK” (SEQ ID NO: 3970). The editing efficiency is measured in bar graph format relative to the “control” editing efficiently of PE2. The linker of PE2 is SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSS (SEQ ID NO: 127). All editing was done in the context of the PE3 system, i.e., which refers the PE2 editing construct plus the addition of the optimal secondary sgRNA nicking guide.

FIG. 80 . shows that the 1× XTEN (SEQ ID NO: 171) linker provided an increase in editing efficiency. Taking the average fold efficacy relative to PE2 yields the graph shown, indicating that use of a 1× XTEN (SEQ ID NO: 171) linker sequence improves editing efficiency by 1.14 fold on average (n=15).

Example 22. Prime Editor Guide RNAs with Improved Activities

In various embodiments, PEgRNA are likely to be target DNA site and edit dependent. That is, the sequence of the PEgRNA will depend upon the target DNA sequence and the particular edit that is being introduced therein by prime editing (e.g., deletion, insertion, inversion, substitution). For instance, in certain embodiments, when attaching a motif 3′ of the primer binding site (PBS) of the PEgRNA, a linker between the PBS and motif is preferred to prevent steric clash with the polymerase domain (e.g., reverse transcriptase) of the PE fusion protein. However, the nature of that linker may be different for each site. For instance, if the same linker for each site were used, it could artificially render a 13 nt PBS a 16 nt PBS by fortuitous pairing to the spacer sequence. Similarly, the linker could basepair to the PBS itself, resulting in its occlusion and potentially reducing activity. So, unlike with protein-based editors, such as PE or BE4, a single linker sequence option connecting two elements may not be effective in each construct but will depend in part on the sequence of the target DNA sequence and the edit of interest.

Building, in part, on the information presented Example 15 (Design and Engineering of PEgRNAs), this Example constructed and then tested the effects of various structural modifications made to PEgRNA on editing function, among other aspects.

Expression of PEgRNAs from Non-Pol III Promoters

A variety of PEgRNA expression systems were tested for their ability to generate PEgRNAs, using insertion of a 102 nucleotide sequence from FKBP as a readout.

Transcription of PEgRNA can be directed by a typical constitutive promoter, such as U6 promoter. Although the U6 promoter is in most cases effective at directing transcription of PEgRNAs, the U6 promoter is not very effective at directing the transcription of longer PEgRNAs or U-rich RNAs. U-rich RNA stretches of cause premature termination of transcription. This Example compared editing outcomes of guides expressed from the CMV promoter or U1 promoter with the U6 promoter. These promoters require a different terminator sequence, such as MASC ENE or PAN ENE, as provided below. An increase in editing was observed with the pCMV/MASC-ENE system, however these guides resulted in incomplete insertion of the sequence, while, with the U6 promoter, complete insertion was observed at lower levels of editing. See FIG. 81 . The data suggests the likelihood that the alternate expression systems may be useful for long insertions.

The nucleotide sequence of the pCMV/MASC-ENE expression systems as follows (5′-to-3′ direction) (with the name of the motif in bold immediately preceding the region to which it refers):

(SEQ ID NO: 3971) -pCMV promoter- TAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAG TTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACC CCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGAC TTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTA CATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAAT GGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCA GTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTAC ATCAATGGGCGTGGATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCA TTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATG TCGTAACAACTCCGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGA GGTCTATATAAGCAGAGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATC-Csy4 loop- GTTCACTGCCGTATAGGCAG-spacer-GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGA-scaffold- GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAA AAAGTGGGACCGAGTCGGTCC-template- TGGAGGAAGCAGGGCTTCCTTTCCTCTGCCATCA-insert- AAATTTCTTTCCATCTTCAAGCATCCCGGTGTAGTGCACCACGCAGGTCTGGCCG CGCTTGGGGAAGGTGCGCCCGTCTCCTGGGGAGATGGTTTCCACCTGCACTCC- PBS-CGTGCTCAGTCTG-linker-TTT-MASC ENE- TAGGGTCATGAAGGTTTTTCTTTTCCTGAGAAAACAACACGTATTGTTTTCTCAGG TTTTGCTTTTTGGCCTTTTTCTAGCTTAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAAAAGATGCTGGT GGTTGGCACTCCTGGTTTCCAGGACGGGGTTCAAATCCCTGCGGCGTCTTTGCTTT GACT-unrelated plasmid sequence- TTTTTTTAAGCTTGGGCCGCTCGAGGTAGCAGC-Ubc promoter- GGCCTCCGCGCCGGGTTTTGGCGCCTCCCGCGGGCGCCCCCCTCCTCACGGCGAG CGCTGCCACGTCAGACGAAGGGCGCAGGAGCGTTCCTGATCCTTCCGCCCGGAC GCTCAGGACAGCGGCCCGCTGCTCATAAGACTCGGCCTTAGAACCCCAGTATCA GCAGAAGGACATTTTAGGACGGGACTTGGGTGACTCTAGGGCACTGGTTTTCTTT CCAGAGAGCGGAACAGGCGAGGAAAAGTAGTCCCTTCTCGGCGATTCTGCGGAG GGATCTCCGTGGGGCGGTGAACGCCGATGATTATATAAGGACGCGCCGGGTGTG GCACAGCTAGTTCCGTCGCAGCCGGGATTTGGGTCGCGGTTCTTGTTTGTGGATC GCTGTGATCGTCACTTGGTGAGTTGCGGGCTGCTGGGCTGGCCGGGGCTTTCGTG GCCGCCGGGCCGCTCGGTGGGACGGAAGCGTGTGGAGAGACCGCCAAGGGCTGT AGTCTGGGTCCGCGAGCAAGGTTGCCCTGAACTGGGGGTTGGGGGGAGCGCACA AAATGGCGGCTGTTCCCGAGTCTTGAATGGAAGACGCTTGTAAGGCGGGCTGTG AGGTCGTTGAAACAAGGTGGGGGGCATGGTGGGCGGCAAGAACCCAAGGTCTTG AGGCCTTCGCTAATGCGGGAAAGCTCTTATTCGGGTGAGATGGGCTGGGGCACC ATCTGGGGACCCTGACGTGAAGTTTGTCACTGACTGGAGAACTCGGGTTTGTCGT CTGGTTGCGGGGGCGGCAGTTATGCGGTGCCGTTGGGCAGTGCACCCGTACCTTT GGGAGCGCGCGCCTCGTCGTGTCGTGACGTCACCCGTTCTGTTGGCTTATAATGC AGGGTGGGGCCACCTGCCGGTAGGTGTGCGGTAGGCTTTTCTCCGTCGCAGGACG CAGGGTTCGGGCCTAGGGTAGGCTCTCCTGAATCGACAGGCGCCGGACCTCTGGT GAGGGGAGGGATAAGTGAGGCGTCAGTTTCTTTGGTCGGTTTTATGTACCTATCT TCTTAAGTAGCTGAAGCTCCGGTTTTGAACTATGCGCTCGGGGTTGGCGAGTGTG TTTTGTGAAGTTTTTTAGGCACCTTTTGAAATGTAATCATTTGGGTCAATATGTAA TTTTCAGTGTTAGACTAGTAAATTGTCCGCTAAATTCTGGCCGTTTTTGGCTTTTT TGTTAGACAGGATCCCCGGGTACCGGTCGCCACC-Csy4 and NLS- ATGGGCTCTTTTACTATGGACCACTACCTGGATATTAGACTGAGACCTGACCCTG AGTTCCCACCCGCCCAGCTGATGAGCGTGCTGTTCGGCAAGCTGCACCAGGCCCT GGTGGCACAGGGAGGCGACCGGATCGGCGTGAGCTTCCCCGACCTGGATGAGAG CAGATCCAGGCTGGGAGAGCGCCTGAGGATCCACGCATCCGCCGACGATCTGCG CGCCCTGCTGGCCCGGCCATGGCTGGAGGGCCTGCGCGACCACCTGCAGTTTGG AGAGCCAGCAGTGGTGCCACACCCTACCCCATACAGGCAGGTGTCCAGGGTGCA GGCAAAGTCTAACCCTGAGCGGCTGCGGAGAAGGCTGATGCGCCGGCACGATCT GTCTGAGGAGGAGGCCAGAAAGAGGATCCCCGACACCGTGGCCAGAACACTGG ATCTGCCTTTCGTGACCCTGCGGAGCCAGAGCACAGGCCAGCACTTCAGACTGTT TATCAGGCACGGCCCACTGCAGGTGACAGCCGAGGAAGGAGGATTCACTTGTTA CGGACTGTCTAAAGGAGGATTCGTGCCCTGGTTCAGCAGCCTGAGGCCTCCTAAG AAGAAGAGGAAGGTTTAA-SV40 terminator- TGATCATAATCAAGCCATATCACATCTGTAGAGGTTTACTTGCTTTAAAAAACCT CCACACCTCCCCCTGAACCTGAAACATAAAATGAATGCAATTGTTGTTGTTAACT TGTTTATTGCAGCTTATAATGGTTACAAATAAAGCAATAGCATCACAAATTTCAC AAATAAAGCATTTTTTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGGTTTGTCCAAACTCATCAATG TATCTTATCATGTCTGGATCTGC Key: [pCMV promoter] - binds pol II RNA polymerase [Csy4 loop] - bound by Csy4 protein, results in cleavage 3′ of the loop. Required because part of [CMV promoter] is transcribed, and if this sequence is attached 5′ of the gRNA it will lower/eliminate activity (previously known). [Spacer sequence] of pegRNA [pegRNA scaffold] [DNA synthesis template] [insertion edit (108 nt from FKBP)] [primer binding site] [Linker]°(highly variable) - connects PBS and terminator element [MASC ENE transcription terminator] - transcription of this element results in termination of transcription; a polyA tail is encoded and then sequestered by the ENE element [Unimportant sequence] [Ubc promoter] - required for expression of the Csy4 protein [Csy4 protein and NLS] - required for processing of the 5′ end of the guide. Other strategies could also be used that don't require expression of a large protein (such as ribozyme-mediated cleavage of the spacer), but these would require more individual tuning for different  spacer sequences, so we used this. [SV40 terminator] - for termination of the Csy4 protein. Improvements to the PEgRNA Scaffold

A number of structural modifications to the gRNA scaffold were also tested, none of which showed a significant increase in editing activity (see FIG. 82 at 3.30.13 through 3.30.19 in the X axis, as compare to 3.30). However, this data has two caveats worth noting. First, this guide already worked quite well, and a less effective guide would have been better to test. Second, in HEK cells, transfection is quite efficient, and it was noted that the amount of guide RNA transfected is in large excess compared to what is needed (reducing the amount by ˜4-8 fold has no effect on editing). These improvements might only be seen in other cell types, where transfection efficiency is lower, or with less effective guides. Many of these changes are precedented to improve sgRNA activity in other cell lines.

The sequences of the constructs of FIG. 82 are as follows:

HEK3.30 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3972] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Templateand PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.30.0 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3874] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUUUU HEK3.30.1 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3973] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-[none] HEK3.30.2 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3974] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUGCUCGAGGCGGAAACGCCUCGAGCUUUU HEK3.30.2b pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3975] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUGCUCGAGGCGGAAACGCCUCGAGC HEK3.30.3 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3976] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUGCUCGAGGCGUACGCGAAAGCGUACGCCUCGAGCUUUU HEK3.30.3b pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3977] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUGCUCGAGGCGUACGCGAAAGCGUACGCCUCGAGC HEK3.30.5 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3978] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUGCUCGAGGCGUACGCCCGAUGAAAAUCGGGCGUACGCCUCGAGCUUUU HEK3.30.5a pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3979] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUUGGGGUUGGGGUUGGGGUUGGGGUUUU HEK3.30.5b pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3980] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUGGUGGUGGUGGUUUU HEK3.30.13 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3981] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGCGAAAGCUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUC AACUUGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.30.15 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3982] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGCUCGAAAGAGCUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGU UAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.30.15 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3983] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGCUCAUGAAAAUGAGCUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGU CCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.30.16 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3984] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGCUCAUCCGAAAGGAUGAGCUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGC UAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS-UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.30.17 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3985] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGCUCAUCCUGGAAACAGGAUGAGCUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS-UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.30.18 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3986] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUGAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUUAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.30.19 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3987] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUGAGAGCUAGCUCAUGAAAAUGAGCUAGCAAGUUUAAAUAAGGCUAGU CCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56 pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3890] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCUUCGACCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.1a pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3891] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGGCGAAAGCCUCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.1b pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3988] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGACGAAAGCCUCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.1c pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3892] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGGCGAAAGCCCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.2a pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3893] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGAUGCGAAAGCAUCUCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.2b pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3894] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGAUGCGAAAGCACCUCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.2c pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3895] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGAUGCGAAAGCAUCCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.3a pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3896] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGACAUGCGAAAGCAUGUCUCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUU HEK3.56.3b pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3897] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGACAUGCGAAAGCAGGCCCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUU HEK3.56.3c pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3898] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAGACAUGCGAAAGCAUGUCUCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif- UUUU HEK3.56.4a pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3899] spacer-GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAUACGUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UUACGAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS- UCUGCCAUCAAAGCUUCGACCGUGCUCAGUCUG-Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.4b pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3989] 5′motif-GCAGACCUAAGUGGUGACAUAUGGUCUG-spacer- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAUACGUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UUACGAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS--Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.4c pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3900] 5′motif-GCAGACCUAAGUGGUGACAUAUGGUCUG-spacer- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAUACGUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UUACGAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS--Terminal motif-UUUU HEK3.56.4d pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3901] 5′motif-GCAGACCUAAGUGGUGACAUAUGGUCUG-spacer- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGA-scaffold- GUUUUAGAGCUAUACGUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACU UUACGAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCC-Template and PBS--Terminal motif-UUUU

Note that where ever either no terminal motif or a terminal motif that does not end in a run of U's exists, transcript was terminated using the following HDV ribozyme:

[SEQ ID NO: 3990] GGCCGGCAUGGUCCCAGCCUCCUCGCUGGCGCCGGCUGGGCAACAUGCUUC GGCAUGGCGAAUGGGAC Additional RNA Motifs

See FIG. 82 for details on certain motifs, such as an HDV ribozyme 3′ of the PEgRNA, or G-quadruplex insertion, P1 extensions, template hairpins, and tetraloop circ'd, that may be introduced into a PEgRNA to improve its performance.

In particular, this Example tested the effect of installing a tRNA motif 3′ of the primer binding site. This element was chosen because of multiple potential functions:

(1) the tRNA motif is a very stable RNA motif, and so could potentially reduce PEgRNA degradation;

(2) the MMLV RT uses a prolyl-tRNA as a primer when converting the viral genome into DNA during transcription, so it was suspected the same cap could be bound by the RT, improving binding of the PEgRNA by PE, RNA stability, and bringing the PBS back in closer proximity to the genomic site, potentially also improving activity.

In these constructs, the P1 of the tRNA (see FIG. 84 ) was extended. P1 refers to the first stem/base-pairing element of the tRNA (see FIG. 84 ). This was believed to be necessary to prevent RNAseP-mediated cleavage of the tRNA 5′ of the P1, which would result in its removal from the PEgRNA.

In this design a prolyl-tRNA (codon CGG) with an extended P1 and short 3 nt linker between the tRNA and the PBS was used. A variety of tRNA designs were tested and the editing efficiency was tested compared to a PEgRNA having no tRNA cap—see the comparative data in FIG. 83 (depicting a PE experiment that targeted editing of the HEK3 gene, specifically targeting the insertion of a 10 nt insertion at position+1 relative to the nick site and using PE3), FIG. 85 (depicting a PE experiment that targeted editing of the FANCF gene, specifically targeting a G-to-T conversion at position+5 relative to the nick site and using PE3 construct) and FIG. 86 (depicting a PE experiment that targeted editing of the HEK3 gene, specifically targeting the insertion of a 71 nt FLAG tag insertion at position+1 relative to the nick site and using PE3 construct). tRNA-modified PEgRNAs were tested against a non-modified PEgRNA control.

UGG/CGG refers to the codon used, the number refers to the length of the added P1 extension, long indicates an 8 nt linker, no designation a 3 nt linker.

The data suggest that the installation of a tRNA may enable use of shorter PBSs, which would likely result in additional activity improvements. In the case of RNF2, it is possible/likely that the linker used resulted in improved PBS binding to the spacer, and the resulting diminishment in activity.

Some sequences used:

HEK3 +1 FLAG-tag insertion, proly-tRNA[55 UGG[56  P1 ext 5 nt, linker 3 nt [SEQ ID NO: 3902] GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUGGAGG AAGCAGGGCUUCCUUUCCUCUGCCAUCACUUAUCGUCGUCAUCCUUGUAAU CCGUGCUCAGUCUGUCUGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCG CUUCGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUUUU FANCF +5 G to T proly-tRNA[55 CGG[56  P1 ext 5 nt, linker 3 nt [SEQ ID NO: 3903] GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGAUCUGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGU AUGAUUCUCGCUUCGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGC CCCGCCUUUU HEK3 ++1 10 nt insertion, proly-tRNA[55 UGG[56  P1 ext 5 nt, linker 3 nt [SEQ ID NO: 3904] GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGGACCGAGUCGGUCCUCUGCC AUCAAAGCUUCGACCGUGCUCAGUCUUCUGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGU CUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUCGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCC GGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGAGCUUUU

The sequences reported in the data of FIGS. 85 and 86 are as follows:

FANCF +5 G to T pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3905] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGA-partial CGG tRNA linker 8- UCUCUCUCUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUCGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCG GGUUCAAUUUU FANCF +5 G to T pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3906] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGA-UGG P1 ext 5 linker 3- UCUGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGUGCGAGA GGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUUUU FANCF +5 G to T pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3907] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGA-UGG P1 ext 5 linker 8- UCUCUCUCGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGUG CGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUUUU FANCF +5 G to T pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3908] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGA-UGG P1 ext 8 linker 3- UCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGUGCG AGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGUUUU FANCF +5 G to T pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3909] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGA-UGG P1 ext 8 linker 8- UCUCUCUCCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGG GUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGUUUU FANCF +5 G to T pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3910] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGA-UGG P1 ext 11 linker 3- UCUGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGU GCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGAGCUUUU FANCF +5 G to T pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3911] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGAAUCCCUUCUGCAGCACCGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAAAA GCGAUCAAGGUGCUGCAGAAGGGA-UGG P1 ext 11 linker 8- UCUCUCUCGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUU UGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGAGCU UUU HEK3 +1 10 nt insertion pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3913] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGCCCAGACTGAGCACGTGAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTCTGCC ATCAAAGCTTCGACCGTGCTCAGTCTG-UGG P1 ext 5 linker 3- UCUGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGUGCGAGA GGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUUUU HEK3 +1 FLAG insertion pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3914] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUGGAGG AAGCAGGGCUUCCUUUCCUCUGCCAUCACUUAUCGUCGUCAUCCUUGUAAU CCGUGCUCAGUCUG-partial CGG tRNA linker 8- UCUCUCUCUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUCGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCG GGUUCAAUUUU HEK3 +1 FLAG insertion pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3915] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUGGAGG AAGCAGGGCUUCCUUUCCUCUGCCAUCACUUAUCGUCGUCAUCCUUGUAAU CCGUGCUCAGUCUG-UGG P1 ext 5 linker 3- UCUGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGUGCGAGA GGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUUUU HEK3 +1 FLAG insertion pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3916] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUGGAGG AAGCAGGGCUUCCUUUCCUCUGCCAUCACUUAUCGUCGUCAUCCUUGUAAU CCGUGCUCAGUCUG-UGG P1 ext 5 linker 8- UCUCUCUCGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGUG CGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUUUU HEK3 +1 FLAG insertion pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3917] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAA UAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUGG AGGAAGCAGGGCUUCCUUUCCUCUGCCAUCACUUAUCGUCGUCAUCCUUG UAAUCCGUGCUCAGUCUG-UGG P1 ext 8 linker 8- UCUCUCUCCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUG GGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGUUUU HEK3 +1 FLAG insertion pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3918] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUGGAGG AAGCAGGGCUUCCUUUCCUCUGCCAUCACUUAUCGUCGUCAUCCUUGUAAU CCGUGCUCAGUCUG-UGG P1 ext 11 linker 8- UCUCUCUCGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUU UGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGAGCU UUU HEK3 +1 FLAG insertion pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3919] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GGCCCAGACUGAGCACGUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUGGAGG AAGCAGGGCUUCCUUUCCUCUGCCAUCACUUAUCGUCGUCAUCCUUGUAAU CCGUGCUCAGUCUG-UGG P1 ext 14 linker 8- UCUCUCUCGGUGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCG CUUUGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGA GCACCUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3920] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{CGG}-5- UCUGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUCGGGUGCGAGA GGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCC RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3921] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{CGG}-8- UCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUCGGGUGCG AGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3922] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{CGG}-11- UCUGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUCGGGU GCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGAGCUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3923] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{Lys}-5- UCUGGCGGGCCCGGAUAGCUCAGUCGGUAGAGCAUCAGACUUUUAAUCUGA GGGUCCAGGGUUCAAGUCCCUGUUCGGGCCCGCCUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3924] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{Lys}-8- UCUCGAGGCGGGCCCGGAUAGCUCAGUCGGUAGAGCAUCAGACUUUUAAUC UGAGGGUCCAGGGUUCAAGUCCCUGUUCGGGCCCGCCUCGUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3925] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{UGG}-8- UCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGUGCG AGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3926] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{UGG}-11- UCUGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUCGCUUUGGGU GCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCGAGCUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3927] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{UGG}-8-longer linker-UCUCUCUCCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUUCUC GCUUUGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCCUCG UUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3928] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{UGG}-11-longer linker-UCUCUCUCGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUGAUU CUCGCUUUGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCCGCC UCGAGCUUUU RNF2 +1 C to A pegRNA sequence: [SEQ ID NO: 3929] space, scaffold template and PBSr- GUCAUCUUAGUCAUUACCUGGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUA AGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGAACAC CUCAUGUAAUGACUAAGAUG-tRNA-Pro{UGG}-14-longer linker-UCUCUCUCGGUGCUCGAGGCGGGGCUCGUUGGUCUAGGGGUAUG AUUCUCGCUUUGGGUGCGAGAGGUCCCGGGUUCAAAUCCCGGACGAGCCCC GCCUCGAGCACCUUUU

Example 23. Use of Prime Editing to Correct CDKL5 and Sickle Cell Anemia

Use of PE to Design Mouse Model of CDKL5 with 1412delA Mutation

CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder (CDD) is a neurodegenerative disease most often caused by spontaneous mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 gene. Symptoms manifest in early childhood and include seizures, irregular sleeping patterns, gastrointestinal stress, and developmental delay. Some mutations which cause CDD, including 1412delA, cannot be corrected with base editing. However, prime editing has the potential to precisely correct all base-to-base changes, deletions, and insertions. With focus on the 1412delA mutation, this Example designed and tested pegRNAs capable of inserting the mutation in hopes to establish a mouse neuronal cell line (N2A) harboring the mutation. This will allow for extensive screening potentially therapeutic pegRNAs that correct the mutation. The ultimate goal is to be able to move into a CDD mouse model with the 1412delA mutation to assess therapeutic effect. No current mouse models of CDD have a humanized allele, however optimization of pegRNAs is underway in HEK293T cells as well. FIGS. 87 and 88 are the results from a pilot screen in N2A cells where the pegRNA installs 1412Adel, with details about the primer binding site (PBS) length and reverse transcriptase (RT) template length. (Shown with and without indels)

Use of PE to Treat Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a recessive blood disorder caused by a glutamate-to-valine mutation at position 6 in the β-globin gene. The result is sickled red blood cells that are poor oxygen transporters and prone to aggregation. Symptoms of aggregation can be life-threatening. Previously, the D. Liu lab was able to show both the installation and correction of the SCA locus in HEK293T cells using prime editing via DNA plasmid transfection. Since hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are difficult to edit via DNA plasmid transfection, this Example tested the PE3 system in HSCs with protein and mRNA nucleofection. FIG. 89 are the results of editing at a proxy locus in the β-globin gene and at HEK3 in healthy HSCs, varying the concentration of editor to pegRNA and nicking gRNA.

mRNA Nucleofection Protocol:

The protocol was improved by adjusting the ratio of editor to guides ([editor] to [guide] ratio or editor:guide ratio)

The nicking guide protospacer sequence was: CCTTGATACCAACCTGCCCA (SEQ ID NO: 3991)

The pegRNA sequence was:

(SEQ ID NO: 3992) CATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCAGACTT CTCTTCAGGAGTCAGGTGCACTTT

1. Thaw CD34+ cells and pre-stimulate in X-Vivol5 media with cytokines (SCF, Flt3 and TPO) for 24 hrs. Seeding density 1 million cells/mL.

2. Next day (post 24 hrs), aspirate CD34+ cells (1×105) and wash once with PBS (centrifugation performed at 300 g for 10 mins in RT) and resuspend in P3 solution (Lonza) (20 ul per condition).

3. In hood, combine 2 ug of SpPE2 mRNA, 1 ug combined of pegRNA and sgRNA in a sterile PCR strip on ice. Adjust the volume to 20 ul (cells in P3 solution+mRNA &gRNA mix).

4. Pipette up cell suspension into 20 uL Lonza4D 16 well strip and electroporate with program DS130.

5. Wait for 10 to 15 mins post electrporation and add 80 uL of X-Vivol0+cytokine media to cell suspension and transfer to pre-warmed X-Vivol0 with cytokine media.

6. Harvest cells 72 hours after electroporation and check the cell recovery and do genotyping in bulk population and sorted CD34+ and CD34+90+ populations as well.

Wildtype CDKL5 protein (Accession No. NP_001032420) (isoform 1 - human) (SEQ ID NO: 3993) MKIPNIGNVM NKFEILGVVG EGAYGVVLKC RHKETHEIVA IKKFKDSEEN EEVKETTLRE LKMLRTLKQE NIVELKEAFR RRGKLYLVFE YVEKNMLELL EEMPNGVPPE KVKSYIYQLI KAIHWCHKND IVHRDIKPEN LLISHNDVLK LCDFGFARNL SEGNNANYTE YVATRWYRSP ELLLGAPYGK SVDMWSVGCI LGELSDGQPL FPGESEIDQL FTIQKVLGPL PSEQMKLFYS NPRFHGLRFP AVNHPQSLER RYLGILNSVL LDLMKNLLKL DPADRYLTEQ CLNHPTFQTQ RLLDRSPSRS AKRKPYHVES STLSNRNQAG KSTALQSHHR SNSKDIQNLS VGLPRADEGL PANESFLNGN LAGASLSPLH TKTYQASSQP GSTSKDLTNN NIPHLLSPKE AKSKTEFDFN IDPKPSEGPG TKYLKSNSRS QQNRHSFMES SQSKAGTLQP NEKQSRHSYI DTIPQSSRSP SYRTKAKSHG ALSDSKSVSN LSEARAQIAE PSTSRYFPSS CLDLNSPTSP TPTRHSDTRT LLSPSGRNNR NEGTLDSRRT TTRHSKTMEE LKLPEHMDSS HSHSLSAPHE SFSYGLGYTS PFSSQQRPHR HSMYVTRDKV RAKGLDGSLS IGQGMAARAN SLQLLSPQPG EQLPPEMTVA RSSVKETSRE GTSSFHTRQK SEGGVYHDPH SDDGTAPKEN RHLYNDPVPR RVGSFYRVPS PRPDNSFHEN NVSTRVSSLP SESSSGTNHS KRQPAFDPWK SPENISHSEQ LKEKEKQGFF RSMKKKKKKS QTVPNSDSPD LLTLQKSIHS ASTPSSRPKE WRPEKISDLQ TQSQPLKSLR KLLHLSSASN HPASSDPRFQ PLTAQQTKNS FSEIRIHPLS QASGGSSNIR QEPAPKGRPA LQLPDGGCDG RRQRHHSGPQ DRRFMLRTTE QQGEYFCCGD PKKPHTPCVP NRALHRPISS PAPYPVLQVR GTSMCPTLQV RGTDAFSCPT QQSGFSFFVR HVMREALIHR AQVNQAALLT YHENAALTGK Wildtype CDKL5 protein (Accession No. NP_001310218) (isoform 2 - human) (SEQ ID NO: 3994) MKIPNIGNVM NKFEILGVVG EGAYGVVLKC RHKETHEIVA IKKFKDSEEN EEVKETTLRE LKMLRTLKQE NIVELKEAFR RRGKLYLVFE YVEKNMLELL EEMPNGVPPE KVKSYIYQLI KAIHWCHKND IVHRDIKPEN LLISHNDVLK LCDFGFARNL SEGNNANYTE YVATRWYRSP ELLLGAPYGK SVDMWSVGCI LGELSDGQPL FPGESEIDQL FTIQKVLGPL PSEQMKLFYS NPRFHGLRFP AVNHPQSLER RYLGILNSVL LDLMKNLLKL DPADRYLTEQ CLNHPTFQTQ RLLDRSPSRS AKRKPYHVES STLSNRNQAG KSTALQSHHR SNSKDIQNLS VGLPRADEGL PANESFLNGN LAGASLSPLH TKTYQASSQP GSTSKDLTNN NIPHLLSPKE AKSKTEFDFN IDPKPSEGPG TKYLKSNSRS QQNRHSFMES SQSKAGTLQP NEKQSRHSYI DTIPQSSRSP SYRTKAKSHG ALSDSKSVSN LSEARAQIAE PSTSRYFPSS CLDLNSPTSP TPTRHSDTRT LLSPSGRNNR NEGTLDSRRT TTRHSKTMEE LKLPEHMDSS HSHSLSAPHE SFSYGLGYTS PFSSQQRPHR HSMYVTRDKV RAKGLDGSLS IGQGMAARAN SLQLLSPQPG EQLPPEMTVA RSSVKETSRE GTSSFHTRQK SEGGVYHDPH SDDGTAPKEN RHLYNDPVPR RVGSFYRVPS PRPDNSFHEN NVSTRVSSLP SESSSGTNHS KRQPAFDPWK SPENISHSEQ LKEKEKQGFF RSMKKKKKKS QTVPNSDSPD LLTLQKSIHS ASTPSSRPKE WRPEKISDLQ TQSQPLKSLR KLLHLSSASN HPASSDPRFQ PLTAQQTKNS FSEIRIHPLS QASGGSSNIR QEPAPKGRPA LQLPGQMDPG WHVSSVTRSA TEGPSYSEQL GAKSGPNGHP YNRTNRSRMP NLNDLKETAL

Example 24. Use of Prime Editing to Target Pathogenic AOL1 Alleles as Treatment for Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease

This Example designed PEgRNAs that are capable of targeting pathogenic APOL1 alleles for use with prime editing to treat or reduce the likelihood of developing a renal disease.

End-stage kidney failure (ESKD) is a growing problem that now affects over half a million individuals in the United States. The cost of caring for patients with ESKD is currently over 40 billion dollars per year. In the U.S., the likelihood that subjects of African descent will develop ESKD is 4 to 5 times higher than for Americans without African ancestry. These facts are reflected in the disparity between the 12-13% of the U.S. population with African descent and the 40% of U.S. dialysis patients who are African-American. The epidemic of renal disease risk factors, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, suggests that the magnitude of this problem will only increase.

There are no specific therapies for the vast majority of progressive kidney diseases. Some types of chronic renal disease progression can be slowed by blood pressure control with specific agents, but nephrologists cannot accurately predict which patients will respond. Moreover, while successful treatment typically slows progression, it neither prevents disease nor halts disease progression.

Recently it was determined that that specific genetic variants that alter the protein sequence of APOlipoprotein-L1 (APOL1) are associated with progressive kidney disease. Surprisingly, APOL1 kidney disease variants have a major impact on multiple different types of kidney disease including hypertension-associated end-stage renal disease (H-ESRD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Individuals with these variant APOL1 alleles have a 7-30 fold increased risk for kidney disease. Based on the high frequency of these APOL1 risk alleles, more than 3.5 million African Americans likely have the high risk APOL1 genotype. African Americans without the high risk genotype have little excess risk compared with Americans of European ancestry.

Despite evidence that variants in the APOL1 gene cause renal disease, very little is known about the biology of its product, APOL1, or its role in the kidney. APOL1 has a defined role in resistance to trypanosomes, and the G1 and G2 variants appear to have become common in Africa because they confer protection against the forms of trypanosomes that cause African Sleeping Sickness.

There still exists a need for therapies for kidney diseases in patients with one or more APOL1 risk alleles, which cause great morbidity and mortality with high economic impact in this and other subject populations.

This Example provides three exemplary PEgRNA design options based on a specific exemplary target sequence that may be used with prime editing to correct APOL1 defective alleles.

PEgRNA 1

Designing PEgRNAs for APOL1 allele rs73885319 (p.S342G). This represents a G—A correction in affected individuals. The target sequence is 5-GGAGTCAAGCTCACGGATGTGGCCCCTGTA(G-to-A)GCTTCTTTCTTGTG CTGGATGTAGTCTACCT-3.(SEQ ID NO: 3995)

The protospacer (bolded above) is AAGCTCACGGATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 3996). The selected PE comprises a SaCas9(D10A).

The primer binding sites can be:

(SEQ ID NO: 3997) GTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 3998) TGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 3999) ATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 4000) GATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 4001) GGATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 4002) CGGATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 4003) ACGGATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 4004) CACGGATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 4005) TCACGGATGTGGCCCC (SEQ ID NO: 4006) CTCACGGATGTGGCCCC.

The RT templates can be:

(SEQ ID NO: 4007) AAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4008) AAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4009) GAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4010) AGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4011) AAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4012) CAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4013) ACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4014) CACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4015) GCACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4016) AGCACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4017) CAGCACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4018) CCAGCACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4019) TCCAGCACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA (SEQ ID NO: 4020) ATCCAGCACAAGAAAGAAGCTTACA.

The nicking template can be GCTTTGATTCGTACACGAGG (SEQ ID NO: 4021).

PEgRNA 2

Designing PEgRNAs for APOL1 allele rs60910145. This represents a G—T correction in affected individuals.

The protospacer is GCTGGAGGAGAAGCTAAACA. (SEQ ID NO: 4022) The selected PE comprises SpCas9(D10A)-NG.

The primer binding sites can be:

(SEQ ID NO: 4023) GAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4024) AGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4025) GAGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4026) GGAGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4027) AGGAGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4028) GAGGAGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4029) GGAGGAGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4030) TGGAGGAGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4031) CTGGAGGAGAAGCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 4032) GCTGGAGGAGAAGCTAA.

The RT template can be (cannot end in C):

(SEQ ID NO: 4033) AGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4034) GAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4035) TGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4036) TTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4037) GTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4038) TGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4039) TTGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4040) ATTGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4041) TATTGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4042) TTATTGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4043) ATTATTGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4044) AATTATTGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4045) TAATTATTGTTGAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO: 4046) ATAATTATTGTTGAGAATGT.

The nicking templates can be:

(SEQ ID NO: 4047) CCTGTGGTCACAGTTCTTGG (SEQ ID NO: 4048) CCACAGGGCAGGGCAGCCAC.

PEgRNA 3

Designing PEgRNAs for APOL1 allele rs71785313. This represents an insert, as follows: ATTCTCAACAA[insert: TAATTA]TAAGATTC (SEQ ID NO: 4049).

The protospacer can be: TCTCAACAATAAGATTCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 4050)

The PE comprises SaKKH-PE2.

The primer binding site can be:

(SEQ ID NO: 4051) TTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4052) ATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4053) CATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4054) ACATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4055) AACATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4056) AAACATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4057) TAAACATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4058)  CTAAACATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4059) GCTAAACATTCTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4060) AGCTAAACATTCTCAAC.

The RT template can be:

(SEQ ID NO: 4061) AATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4062) GAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4063) AGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4064) CAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4065) GCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4066) TGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4067) CTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4068) CCTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4069) GCCTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4070) CGCCTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4071) CCGCCTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4072) TCCGCCTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4073) GTCCGCCTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 4074) GGTCCGCCTGCAGAATCTTATAATTATT.

The nicking templates can be:

CCTGTGGTCACAGTTCTTGG (SEQ ID NO: 4047)

CCACAGGGCAGGGCAGCCAC(SEQ ID NO: 4048).

OTHER REFERENCES MENTIONED THROUGHOUT THIS DISCLOSURE

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EMBODIMENTS

The following embodiments are within the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations of these embodiments in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed embodiments is introduced into another listed embodiment in this section. For example, any listed embodiment that is dependent on another embodiment can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other listed embodiment in this section that is dependent on the same base embodiment. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the disclosure, or aspects of the disclosure, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features. It is also noted that the terms “comprising” and “containing” are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Group 1. Embodiments 1-212

1. A fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase.

2. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein is capable of carrying out genome editing by target-primed reverse transcription in the presence of an extended guide RNA.

3. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp has a nickase activity.

4. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

5. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

6. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

7. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, CasX, CasY, Cpf1, C2c1, C2c2, C2C3, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

8. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein when complexed with an extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a target DNA sequence.

9. The fusion protein of embodiment 8, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

10. The fusion protein of embodiment 8, wherein the binding of the fusion protein complexed to the extended guide RNA forms an R-loop.

11. The fusion protein of embodiment 10, wherein the R-loop comprises (i) an RNA-DNA hybrid comprising the extended guide RNA and the target strand, and (ii) the complementary non-target strand.

12. The fusion protein of embodiment 11, wherein the complementary non-target strand is nicked to form a reverse transcriptase priming sequence having a free 3′ end.

13. The fusion protein of embodiment 2, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises (a) a guide RNA, and (b) an RNA extension at the 5′ or the 3′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

14. The fusion protein of embodiment 13, wherein the RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence comprising a desired nucleotide change, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally, a linker sequence.

15. The fusion protein of embodiment 14, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises the desired nucleotide change.

16. The fusion protein of embodiment 13, wherein the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

17. The fusion protein of embodiment 15, wherein the single-strand DNA flap hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change.

18. The fusion protein of embodiment 15, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site and which has a free 5′ end.

19. The fusion protein of embodiment 18, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by the cell.

20. The fusion protein of embodiment 18, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

21. The fusion protein of embodiment 14, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −4 to +10 of the PAM sequence, or between about −10 to +20 of the PAM sequence, or between about −20 to +40 of the PAM sequence, or between about −30 to +100 of the PAM sequence, or wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 nucleotides downstream of the nick site. 22. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 18.

23. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

24. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

25. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

26. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a naturally-occurring reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon.

27. The fusion protein of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure NH₂-[napDNAbp]-[reverse transcriptase]-COOH; or NH₂-[reverse transcriptase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

28. The fusion protein of embodiment 27, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

29. The fusion protein of embodiment 14, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide change, an insertion of one or more nucleotides, or a deletion of one or more nucleotides.

30. The fusion protein of embodiment 29, wherein the insert or deletion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, or at least 50.

31. An extended guide RNA comprising a guide RNA and at least one RNA extension.

32. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 1, wherein the RNA extension is position at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

33. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 31, wherein the extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

34. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 33, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

35. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 31, wherein the at least one RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally a linker sequence.

36. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

37. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

38. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

39. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the optional linker sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

40. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change.

41. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 40, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces an endogenous single-strand DNA having a 5′ end in the target DNA sequence that has been nicked, and wherein the endogenous single-strand DNA is immediately adjacent downstream of the nick site.

42. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 41, wherein the endogenous single-stranded DNA having the free 5′ end is excised by the cell.

43. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 41, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

44. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 31, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810.

45. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target. 46. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

47. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the optional linker sequence is at least 1 nucleotide, or at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

48. A complex comprising comprising a fusion protein of any one of embodiments 1-30 and an extended guide RNA.

49. The complex of embodiment 48, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises a guide RNA and an RNA extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

50. The complex of embodiment 48, wherein the extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

51. The complex of embodiment 50, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

52. The complex of embodiment 49, wherein the at least one RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally a linker sequence.

53. The complex of embodiment 48, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810.

54. The complex of embodiment 52, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% sequence identity with the endogenous DNA target. 55. The complex of embodiment 52, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

56. A complex comprising a napDNAbp and an extended guide RNA.

57. The complex of embodiment 56, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase.

58. The complex of embodiment 56, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

59. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

60. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises a guide RNA and an RNA extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

61. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the extended guide RNA is capable of directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

62. The complex of embodiment 61, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the spacer sequence hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

63. The complex of embodiment 61, wherein the RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally a linker sequence.

64. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3 121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810. 65. The complex of embodiment 63, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

66. The complex of embodiment 63, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

67. The complex of embodiment 63, wherein the optional linker sequence is at least 1 nucleotide, or at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

68. A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30.

69. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 68.

70. A cell comprising the fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30 and an extended guide RNA bound to the napDNAbp of the fusion protein.

71. A cell comprising a complex of any one of embodiments 48-67.

72. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30, the complex of embodiments 48-67, the polynucleotide of embodiment 68, or the vector of embodiment 69; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

73. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) the complex of embodiments 48-67 (ii) reverse transcriptase provided in trans; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

74. A kit comprising a nucleic acid construct, comprising: (i) a nuleic acid sequencing encoding the fusion protein of any one of embodiments 1-30; and (ii) a promoter that drives expression of the sequence of (i).

75. A method for installing a desired nucleotide change in a double-stranded DNA sequence, the method comprising:

-   -   (i) contacting the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex         comprising a fusion protein and an extended guide RNA, wherein         the fusion protein comprises a napDNAbp and a reverse         transcriptase and wherein the extended guide RNA comprises a         reverse transcription template sequence comprising the desired         nucleotide change;     -   (ii) nicking the double-stranded DNA sequence on the non-target         strand, thereby generating a free single-strand DNA having a 3′         end;     -   (iii) hybridizing the 3′ end of the free single-strand DNA to         the reverse transcription template sequence, thereby priming the         reverse transcriptase domain;     -   (iv) polymerizing a strand of DNA from the 3′ end, thereby         generating a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired         nucleotide change;     -   (v) replacing an endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site         with the single-strand DNA flap, thereby installing the desired         nucleotide change in the double-stranded DNA sequence.

76. The method of embodiment 75, wherein the step of (v) replacing comprises: (i) hybridizing the single-strand DNA flap to the endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site to create a sequence mismatch; (ii) excising the endogenous DNA strand; and (iii) repairing the mismatch to form the desired product comprising the desired nucleotide change in both strands of DNA.

77. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide substitution, a deletion, or an insertion.

78. The method of embodiment 77, wherein the single nucleotide substitution is a transition or a transversion.

79. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change is (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

80. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleoid change converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

81. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change is an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

82. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change corrects a disease-associated gene.

83. The method of embodiment 82, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

84. The method of embodiment 82, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

85. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9.

86. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

87. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

88. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766. 89. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the reverse transcriptase domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

90. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises an RNA extension at the 3′ or 5′ ends or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA, wherein the RNA extension comprises the reverse transcription template sequence.

91. The method of embodiment 90, wherein the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

92. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the extended guide RNA has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810.

93. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus, comprising:

-   -   (i) contacting the DNA molecule with a nucleic acid programmable         DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a guide RNA which targets the         napDNAbp to the target locus, wherein the guide RNA comprises a         reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence comprising at least         one desired nucleotide change;     -   (ii) forming an exposed 3′ end in a DNA strand at the target         locus;     -   (iii) hybridizing the exposed 3′ end to the RT template sequence         to prime reverse transcription;     -   (iv) synthesizing a single strand DNA flap comprising the at         least one desired nucleotide change based on the RT template         sequence by reverse transcriptase;     -   (v) and incorporating the at least one desired nucleotide change         into the corresponding endogenous DNA, thereby introducing one         or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule         at the target locus.

94. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transition.

95. The method of embodiment 94, wherein the transition is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

96. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transversion.

97. The method of embodiment 96, wherein the transversion is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

98. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

99. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

100. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a correction to a disease-associated gene.

101. The method of embodiment 100, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita;

Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

102. The method of embodiment 100, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

103. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9 or variant thereof.

104. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a variant thereof.

105. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

106. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

107. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the reverse transcriptase is introduced in trans.

108. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp comprises a fusion to a reverse transcriptase.

109. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

110. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766. 111. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises nicking the DNA strand with a nuclease.

112. The method of embodiment 111, wherein the nuclease is the napDNAbp, is provided as a fusion domain of napDNAbp, or is provided in trans.

113. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises contacting the DNA strand with a chemical agent.

114. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises introducing a replication error.

115. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of contacting the DNA molecule with the napDNAbp and the guide RNA forms an R-loop.

116. The method of embodiment 115, wherein the DNA strand in which the exposed 3′ end is formed is in the R-loop.

117. The method of embodiment 93, wherein guide RNA comprises an extended portion that comprises the reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence.

118. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the extended portion is at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

119. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the guide RNA further comprises a primer binding site.

120. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the guide RNA further comprises a spacer sequence.

121. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the RT template sequence is homologous to the corresponding endogenous DNA.

122. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the desired nucleotide change; and (c) incorporating the desired nucleotide change into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

123. The method of embodiment 122, wherein the RT template is located at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

124. The method of embodiment 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition, a transversion, an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof.

125. The method of claim 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

126. The method of clami 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transversion selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

127. The method of embodiment 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

128. A polynucleotide encoding the extended guide RNA of any one of embodiments 31-47.

129. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 128.

130. A cell comprising the vector of embodiment 129.

131. The fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein the reverse transcriptase is an error-prone reverse transcriptase.

132. A method for mutagenizing a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and an error-prone reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a mutagenized single strand DNA; and (c) incorporating the mutagenized single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

133. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

134. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

135. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

136. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

137. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the step of (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming reverse transcription by annealing to a primer binding site on the guide RNA.

138. A method for replacing a trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation in a target DNA molecule with a healthy sequence comprising a healthy number of repeat trinucleotides, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising the replacement sequence, wherein said fusion protein intr; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the replacement sequence; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

139. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

140. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

141. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

142. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

143. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the step of (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming reverse transcription by annealing to a primer binding site on the guide RNA.

144. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation is associated with Huntington's Disease, Fragile X syndrome, or Friedreich's ataxia.

145. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of CAG triplets.

146. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of GAA triplets.

147. A method of installing a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety.

148. The method of embodiment 147, wherein functional moiety is peptide tag.

149. The method of embodiment 148, wherein the peptide tag is an affinity tag, solubilization tag, chromatography tag, epitope tag, or a fluorescence tag.

150. The method of embodiment 148, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AviTag (SEQ ID NO: 245); C-tag (SEQ ID NO: 246); Calmodulin-tag (SEQ ID NO: 247); polyglutamate tag (SEQ ID NO: 248); E-tag (SEQ ID NO: 249); FLAG-tag (SEQ ID NO: 250); HA-tag (SEQ ID NO: 251); His-tag (SEQ ID NOs: 252-262); Myc-tag (SEQ ID NO: 263); NE-tag (SEQ ID NO: 264); Rho1D4-tag (SEQ ID NO: 265); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 266); SBP-tag (SEQ ID NO: 267); Softag-1 (SEQ ID NO: 268); Softag-2 (SEQ ID NO: 269); Spot-tag (SEQ ID NO: 270); Strep-tag (SEQ ID NO: 271); TC tag (SEQ ID NO: 272); Ty tag (SEQ ID NO: 273); V5 tag (SEQ ID NO: 274); VSV-tag (SEQ ID NO: 275); and Xpress tag (SEQ ID NO: 276).

151. The method of embodiment 148, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AU1 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 278); AU5 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 279); Bacteriophage T7 epitope (T7-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 280); Bluetongue virus tag (B-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 281); E2 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 282); Histidine affinity tag (HAT) (SEQ ID NO: 283); HSV epitope (SEQ ID NO: 284); Polyarginine (Arg-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 285); Polyaspartate (Asp-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 286); Polyphenylalanine (Phe-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 287); 51-tag (SEQ ID NO: 288); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 289); and VSV-G (SEQ ID NO: 290).

152. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety is an immunoepitope.

153. The method of embodiment 152, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 398); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

154. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety alters the localization of the protein of interest.

155. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety is a degradation tag such that the degradation rate of the protein of interest is altered.

156. The method of embodiment 155, wherein the degradation tag comprises an amino acid sequence encoding the degradation tags as disclosed herein.

157. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety is a small molecule binding domain.

158. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

159. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

160. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

161. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is installed in two or more proteins of interest.

162. The method of embodiment 161, wherein the two or more proteins of interest may dimerize upon contacting with a small molecule.

163. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of:

164. A method of installing an immunoepitope in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the immunoepitope.

165. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 398); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

166. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

167. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

168. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

169. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

170. A method of installing a small molecule dimerization domain in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the small molecule dimerization domain; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the small molecule dimerization domain.

171. The method of embodiment 170, further comprising conducting the method on a second protein of interest.

172. The method of embodiment 171, wherein the first protein of interest and the second protein of interest dimerize in the presence of a small molecule that binds to the dimerization domain on each of said proteins.

173. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

174. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

175. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

176. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of:

177. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

178. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

179. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

180. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

181. A method of installing a peptide tag or epitope onto a protein using prime editing, comprising: contacting a target nucleotide sequence encoding the protein with a prime editor construct configured to insert therein a second nucleotide sequence encoding the peptide tag to result in a recombinant nucleotide sequence, such that the peptide tag and the protein are expressed from the recombinant nucleotide sequence as a fusion protein.

182. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag is used for purification and/or detection of the protein.

183. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag is a poly-histidine (e.g., HHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 252-262), FLAG (e.g., DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO: 2)), V5 (e.g., GKPIPNPLLGLDST (SEQ ID NO: 3)), GCN4, HA (e.g., YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 5)), Myc (e.g. EQKLISEED(SEQ ID NO: 6)), GST . . . etc.

184. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 245-290.

185. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag is fused to the protein by a linker.

186. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the fusion protein has the following structure: [protein]-[peptide tag] or [peptide tag]-[protein], wherein “]-[” represents an optional linker.

187. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the linker has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769. 188. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the prime editor construct comprises a PEgRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

189. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

190. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

191. A method of preventing or halting the progression of a prion disease by installing on or more protective mutations into PRNP encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the protective mutation; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRNP comprising a protective mutation and which is resistant to misfolding.

192. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the prion disease is a human prion disease.

193. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the prion disease is an animal prion disease.

194. The method of embodiment 192, wherein the prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, or Kuru. 195. The method of embodiment 193, wherein the prion disease is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Scrapie, Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, and Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy.

196. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the wildtype PRNP amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 291-292.

197. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the method results in a modified PRNP amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 293-323, wherein said modified PRNP protein is resistant to misfolding.

198. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

199. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

200. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

201. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

202. A method of installing a ribonucleotide motif or tag in an RNA of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified RNA of interest comprising the ribonucleotide motif or tag.

203. The method of embodiment 202, wherein ribonucleotide motif or tag is a detection moiety. 204. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the expression level of the RNA of interest.

205. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the transport or subcellular location of the RNA of interest.

206. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag is selected from the group consisting of SV40 type 1, SV40 type 2, SV40 type 3, hGH, BGH, rbGlob, TK, MALAT1 ENE-mascRNA, KSHV PAN ENE, Smbox/U1 snRNA box, U1 snRNA 3′ box, tRNA-lysine, broccoli aptamer, spinach aptamer, mango aptamer, HDV ribozyme, and m6A.

207. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

208. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

209. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

210. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

211. A method of installing or deleting a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety or the removal of same, wherein the functional moiety alters a modification state or localization state of the protein.

212. The method of embodiment 211, wherein functional moiety alters the phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, lipidation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, crotonylation, SUMOylation state of the protein of interest.

Group 2. Embodiments 213-424

213. A fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase.

214. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the fusion protein is capable of carrying out prime editing in the presence of an prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA).

215. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp has a nickase activity.

216. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

217. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

218. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

219. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

220. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the fusion protein when complexed with a PEgRNA is capable of binding to a target DNA sequence.

221. The fusion protein of embodiment 220, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

222. The fusion protein of embodiment 220, wherein the binding of the fusion protein complexed to the PEgRNA forms an R-loop. 223. The fusion protein of embodiment 222, wherein the R-loop comprises (i) an RNA-DNA hybrid comprising the PEgRNA and the target strand, and (ii) the complementary non-target strand.

224. The fusion protein of embodiment 223, wherein the complementary non-target strand is nicked to form a priming sequence having a free 3′ end.

225. The fusion protein of embodiment 214, wherein the PEgRNA comprises (a) a guide RNA and (b) an extension arm at the 5′ or the 3′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

226. The fusion protein of embodiment 225, wherein the extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template sequence comprising a desired nucleotide change, and (ii) a primer binding site.

227. The fusion protein of embodiment 226, wherein the DNA synthesis template sequence encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises the desired nucleotide change.

228. The fusion protein of embodiment 225, wherein the extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

229. The fusion protein of embodiment 227, wherein the single-strand DNA flap hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change.

230. The fusion protein of embodiment 227, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site and which has a free 5′ end.

231. The fusion protein of embodiment 230, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by the cell. 232. The fusion protein of embodiment 230, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

233. The fusion protein of embodiment 226, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −4 to +10 of the PAM sequence, or between about −10 to +20 of the PAM sequence, or between about −20 to +40 of the PAM sequence, or between about −30 to +100 of the PAM sequence, or wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 nucleotides downstream of the nick site.

234. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 18.

235. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

236. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

237. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

238. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is a naturally-occurring reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon. 239. The fusion protein of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure NH₂-[napDNAbp]-[polymerase]-COOH; or NH₂-[polymerase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

240. The fusion protein of embodiment 239, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

241. The fusion protein of embodiment 226, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide change, an insertion of one or more nucleotides, or a deletion of one or more nucleotides.

242. The fusion protein of embodiment 241, wherein the insert or deletion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, or at least 50.

243. A PEgRNA comprising a guide RNA and at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprising a DNA synthesis template.

244. The PEgRNA of embodiment 241, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is position at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA, and wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is DNA or RNA.

245. The PEgRNA of embodiment 242, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

246. The PEgRNA of embodiment 245, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

247. The PEgRNA of embodiment 243, wherein the at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template, and (ii) a primer binding site. 248. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

249. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the DNA synthesis template is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

250. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the primer binding site is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

251. The PEgRNA of embodiment 243, further comprising at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

252. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the DNA synthesis template encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change.

253. The PEgRNA of embodiment 252, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces an endogenous single-strand DNA having a 5′ end in the target DNA sequence that has been nicked, and wherein the endogenous single-strand DNA is immediately adjacent downstream of the nick site.

254. The PEgRNA of embodiment 253, wherein the endogenous single-stranded DNA having the free 5′ end is excised by the cell. 255. The PEgRNA of embodiment 253, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

256. The PEgRNA of embodiment 243, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-36, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

257. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

258. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

259. The PEgRNA of embodiment 251, wherein the at least one additional structure is located at the 3′ or 5′ end of the PEgRNA.

260. A complex comprising a fusion protein of any one of embodiments 213-242 and an PEgRNA.

261. The complex of embodiment 260, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and an nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

262. The complex of embodiment 260, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

263. The complex of embodiment 262, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop. 264. The complex of embodiment 261, wherein the at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template, and (ii) a primer binding site.

265. The complex of embodiment 260, wherein the PEgRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

266. The complex of embodiment 264, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

267. The complex of embodiment 264, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

268. A complex comprising a napDNAbp and an PEgRNA. 269. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase. 270. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

271. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

272. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and a nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

273. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

274. The complex of embodiment 272, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the spacer sequence of the PEgRNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

275. The complex of embodiment 273, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template, and (ii) a primer binding site.

276. The complex of embodiment 269, wherein the PEgRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

277. The complex of embodiment 276, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

278. The complex of embodiment 276, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

279. The complex of embodiment 276, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

280. A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of any of embodiments 213-242.

281. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 280.

282. A cell comprising the fusion protein of any of embodiments 213-242 and an PEgRNA bound to the napDNAbp of the fusion protein.

283. A cell comprising a complex of any one of embodiments 260-279.

284. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a fusion protein of any of embodiments 213-242, the complex of embodiments 260-279, the polynucleotide of embodiment 68, or the vector of embodiment 69; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

285. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) the complex of embodiments 260-279 (ii) a polymerase provided in trans; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

286. A kit comprising a nucleic acid construct, comprising: (i) a nuleic acid sequencing encoding the fusion protein of any one of embodiments 213-242; and (ii) a promoter that drives expression of the sequence of (i).

287. A method for installing a desired nucleotide change in a double-stranded DNA sequence, the method comprising:

-   -   (i) contacting the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex         comprising a fusion protein and a PEgRNA, wherein the fusion         protein comprises a napDNAbp and a polymerase and wherein the         PEgRNA comprises a DNA synthesis template comprising the desired         nucleotide change and a primer binding site;     -   (ii) nicking the double-stranded DNA sequence, thereby         generating a free single-strand DNA having a 3′ end;     -   (iii) hybridizing the 3′ end of the free single-strand DNA to         the primer binding site, thereby priming the polymerase;     -   (iv) polymerizing a strand of DNA from the 3′ end hybridized to         the primer binding site, thereby generating a single-strand DNA         flap comprising the desired nucleotide change and which is         complementary to the DNA synthesis template;     -   (v) replacing an endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site         with the single-strand DNA flap, thereby installing the desired         nucleotide change in the double-stranded DNA sequence.

288. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the step of (v) replacing comprises: (i) hybridizing the single-strand DNA flap to the endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site to create a sequence mismatch; (ii) excising the endogenous DNA strand; and (iii) repairing the mismatch to form the desired product comprising the desired nucleotide change in both strands of DNA.

289. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide substitution, a deletion, or an insertion.

290. The method of embodiment 289, wherein the single nucleotide substitution is a transition or a transversion.

291. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change is (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

292. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleoid change converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

293. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change is an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

294. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change corrects a disease-associated gene.

295. The method of embodiment 294, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; a trinucleotide repeat disorder; a prion disease; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

296. The method of embodiment 294, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

297. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9.

298. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

299. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

300. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

301. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

302. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ ends or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA, wherein the extension arm comprises the DNA synthesis template sequence and the primer binding site.

303. The method of embodiment 302, wherein the extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

304. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the PEgRNA has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

305. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus, comprising:

-   -   (i) contacting the DNA molecule with a nucleic acid programmable         DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a PEgRNA which targets the         napDNAbp to the target locus, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a         reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence comprising at least         one desired nucleotide change and a primer binding site;     -   (ii) forming an exposed 3′ end in a DNA strand at the target         locus;     -   (iii) hybridizing the exposed 3′ end to the primer binding site         to prime reverse transcription;     -   (iv) synthesizing a single strand DNA flap comprising the at         least one desired nucleotide change based on the RT template         sequence by reverse transcriptase;     -   (v) and incorporating the at least one desired nucleotide change         into the corresponding endogenous DNA, thereby introducing one         or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule         at the target locus.

306. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transition.

307. The method of embodiment 306, wherein the transition is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

308. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transversion.

309. The method of embodiment 308, wherein the transversion is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

310. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (9) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

311. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

312. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a correction to a disease-associated gene.

313. The method of embodiment 312, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita;

Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; a trinucleotide repeat disorder; a prion disease; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

314. The method of embodiment 312, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

315. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9 or variant thereof.

316. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a variant thereof.

317. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

318. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

319. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the reverse transcriptase is introduced in trans.

320. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp comprises a fusion to a reverse transcriptase.

321. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

322. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766. 323. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises nicking the DNA strand with a nuclease.

324. The method of embodiment 323, wherein the nuclease is provided is provided in trans.

325. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises contacting the DNA strand with a chemical agent.

326. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises introducing a replication error.

327. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of contacting the DNA molecule with the napDNAbp and the guide RNA forms an R-loop.

328. The method of embodiment 327, wherein the DNA strand in which the exposed 3′ end is formed is in the R-loop.

329. The method of embodiment 315, wherein the PEgRNA comprises an extension arm that comprises the reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence and the primer binding site.

330. The method of embodiment 329, wherein the extension arm is at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

331. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

332. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises a homology arm.

333. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the RT template sequence is homologous to the corresponding endogenous DNA.

334. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the desired nucleotide change; and (c) incorporating the desired nucleotide change into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

335. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the RT template is located at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

336. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition, a transversion, an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof.

337. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

338. The method of claim 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transversion selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

339. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

340. A polynucleotide encoding the PEgRNA of any one of embodiments 243-259.

341. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 340.

342. A cell comprising the vector of embodiment 341.

343. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is an error-prone reverse transcriptase.

344. A method for mutagenizing a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and an error-prone reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a mutagenized single strand DNA; and (c) incorporating the mutagenized single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

345. The method of any prior embodiment, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

346. The method of any prior embodiment, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

347. The method of embodiment 344, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

348. The method of embodiment 344, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

349. The method of embodiment 344, wherein the step of (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming reverse transcription by annealing to a primer binding site on the guide RNA.

350. A method for replacing a trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation in a target DNA molecule with a healthy sequence comprising a healthy number of repeat trinucleotides, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising DNA synthesis template comprising the replacement sequence and a primer binding site; (b) conducting prime editing to generate a single strand DNA comprising the replacement sequence; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

351. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

352. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

353. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

354. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

355. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the step of (b) conducting prime editing comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming polymerase by annealing to the primer binding site on the guide RNA.

356. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation is associated with Huntington's Disease, Fragile X syndrome, or Friedreich's ataxia.

357. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of CAG triplets.

358. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of GAA triplets.

359. A method of installing a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising DNA synthesis template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety.

360. The method of embodiment 359, wherein functional moiety is peptide tag.

361. The method of embodiment 360, wherein the peptide tag is an affinity tag, solubilization tag, chromatography tag, epitope or immunoepitope tag, or a fluorescence tag.

362. The method of embodiment 360, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AviTag (SEQ ID NO: 245); C-tag (SEQ ID NO: 246); Calmodulin-tag (SEQ ID NO: 247); polyglutamate tag (SEQ ID NO: 248); E-tag (SEQ ID NO: 249); FLAG-tag (SEQ ID NO: 250); HA-tag (SEQ ID NO: 251); His-tag (SEQ ID NOs: 252-262); Myc-tag (SEQ ID NO: 263); NE-tag (SEQ ID NO: 264); Rho1D4-tag (SEQ ID NO: 265); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 266); SBP-tag (SEQ ID NO: 267); Softag-1 (SEQ ID NO: 268); Softag-2 (SEQ ID NO: 269); Spot-tag (SEQ ID NO: 270); Strep-tag (SEQ ID NO: 271); TC tag (SEQ ID NO: 272); Ty tag (SEQ ID NO: 273); V5 tag (SEQ ID NO: 274); VSV-tag (SEQ ID NO: 275); and Xpress tag (SEQ ID NO: 276).

363. The method of embodiment 360, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AU1 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 278); AU5 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 279); Bacteriophage T7 epitope (T7-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 280); Bluetongue virus tag (B-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 281); E2 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 282); Histidine affinity tag (HAT) (SEQ ID NO: 283); HSV epitope (SEQ ID NO: 284); Polyarginine (Arg-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 285); Polyaspartate (Asp-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 286); Polyphenylalanine (Phe-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 287); 51-tag (SEQ ID NO: 288); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 289); and VSV-G (SEQ ID NO: 290).

364. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety is an immunoepitope.

365. The method of embodiment 364, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 398); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

366. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety alters the localization of the protein of interest.

367. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety is a degradation tag such that the degradation rate of the protein of interest is altered.

368. The method of embodiment 367, wherein the degradation tag results in the elimination of the tagged protein.

369. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety is a small molecule binding domain.

370. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

371. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

372. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

373. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is installed in two or more proteins of interest.

374. The method of embodiment 373, wherein the two or more proteins of interest may dimerize upon contacting with a small molecule.

375. The method of embodiment 369, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of:

376. A method of installing an immunoepitope in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the immunoepitope.

377. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 398); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

378. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

379. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

380. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

381. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

382. A method of installing a small molecule dimerization domain in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the small molecule dimerization domain; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the small molecule dimerization domain.

383. The method of embodiment 382, further comprising conducting the method on a second protein of interest.

384. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the first protein of interest and the second protein of interest dimerize in the presence of a small molecule that binds to the dimerization domain on each of said proteins.

385. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

386. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

387. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

388. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of:

389. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

390. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

391. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

392. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

393. A method of installing a peptide tag or epitope onto a protein using prime editing, comprising: contacting a target nucleotide sequence encoding the protein with a prime editor construct configured to insert therein a second nucleotide sequence encoding the peptide tag to result in a recombinant nucleotide sequence, such that the peptide tag and the protein are expressed from the recombinant nucleotide sequence as a fusion protein.

394. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag is used for purification and/or detection of the protein.

395. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag is a poly-histidine (e.g., HHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 252-262)), FLAG (e.g., DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO: 2)), V5 (e.g., GKPIPNPLLGLDST (SEQ ID NO: 3)), GCN4, HA (e.g., YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 5)), Myc (e.g. EQKLISEED (SEQ ID NO: 6)), or GST.

396. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 245-290.

397. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag is fused to the protein by a linker.

398. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the fusion protein has the following structure: [protein]-[peptide tag] or [peptide tag]-[protein], wherein “]-[” represents an optional linker.

399. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the linker has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

400. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the prime editor construct comprises a PEgRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

401. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

402. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

403. A method of preventing or halting the progression of a prion disease by installing on or more protective mutations into PRNP encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the protective mutation; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRNP comprising a protective mutation and which is resistant to misfolding.

404. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the prion disease is a human prion disease.

405. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the prion disease is an animal prion disease.

406. The method of embodiment 404, wherein the prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, or Kuru.

407. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the prion disease is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Scrapie, Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, and Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy.

408. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the wildtype PRNP amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 291-292.

409. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the method results in a modified PRNP amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 293-323, wherein said modified PRNP protein is resistant to misfolding.

410. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

411. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

412. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs:18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

413. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-234, 237-244, 277, 324-330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 394, 429-442, 499-505, 641-649, 678-692, 735-736, 757-761, 776-777, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3540, 3549-3556, 3628-3698, 3755-3810, 3874, 3890-3901, 3905-3911, 3913-3929, 3972-3989.

414. A method of installing a ribonucleotide motif or tag in an RNA of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified RNA of interest comprising the ribonucleotide motif or tag.

415. The method of embodiment 414, wherein ribonucleotide motif or tag is a detection moiety.

416. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the expression level of the RNA of interest.

417. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the transport or subcellular location of the RNA of interest.

418. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag is selected from the group consisting of SV40 type 1, SV40 type 2, SV40 type 3, hGH, BGH, rbGlob, TK, MALAT1 ENE-mascRNA, KSHV PAN ENE, Smbox/U1 snRNA box, U1 snRNA 3′ box, tRNA-lysine, broccoli aptamer, spinach aptamer, mango aptamer, HDV ribozyme, and m6A.

419. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

420. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

421. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

422. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

423. A method of installing or deleting a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety or the removal of same, wherein the functional moiety alters a modification state or localization state of the protein.

424. The method of embodiment 423, wherein functional moiety alters the phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, lipidation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, crotonylation, SUMOylation state of the protein of interest.

Group A. Fusion Proteins, Guides, and Methods

Embodiment 1. A fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 2. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein is capable of carrying out genome editing by target-primed reverse transcription in the presence of an extended guide RNA.

Embodiment 3. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 4. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 5. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 6. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 7. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, CasX, CasY, Cpf1, C2c1, C2c2, C2C3, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 8. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein when complexed with an extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 9. The fusion protein of embodiment 8, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 10. The fusion protein of embodiment 8, wherein the binding of the fusion protein complexed to the extended guide RNA forms an R-loop.

Embodiment 11. The fusion protein of embodiment 10, wherein the R-loop comprises (i) an RNA-DNA hybrid comprising the extended guide RNA and the target strand, and (ii) the complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 12. The fusion protein of embodiment 11, wherein the complementary non-target strand is nicked to form a reverse transcriptase priming sequence having a free 3′ end.

Embodiment 13. The fusion protein of embodiment 2, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises (a) a guide RNA, and (b) an RNA extension at the 5′ or the 3′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 14. The fusion protein of embodiment 13, wherein the RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence comprising a desired nucleotide change, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally, a linker sequence.

Embodiment 15. The fusion protein of embodiment 14, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises the desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 16. The fusion protein of embodiment 13, wherein the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 17. The fusion protein of embodiment 15, wherein the single-strand DNA flap hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 18. The fusion protein of embodiment 15, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site and which has a free 5′ end.

Embodiment 19. The fusion protein of embodiment 18, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 20. The fusion protein of embodiment 18, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 21. The fusion protein of embodiment 14, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −4 to +10 of the PAM sequence, or between about −10 to +20 of the PAM sequence, or between about −20 to +40 of the PAM sequence, or between about −30 to +100 of the PAM sequence, or wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 nucleotides downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 22. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 23. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 89.

Embodiment 24. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 89.

Embodiment 25. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 26. The fusion protein of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a naturally-occurring reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon.

Embodiment 27. The fusion protein of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure NH₂-[napDNAbp]-[reverse transcriptase]-COOH; or NH₂-[reverse transcriptase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

Embodiment 28. The fusion protein of embodiment 27, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 29. The fusion protein of embodiment 14, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide change, an insertion of one or more nucleotides, or a deletion of one or more nucleotides.

Embodiment 30. The fusion protein of embodiment 29, wherein the insert or deletion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, or at least 50.

Embodiment 31. An extended guide RNA comprising a guide RNA and at least one RNA extension.

Embodiment 32. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 1, wherein the RNA extension is position at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 33. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 31, wherein the extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 34. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 33, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 35. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 31, wherein the at least one RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally a linker sequence.

Embodiment 36. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 37. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 38. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 39. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the optional linker sequence is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 40. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 41. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 40, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces an endogenous single-strand DNA having a 5′ end in the target DNA sequence that has been nicked, and wherein the endogenous single-strand DNA is immediately adjacent downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 42. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 41, wherein the endogenous single-stranded DNA having the free 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 43. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 41, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 44. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 31, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810.

Embodiment 45. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 46. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 47. The extended guide RNA of embodiment 35, wherein the optional linker sequence is at least 1 nucleotide, or at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 48. A complex comprising a fusion protein of any one of embodiments 1-30 and an extended guide RNA.

Embodiment 49. The complex of embodiment 48, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises a guide RNA and an RNA extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 50. The complex of embodiment 48, wherein the extended guide RNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 51. The complex of embodiment 50, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 52. The complex of embodiment 49, wherein the at least one RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally a linker sequence.

Embodiment 53. The complex of embodiment 48, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810.

Embodiment 54. The complex of embodiment 52, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% sequence identity with the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 55. The complex of embodiment 52, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 56. A complex comprising a napDNAbp and an extended guide RNA.

Embodiment 57. The complex of embodiment 56, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase.

Embodiment 58. The complex of embodiment 56, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 59. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 60. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises a guide RNA and an RNA extension at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 61. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the extended guide RNA is capable of directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 62. The complex of embodiment 61, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the spacer sequence hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 63. The complex of embodiment 61, wherein the RNA extension comprises (i) a reverse transcription template sequence, (ii) a reverse transcription primer binding site, and (iii) optionally a linker sequence.

Embodiment 64. The complex of embodiment 57, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810.

Embodiment 65. The complex of embodiment 63, wherein the reverse transcription template sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 66. The complex of embodiment 63, wherein the reverse transcription primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 67. The complex of embodiment 63, wherein the optional linker sequence is at least 1 nucleotide, or at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 68. A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30.

Embodiment 69. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 68.

Embodiment 70. A cell comprising the fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30 and an extended guide RNA bound to the napDNAbp of the fusion protein.

Embodiment 71. A cell comprising a complex of any one of embodiments 48-67.

Embodiment 72. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30, the complex of embodiments 48-67, the polynucleotide of embodiment 68, or the vector of embodiment 69; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 73. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) the complex of embodiments 48-67 (ii) reverse transcriptase provided in trans; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 74. A kit comprising a nucleic acid construct, comprising: (i) a nuleic acid sequencing encoding the fusion protein of any one of embodiments 1-30; and (ii) a promoter that drives expression of the sequence of (i).

Embodiment 75. A method for installing a desired nucleotide change in a double-stranded DNA sequence, the method comprising:

(i) contacting the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex comprising a fusion protein and an extended guide RNA, wherein the fusion protein comprises a napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase and wherein the extended guide RNA comprises a reverse transcription template sequence comprising the desired nucleotide change;

(ii) nicking the double-stranded DNA sequence on the non-target strand, thereby generating a free single-strand DNA having a 3′ end;

(iii) hybridizing the 3′ end of the free single-strand DNA to the reverse transcription template sequence, thereby priming the reverse transcriptase domain;

(iv) polymerizing a strand of DNA from the 3′ end, thereby generating a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired nucleotide change;

(v) replacing an endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site with the single-strand DNA flap, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change in the double-stranded DNA sequence.

Embodiment 76. The method of embodiment 75, wherein the step of (v) replacing comprises: (i) hybridizing the single-strand DNA flap to the endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site to create a sequence mismatch; (ii) excising the endogenous DNA strand; and (iii) repairing the mismatch to form the desired product comprising the desired nucleotide change in both strands of DNA.

Embodiment 77. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide substitution, a deletion, or an insertion.

Embodiment 78. The method of embodiment 77, wherein the single nucleotide substitution is a transition or a transversion.

Embodiment 79. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change is (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

Embodiment 80. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleoid change converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 81. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change is an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

Embodiment 82. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the desired nucleotide change corrects a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 83. The method of embodiment 82, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 84. The method of embodiment 82, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 85. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9.

Embodiment 86. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 87. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 88. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 89. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the reverse transcriptase domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 90. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the extended guide RNA comprises an RNA extension at the 3′ or 5′ ends or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA, wherein the RNA extension comprises the reverse transcription template sequence.

Embodiment 91. The method of embodiment 90, wherein the RNA extension is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 92. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the extended guide RNA has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 394, 429-442, 641-649, 678-692, 2997-3103, 3113-3121, 3305-3455, 3479-3493, 3522-3556, 3628-3698, and 3755-3810.

Embodiment 93. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus, comprising:

(i) contacting the DNA molecule with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a guide RNA which targets the napDNAbp to the target locus, wherein the guide RNA comprises a reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence comprising at least one desired nucleotide change;

(ii) forming an exposed 3′ end in a DNA strand at the target locus;

(iii) hybridizing the exposed 3′ end to the RT template sequence to prime reverse transcription;

(iv) synthesizing a single strand DNA flap comprising the at least one desired nucleotide change based on the RT template sequence by reverse transcriptase;

(v) and incorporating the at least one desired nucleotide change into the corresponding endogenous DNA, thereby introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule at the target locus.

Embodiment 94. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transition.

Embodiment 95. The method of embodiment 94, wherein the transition is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

Embodiment 96. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transversion.

Embodiment 97. The method of embodiment 96, wherein the transversion is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

Embodiment 98. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 99. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

Embodiment 100. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a correction to a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 101. The method of embodiment 100, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 102. The method of embodiment 100, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 103. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9 or variant thereof.

Embodiment 104. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a variant thereof.

Embodiment 105. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 106. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 107. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the reverse transcriptase is introduced in trans.

Embodiment 108. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the napDNAbp comprises a fusion to a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 109. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 110. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 111. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises nicking the DNA strand with a nuclease.

Embodiment 112. The method of embodiment 111, wherein the nuclease is the napDNAbp, is provided as a fusion domain of napDNAbp, or is provided in trans.

Embodiment 113. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises contacting the DNA strand with a chemical agent.

Embodiment 114. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises introducing a replication error.

Embodiment 115. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the step of contacting the DNA molecule with the napDNAbp and the guide RNA forms an R-loop.

Embodiment 116. The method of embodiment 115, wherein the DNA strand in which the exposed 3′ end is formed is in the R-loop.

Embodiment 117. The method of embodiment 93, wherein guide RNA comprises an extended portion that comprises the reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence.

Embodiment 118. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the extended portion is at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 119. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the guide RNA further comprises a primer binding site.

Embodiment 120. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the guide RNA further comprises a spacer sequence.

Embodiment 121. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the RT template sequence is homologous to the corresponding endogenous DNA.

Embodiment 122. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the desired nucleotide change; and (c) incorporating the desired nucleotide change into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 123. The method of embodiment 122, wherein the RT template is located at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 124. The method of embodiment 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition, a transversion, an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 125. The method of claim 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

Embodiment 126. The method of claim 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transversion selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

Embodiment 127. The method of embodiment 122, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 128. A polynucleotide encoding the extended guide RNA of any one of embodiments 31-47.

Embodiment 129. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 128.

Embodiment 130. A cell comprising the vector of embodiment 129.

Embodiment 131. The fusion protein of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein the reverse transcriptase is an error-prone reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 132. A method for mutagenizing a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and an error-prone reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a mutagenized single strand DNA; and (c) incorporating the mutagenized single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 133. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 134. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 135. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 136. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 137. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the step of (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming reverse transcription by annealing to a primer binding site on the guide RNA.

Embodiment 138. A method for replacing a trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation in a target DNA molecule with a healthy sequence comprising a healthy number of repeat trinucleotides, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising the replacement sequence, wherein said fusion protein intr; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the replacement sequence; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 139. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 140. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 141. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 142. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 143. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the step of (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming reverse transcription by annealing to a primer binding site on the guide RNA.

Embodiment 144. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation is associated with Huntington's Disease, Fragile X syndrome, or Friedreich's ataxia.

Embodiment 145. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of CAG triplets.

Embodiment 146. The method of embodiment 138, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of GAA triplets.

Embodiment 147. A method of installing a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety.

Embodiment 148. The method of embodiment 147, wherein functional moiety is peptide tag.

Embodiment 149. The method of embodiment 148, wherein the peptide tag is an affinity tag, solubilization tag, chromatography tag, epitope tag, or a fluorescence tag.

Embodiment 150. The method of embodiment 148, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AviTag (SEQ ID NO: 245); C-tag (SEQ ID NO: 246); Calmodulin-tag (SEQ ID NO: 247); polyglutamate tag (SEQ ID NO: 248); E-tag (SEQ ID NO: 249); FLAG-tag (SEQ ID NO: 2); HA-tag (SEQ ID NO: 5); His-tag (SEQ ID NOs: 252-262); Myc-tag (SEQ ID NO: 6); NE-tag (SEQ ID NO: 264); Rho1D4-tag (SEQ ID NO: 265); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 266); SBP-tag (SEQ ID NO: 267); Softag-1 (SEQ ID NO: 268); Softag-2 (SEQ ID NO: 269); Spot-tag (SEQ ID NO: 270); Strep-tag (SEQ ID NO: 271); TC tag (SEQ ID NO: 272); Ty tag (SEQ ID NO: 273); V5 tag (SEQ ID NO: 3); VSV-tag (SEQ ID NO: 275); and Xpress tag (SEQ ID NO: 276).

Embodiment 151. The method of embodiment 148, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AU1 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 278); AU5 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 279); Bacteriophage T7 epitope (T7-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 280); Bluetongue virus tag (B-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 281); E2 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 282); Histidine affinity tag (HAT) (SEQ ID NO: 283); HSV epitope (SEQ ID NO: 284); Polyarginine (Arg-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 285); Polyaspartate (Asp-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 286); Polyphenylalanine (Phe-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 287); 51-tag (SEQ ID NO: 288); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 266); and VSV-G (SEQ ID NO: 275).

Embodiment 152. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety is an immunoepitope.

Embodiment 153. The method of embodiment 152, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 398); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

Embodiment 154. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety alters the localization of the protein of interest.

Embodiment 155. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety is a degradation tag such that the degradation rate of the protein of interest is altered.

Embodiment 156. The method of embodiment 155, wherein the degradation tag comprises an amino acid sequence encoding the degradation tags as disclosed herein.

Embodiment 157. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the functional moiety is a small molecule binding domain.

Embodiment 158. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

Embodiment 159. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

Embodiment 160. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

Embodiment 161. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule binding domain is installed in two or more proteins of interest.

Embodiment 162. The method of embodiment 161, wherein the two or more proteins of interest may dimerize upon contacting with a small molecule.

Embodiment 163. The method of embodiment 157, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of those compounds disclosed in Embodiment 163 of Group 1.

Embodiment 164. A method of installing an immunoepitope in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the immunoepitope.

Embodiment 165. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 630); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

Embodiment 166. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 167. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 168. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 169. The method of embodiment 164, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 170. A method of installing a small molecule dimerization domain in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the small molecule dimerization domain; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the small molecule dimerization domain.

Embodiment 171. The method of embodiment 170, further comprising conducting the method on a second protein of interest.

Embodiment 172. The method of embodiment 171, wherein the first protein of interest and the second protein of interest dimerize in the presence of a small molecule that binds to the dimerization domain on each of said proteins.

Embodiment 173. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

Embodiment 174. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

Embodiment 175. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

Embodiment 176. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of those compounds disclosed in Embodiment 163 of Group 1.

Embodiment 177. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 178. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 179. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 180. The method of embodiment 170, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 181. A method of installing a peptide tag or epitope onto a protein using prime editing, comprising: contacting a target nucleotide sequence encoding the protein with a prime editor construct configured to insert therein a second nucleotide sequence encoding the peptide tag to result in a recombinant nucleotide sequence, such that the peptide tag and the protein are expressed from the recombinant nucleotide sequence as a fusion protein.

Embodiment 182. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag is used for purification and/or detection of the protein.

Embodiment 183. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag is a poly-histidine (e.g., HHHHHH) (SEQ ID NOs: 252-262), FLAG (e.g., DYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO: 2), V5 (e.g., GKPIPNPLLGLDST) (SEQ ID NO: 3), GCN4, HA (e.g., YPYDVPDYA) (SEQ ID NO: 5), Myc (e.g. EQKLISEED) (SEQ ID NO: 6), GST . . . etc.

Embodiment 184. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6, 245-249, 252-262, 264-273, 275-276, 281, 278-288, and 622.

Embodiment 185. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the peptide tag is fused to the protein by a linker.

Embodiment 186. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the fusion protein has the following structure: [protein]-[peptide tag] or [peptide tag]-[protein], wherein “]-[” represents an optional linker.

Embodiment 187. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the linker has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 188. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the prime editor construct comprises a PEgRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 189. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

Embodiment 190. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

Embodiment 191. A method of preventing or halting the progression of a prion disease by installing on or more protective mutations into PRNP encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the protective mutation; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRNP comprising a protective mutation and which is resistant to misfolding.

Embodiment 192. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the prion disease is a human prion disease.

Embodiment 193. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the prion disease is an animal prion disease.

Embodiment 194. The method of embodiment 192, wherein the prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, or Kuru.

Embodiment 195. The method of embodiment 193, wherein the prion disease is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Scrapie, Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, and Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy.

Embodiment 196. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the wildtype PRNP amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 291-292.

Embodiment 197. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the method results in a modified PRNP amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 293-309, and 311-323, wherein said modified PRNP protein is resistant to misfolding.

Embodiment 198. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 199. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 200. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 201. The method of embodiment 191, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 202. A method of installing a ribonucleotide motif or tag in an RNA of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified RNA of interest comprising the ribonucleotide motif or tag.

Embodiment 203. The method of embodiment 202, wherein ribonucleotide motif or tag is a detection moiety.

Embodiment 204. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the expression level of the RNA of interest.

Embodiment 205. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the transport or subcellular location of the RNA of interest.

Embodiment 206. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag is selected from the group consisting of SV40 type 1, SV40 type 2, SV40 type 3, hGH, BGH, rbGlob, TK, MALAT1 ENE-mascRNA, KSHV PAN ENE, Smbox/U1 snRNA box, U1 snRNA 3′ box, tRNA-lysine, broccoli aptamer, spinach aptamer, mango aptamer, HDV ribozyme, and m6A.

Embodiment 207. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 208. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 209. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 210. The method of embodiment 202, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 211. A method of installing or deleting a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety or the removal of same, wherein the functional moiety alters a modification state or localization state of the protein.

Embodiment 212. The method of embodiment 211, wherein functional moiety alters the phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, lipidation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, crotonylation, SUMOylation state of the protein of interest.

Embodiment 213. A fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase.

Embodiment 214. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the fusion protein is capable of carrying out prime editing in the presence of an prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA).

Embodiment 215. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 216. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 217. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 218. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 219. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 220. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the fusion protein when complexed with a PEgRNA is capable of binding to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 221. The fusion protein of embodiment 220, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 222. The fusion protein of embodiment 220, wherein the binding of the fusion protein complexed to the PEgRNA forms an R-loop.

Embodiment 223. The fusion protein of embodiment 222, wherein the R-loop comprises (i) an RNA-DNA hybrid comprising the PEgRNA and the target strand, and (ii) the complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 224. The fusion protein of embodiment 223, wherein the complementary non-target strand is nicked to form a priming sequence having a free 3′ end.

Embodiment 225. The fusion protein of embodiment 214, wherein the PEgRNA comprises (a) a guide RNA and (b) an extension arm at the 5′ or the 3′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 226. The fusion protein of embodiment 225, wherein the extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template sequence comprising a desired nucleotide change, and (ii) a primer binding site.

Embodiment 227. The fusion protein of embodiment 226, wherein the DNA synthesis template sequence encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises the desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 228. The fusion protein of embodiment 225, wherein the extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 229. The fusion protein of embodiment 227, wherein the single-strand DNA flap hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 230. The fusion protein of embodiment 227, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site and which has a free 5′ end.

Embodiment 231. The fusion protein of embodiment 230, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 232. The fusion protein of embodiment 230, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 233. The fusion protein of embodiment 226, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −4 to +10 of the PAM sequence, or between about −10 to +20 of the PAM sequence, or between about −20 to +40 of the PAM sequence, or between about −30 to +100 of the PAM sequence, or wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 nucleotides downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 234. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 235. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 236. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 237. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 238. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is a naturally-occurring reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon.

Embodiment 239. The fusion protein of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure NH2-[napDNAbp]-[polymerase]-COOH; or NH2-[polymerase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

Embodiment 240. The fusion protein of embodiment 239, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 241. The fusion protein of embodiment 226, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide change, an insertion of one or more nucleotides, or a deletion of one or more nucleotides.

Embodiment 242. The fusion protein of embodiment 241, wherein the insert or deletion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, or at least 50.

Embodiment 243. A PEgRNA comprising a guide RNA and at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprising a DNA synthesis template.

Embodiment 244. The PEgRNA of embodiment 241, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is position at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA, and wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is DNA or RNA.

Embodiment 245. The PEgRNA of embodiment 242, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 246. The PEgRNA of embodiment 245, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 247. The PEgRNA of embodiment 243, wherein the at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template, and (ii) a primer binding site.

Embodiment 248. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 249. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the DNA synthesis template is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 250. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the primer binding site is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 251. The PEgRNA of embodiment 243, further comprising at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

Embodiment 252. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the DNA synthesis template encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 253. The PEgRNA of embodiment 252, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces an endogenous single-strand DNA having a 5′ end in the target DNA sequence that has been nicked, and wherein the endogenous single-strand DNA is immediately adjacent downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 254. The PEgRNA of embodiment 253, wherein the endogenous single-stranded DNA having the free 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 255. The PEgRNA of embodiment 253, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 256. The PEgRNA of embodiment 243, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 257. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 258. The PEgRNA of embodiment 247, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 259. The PEgRNA of embodiment 251, wherein the at least one additional structure is located at the 3′ or 5′ end of the PEgRNA.

Embodiment 260. A complex comprising a fusion protein of any one of embodiments 213-242 and an PEgRNA.

Embodiment 261. The complex of embodiment 260, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and an nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 262. The complex of embodiment 260, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 263. The complex of embodiment 262, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 264. The complex of embodiment 261, wherein the at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template, and (ii) a primer binding site.

Embodiment 265. The complex of embodiment 260, wherein the PEgRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 266. The complex of embodiment 264, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 267. The complex of embodiment 264, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 268. A complex comprising a napDNAbp and an PEgRNA.

Embodiment 269. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase.

Embodiment 270. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 271. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 272. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and a nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 273. The complex of embodiment 268, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 274. The complex of embodiment 272, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the spacer sequence of the PEgRNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 275. The complex of embodiment 273, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template, and (ii) a primer binding site.

Embodiment 276. The complex of embodiment 269, wherein the PEgRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 277. The complex of embodiment 276, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 278. The complex of embodiment 276, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 279. The complex of embodiment 276, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

Embodiment 280. A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of any of embodiments 213-242.

Embodiment 281. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 280.

Embodiment 282. A cell comprising the fusion protein of any of embodiments 213-242 and an PEgRNA bound to the napDNAbp of the fusion protein.

Embodiment 283. A cell comprising a complex of any one of embodiments 260-279.

Embodiment 284. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a fusion protein of any of embodiments 213-242, the complex of embodiments 260-279, the polynucleotide of embodiment 68, or the vector of embodiment 69; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 285. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) the complex of embodiments 260-279 (ii) a polymerase provided in trans; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 286. A kit comprising a nucleic acid construct, comprising: (i) a nuleic acid sequencing encoding the fusion protein of any one of embodiments 213-242; and (ii) a promoter that drives expression of the sequence of (i).

Embodiment 287. A method for installing a desired nucleotide change in a double-stranded DNA sequence, the method comprising:

(i) contacting the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex comprising a fusion protein and a PEgRNA, wherein the fusion protein comprises a napDNAbp and a polymerase and wherein the PEgRNA comprises a DNA synthesis template comprising the desired nucleotide change and a primer binding site;

(ii) nicking the double-stranded DNA sequence, thereby generating a free single-strand DNA having a 3′ end;

(iii) hybridizing the 3′ end of the free single-strand DNA to the primer binding site, thereby priming the polymerase;

(iv) polymerizing a strand of DNA from the 3′ end hybridized to the primer binding site, thereby generating a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired nucleotide change and which is complementary to the DNA synthesis template;

(v) replacing an endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site with the single-strand DNA flap, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change in the double-stranded DNA sequence.

Embodiment 288. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the step of (v) replacing comprises: (i) hybridizing the single-strand DNA flap to the endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site to create a sequence mismatch; (ii) excising the endogenous DNA strand; and (iii) repairing the mismatch to form the desired product comprising the desired nucleotide change in both strands of DNA.

Embodiment 289. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide substitution, a deletion, or an insertion.

Embodiment 290. The method of embodiment 289, wherein the single nucleotide substitution is a transition or a transversion.

Embodiment 291. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change is (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

Embodiment 292. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleoid change converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 293. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change is an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

Embodiment 294. The method of embodiment 288, wherein the desired nucleotide change corrects a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 295. The method of embodiment 294, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; a trinucleotide repeat disorder; a prion disease; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 296. The method of embodiment 294, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 297. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9.

Embodiment 298. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 299. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 300. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 301. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 302. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ ends or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA, wherein the extension arm comprises the DNA synthesis template sequence and the primer binding site.

Embodiment 303. The method of embodiment 302, wherein the extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 304. The method of embodiment 287, wherein the PEgRNA has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 305. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus, comprising:

(i) contacting the DNA molecule with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a PEgRNA which targets the napDNAbp to the target locus, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence comprising at least one desired nucleotide change and a primer binding site;

(ii) forming an exposed 3′ end in a DNA strand at the target locus;

(iii) hybridizing the exposed 3′ end to the primer binding site to prime reverse transcription;

(iv) synthesizing a single strand DNA flap comprising the at least one desired nucleotide change based on the RT template sequence by reverse transcriptase;

(v) and incorporating the at least one desired nucleotide change into the corresponding endogenous DNA, thereby introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule at the target locus.

Embodiment 306. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transition.

Embodiment 307. The method of embodiment 306, wherein the transition is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

Embodiment 308. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transversion.

Embodiment 309. The method of embodiment 308, wherein the transversion is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

Embodiment 310. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (9) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 311. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

Embodiment 312. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a correction to a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 313. The method of embodiment 312, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; a trinucleotide repeat disorder; a prion disease; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 314. The method of embodiment 3 12, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 3 15. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9 or variant thereof.

Embodiment 316. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a variant thereof.

Embodiment 317. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 318. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 319. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the reverse transcriptase is introduced in trans.

Embodiment 320. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the napDNAbp comprises a fusion to a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 321. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 322. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 323. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises nicking the DNA strand with a nuclease.

Embodiment 324. The method of embodiment 323, wherein the nuclease is provided is provided in trans.

Embodiment 325. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises contacting the DNA strand with a chemical agent.

Embodiment 326. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises introducing a replication error.

Embodiment 327. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the step of contacting the DNA molecule with the napDNAbp and the guide RNA forms an R-loop.

Embodiment 328. The method of embodiment 327, wherein the DNA strand in which the exposed 3′ end is formed is in the R-loop.

Embodiment 329. The method of embodiment 315, wherein the PEgRNA comprises an extension arm that comprises the reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence and the primer binding site.

Embodiment 330. The method of embodiment 329, wherein the extension arm is at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 331. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

Embodiment 332. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises a homology arm.

Embodiment 333. The method of embodiment 305, wherein the RT template sequence is homologous to the corresponding endogenous DNA.

Embodiment 334. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the desired nucleotide change; and (c) incorporating the desired nucleotide change into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 335. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the RT template is located at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 336. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition, a transversion, an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 337. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

Embodiment 338. The method of claim 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transversion selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

Embodiment 339. The method of embodiment 334, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 340. A polynucleotide encoding the PEgRNA of any one of embodiments 243-259.

Embodiment 341. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 340.

Embodiment 342. A cell comprising the vector of embodiment 341.

Embodiment 343. The fusion protein of embodiment 213, wherein the polymerase is an error-prone reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 344. A method for mutagenizing a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and an error-prone reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change; (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a mutagenized single strand DNA; and (c) incorporating the mutagenized single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 345. The method of any prior embodiment, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 346. The method of any prior embodiment, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 347. The method of embodiment 344, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 348. The method of embodiment 344, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 349. The method of embodiment 344, wherein the step of (b) conducting target-primed reverse transcription comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming reverse transcription by annealing to a primer binding site on the guide RNA.

Embodiment 350. A method for replacing a trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation in a target DNA molecule with a healthy sequence comprising a healthy number of repeat trinucleotides, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising DNA synthesis template comprising the replacement sequence and a primer binding site; (b) conducting prime editing to generate a single strand DNA comprising the replacement sequence; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 351. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 352. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 353. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 354. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 355. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the step of (b) conducting prime editing comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming polymerase by annealing to the primer binding site on the guide RNA.

Embodiment 356. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation is associated with Huntington's Disease, Fragile X syndrome, or Friedreich's ataxia.

Embodiment 357. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of CAG triplets.

Embodiment 358. The method of embodiment 350, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of GAA triplets.

Embodiment 359. A method of installing a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising DNA synthesis template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety.

Embodiment 360. The method of embodiment 359, wherein functional moiety is peptide tag.

Embodiment 361. The method of embodiment 360, wherein the peptide tag is an affinity tag, solubilization tag, chromatography tag, epitope or immunoepitope tag, or a fluorescence tag.

Embodiment 362. The method of embodiment 360, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AviTag (SEQ ID NO: 245); C-tag (SEQ ID NO: 246); Calmodulin-tag (SEQ ID NO: 247); polyglutamate tag (SEQ ID NO: 248); E-tag (SEQ ID NO: 249); FLAG-tag (SEQ ID NO: 2); HA-tag (SEQ ID NO: 5); His-tag (SEQ ID NOs: 252-262); Myc-tag (SEQ ID NO: 6); NE-tag (SEQ ID NO: 264); Rho1D4-tag (SEQ ID NO: 265); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 266); SBP-tag (SEQ ID NO: 267); Softag-1 (SEQ ID NO: 268); Softag-2 (SEQ ID NO: 269); Spot-tag (SEQ ID NO: 270); Strep-tag (SEQ ID NO: 271); TC tag (SEQ ID NO: 272); Ty tag (SEQ ID NO: 273); V5 tag (SEQ ID NO: 3); VSV-tag (SEQ ID NO: 275); and Xpress tag (SEQ ID NO: 276).

Embodiment 363. The method of embodiment 360, wherein the peptide tag is selected from the group consisting of: AU1 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 278); AU5 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 279); Bacteriophage T7 epitope (T7-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 280); Bluetongue virus tag (B-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 281); E2 epitope (SEQ ID NO: 282); Histidine affinity tag (HAT) (SEQ ID NO: 283); HSV epitope (SEQ ID NO: 284); Polyarginine (Arg-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 285); Polyaspartate (Asp-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 286); Polyphenylalanine (Phe-tag) (SEQ ID NO: 287); 51-tag (SEQ ID NO: 288); S-tag (SEQ ID NO: 266); and VSV-G (SEQ ID NO: 275).

Embodiment 364. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety is an immunoepitope.

Embodiment 365. The method of embodiment 364, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 630); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

Embodiment 366. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety alters the localization of the protein of interest.

Embodiment 367. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety is a degradation tag such that the degradation rate of the protein of interest is altered.

Embodiment 368. The method of embodiment 367, wherein the degradation tag results in the elimination of the tagged protein.

Embodiment 369. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the functional moiety is a small molecule binding domain.

Embodiment 370. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

Embodiment 371. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

Embodiment 372. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

Embodiment 373. The method of embodiment 359, wherein the small molecule binding domain is installed in two or more proteins of interest.

Embodiment 374. The method of embodiment 373, wherein the two or more proteins of interest may dimerize upon contacting with a small molecule.

Embodiment 375. The method of embodiment 369, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of those compounds disclosed in Embodiment 163 of Group 1.

Embodiment 376. A method of installing an immunoepitope in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the immunoepitope.

Embodiment 377. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 630); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

Embodiment 378. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 379. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 380. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 381. The method of embodiment 376, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 382. A method of installing a small molecule dimerization domain in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the small molecule dimerization domain; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the small molecule dimerization domain.

Embodiment 383. The method of embodiment 382, further comprising conducting the method on a second protein of interest.

Embodiment 384. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the first protein of interest and the second protein of interest dimerize in the presence of a small molecule that binds to the dimerization domain on each of said proteins.

Embodiment 385. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

Embodiment 386. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

Embodiment 387. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

Embodiment 388. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule selected from the group consisting of those compounds disclosed in Embodiment 163 of Group 1.

Embodiment 389. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 390. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 391. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 392. The method of embodiment 382, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 393. A method of installing a peptide tag or epitope onto a protein using prime editing, comprising: contacting a target nucleotide sequence encoding the protein with a prime editor construct configured to insert therein a second nucleotide sequence encoding the peptide tag to result in a recombinant nucleotide sequence, such that the peptide tag and the protein are expressed from the recombinant nucleotide sequence as a fusion protein.

Embodiment 394. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag is used for purification and/or detection of the protein.

Embodiment 395. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag is a poly-histidine (e.g., HHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 252-262), FLAG (e.g., DYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO: 2), V5 (e.g., GKPIPNPLLGLDST) (SEQ ID NO: 3), GCN4, HA (e.g., YPYDVPDYA) (SEQ ID NO: 5), Myc (e.g. EQKLISEED) (SEQ ID NO: 6), or GST.

Embodiment 396. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6, 245-249, 252-262, 264-273, 275-276, 281, 278-288, and 622.

Embodiment 397. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the peptide tag is fused to the protein by a linker.

Embodiment 398. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the fusion protein has the following structure: [protein]-[peptide tag] or [peptide tag]-[protein], wherein “]-[” represents an optional linker.

Embodiment 399. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the linker has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 400. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the prime editor construct comprises a PEgRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 401. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

Embodiment 402. The method of embodiment 383, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

Embodiment 403. A method of preventing or halting the progression of a prion disease by installing on or more protective mutations into PRNP encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the protective mutation; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRNP comprising a protective mutation and which is resistant to misfolding.

Embodiment 404. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the prion disease is a human prion disease.

Embodiment 405. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the prion disease is an animal prion disease.

Embodiment 406. The method of embodiment 404, wherein the prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, or Kuru.

Embodiment 407. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the prion disease is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Scrapie, Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, and Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy.

Embodiment 408. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the wildtype PRNP amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 291-292.

Embodiment 409. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the method results in a modified PRNP amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 293-309, 311-323, wherein said modified PRNP protein is resistant to misfolding.

Embodiment 410. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 411. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 412. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 413. The method of embodiment 403, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 414. A method of installing a ribonucleotide motif or tag in an RNA of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified RNA of interest comprising the ribonucleotide motif or tag.

Embodiment 415. The method of embodiment 414, wherein ribonucleotide motif or tag is a detection moiety.

Embodiment 416. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the expression level of the RNA of interest.

Embodiment 417. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the transport or subcellular location of the RNA of interest.

Embodiment 418. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag is selected from the group consisting of SV40 type 1, SV40 type 2, SV40 type 3, hGH, BGH, rbGlob, TK, MALAT1 ENE-mascRNA, KSHV PAN ENE, Smbox/U1 snRNA box, U1 snRNA 3′ box, tRNA-lysine, broccoli aptamer, spinach aptamer, mango aptamer, HDV ribozyme, and m6A.

Embodiment 419. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 420. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 421. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 422. The method of embodiment 414, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 423. A method of installing or deleting a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety or the removal of same, wherein the functional moiety alters a modification state or localization state of the protein.

Embodiment 424. The method of embodiment 423, wherein functional moiety alters the phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, lipidation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, crotonylation, SUMOylation state of the protein of interest.

Embodiment 425. A fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain and a domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.

Embodiment 426. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the fusion protein is capable of carrying out prime editing in the presence of an prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) to install a desired nucleotide change in a target sequence.

Embodiment 427. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the napDNAbp domain has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 428. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the napDNAbp domain is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 429. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the napDNAbp domain is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 430. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the napDNAbp domain is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 431. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the napDNAbp domain is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 432. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 433. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766, and optionally wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase is error-prone.

Embodiment 434. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a naturally-occurring reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon.

Embodiment 435. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the fusion protein when complexed with a PEgRNA is capable of binding to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 436. The fusion protein of embodiment 435, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 437. The fusion protein of embodiment 435, wherein the binding of the fusion protein complexed to the PEgRNA forms an R-loop.

Embodiment 438. The fusion protein of embodiment 437, wherein the R-loop comprises (i) an RNA-DNA hybrid comprising the PEgRNA and the target strand, and (ii) the complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 439. The fusion protein of embodiment 437, wherein the target or the complementary non-target strand is nicked to form a priming sequence having a free 3′ end.

Embodiment 440. The fusion protein of embodiment 439, wherein the nick site is upstream of the PAM sequence on the target strand.

Embodiment 441. The fusion protein of embodiment 439, wherein the nick site is upstream of the PAM sequence on the non-target strand.

Embodiment 442. The fusion protein of embodiment 439, wherein the nick site −1, −2, −3, −4, −5, −6, −7, −8, or −9 relative to the 5′ end of the PAM sequence.

Embodiment 443. The fusion protein of embodiment 426, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and at least one nucleic acid extension arm.

Embodiment 444. The fusion protein of embodiment 443, wherein the extension arm is at the 5′ or the 3′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 445. The fusion protein of embodiment 443, wherein the extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template sequence comprising a desired nucleotide change, and (ii) a primer binding site.

Embodiment 446. The fusion protein of embodiment 445, wherein the DNA synthesis template sequence encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises the desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 447. The fusion protein of embodiment 443, wherein the extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, at least 25 nucleotides, at least 26 nucleotides, at least 27 nucleotides, at least 28 nucleotides, at least 29 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 31 nucleotides, at least 32 nucleotides, at least 33 nucleotides, at least 34 nucleotides, at least 35 nucleotides, at least 36 nucleotides, at least 37 nucleotides, at least 38 nucleotides, at least 39 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 41 nucleotides, at least 42 nucleotides, at least 43 nucleotides, at least 44 nucleotides, at least 45 nucleotides, at least 46 nucleotides, at least 47 nucleotides, at least 48 nucleotides, at least 49 nucleotides, or at least 50 nucleotides.

Embodiment 448. The fusion protein of embodiment 443, wherein the single-strand DNA flap hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change in the target strand.

Embodiment 449. The fusion protein of embodiment 443, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site and which has a free 5′ end.

Embodiment 450. The fusion protein of embodiment 446, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 451. The fusion protein of embodiment 446, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by a flap endonuclease.

Embodiment 452. The fusion protein of embodiment 448, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap incorporates the desired nucleotide change in the non-target strand, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 453. The fusion protein of embodiment 449, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −4 to +10 of the PAM sequence, or between about −10 to +20 of the PAM sequence, or between about −20 to +40 of the PAM sequence, or between about −30 to +100 of the PAM sequence.

Embodiment 454. The fusion protein of embodiment 449, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 nucleotides downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 455. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 456. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 457. The fusion protein of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure NH2-[napDNAbp]-[domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity]-COOH; or NH2-[domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

Embodiment 458. The fusion protein of embodiment 457, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 459. The fusion protein of embodiment 425, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide change, an insertion of one or more nucleotides, or a deletion of one or more nucleotides.

Embodiment 460. The fusion protein of embodiment 459, wherein the insert or deletion is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, or at least 50.

Embodiment 461. A complex comprising a fusion protein of any of embodiments 425-460 and a PEgRNA, wherein the PEgRNA directs the fusion protein to a target DNA sequence for prime editing.

Embodiment 462. The complex of embodiment 461, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and a nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 463. The complex of embodiment 462, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to the target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 464. The complex of embodiment 463, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 465. The complex of embodiment 464, wherein the at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprises (i) a DNA synthesis template, and (ii) a primer binding site.

Embodiment 466. The complex of embodiment 464, wherein the PEgRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 467. The complex of embodiment 465, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 468. The complex of embodiment 465, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 469. The complex of embodiment 461, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase.

Embodiment 470. The complex of embodiment 461, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 471. The complex of embodiment 461, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 472. The complex of embodiment 461, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and a nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 473. The complex of embodiment 465, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 474. The complex of embodiment 465, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 475. The complex of embodiment 462, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

Embodiment 476. A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of any of embodiments 425-461.

Embodiment 477. A polynucleotide encoding the PEgRNA of any of the above embodiments.

Embodiment 478. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 476, wherein expression of the fusion protein is under the control of a promoter.

Embodiment 479. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of embodiment 477, wherein expression of the PEgRNA is under the control of a promoter.

Embodiment 480. The vector of embodiment 479, wherein the promoter is a U6 promoter.

Embodiment 481. The vector of embodiment 479, wherein the promoter is a CMV promoter.

Embodiment 482. The vector of embodiment 480, wherein the PEgRNA is engineered to remove one or more repeating clusters of Ts in the extension arm to improve transcription efficiency by the U6 promoter.

Embodiment 483. The vector of embodiment 482, wherein the one or more repeating clusters of Ts that is removed comprises at least 3 Ts, at least 4 Ts, at least 5 Ts, at least 6 Ts, at least 7 Ts, at least 8 Ts, at least 9 Ts, at least 10 Ts, at least 11 Ts, at least 12 Ts, at least 13 Ts, at least 14 Ts, at least 15 Ts, at least 16 Ts, at least 17 Ts, at least 18 Ts, at least 19 Ts, or at least 20 Ts.

Embodiment 484. A cell comprising the fusion protein of any of embodiments 425-460 and an PEgRNA bound to the napDNAbp of the fusion protein.

Embodiment 485. A cell comprising a complex of any one of embodiments 461-475.

Embodiment 486. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a fusion protein of any of embodiments 425-460, the complex of embodiments 461-475, the polynucleotide of embodiments 476-477, or the vector of embodiments 478-483; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 487. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) the complex of embodiments 461-475 (ii) a polymerase provided in trans; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 488. A kit for prime editing comprising: (i) a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein of any one of embodiments 425-460; and (ii) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a PEgRNA that is capable of directing the fusion protein to a target DNA site, wherein the nucleic acid molecule of (i) and (ii) may be contained within a single DNA construct or separate DNA constructs.

Embodiment 489. The kit of embodiment 488, wherein the nucleic acid molecule of (i) further comprising a promoter that drives expression of the fusion protein.

Embodiment 490. The kit of embodiment 488, wherein the nucleic acid molecule of (ii) further comprises a promoter that drives expression of the PEgRNA.

Embodiment 491. The kit of embodiment 490, wherein the promoter is a U6 promoter.

Embodiment 492. The kit of embodiment 490, wherein the promoter is a CMV promoter.

Embodiment 493. The fusion protein of embodiment 457, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 174 (1× SGGS), 446 (2× SGGS), 3889 (3× SGGS), 171 (1× XTEN), 3968 (1× EAAAK), 3969 (2× EAAAK), and 3970 (3× EAAAK).

Group B. PE Guides and Methods of Design

Embodiment 1. A PEgRNA comprising a guide RNA and at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprising a DNA synthesis template.

Embodiment 2. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is position at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA, and wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is DNA or RNA.

Embodiment 3. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 4. The PEgRNA of embodiment 3, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 5. The PEgRNA of embodiment 3, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 6. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one nucleic acid extension arm further comprises a primer binding site.

Embodiment 7. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, at least 25 nucleotides, at least 26 nucleotides, at least 27 nucleotides, at least 28 nucleotides, at least 29 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 31 nucleotides, at least 32 nucleotides, at least 33 nucleotides, at least 34 nucleotides, at least 35 nucleotides, at least 36 nucleotides, at least 37 nucleotides, at least 38 nucleotides, at least 39 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 41 nucleotides, at least 42 nucleotides, at least 43 nucleotides, at least 44 nucleotides, at least 45 nucleotides, at least 46 nucleotides, at least 47 nucleotides, at least 48 nucleotides, at least 49 nucleotides, or at least 50 nucleotides.

Embodiment 8. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 9. The PEgRNA of embodiment 6, wherein the primer binding site is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 10. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, further comprising at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a tRNA, linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

Embodiment 11. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 12. The PEgRNA of embodiment 11, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces an endogenous single-strand DNA having a 5′ end in the target DNA sequence that has been nicked, and wherein the endogenous single-strand DNA is immediately adjacent downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 13. The PEgRNA of embodiment 11, wherein the endogenous single-stranded DNA having the free 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 14. The PEgRNA of embodiment 13, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 15. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 16. The PEgRNA of embodiment 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 17. The PEgRNA of embodiment 6, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 18. The PEgRNA of embodiment 10, wherein the at least one additional structure is located at the 3′ or 5′ end of the PEgRNA.

Embodiment 19. The PEgRNA of embodiment 10, wherein the linker comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 20. The PEgRNA of embodiment 10, wherein the stem loop comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the stem loops described herein.

Embodiment 21. The PEgRNA of embodiment 10, wherein the hairpin comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the hairpins described herein.

Embodiment 22. The PEgRNA of embodiment 10, wherein the toeloop comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the toeloops described herein.

Embodiment 23. The PEgRNA of embodiment 10, wherein the aptamer comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the aptamers described herein.

Embodiment 24. The PEgRNA of embodiment 10, wherein the RNA-protein recruitment domain comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the RNA-protein recruitment domain described herein.

Embodiment 25. A method for designing a PEgRNA for use in prime editing to install a desired nucleotide change in a target nucleotide sequence, wherein said PEgRNA comprises a spacer, gRNA core, and an extension arm, and wherein said extension arm comprises a primer binding site and a DNA synthesis template, said method comprising:

(i) selecting a desired target edit site in a target nucleotide sequence;

(ii) obtaining a context nucleotide sequence upstream and downstream from the target edit site;

(iii) locating putative protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sites in the context nucleotide sequence which are proximal to the desired target edit site;

(iv) identifying the corresponding nick sites for each putative PAM site;

(v) designing the spacer;

(vi) designing the gRNA core;

(vii) designing the extension arm; and

(viii) constructing the full PEgRNA by concatenating the spacer, gRNA core, and the extension arm.

Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the step (i) of selecting the desired target edit site comprises selecting a disease-causing mutation.

Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the disease-causing mutation is associated with a disease selected from the group consisting of: cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurological disorders, skin disorders, respiratory diseases, and cardiac diseases.

Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the step (ii) of obtaining a context nucleotide sequence upstream and downstream from the target edit site comprises obtaining about 50-55 base pairs (bp), about 55-60 bp, about 60-65 bp, about 65-70 bp, about 70-75 bp, about 75-80 bp, about 80-85 bp, about 85-90 bp, about 90-95 bp, about 95-100 bp, about 100-105 bp, about 105-110 bp, about 110-125 bp, about 125-130 bp, about 130-135 bp, about 135-140 bp, about 140-145 bp, about 145-150 bp, about 150-155 bp, about 155-160 bp, about 160-165 bp, about 165-170 bp, about 170-175 bp, about 175-180 bp, about 180-185 bp, about 185-190 bp, about 190-195 bp, about 195-200 bp, about 200-205 bp, about 205-210 bp, about 210-215 bp, about 215-220 bp, about 220-225 bp, about 225-230 bp, about 230-235 bp, about 235-240 bp, about 240-245 bp, or about 245-250 bp of a region that comprises the desired target edit site.

Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the desired target edit site is positioned approximately equidistant from each end of the context nucleotide sequence.

Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 25, wherein in step (iii), the putative PAM sites are proximal to the desired target edit site.

Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 25, wherein in step (iii), the putative PAM sites comprise those with associated nick sites located at a position less than 30 nucleotides from the target edit site, or less than 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 nucleotides from the target edit site.

Embodiment 32. The method of embodiment 25, wherein in step (iii), the putative PAM sites comprise those with associated nick sites located at a position more than 30 nucleotides from the target edit site, or more than 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 nucleotides from the target edit site.

Embodiment 33. The method of embodiment 25, wherein in step (iii), the putative PAM sites are associated with one or corresponding napDNAbp which bind to said PAM sites.

Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 33, the putative PAM sites and their corresponding napDNAbps are selected from any of the following groupings: (a) SpCas9 of SEQ ID NO: 18-25 and 87-88 and NGG; (b) Sp VQR nCas9; and (c) NGAN.

Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the step (v) of designing the spacer comprises determining the complement nucleotide sequence of the protospacer sequence associated with each putative PAM.

Embodiment 36. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the step (vi) of designing gRNA core comprises in the context of each putative PAM, selecting a gRNA core sequence that is capable of binding to a napDNAbp which is associated with each of said putative PAMs.

Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the step (vii) of designing the extension arm comprises designing (a) a DNA synthesis template comprising the edit of interest, and (b) a primer binding site.

Embodiment 38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein designing the primer binding site comprises (a) identifying a DNA primer on the PAM-containing strand of the target nucleotide sequence, wherein the 3′ end of the DNA primer is the first nucleotide upstream of the nick site associated with the PAM site, and (b) designing the complement of the DNA primer, wherein said complement forms the primer binding site.

Embodiment 39. The method of embodiment 38, wherein the primer binding site is 8 to 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 40. The method of embodiment 38, wherein the primer binding site is 12-13 nucleotides if the DNA primer contains about 40-60% G•C content.

Embodiment 41. The method of embodiment 38, wherein the primer binding site is 14-15 nucleotides if the DNA primer contains less than about 40% G•C content.

Embodiment 42. The method of embodiment 38, wherein the primer binding site is 8-11 nucleotides if the DNA primer contains greater than about 60% G•C content.

Embodiment 43. A method of prime editing comprising contacting a target DNA sequence with a PEgRNA of any of embodiments 1-24 and a prime editor fusion protein comprising a napDNAbp and a domain having an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.

Embodiment 44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the napDNAbp has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 45. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 46. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 47. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 51. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a naturally-occurring reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon.

Group C. PE Complexes

Embodiment 1. A complex for prime editing comprising:

(i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity; and

(ii) a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA).

Embodiment 2. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein is capable of carrying out prime editing in the presence of the prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) to install a desired nucleotide change in a target sequence.

Embodiment 3. The complex of embodiment 11, wherein the napDNAbp has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 4. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 5. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 6. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 7. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 8. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 9. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 10. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is a naturally-occurring reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon.

Embodiment 11. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein when complexed with a PEgRNA is capable of binding to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 12. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a guide RNA and at least one nucleic acid extension arm comprising a DNA synthesis template.

Embodiment 13. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is position at the 3′ or 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA, and wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is DNA or RNA.

Embodiment 14. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the PEgRNA is capable of binding to a napDNAbp and directing the napDNAbp to a target DNA sequence.

Embodiment 15. The complex of embodiment 14, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 16. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the guide RNA hybridizes to the target strand to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and an R-loop.

Embodiment 17. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the at least one nucleic acid extension arm further comprises a primer binding site.

Embodiment 18. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the nucleic acid extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, at least 25 nucleotides, at least 26 nucleotides, at least 27 nucleotides, at least 28 nucleotides, at least 29 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 31 nucleotides, at least 32 nucleotides, at least 33 nucleotides, at least 34 nucleotides, at least 35 nucleotides, at least 36 nucleotides, at least 37 nucleotides, at least 38 nucleotides, at least 39 nucleotides, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 41 nucleotides, at least 42 nucleotides, at least 43 nucleotides, at least 44 nucleotides, at least 45 nucleotides, at least 46 nucleotides, at least 47 nucleotides, at least 48 nucleotides, at least 49 nucleotides, or at least 50 nucleotides.

Embodiment 19. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the DNA synthesis template is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 20. The complex of embodiment 17, wherein the primer binding site is at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 21. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

Embodiment 22. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the DNA synthesis template encodes a single-strand DNA flap that is complementary to an endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to a nick site, wherein the single-strand DNA flap comprises a desired nucleotide change.

Embodiment 23. The complex of embodiment 22, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces an endogenous single-strand DNA having a 5′ end in the target DNA sequence that has been nicked, and wherein the endogenous single-strand DNA is immediately adjacent downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 24. The complex of embodiment 23, wherein the endogenous single-stranded DNA having the free 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 25. The complex of embodiment 23, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap results in installation of the desired nucleotide change, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 26. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the PEgRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 27. The complex of embodiment 12, wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% identical to the endogenous DNA target.

Embodiment 28. The complex of embodiment 17, wherein the primer binding site hybridizes with a free 3′ end of the cut DNA.

Embodiment 29. The complex of embodiment 21, wherein the at least one additional structure is located at the 3′ or 5′ end of the PEgRNA.

Embodiment 30. The complex of embodiment 29, wherein the linker comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 31. The complex of embodiment 29, wherein the stem loop comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the stem loops described herein.

Embodiment 32. The complex of embodiment 29, wherein the hairpin comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the hairpins described herein.

Embodiment 33. The complex of embodiment 29, wherein the toeloop comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the toeloops described herein.

Embodiment 34. The complex of embodiment 29, wherein the aptamer comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the aptamers described herein.

Embodiment 35. The complex of embodiment 29, wherein the RNA-protein recruitment domain comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the RNA-protein recruitment domains described herein.

Embodiment 36. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the target DNA sequence comprises a target strand and a complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 37. The complex of embodiment 36, wherein the R-loop comprises (i) an RNA-DNA hybrid comprising the PEgRNA and the target strand, and (ii) the complementary non-target strand.

Embodiment 38. The complex of embodiment 37, wherein the target or the complementary non-target strand is nicked to form a priming sequence having a free 3′ end.

Embodiment 39. The complex of embodiment 38, wherein the nick site is upstream of the PAM sequence on the target strand.

Embodiment 40. The complex of embodiment 38, wherein the nick site is upstream of the PAM sequence on the non-target strand.

Embodiment 41. The complex of embodiment 38, wherein the nick site −1, −2, −3, −4, −5, −6, −7, −8, or −9 relative to the 5′ end of the PAM sequence.

Embodiment 42. The complex of embodiment 22, wherein the single-strand DNA flap hybridizes to the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change in the target strand.

Embodiment 43. The complex of embodiment 22, wherein the single-stranded DNA flap displaces the endogenous DNA sequence adjacent to the nick site and which has a free 5′ end.

Embodiment 44. The complex of embodiment 22, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by the cell.

Embodiment 45. The complex of embodiment 44, wherein the endogenous DNA sequence having the 5′ end is excised by a flap endonuclease.

Embodiment 46. The complex of embodiment 43, wherein cellular repair of the single-strand DNA flap incorporates the desired nucleotide change in the non-target strand, thereby forming a desired product.

Embodiment 47. The complex of embodiment 46, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed in an editing window that is between about −4 to +10 of the PAM sequence, or between about −10 to +20 of the PAM sequence, or between about −20 to +40 of the PAM sequence, or between about −30 to +100 of the PAM sequence.

Embodiment 48. The complex of embodiment 47, wherein the desired nucleotide change is installed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 nucleotides downstream of the nick site.

Embodiment 49. The complex of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure NH2-[napDNAbp]-[domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity[-COOH; or NH2-[domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity]-[napDNAbp]-COOH, wherein each instance of “]-[” indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

Embodiment 50. The complex of embodiment 49, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 51. The complex of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein further comprises a linker that joins the napDNAbp and the domain comprising an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.

Embodiment 52. complex of embodiment 51, wherein the linker sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs. 174 (1× SGGS), 446 (2× SGGS), 3889 (3× SGGS), 171 (1× XTEN), 3968 (1× EAAAK), 3969 (2× EAAAK), and 3970 (3× EAAAK).

Group D. PE Method for Correcting Mutations

Embodiment 1. A method for installing a desired nucleotide change in a double-stranded DNA sequence, the method comprising: contacting the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex comprising a fusion protein and a PEgRNA, wherein the fusion protein comprises a napDNAbp and a polymerase, and wherein the PEgRNA comprises a DNA synthesis template comprising the desired nucleotide change and a primer binding site;

thereby nicking the double-stranded DNA sequence, thereby generating a free single-strand DNA having a 3′ end;

thereby hybridizing the 3′ end of the free single-strand DNA to the primer binding site, thereby priming the polymerase;

thereby polymerizing a strand of DNA from the 3′ end hybridized to the primer binding site, thereby generating a single-strand DNA flap comprising the desired nucleotide change and which is complementary to the DNA synthesis template;

thereby replacing an endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site with the single-strand DNA flap, thereby installing the desired nucleotide change in the double-stranded DNA sequence.

Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein replacing an endogenous DNA strand comprises: (i) hybridizing the single-strand DNA flap to the endogenous DNA strand adjacent the cut site to create a sequence mismatch; (ii) excising the endogenous DNA strand; and (iii) repairing the mismatch to form the desired product comprising the desired nucleotide change in both strands of DNA.

Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the desired nucleotide change is a single nucleotide substitution, a deletion, or an insertion.

Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the single nucleotide substitution is a transition or a transversion.

Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the desired nucleotide change is (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the desired nucleotide change converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the desired nucleotide change is an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the desired nucleotide change corrects a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; a trinucleotide repeat disorder; a prion disease; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9.

Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a nucleic acid extension arm at the 3′ or 5′ ends or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA, wherein the extension arm comprises the DNA synthesis template sequence and the primer binding site.

Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the extension arm is at least 5 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 11 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, at least 13 nucleotides, at least 14 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 16 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 18 nucleotides, at least 19 nucleotides, at least 20 nucleotides, at least 21 nucleotides, at least 22 nucleotides, at least 23 nucleotides, at least 24 nucleotides, or at least 25 nucleotides in length.

Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the PEgRNA has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 19. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus, comprising: contacting the DNA molecule with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a PEgRNA which targets the napDNAbp to the target locus, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence comprising at least one desired nucleotide change and a primer binding site;

thereby forming an exposed 3′ end in a DNA strand at the target locus;

thereby hybridizing the exposed 3′ end to the primer binding site to prime reverse transcription;

thereby synthesizing a single strand DNA flap comprising the at least one desired nucleotide change based on the RT template sequence by reverse transcriptase;

thereby incorporating the at least one desired nucleotide change into the corresponding endogenous DNA, thereby introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule at the target locus.

Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transition.

Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the transition is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a transversion.

Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the transversion is selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (9) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises an insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence comprises a correction to a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; a trinucleotide repeat disorder; a prion disease; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9 or variant thereof.

Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a variant thereof.

Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 32. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 33. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the reverse transcriptase is introduced in trans.

Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the napDNAbp comprises a fusion to a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 36. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises nicking the DNA strand with a nuclease.

Embodiment 38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the nuclease is the napDNAbp, is provided as a fusion domain of napDNAbp, or is provided in trans.

Embodiment 39. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises contacting the DNA strand with a chemical agent.

Embodiment 40. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the step of forming an exposed 3′ end in the DNA strand at the target locus comprises introducing a replication error.

Embodiment 41. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the step of contacting the DNA molecule with the napDNAbp and the guide RNA forms an R-loop.

Embodiment 42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the DNA strand in which the exposed 3′ end is formed is in the R-loop.

Embodiment 43. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the PEgRNA comprises an extension arm that comprises the reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence and the primer binding site.

Embodiment 44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the extension arm is at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular position in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 45. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises at least one additional structure selected from the group consisting of a linker, a stem loop, a hairpin, a toeloop, an aptamer, or an RNA-protein recruitment domain.

Embodiment 46. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the PEgRNA further comprises a homology arm.

Embodiment 47. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the RT template sequence is homologous to the corresponding endogenous DNA.

Embodiment 48. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change;

thereby conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the desired nucleotide change;

thereby incorporating the desired nucleotide change into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the RT template is located at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition, a transversion, an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 51. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

Embodiment 52. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transversion selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

Embodiment 53. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 54. A method for replacing a trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation in a target DNA molecule with a healthy sequence comprising a healthy number of repeat trinucleotides, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising DNA synthesis template comprising the replacement sequence and a primer binding site; (b) conducting prime editing to generate a single strand DNA comprising the replacement sequence; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 55. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 56. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 57. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 58. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 59. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the step of (b) conducting prime editing comprises generating a 3′ end primer binding sequence at the target locus that is capable of priming polymerase by annealing to the primer binding site on the guide RNA.

Embodiment 60. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation is associated with Huntington's Disease, Fragile X syndrome, or Friedreich's ataxia.

Embodiment 61. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of CAG triplets.

Embodiment 62. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation comprises a repeating unit of GAA triplets.

Embodiment 63. A method for introducing one or more changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule at a target locus by target-primed reverse transcription, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a reverse transcriptase and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an RT template comprising a desired nucleotide change;

thereby conducting target-primed reverse transcription of the RT template to generate a single strand DNA comprising the desired nucleotide change;

thereby incorporating the desired nucleotide change into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 64. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the RT template is located at the 3′ end of the guide RNA, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, or at an intramolecular location in the guide RNA.

Embodiment 65. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition, a transversion, an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 66. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transition selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to C; (b) A to G; (c) C to T; and (d) G to A.

Embodiment 67. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises a transversion selected from the group consisting of: (a) T to A; (b) T to G; (c) C to G; (d) C to A; (e) A to T; (f) A to C; (g) G to C; and (h) G to T.

Embodiment 68. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the desired nucleotide change comprises changing (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 69. A method of preventing or halting the progression of a prion disease by installing on or more protective mutations into PRNP encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety;

thereby polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the protective mutation;

thereby incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process;

wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRNP comprising a protective mutation and which is resistant to misfolding.

Embodiment 70. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the prion disease is a human prion disease.

Embodiment 71. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the prion disease is an animal prion disease.

Embodiment 72. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, or Kuru.

Embodiment 73. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the prion disease is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Scrapie, Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, and Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy.

Embodiment 74. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the wildtype PRNP amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 291-292.

Embodiment 75. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the method results in a modified PRNP amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 293-309, 311-323, wherein said modified PRNP protein is resistant to misfolding.

Embodiment 76. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 77. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 78. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 79. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 80. A method of treating CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder by correcting a mutation in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 gene (CDKL5) in a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template that corrects the mutation in CDKL5;

thereby polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the edit;

thereby incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process;

wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a repaired CDKL5 gene.

Embodiment 81. The method of embodiment D80, wherein the mutation in CDKL5 is 1412delA.

Group E. PE Methods for Modifying Protein Structure/Function and/or Mutagenesis

Embodiment 1. A method for mutagenizing a DNA molecule at a target locus by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the DNA molecule at the target locus with a (i) fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and an error-prone polymer (e.g., error-prone reverse transcriptase), and (ii) a guide RNA comprising an edit template comprising a desired nucleotide change; thereby polymerizing a single stranded DNA templated from the edit template; and incorporating the single stranded DNA into the DNA molecule at the target locus through a DNA repair and/or replication process.

Embodiment 2. The method of any prior embodiment, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 3. The method of any prior embodiment, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the guide RNA comprises SEQ ID NO: 222.

Embodiment 6. A method of installing an immunoepitope in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety;

thereby polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope;

thereby incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process;

wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the immunoepitope.

Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the immunoepitope is selected from the group consisting of: tetanus toxoid (SEQ ID NO: 396); diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 (SEQ ID NO: 630); mumps immunoepitope 1 (SEQ ID NO: 400); mumps immunoepitope 2 (SEQ ID NO: 402); mumps immunoepitope 3 (SEQ ID NO: 404); rubella virus (SEQ ID NO: 406); hemagglutinin (SEQ ID NO: 408); neuraminidase (SEQ ID NO: 410); TAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 412); TAP2 (SEQ ID NO: 414); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 416); neuraminidase epitopes toward class I HLA (SEQ ID NO: 418); hemagglutinin epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 420); neuraminidase epitopes toward class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 422); hemagglutinin epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 424); and neuraminidase epitope H5N1-bound class I and class II HLA (SEQ ID NO: 426).

Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 12. A method of installing a small molecule dimerization domain in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase, and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the small molecule dimerization domain;

thereby polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the immunoepitope;

thereby incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process;

wherein the method produces a modified target nucleotide sequence that encodes a fusion protein comprising the protein of interest and the small molecule dimerization domain.

Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 12 further comprising conducting the method on a second protein of interest.

Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the first protein of interest and the second protein of interest dimerize in the presence of a small molecule that binds to the dimerization domain on each of said proteins.

Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12 of SEQ ID NO: 488.

Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the small molecule binding domain is FKBP12-F36V of SEQ ID NO: 489.

Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the small molecule binding domain is cyclophilin of SEQ ID NOs: 490 and 493-494.

Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the small molecule is a dimer of a small molecule as described herein.

Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 23. A method of installing a peptide tag or epitope onto a protein using prime editing, comprising: contacting a target nucleotide sequence encoding the protein with a prime editor construct configured to insert therein a second nucleotide sequence encoding the peptide tag to result in a recombinant nucleotide sequence, such that the peptide tag and the protein are expressed from the recombinant nucleotide sequence as a fusion protein.

Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the peptide tag is used for purification and/or detection of the protein.

Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the peptide tag is a poly-histidine (e.g., HHHHHH SEQ ID NOs: 252-262), FLAG (e.g., DYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO: 2), V5 (e.g., GKPIPNPLLGLDST) (SEQ ID NO: 3), GCN4, HA (e.g., YPYDVPDYA) (SEQ ID NO: 5), Myc (e.g. EQKLISEED) (SEQ ID NO: 6), or GST.

Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the peptide tag has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6, 245-249, 252-262, 264-273, 275-276, 281, 278-288, and 622.

Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the peptide tag is fused to the protein by a linker.

Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the fusion protein has the following structure: [protein]-[peptide tag] or [peptide tag]-[protein], wherein “]-[” represents an optional linker.

Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the linker has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, 165-176, 446, 453, and 767-769.

Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the prime editor construct comprises a PEgRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

Embodiment 32. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the PEgRNA comprises a spacer, a gRNA core, and an extension arm, wherein the spacer is complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and the extension arm comprises a reverse transcriptase template that encodes the peptide tag.

Embodiment 33. A method of installing or deleting a functional moiety in a protein of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; (b) polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the functional moiety or deletion of same; and (c) incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a recombinant target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified protein comprising the protein of interest and the functional moiety or the removal of same, wherein the functional moiety alters a modification state or localization state of the protein.

Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein functional moiety alters the phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, lipidation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, crotonylation, or SUMOylation state of the protein of interest.

Group F. PE Delivery Methods and Compositions

Embodiment 1. A polypeptide comprising an N-terminal half or a C-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 2. The polypeptide of embodiment 1, wherein the prime editor fusion protein comprises a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain and a polymerase domain.

Embodiment 3. The polypeptide of embodiment 1, wherein the prime editor fusion protein is capable of carrying out prime editing in the presence of a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA).

Embodiment 4. The polypeptide of embodiment 2, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 5. The polypeptide of embodiment 2, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease with nickase activity.

Embodiment 6. The polypeptide of embodiment 2, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 7. The polypeptide of embodiment 2, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 8. The polypeptide of embodiment 1, wherein the polypeptide is formed by splitting a prime editor fusion protein at a split site.

Embodiment 9. The polypeptide of embodiment 8, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in the napDNAbp domain.

Embodiment 10. The polypeptide of embodiment 8, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in the polymerase domain.

Embodiment 11. The polypeptide of embodiment 8, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in a linker between the napDNAbp domain and the polymerase domain.

Embodiment 12. The polypeptide of embodiment 9, wherein the split site is in the peptide bond between residues 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, 5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, 9 and 10, 10 and 11, 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 and 15, 16 and 17, 17 and 18, 18 and 19, 19 and 20, 20 and 21, 21 and 22, 22 and 23, 23 and 24, 24 and 25, 25 and 26, 26 and 27, 27 and 28, 28 and 29, 29 and 30, 30 and 31, 31 and 32, 32 and 33, 33 and 34, 34 and 35, 35 and 36, 36 and 37, 37 and 38, 38 and 39, 39 and 40, 40 and 41, 41 and 42, 42 and 43, 43 and 44, 44 and 45, 45 and 46, 46 and 47, 47 and 48, 48 and 49, 49 and 50, or between any two residues between residues 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-800, 800-900, 900-1000, 1000-1100, 1100-1200, 1200-1300, or 1300-1368 of SEQ ID NO: 18 (canonical SpCas9), or between any two equivalent amino acid residues of an SpCas9 homolog or equivalent of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 13. The polypeptide of embodiment 9, wherein the split site is in the peptide bond between residues 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, 5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, 9 and 10, 10 and 11, 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 and 15, 16 and 17, 17 and 18, 18 and 19, 19 and 20, 20 and 21, 21 and 22, 22 and 23, 23 and 24, 24 and 25, 25 and 26, 26 and 27, 27 and 28, 28 and 29, 29 and 30, 30 and 31, 31 and 32, 32 and 33, 33 and 34, 34 and 35, 35 and 36, 36 and 37, 37 and 38, 38 and 39, 39 and 40, 40 and 41, 41 and 42, 42 and 43, 43 and 44, 44 and 45, 45 and 46, 46 and 47, 47 and 48, 48 and 49, 49 and 50, or between any two residues between residues 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-600, or 600-667 of SEQ ID NO: 89 (canonical reverse transcriptase, M-MLV RT), or between any two equivalent amino acid residues of a reverse transcriptase homolog or equivalent of SEQ ID NO: 89.

Embodiment 14. The polypeptide of embodiment 1, wherein the polypeptide is an N-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 15. The polypeptide of embodiment 1, wherein the polypeptide is a C-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 16. A nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of any of embodiments 1-15 and optionally a PEgRNA.

Embodiment 17. A virus genome comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of any of embodiments 1-15 and optionally a PEgRNA.

Embodiment 18. The virus genome of embodiment 17, wherein the nucleotide sequence further comprises a promoter sequence suitable for expressing the polypeptide of any of embodiments 1-15.

Embodiment 19. The virus genome of embodiment 17, wherein the nucleotide sequence further comprises a sequence encoding a PEgRNA.

Embodiment 20. A virus particle comprising a genome comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of any of embodiments 1-15 and optionally a PEgRNA.

Embodiment 21. The virus particle of embodiment 20, wherein the virus particle is an adenovirus particle, an adeno-associated virus particle, or a lentivirus particle.

Embodiment 22. The virus particle of embodiment 20, wherein the polypeptide encoded by the genome is an N terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 23. The virus particle of embodiment 20, wherein the polypeptide encoded by the genome is a C terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a virus particle of any of embodiments 20-23 and a pharmaceutical excipient.

Embodiment 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a virus particle of embodiment 22 (encoding the N terminal half) and a pharmaceutical excipient.

Embodiment 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a virus particle of embodiment 23 (encoding the C terminal half) and a pharmaceutical excipient.

Embodiment 27. A ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of any of embodiments 1-15 and optionally a PEgRNA.

Embodiment 28. The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of embodiment 27, wherein the polypeptide encoded by the genome is an N-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 29. The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of embodiment 27, wherein the polypeptide encoded by the genome is a C-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of any of embodiments 27-29 and a pharmaceutical excipient.

Embodiment 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of embodiment 28 (encoding the N-terminal half) and a pharmaceutical excipient.

Embodiment 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of embodiment 29 (encoding the C-terminal half) and a pharmaceutical excipient.

Embodiment 33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a first AAV particle and a second AAV particle, wherein the first AAV vector expresses an N-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein and the second AAV vector expresses a C-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein, wherein the N-terminal half and the C-terminal half are combined within the cell to reconstitute the prime editor.

Embodiment 34. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein the first or second AAV particle also expresses a PEgRNA that targets the reconstituted prime editor to a target DNA site.

Embodiment 35. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein the prime editor fusion protein comprises a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain and a polymerase domain.

Embodiment 36. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein the prime editor fusion protein is capable of carrying out prime editing in the presence of a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA).

Embodiment 37. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 35, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 38. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 35, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease with a nickase activity.

Embodiment 39. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 35, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 40. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 35, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 41. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein N-terminal and C-terminal halves are formed by splitting the prime editor fusion protein at a split site.

Embodiment 42. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 41, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in a napDNAbp domain.

Embodiment 43. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 41, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in a polymerase domain.

Embodiment 44. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 41, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in a linker.

Embodiment 45. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 41, wherein the split site is in the peptide bond between residues 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, 5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, 9 and 10, 10 and 11, 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 and 15, 16 and 17, 17 and 18, 18 and 19, 19 and 20, 20 and 21, 21 and 22, 22 and 23, 23 and 24, 24 and 25, 25 and 26, 26 and 27, 27 and 28, 28 and 29, 29 and 30, 30 and 31, 31 and 32, 32 and 33, 33 and 34, 34 and 35, 35 and 36, 36 and 37, 37 and 38, 38 and 39, 39 and 40, 40 and 41, 41 and 42, 42 and 43, 43 and 44, 44 and 45, 45 and 46, 46 and 47, 47 and 48, 48 and 49, 49 and 50, or between any two residues between residues 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-800, 800-900, 900-1000, 1000-1100, 1100-1200, 1200-1300, or 1300-1368 of SEQ ID NO: 18 (canonical SpCas9), or between any two equivalent amino acid residues of an SpCas9 homolog or equivalent of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 46. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 41, wherein the split site is in the peptide bond between residues 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, 5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, 9 and 10, 10 and 11, 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 and 15, 16 and 17, 17 and 18, 18 and 19, 19 and 20, 20 and 21, 21 and 22, 22 and 23, 23 and 24, 24 and 25, 25 and 26, 26 and 27, 27 and 28, 28 and 29, 29 and 30, 30 and 31, 31 and 32, 32 and 33, 33 and 34, 34 and 35, 35 and 36, 36 and 37, 37 and 38, 38 and 39, 39 and 40, 40 and 41, 41 and 42, 42 and 43, 43 and 44, 44 and 45, 45 and 46, 46 and 47, 47 and 48, 48 and 49, 49 and 50, or between any two residues between residues 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-600, or 600-667 of SEQ ID NO: 89 (canonical reverse transcriptase, M-MLV RT), or between any two equivalent amino acid residues of a reverse transcriptase homolog or equivalent of SEQ ID NO: 89.

Embodiment 47. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein the N-terminal half of the prime editor fusion protein has an amino acid sequence encoding the N-terminal prime editor fusion proteins as described herein.

Embodiment 48. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein the C-terminal half of the prime editor fusion protein has an amino acid sequence encoding the N-terminal prime editor fusion proteins as described herein.

Embodiment 49. A method of delivering a prime editor fusion protein to a cell comprising transfecting the cell with a first AAV particle and a second AAV particle, wherein the first AAV vector expresses an N-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein and the second AAV vector expresses a C-terminal half of a prime editor fusion protein, wherein the N-terminal half and the C-terminal half are combined within the cell to reconstitute the prime editor fusion protein.

Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the first or second AAV particle also expresses a PEgRNA that targets the reconstituted prime editor to a target DNA site.

Embodiment 51. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the prime editor fusion protein comprises a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain and a polymerase domain.

Embodiment 52. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the prime editor fusion protein is capable of carrying out prime editing in the presence of an prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA).

Embodiment 53. The method of embodiment 51, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 54. The method of embodiment 53, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease with nickase activity.

Embodiment 55. The method of embodiment 53, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 56. The method of embodiment 53, wherein the napDNAbp is selected from the group consisting of: Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, and Argonaute and optionally has a nickase activity.

Embodiment 57. The method of embodiment 49, wherein N-terminal and C-terminal halves are formed by splitting the prime editor fusion protein at a split site.

Embodiment 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in a napDNAbp domain.

Embodiment 59. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in a polymerase domain.

Embodiment 60. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the split site is a peptide bond in a linker.

Embodiment 61. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the split site is in the peptide bond between residues 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, 5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, 9 and 10, 10 and 11, 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 and 15, 16 and 17, 17 and 18, 18 and 19, 19 and 20, 20 and 21, 21 and 22, 22 and 23, 23 and 24, 24 and 25, 25 and 26, 26 and 27, 27 and 28, 28 and 29, 29 and 30, 30 and 31, 31 and 32, 32 and 33, 33 and 34, 34 and 35, 35 and 36, 36 and 37, 37 and 38, 38 and 39, 39 and 40, 40 and 41, 41 and 42, 42 and 43, 43 and 44, 44 and 45, 45 and 46, 46 and 47, 47 and 48, 48 and 49, 49 and 50, or between any two residues between residues 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-800, 800-900, 900-1000, 1000-1100, 1100-1200, 1200-1300, or 1300-1368 of SEQ ID NO: 18 (canonical SpCas9), or between any two equivalent amino acid residues of an SpCas9 homolog or equivalent of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 62. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the split site is in the peptide bond between residues 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, 5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, 9 and 10, 10 and 11, 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 and 15, 16 and 17, 17 and 18, 18 and 19, 19 and 20, 20 and 21, 21 and 22, 22 and 23, 23 and 24, 24 and 25, 25 and 26, 26 and 27, 27 and 28, 28 and 29, 29 and 30, 30 and 31, 31 and 32, 32 and 33, 33 and 34, 34 and 35, 35 and 36, 36 and 37, 37 and 38, 38 and 39, 39 and 40, 40 and 41, 41 and 42, 42 and 43, 43 and 44, 44 and 45, 45 and 46, 46 and 47, 47 and 48, 48 and 49, 49 and 50, or between any two residues between residues 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-600, or 600-667 of SEQ ID NO: 89 (canonical reverse transcriptase, M-MLV RT), or between any two equivalent amino acid residues of a reverse transcriptase homolog or equivalent of SEQ ID NO: 89.

Embodiment 63. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the N-terminal half of the prime editor fusion protein has an amino acid sequence encoding the N-terminal prime editor fusion proteins as described herein.

Embodiment 64. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the C-terminal half of the prime editor fusion protein has an amino acid sequence encoding the C-terminal prime editor fusion proteins as described herein.

Embodiment 65. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the first AAV particle comprises a recombinant AAV genome comprising a nucleotide sequence which encodes the first prime editor component.

Embodiment 66. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the second AAV particle comprises a recombinant AAV genome comprising a nucleotide sequence which encodes the second prime editor component.

Embodiment 67. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the transfecting step is conducted in vivo.

Embodiment 68. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the transfecting step is conducted ex vivo.

Embodiment 69. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the target DNA site is a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 70. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease;

Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; a trinucleotide repeat disorder; a prion disease; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 71. The method of embodiment 69, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 72. The method of embodiment 51, wherein the programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain.

Embodiment 73. The method of embodiment 51, wherein the polymerase domain is a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 74. The method of embodiment 73, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 75. The method of embodiment 73, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 76. The method of embodiment 73, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 77. The method of embodiment 73, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 78. The polypeptide of embodiment 8, wherein the split site is between 1023 and 1024 of SEQ ID NO: 18, or at a corresponding position in an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

Group G. PE Methods for Modifying RNA Structure/Function

Embodiment 1. A method of installing a ribonucleotide motif or tag in an RNA of interest encoded by a target nucleotide sequence by prime editing, the method comprising: (a) contacting the target nucleotide sequence with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase, and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; thereby polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence encoding the ribonucleotide motif or tag; and incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of a corresponding endogenous strand at the target nucleotide sequence through a DNA repair and/or replication process, wherein the method produces a target nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified RNA of interest comprising the ribonucleotide motif or tag.

Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein ribonucleotide motif or tag is a detection moiety.

Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the expression level of the RNA of interest.

Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag affects the transport or subcellular location of the RNA of interest.

Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the ribonucleotide motif or tag is selected from the group consisting of SV40 type 1, SV40 type 2, SV40 type 3, hGH, BGH, rbGlob, TK, MALAT1 ENE-mascRNA, KSHV PAN ENE, Smbox/U1 snRNA box, U1 snRNA 3′ box, tRNA-lysine, broccoli aptamer, spinach aptamer, mango aptamer, HDV ribozyme, and m6A.

Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the PEgRNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777 (see Table).

Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of PE1, PE2, or PE3.

Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Group H. PE Methods for Making Gene Libraries

Embodiment 1. A method of constructing a programmed mutant gene library by prime editing, the method comprising:

(a) contacting a library of target nucleotide sequences each comprising one or more target genetic loci with a (i) prime editor comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase, and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising an edit template comprising a sequence having at least one genetic change relative to the one or more target genetic loci;

thereby polymerizing a single strand DNA sequence templated by the edit template; and

incorporating the single strand DNA sequence in place of the one or more target genetic loci through a DNA repair and/or replication process, thereby incorporating the at least one genetic change into the target genetic loci of the target nucleotide sequences of said library.

Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the library is a plasmid library.

Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the library is a phage library.

Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the one or more target genetic loci comprise a region encoding a protein.

Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the one or more target genetic loci comprise a region encoding a secondary structure motif of a protein.

Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the secondary structure motif is an alpha helix.

Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the secondary structure motif is a beta sheet.

Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 protein or variant thereof.

Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease with a nickase activity.

Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymerase domain is a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one genetic change in the edit template is an insertion.

Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one genetic change in the edit template is a deletion.

Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one genetic change in the edit template is substitution.

Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one genetic change is an insertion of one or more codons.

Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one genetic change is a deletion of one or more codons.

Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one genetic change is the insertion of a stop codon.

Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one genetic change is the conversion of a non-stop codon to a stop codon.

Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the method is conduct simultaneously at least 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or between 10-100, or between 100-200, or between 200-300, or between 300-400, or between 400-500 target genetic loci in each of the target nucleotide sequences of the library.

Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the method is conducted during PACE or PANCE evolution, and wherein each instance of incorporating the at least one genetic change into the target genetic loci of the target nucleotide sequences of said library also installs a new target sequence.

Group I. Pe Methods for Off-Target Detection

Embodiment 1. A method of evaluating off-target editing by a prime editor, the method comprising:

(a) contacting a target nucleotide sequence having an edit site with a (i) prime editor fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA comprising a DNA synthesis template that encodes a detectable sequence;

wherein the PEgRNA complexes with the fusion protein and guides said fusion protein to the edit site and, if present, to one or more off-target sites;

and wherein the prime editor fusion protein installs the detectable sequence at the edit site, and, if present, at the one or more off-target sites;

(b) determining the nucleotide sequence of the edit site and the one or more off-target sites.

Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the target nucleotide sequence is a genome.

Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the step of contacting is in vitro.

Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the step of contacting is in vivo.

Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the edit site is a mutation in a disease-associated gene.

Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutation is a single base substitution, insertion, deletion, or inversion.

Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a monogentic disorder selected from the group consisting of: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency; Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosemia; Hemochromatosis; Huntington's Disease; Maple Syrup Urine Disease; Marfan Syndrome; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Pachyonychia Congenita; Phenylkeotnuria; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; and Tay-Sachs Disease.

Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the disease-associated gene is associated with a polygenic disorder selected from the group consisting of: heart disease; high blood pressure; Alzheimer's disease; arthritis; diabetes; cancer; and obesity.

Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, 181-183, 223-244, 277, 325-334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 499-505, 735-761, 776-777.

Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, or Argonaute, or a variant of Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, or Argonaute.

Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 or variant thereof.

Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is SpCas9 wild type or a variant thereof of any one of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is an SpCas9 ortholog.

Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is any one of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymerase comprises an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.

Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymerase is a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a naturally occurring wild type reverse transcriptase having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 89.

Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a variant reverse transcriptase having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reverse transcriptase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is an insertion of at least 1, or at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9, or at least 10, or at least 11, or at least 12, or at least 13, or at least 14, or at least 15, or at least 16, or at least 17, or at least 18, or at least 19, or at least 20, or at least 21, or at least 22, or at least 23, or at least 24, or at least 25, or at least 26, or at least 27, or at least 28, or at least 29, or at least 30, or at least 31, or at least 32, or at least 33, or at least 34, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 80, or at least 90, or at least 100 nucleobases.

Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a deletion of at least 1, or at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9, or at least 10, or at least 11, or at least 12, or at least 13, or at least 14, or at least 15, or at least 16, or at least 17, or at least 18, or at least 19, or at least 20, or at least 21, or at least 22, or at least 23, or at least 24, or at least 25, or at least 26, or at least 27, or at least 28, or at least 29, or at least 30, or at least 31, or at least 32, or at least 33, or at least 34, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 80, or at least 90, or at least 100 nucleobases.

Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a nucleobase substitution.

Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a transition mutation.

Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a transversion mutation.

Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a single nucleotide substitution selected from the group consisting of: (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, and (12) an A to C substitution.

Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a single nucleotide substitution that converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 32. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a barcode sequence.

Embodiment 33. The method of embodiment 1, wherein step (d) of determining the nucleotide sequence at the on-target and off-target sites comprises (i) fragmenting the target nucleotide sequence to form fragments, (ii) attaching adapter sequences to the ends of the fragments, (iii) PCR amplifying an amplicon using a pair of primers wherein one primer anneals to an adapter sequence attached at one end of the fragments, and another primer that anneals to an adapter sequence inserted by prime editing located within the fragment, and (iv) sequencing the amplicon to determine the location of the edit.

Group J. PE Methods for Cell Data Recording

Embodiment 1. A method of recording a cellular event by prime editing, the method comprising: (A) introducing into a cell one or more constructs encoding (i) a prime editor fusion protein comprising an napDNAbp and an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and (ii) a PEgRNA, wherein the expression of the fusion protein and/or the PEgRNA is induced by the occurrence of a cellular event, and wherein upon expression of the fusion protein and/or the PEgRNA results in prime editing of a target edit site in the genome of the cell to introduce a detectable sequence, and (B) identifying the detectable sequence, thereby identifying the occurrence of the cellular event.

Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the prime editing of step (A) simultaneously introduces a new target edit site such that the recording of the cellular event may occur iteratively.

Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the PEgRNA comprises an edit template that encodes the detectable sequence.

Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the edit template further encodes a new target edit site.

Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is an insertion of at least 1, or at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9, or at least 10, or at least 11, or at least 12, or at least 13, or at least 14, or at least 15, or at least 16, or at least 17, or at least 18, or at least 19, or at least 20, or at least 21, or at least 22, or at least 23, or at least 24, or at least 25, or at least 26, or at least 27, or at least 28, or at least 29, or at least 30, or at least 31, or at least 32, or at least 33, or at least 34, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 80, or at least 90, or at least 100 nucleobases.

Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a deletion of at least 1, or at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9, or at least 10, or at least 11, or at least 12, or at least 13, or at least 14, or at least 15, or at least 16, or at least 17, or at least 18, or at least 19, or at least 20, or at least 21, or at least 22, or at least 23, or at least 24, or at least 25, or at least 26, or at least 27, or at least 28, or at least 29, or at least 30, or at least 31, or at least 32, or at least 33, or at least 34, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 80, or at least 90, or at least 100 nucleobases.

Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a nucleobase substitution.

Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a transition mutation.

Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a transversion mutation.

Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a single nucleotide substitution of wherein the single nucleotide substitution is (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a single nucleotide substitution that converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence is a barcode sequence.

Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detectable sequence increases in length over time as a result of iterative insertion of the detectable sequence for each occurrence of the cellular event.

Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the detecting step comprises sequencing the edited target site, or an amplicon of the edited target site.

Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, or Argonaute, or a variant of Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, or Argonaute.

Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 or variant thereof.

Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is SpCas9 wild type or a variant thereof of any one of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is an SpCas9 ortholog.

Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the napDNAbp is any one of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase is a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a naturally occurring wild type reverse transcriptase having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 89.

Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a variant reverse transcriptase having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 5 16, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 123 and 134 (PE1, PE2), or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs:123 and 134 (PE1, PE2).

Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the one or more constructs that encode the prime editor fusion protein and/or the PEgRNA further comprises one or more promoters which are inducible when cellular event occurs.

Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the cellular event is marked by a stimulus received by the cell.

Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the stimulus is a small molecule, a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, a metabolite, an inorganic molecule, an organometallic molecule, an organic molecule, a drug or drug candidate, a sugar, a lipid, a metal, a nucleic acid, a molecule produced during the activation of an endogenous or an exogenous signaling cascade, light, heat, sound, pressure, mechanical stress, shear stress, or a virus or other microorganism, change in pH, or change in oxidation/reduction state.

Embodiment 30. A cell data recording plasmid for recording a cellular event using prime editing, comprising:

i. a fusion protein comprising (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and a (b) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, said fusion protein being operably linked to a first promoter;

ii. a nucleic acid sequence encoding a prime editor guide RNA (PEgRNA) operably linked to a second promoter, wherein the PEgRNA is complementary to a target sequence; and

iii. an origin of replication;

wherein at least one of the promoters is an inducible promoter, and wherein the PEgRNA associates with the napDNAbp under conditions that induce expression of the PEgRNA and expression of the napDNAbp sufficiently to install a detectable sequence at a target edit site.

Embodiment 31. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the inducible promoter is induced by the cellular event.

Embodiment 32. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the cellular event is marked by a stimulus received by the cell.

Embodiment 33. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 32, wherein the stimulus is a small molecule, a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, a metabolite, an inorganic molecule, an organometallic molecule, an organic molecule, a drug or drug candidate, a sugar, a lipid, a metal, a nucleic acid, a molecule produced during the activation of an endogenous or an exogenous signaling cascade, light, heat, sound, pressure, mechanical stress, shear stress, or a virus or other microorganism, change in pH, or change in oxidation/reduction state.

Embodiment 34. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the first and second promoter are the same.

Embodiment 35. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the first and second promoter are different.

Embodiment 36. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the at least one inducible promoter is an anhydrotetracycline-inducible promoter, IPTG-inducible promoter, rhamnose-inducible promoter, or arabinose-inducible promoter.

Embodiment 37. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the first or second promoter is a constitutive promoter.

Embodiment 38. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 37, wherein the constitutive promoter is a Lac promoter, cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, a constitutive RNA polymerase III promoter, or a UBC promoter.

Embodiment 39. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the origin of replication comprises a pSC101, pMB1, pBR322, ColE1, or p15A origin of replication sequence.

Embodiment 40. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the PEgRNA comprises an edit template that encodes the detectable sequence.

Embodiment 41. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 40, wherein the edit template further encodes a new target edit site.

Embodiment 42. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is an insertion of at least 1, or at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9, or at least 10, or at least 11, or at least 12, or at least 13, or at least 14, or at least 15, or at least 16, or at least 17, or at least 18, or at least 19, or at least 20, or at least 21, or at least 22, or at least 23, or at least 24, or at least 25, or at least 26, or at least 27, or at least 28, or at least 29, or at least 30, or at least 31, or at least 32, or at least 33, or at least 34, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 80, or at least 90, or at least 100 nucleobases.

Embodiment 43. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is a deletion of at least 1, or at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9, or at least 10, or at least 11, or at least 12, or at least 13, or at least 14, or at least 15, or at least 16, or at least 17, or at least 18, or at least 19, or at least 20, or at least 21, or at least 22, or at least 23, or at least 24, or at least 25, or at least 26, or at least 27, or at least 28, or at least 29, or at least 30, or at least 31, or at least 32, or at least 33, or at least 34, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 80, or at least 90, or at least 100 nucleobases.

Embodiment 44. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is a nucleobase substitution.

Embodiment 45. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is a transition mutation.

Embodiment 46. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is a transversion mutation.

Embodiment 47. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is a single nucleotide substitution of wherein the single nucleotide substitution is (1) a G to T substitution, (2) a G to A substitution, (3) a G to C substitution, (4) a T to G substitution, (5) a T to A substitution, (6) a T to C substitution, (7) a C to G substitution, (8) a C to T substitution, (9) a C to A substitution, (10) an A to T substitution, (11) an A to G substitution, or (12) an A to C substitution.

Embodiment 48. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is a single nucleotide substitution that converts (1) a G:C basepair to a T:A basepair, (2) a G:C basepair to an A:T basepair, (3) a G:C basepair to C:G basepair, (4) a T:A basepair to a G:C basepair, (5) a T:A basepair to an A:T basepair, (6) a T:A basepair to a C:G basepair, (7) a C:G basepair to a G:C basepair, (8) a C:G basepair to a T:A basepair, (9) a C:G basepair to an A:T basepair, (10) an A:T basepair to a T:A basepair, (11) an A:T basepair to a G:C basepair, or (12) an A:T basepair to a C:G basepair.

Embodiment 49. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence is a barcode sequence.

Embodiment 50. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detectable sequence increases in length over time as a result of iterative insertion of the detectable sequence for each occurrence of the cellular event.

Embodiment 51. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the detecting step comprises sequencing the edited target site, or an amplicon of the edited target site.

Embodiment 52. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, or Argonaute, or a variant of Cas9, Cas12e, Cas12d, Cas12a, Cas12b1, Cas13a, Cas12c, or Argonaute.

Embodiment 53. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 or variant thereof.

Embodiment 54. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp is a nuclease active Cas9, a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9), or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 55. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp is Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

Embodiment 56. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 57. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp is SpCas9 wild type or a variant thereof of any one of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 58. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp is an SpCas9 ortholog.

Embodiment 59. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the napDNAbp is any one of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 18-88, 126, 130, 137, 141, 147, 153, 157, 445, 460, 467, and 482-487.

Embodiment 60. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase is a reverse transcriptase.

Embodiment 61. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a naturally occurring wild type reverse transcriptase having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 89.

Embodiment 62. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the reverse transcriptase is a variant reverse transcriptase having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 89-100, 105-122, 128-129, 132, 139, 143, 149, 154, 159, 235, 454, 471, 516, 662, 700, 701-716, 739-741, and 766.

Embodiment 63. The cell data recording plasmid of embodiment 30, wherein the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 123 and 134 (PE1, PE2), or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 123 and 134 (PE1, PE2).

Embodiment 64. A kit for use in a cell comprising the cell data recorder plasmid of any one of embodiments 30 63.

Embodiment 65. The kit of embodiment 64, wherein the cell is a prokaryotic cell.

Embodiment 66. The kit of embodiment 64, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell.

Embodiment 67. A cell comprising the cell data recording plasmid of any one of embodiments 30-63.

Embodiment 68. The cell of embodiment 67, wherein the cell is a prokaryotic cell.

Embodiment 69. The cell of embodiment 67, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell.

Embodiment 70. The cell of embodiment 69, wherein the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.

Embodiment 71. The cell of embodiment 70, wherein the mammalian cell is a human cell.

Embodiment 72. A method of recording a cellular event by prime editing, the method comprising: (A) introducing into a cell a cell data recording plasmid of any of embodiments 30-63, wherein the fusion protein and/or the PEgRNA are induced by the occurrence of a cellular event, and wherein expression of the fusion protein and/or the PEgRNA results in prime editing of a target edit site in the genome of the cell to introduce a detectable sequence, and (B) identifying the detectable sequence, thereby identifying the occurrence of the cellular event.

Embodiment 73. The method of embodiment 72, wherein the step of (A) introducing is by transfection or electroporation.

EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE

In the articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Embodiments or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

Furthermore, the disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claims that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the disclosure or aspects of the disclosure consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. It is also noted that the terms “comprising” and “containing” are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the embodiments. Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the invention can be excluded from any embodiment, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended embodiments. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the following embodiments. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) comprising: a spacer sequence that comprises a region of complementarity to a first strand of a double-stranded target human DNA sequence, an RNA extension arm that comprises a DNA synthesis template and a primer binding site in a 5′ to 3′ orientation, and a gRNA core that associates with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) having nicking activity, wherein the primer binding site comprises a region of complementarity to a region upstream of a nick site in a second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence; wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a region of complementarity to a region downstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence, and comprises one or more nucleotide changes compared to the double-stranded target DNA sequence; wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9, a Cas12a, or a Cas12b1; and wherein the first strand and second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence comprise a region of complementarity to each other.
 2. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the spacer, the RNA extension arm, and the gRNA core are in a single RNA molecule.
 3. The PEgRNA of claim 2, comprising in a 5′ to 3′ orientation: the spacer, the gRNA core, the DNA synthesis template, and the primer binding site.
 4. The PEgRNA of claim 2, comprising in a 5′ to 3′ orientation: the DNA synthesis template, the primer binding site, the spacer, and the gRNA core.
 5. The PEgRNA of claim 2, wherein the extension arm is flanked by a 5′ fragment of the gRNA core and a 3′ fragment of the gRNA core.
 6. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 3 nucleotides to 500 nucleotides in length.
 7. The PEgRNA of claim 6, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 5 to 58 nucleotides in length.
 8. The PEgRNA of claim 6, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 8 to 31 nucleotides in length.
 9. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more nucleotide changes comprises an insertion of one or more nucleotides as compared to the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 10. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more nucleotide changes comprises one or more nucleotide substitutions as compared to the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 11. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more nucleotide changes comprises a deletion of one or more nucleotides as compared to the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 12. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more nucleotide changes comprises insertions of one or more nucleotides, one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions of one or more nucleotides, or a combination of any such nucleotide changes, as compared to the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 13. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template and the primer binding site are directly adjacent to each other.
 14. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site is from 3 nucleotides to 500 nucleotides in length.
 15. The PEgRNA of claim 14, wherein the primer binding site is from 3 to 20 nucleotides in length.
 16. The PEgRNA of claim 14, wherein the primer binding site is from 7 to 17 nucleotides in length.
 17. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 5 nucleotides to 58 nucleotides in length.
 18. The PEgRNA of claim 1, comprising at least one of: a chemically or biologically modified nucleobase, a modified sugar, a modified phosphate group, or a nucleoside analog.
 19. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 8 nucleotides to 31 nucleotides in length.
 20. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 10 nucleotides to 16 nucleotides in length.
 21. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 12 nucleotides to 17 nucleotides in length.
 22. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site is from 8 nucleotides to 15 nucleotides in length.
 23. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site is from 8 nucleotides to 11 nucleotides in length, and contains greater than about 60% GC content.
 24. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more nucleotide changes are at a position corresponding to a nucleotide within a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 25. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9.
 26. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the nick site is three nucleotides upstream of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 27. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site comprises a region of complementarity to the spacer sequence.
 28. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the spacer sequence is about 20 nucleotides in length.
 29. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site is the reverse complement of a region immediately 5′ of the nick site in the second strand.
 30. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the spacer sequence is about 20 nucleotides in length.
 31. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more nucleotide changes is at a position corresponding to a nucleotide 1 to 6 bases downstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target human DNA sequence, and wherein the DNA synthesis template is 17 nucleotides to 20 nucleotides in length.
 32. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more nucleotide changes is at a position corresponding to a nucleotide at least 7 bases downstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target human DNA sequence, and wherein the DNA synthesis template is at least 12 nucleotides in length.
 33. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more nucleotide changes is a deletion or an insertion of at least 5 nucleotides, and wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a sequence that is complementary to a sequence of at least 20 nucleotides downstream of a position of the deletion or insertion.
 34. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site is from 12 nucleotides to 13 nucleotides in length, and comprises about 40-60% G•C content.
 35. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site is from 14 nucleotides to 15 nucleotides in length, and contains less than about 40% GC content.
 36. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the double stranded target human DNA is a disease-associated gene, and wherein the one or more nucleotide edits is capable of correcting a mutation in the disease-associated gene.
 37. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein: A) the primer binding site is the reverse complement of a region immediately 5′ of the nick site in the second strand; B) the primer binding site is from 8 to 15 nucleotides in length; C) the DNA synthesis template is less than 15 nucleotides in length; D) wherein at least one of the one or more nucleotide changes is at a position corresponding to a nucleotide within a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the second strand of the double-stranded target human DNA sequence; or E) wherein the 5′ most nucleotide of the RNA extension arm is not a cytosine; or any combination thereof.
 38. The PEgRNA of claim 37, wherein the primer binding site comprises a region of complementarity to the spacer sequence.
 39. The PEgRNA of claim 37, wherein the nick site is three nucleotides upstream of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 40. The PEgRNA of claim 37, wherein the primer binding site is from 8 to 15 nucleotides in length.
 41. The PEgRNA of claim 37, wherein the DNA synthesis template is less than 15 nucleotides in length.
 42. The PEgRNA of claim 37, wherein the PEgRNA comprises, in a 5′ to 3′ orientation, the spacer, the gRNA core, the DNA synthesis template, and the primer binding site.
 43. The PEgRNA of claim 37, wherein the DNA synthesis template and the primer binding site are directly adjacent to each other.
 44. The PEgRNA of claim 37, wherein the napDNAbp is the Cas9.
 45. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein the primer binding site is from 3 to 20 nucleotides in length and is the reverse complement of a region immediately 5′ of the nick site, which is three nucleotides upstream of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
 46. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the primer binding site is from 7 to 17 nucleotides in length.
 47. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the primer binding site is from 8 to 15 nucleotides in length.
 48. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the DNA synthesis template is less than 15 nucleotides in length.
 49. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 5 nucleotides to 58 nucleotides in length.
 50. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 8 to 31 nucleotides in length.
 51. The PEgRNA of claim 45, comprising in a 5′ to 3′ orientation: the spacer, the gRNA core, the DNA synthesis template, and the primer binding site.
 52. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the DNA synthesis template and the primer binding site are directly adjacent to each other.
 53. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the spacer, the gRNA core, and the RNA extension arm are in a single RNA molecule.
 54. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9.
 55. The PEgRNA of claim 45, wherein the 5′ most nucleotide of the RNA extension arm is not a cytosine.
 56. The PEgRNA of claim 1, wherein: A) the PEgRNA comprises the spacer, the gRNA core, the DNA synthesis template, and the primer binding site in a 5′ to 3′ orientation in a single RNA molecule; B) the primer binding site is the reverse complement of a region immediately 5′ of the nick site in the second strand; C) the nick site is three nucleotides upstream of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence; D) the primer binding site is from 7 to 17 nucleotides in length; E) the DNA synthesis template is from 5 nucleotides to 58 nucleotides in length; and F) the DNA synthesis template and the primer binding site are directly adjacent to each other.
 57. The PEgRNA of claim 56, wherein at least one of the one or more nucleotide changes is at a position corresponding to a nucleotide within a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the second strand of the double-stranded target human DNA sequence.
 58. The PEgRNA of claim 56, wherein the 5′ most nucleotide of the RNA extension arm is not a cytosine.
 59. The PEgRNA of claim 56, wherein the primer binding site is from 8 to 15 nucleotides in length.
 60. The PEgRNA of claim 56, wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 8 to 31 nucleotides in length. 